Page 1
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1971 editoriaemecom
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
Volume 10 Issue 04 April 2019 pp 1971ndash1982 Article ID IJCIET_10_04_206
Available online at httpwwwiaemecomijmetissuesaspJType=IJCIETampVType=10ampIType=4
ISSN Print 0976-6308 and ISSN Online 0976-6316
copy IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed
AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON
SUPERHYDROPHOBIC COATING USING
NANO-GGBS ON CEMENT MORTAR
Jeya Sheema J
PG Student Department of Civil Engineering
Mepco Schlenk Engineering College Sivakasi Tamilnadu India
Prabavathy S
Senior Professor amp Head Department of Civil Engineering
Mepco Schlenk Engineering College Sivakasi Tamilnadu India
ABSTRACT
A novel method to achieve water-repelling character upon a cement paste has
been investigated GGBS (Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag) is a by-product
from steel industry which is preferred to produce a superhydrophobic surface coating
for cement mortar The super hydrophobic coating is prepared by sonicating Nano-
scaled GGBS powder into a mixture of silanesiloxane Different methods of
application of coating such as brushing spraying and impregnation are used In this
paper the super hydrophobic performance and durability of the coated cement mortar
cubes has been reported based on water contact angle water absorption and
sorptivity Also the reduction of surface porosity has been studied by using Ultrasonic
pulse velocity test As a result The spray coated surfaces exhibited
superhydrophobicity with a water contact angle of 1522deg The performance of the
impregnated samples are notably higher in water absorption sorptivity and ultrasonic
pulse velocity
Key words Hydrophobicity Silane Contact angle (CA) Water-repellency
Nanoparticles
Cite this Article Jeya Sheema J and Prabavathy S An Experimental Investigation on
Superhydrophobic Coating Using Nano-GGBS on Cement Mortar International
Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology 10(4) 2019 pp 1971ndash1982
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETissuesaspJType=IJCIETampVType=10ampIType=4
1 INTRODUCTION
Reinforced concrete is the often used construction material in buildings roads and bridges in
any case steel corrosion poses an incredible threat to the strength and stability of these
concrete structures [1] Ingression of water is the major cause for all the physical and
chemical degradation in concrete structures [2] Generally the hydrophilic behavior of the
concrete is induced by the micro-pores micro-voids and micro-cracks on its surface [3] The
Jeya Sheema J and Prabavathy S
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1972 editoriaemecom
water droplets entering into the concrete through these defects carries dissolved aggressive
substances like chloride ions carbon dioxide sulphur dioxide and sulphates [3-6] Also the
capillary uptake of water into these micro-cracks deteriorate the concrete during freeze-thaw
cycles [7] The steel reinforcement embedded into the concrete is endangered by the water-
borne chloride (Cl-) and sulphate (SO4
2-) ions [8] The rust formation around the
reinforcement will induce expansion and tensile stresses on the surface of the encompassing
concrete [9] Cracking spalling and delamination of concrete are led by these stresses [910]
Recent developments in this field of research have found an alternative solution for
protecting the concrete by super hydrophobic impregnation [11-13] The leaves of Lotus
exhibit super hydrophobicity with a water contact angle greater than 150deg [14] This concept
of recreating the effect of Lotus leaf on the surface of cement paste is called Biomimetics or
biomimicry [14-16] Silanessiloxanes are the most commonly relied material for inducing
hydrophobicity upon concrete surface [12] The low surface energy materials in hierarchical
scale of micro nanometer will enhance the hydrophobic surface to produce super
hydrophobicity [17-20] Initiation of corrosion is postponed by super hydrophobic
impregnation since it arrests the penetration of water and chloride ion into concrete [13]
The objective of this paper is to apply a super hydrophobic surface treatment using GGBS
(Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag) and silane on cement mortar Inorder to manipulate
the adequate roughness and super-hydrophobicity required by the coating on cement mortar
GGBS was synthesized to Nano scale The air captured on this rough surface will reduce the
contact between mortar and water thereby producing water-repelling and self-cleaning
characteristics The influence of this surface treatment on super hydrophobicity and durability
are studied by adopting different methods of application
2 MECHANISM OF HYDROPHOBICITY
21 Theory of wettability [2123]
Owing to the electrical dipole behavior of water molecules upon a high surface energy
surface they get attracted to charged ions and wet the surface [24] On a surface with low
surface energy the water molecules will bead-up forming a spherical droplet and gets roll-off
without wetting the surface The minimum contact angle exhibited by the water loving surface
is 0deg and the maximum contact angle exhibited by the water repelling surface is 180deg
22 Water contact angle [25-27]
Figure 1 Theory of Hydrophobicity
An Experimental Investigation on Superhydrophobic Coating Using Nano-GGBS on Cement Mortar
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1973 editoriaemecom
The water contact angle is usually measured using WCA Goniometer The surfaces
exhibiting contact angle lt90deg are said to be hydrophilic For over-hydrophobic surfaces water
contact angle ranges between 120deg to 150deg Surfaces showing contact angle gt150deg are called
as Ultra hydrophobic Generally the concrete surface exhibit contact angle lt30deg Also the
