An Exploration of using Nighttime An Exploration of using Nighttime Satellite Imagery from the DMSP OLS Satellite Imagery from the DMSP OLS for Mapping Population and Wealth for Mapping Population and Wealth in Guatemala in Guatemala Paul C.Sutton Paul C.Sutton [email protected][email protected]Department of Geography Department of Geography University of Denver University of Denver
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An Exploration of using Nighttime Satellite Imagery from the DMSP OLS for Mapping Population and Wealth in Guatemala Paul C.Sutton [email protected] Department.
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An Exploration of using NighttimeAn Exploration of using NighttimeSatellite Imagery from the DMSP OLSSatellite Imagery from the DMSP OLSfor Mapping Population and Wealth for Mapping Population and Wealth
Outline• Motivation: Why do this? Is is worthwhile?
• Brief Summary of DMSP OLS image processing
• How Nighttime images can be used to map urban areas and estimate urban populations.
• How Nighttime images can be used to estimate and map economic activity
• How Nighttime images may be used to estimate Human Impact on the environment
Why Use Nighttime Imagery to Map/Model Why Use Nighttime Imagery to Map/Model Demographic and Socio-Economic Phenomena?Demographic and Socio-Economic Phenomena?
• Social, Economic, and Behavioral Demographic Data are the major gaps to be filled in globally integrated geo-information
• Existing Information is degrading due to increasing human mobility, and the fact that a growing proportion of the earth’s population live in developing countries which can’t afford to conduct accurate censuses
• Spatially referenced demographic information is a vital component of studies of: Hazard Planning and Response, Sustainability and Development Issues, and countless other cross-disciplinary investigations
Two sun-synchronous polar orbiting satellites (865 km orbit)
Observations at 1) ~ Dawn & Dusk, 2) ~ Noon & Midnight
Pixel Size: smoothed ~2.4 km2, fine ~ 0.5 km2, Swath Width ~3000 km
Two Bands: 1) Panchromatic VNIR, 2) Thermal Infrared
Dynamic Range: VNIR more than 4 orders of magnitude larger than traditional sensors optimized for daytime observation
(e.g. sees light from reflected moonlight to reflected sunlight)
Data available from early 1970’s to Present, Digital Archive est. in 1992
Data Products derived from imagery (hyper-temporal mosaicing):
% cloud cover, % light observed, Fires, Lantern Fishing, Gas Flares, City Lights, Radiance Calibrated City Lights, Atmospherically corrected radiance calibrated city lights
System OverviewDefense Meteorological Satellite Program Operational LineScan System (DMSP OLS)
Example of Cloud Screening over ItalyExample of Cloud Screening over Italy
VNIR over Italy Thermal over Italy
A comment on aggregation & scale: This is a 1 km2 pixel in Denver, Colorado
Using Nighttime Imagery to Create an “Environmental Sustainability Index”
• Measure Environmental Endowment of Nations using Ecosystem Service Value of Nation’s Lands
• Measure Human Impact of Nation from DMSP OLS nighttime Image
• Divide The above measures to create and ESI (Environmental Sustainability Index)
Measuring Human ‘Impact’• What data can be used in the I = P*A*T formulation?• If you use Population for P, GDP/Capita for Affluence,
and CO2 Emissions/GDP for Technology, then ‘Impact’ simplifies to total CO2 emissions
• Daily & Ehrlich used Energy Consumption per Capita to capture the A*T
• “Impact” is a function of both population size and individual consumption levels
• Nighttime Imagery from the DMSP OLS correlates with Population, Energy Consumption, CO2 emissions, and GDP and may be the best spatially explicit, single variable, measure of ‘Impact’
Ecosystem Service Valuation:IGBP to Nature Conversion Table
Global map of ‘Non-Market’ economic activity from ecosystem services
Deriving The Eco-Value / Night Light Energy Environmental Sustainability Index
This index is similar to the inverse of population density e.g. ‘square kilometers of land per person’
However; ‘square kilometers of land’ is adjusted by the land’s ecosystem service value; and, ‘per person’ is measured by the nighttime satellite imagery provided by the DMSP OLS
N a tio n a l In d e xVa lu e
Va lu e o f g iv en N ation ’s E co sy stem S erv ice s as es tim atedb y C o stan za a n d m ea su red b y
U S G S 1 k m 2 G lob al L an d C ov er G r id
A m ou n t o f L igh t E n ergy seen in N ig h ttim e S a te llite Im ag ery fro m
D efen se M eteo ro lo g ica l S a te llite P ro gram ’sO p eratio n a l L in escan S ystem (D M S P O L S )
A representation of the datasets used to calculate Eco-Value and Impact from around Central America
G lo b a l 1 k m I G B P L a n d -C o v e r D a ta se t 2 D M S P -O L S ‘E a r th a t N ig h t’ d a ta s e t
G u atem ala
E l S a lva d or
H on d u ra s
N icara gu a
C os ta R ica
E v e rg r ee n N ee d le lea f F o re stE v e rg r ee n B ro a d lea f F o res tD ec id u o u s N e e d le le a f F o r es tD ec id u o u s B ro a d le a f F o re stO p en S h r u b la n d sC los e d S h r u b la n d sW o o d y S a v a n n a sG ra s s la n d sP e rm a n e n t W etl an d sC ro p la n d sU rb a nC ro p la n d / N a tu r a l Ve g et a t ion W a te r
C o u n t r y P o p u l a t i o n ( 1 9 9 6 ) E c o - V a l u e / N i g h t L i g h t L o c a l R a n kB e l i z e 2 2 4 , 0 0 0 2 6 1 , 3 0 6 6
N i c a r a g u a 4 , 3 5 1 , 0 0 0 1 8 4 , 3 0 8 5H o n d u r a s 5 , 7 5 1 , 0 0 0 9 7 , 0 9 3 4
G u a t e m a l a 1 1 , 2 4 1 , 0 0 0 6 2 , 0 8 5 3C o s t a R i c a 3 , 4 6 6 , 0 0 0 2 4 , 9 5 9 2
E l S a l v a d o r 5 , 9 3 5 , 0 0 0 9 , 8 9 6 1
Conclusions• DMSP OLS nighttime imagery shows a great
deal of promise for myriad applications such as population estimation, mapping of economic activity, and measuring human impact on the environment.
• More Validation and fine tuning of models is needed.
• Issues of spatial scale of measurement still problematic.