mortar surface would exhibit absolute wetting with 0deg contact angle
3 EXPERIMENTAL WORK
31 Materials
Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag (GGBS) a major by-product from the steel
manufacturing industries is bought The average particle size varies from 1000 to 1300nm It
appears to be light grey with a specific gravity of 293
Isobutyltriethoxysilane (C10H24O3Si) [28] with a molecular weight of 22038 gmol and
97-98 purity purchased from the Aldrich was used as the hydrophobizing agent in this
paper The Isobutyltriethoxysilane has a dual character from hydrophilic to hydrophobic
phase Also it penetrates deeply into the cementitious substrate [29] Commercially available
Epoxy resin and hardener are used as adhesive to bind the nanoparticles to the mortar surface
The Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) of grade 53 with a specific gravity of 316 was used
as the binding material River sand passing through zone II grading with a specific gravity of
266 was used as the fine aggregate
32 Sample preparation
The cement pastes of CM 13 with a watercement (wc) ratio of 05 was adopted Cement
composites of 706 mm x 706 mm x 706 mm size were cast These cubes are subjected to 28
days curing
Table 1 Description of samples in this work
Sample Description
C-1 Conventional cement mortar
B-1 Brush coated mortar specimen
S-1 Spray coated mortar specimen
I-1 Hydrophobic impregnated mortar
Figure 2 Methods of application adopted a) Brush coating b) Spray coating and c) Hydrophobic
impregnation
Three types of samples were cast by varying the method of application of the super
hydrophobic surface coat Case I consist of samples surface coated by brushing technique
Jeya Sheema J and Prabavathy S
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1974 editoriaemecom
Case II consist of samples surface coated by spraying Case III consist of samples surface
treated by super hydrophobic impregnation [3] The impregnated samples are prepared by
immersing the mortar cubes for 60s into the prepared super hydrophobic mixture
33 Synthesis of Nano-GGBS and characterization
The GGBS was synthesized to nano-scale by Ball mill technique which works on the
principle of impact and attrition The wet milling of 20g of GGBS was done using ethanol for
a duration of 5 hours by employing 50 balls of tungsten carbide This ground GGBS will
stimulate the adequate roughness required by the surface to produce super hydrophobicity
331 X-Ray Fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF)
The X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy is a technique for analyzing the elemental
composition of the material The results are obtained from Central Electro Chemical Research
Institute (CECRI) at Karaikudy Table 2 indicates the mass percentage of metallic oxide
composition present in GGBS powder From Fig 3(a) it can be interpreted that CaO is the
major composition present in the GGBS Also the elements present in this powder is similar
to the elemental composition of cement
Table 2 XRF elemental analysis
Metal Oxide CaO SiO2 MnO2 Fe2O3
Composition 833 66 64 36
332 Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy (FTIR)
The FTIR is usually done to study the presence of chemical bonds present in the sample The
results of the IR spectrum are plotted for transmittance vs wavenumber The peak at
67588cm-1
indicates the presence of silica or SindashO bond The carbonate peak obtained at
91046 cm-1
indicates the presence of CndashO stretching bond Also the presence of C=O
bending bond or carboxylic bond was indicated by the peak value at 147762 cm-1
An Experimental Investigation on Superhydrophobic Coating Using Nano-GGBS on Cement Mortar
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1975 editoriaemecom
Figure 3 Characterization results of GGBS a) XRD results showing the elemental oxide content b)
FTIR image of GGBS indicating the presence of metallic oxides c) SEM image of ground GGBS
showing agglomeration of particle
333 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
The Scanning Electron Microscopy has been done to investigate the topography of the
surface The SEM image of GGBS indicates that all the particles are varying in size and are
agglomerated Fig 3(c) shows the SEM image of GGBS after ball milling captured at a
working distance of 106mm by applying 100kV with 600k magnification in a scale of
500microm The SEM image of nano-ground GGBS also indicated agglomeration of particles
with size ranging around 529nm
34 Preparation of super-hydrophobic surface coating
Initially the hydrophilic Isobutyltriethoxysilane was diluted in distilled water in the ratio of
125 This ratio for Isobutyltriethoxysilane was adopted based on its molecular ratio
Meanwhile 1g of nano-GGBS was added to this mixture Inorder to uniformly disperse the
agglomerated nanoparticle into this silane solution ultrasonication was done for about 30
min Then the prepared mixture was left undisturbed for a period of 12 hours Hydrolysis of
the mixture was initiated by heating the solution at 60degC for about 45 minutes As a result of
hydrolysis a highly reactive compound called silanol was formed by elimination of ethanol
Then the prepared coating was permitted to cool for a while and applied evenly on all the
faces of the mortar surface following an adhesive coating Epoxy resin was the adhesive used
The coated substrates were allowed to dry in sunlight After condensation the silanol
compounds react with each other and gets converted into a compound called polysiloxane
This component will induce super hydrophobicity on concrete surface Thus the dual nature of
silane from hydrophilic state to hydrophobic state was exhibited using the above process
35 Preparation of adhesive [30]
The adhesive is generally used for sticking the nanomicro particles to the coated surface for
longer life of the coating The epoxy resin and hardener is a two-part system It is an
extremely strong material that can be used as a sealant and an adhesive on concrete surfaces
They are blended consistently in the ratio 101 One troublesome thing about this substance is
that it is very thick and viscous which implies that it is hard to apply Inorder to overcome
this Ethyl alcohol was added to it as an epoxy thinner in the ratio of 51 and ultrasonicated
for 10 minutes Then the prepared adhesive was applied uniformly on all the faces of the
specimen
Jeya Sheema J and Prabavathy S
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1976 editoriaemecom
Figure 4 General equation exhibiting the process of conversion of the hydrophilic silane to
hydrophobic nature by hydrolysis and subsequent condensation
36 Measurement of hydrophobicity [34]
The degree of hydrophobicity is estimated in terms of water contact angle by using WCA
Goniometer A dosage of 25microl of water droplet was dispensed by the needle of goniometer
over the coated and uncoated surface of cement paste and the contact angle is measured after
5s Similarly three trials are done for each type of sample When the coated substrates are
tilted the droplet rolls-off
37 Water absorption test
Water absorption test was done affirming to ASTM C_642 13 [31] Initially the mortar
specimens were dried absolutely to expel dampness by using Hot air oven for a duration of 24
hours The samples were taken out from the oven and their initial weights are noted as W0(g)
The samples were immersed into water not less than a period of 48 hours The final weight of
the samples W1(g) was recorded after taking out the immersed samples from water The rate
of water absorption is calculated by using the following expression
Rate of water absorption =
x 100 (1)
38 Sorptivity test [8]
This test is done to record the capillary uptake of water as a function of time The mortar
samples were sealed at its sides with epoxy resin to allow unidirectional uptake of water The
top of the samples were secured with plastic sheet to avoid evaporation The initial weight of
the resin coated mortar samples were measured Then these samples were placed in a pan
upon supporting devices The water level was maintained at 1-3mm above the support device
Eventually the weight readings were noted at interims as per ASTM C_1585 [32] The water
uptake rate (I) is determined by the following expression
Absorption I =
mm (2)
Where lsquomtrsquo is the change in specimen mass (g) lsquoarsquo is the surface area of the specimen
(mm2) lsquodrsquo represents the density of water (gmm
3) and lsquoIrsquo is the rate of vertical uptake or
sorptivity of water (mm)
39 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) test [9]
The UPV is a non-destructive test conducted to determine the defects in a sample Initially
zero was set by placing the two electro-acoustical transducer together Then a reference
velocity was set by using Quartz crystal whose travel speed of pulse velocity is known as
An Experimental Investigation on Superhydrophobic Coating Using Nano-GGBS on Cement Mortar
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1977 editoriaemecom
254micros The probes were placed on any two faces of the specimen and speed of the passed
ultrasonic pulse velocity was recorded from the digital display The direct measurement
method was adopted since it is more convenient for mortar cubes The UPV test was done
confirming to Indian Standard IS 13311 (Part 1) ndash 1992 [33]
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
41 Measurement of hydrophobicity
Fig 5 demonstrates the measurement of hydrophobicity by visual assessment On placing
water droplets over a sample treated with spray coating without adhesive the surface of the
substrate exhibited superhydrophobicity Fig 6 shows the water contact angle measured in
Goniometer apparatus for each method of application of super hydrophobic coating From the
acquired results it was revealed that the spray coating produced super hydrophobicity with a
contact angle of 1522deg due to the uniform distribution of nanoparticles on the concrete
surface Also the impregnated samples produced only 1227deg contact angle due to less
deposition of nanoparticles on the substrate The brush coated samples exhibited near super
hydrophobic behavior with 1463deg contact angle
Figure 5 Super-hydrophobicity of a spray coated sample without applying adhesive
Figure 6 Water contact angle obtained for a) Brush coating b) Spray coating and c) Hydrophobic
impregnated specimen
42 Water absorption test
The rate of penetration of water into the mortar specimens were tested and the result outcomes
are tabulated in Table 3 From the graph shown in Fig 7 it is deciphered that the
impregnated samples showed reduced water absorption comparing to other samples The I-1
samples had a least of 109 of water absorption rate On comparing the water absorbed by
conventional mortar specimens the brush coated spray coated and the impregnated
specimens absorbed only 171 149 and 93 respectively
Jeya Sheema J and Prabavathy S
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1978 editoriaemecom
Table 3 Water absorption test results
Sample
Dry
weight W0
(g)
Saturated
weight W1
(g)
Rate of
Absorption
()
Average ()
C-1
750 838 1174
1175 747 835 1179
752 840 1171
B-1
776 792 207
201 785 802 217
793 807 177
S-1
785 799 179
175 783 796 167
791 805 177
I-1
806 815 112
109 798 808 126
805 812 087
43 Sorptivity test
The capillary uptake of water in uncoated and coated samples were measured at intervals like
60s 5min 10min 20min 30min 1hr 2hr 3hr 4hr 5hr 6hr 1day 2days and 3 days The
results are plotted for rate of capillary uptake of water vs square root of time in Fig 8 It
could be inferred from the graph that the capillary uptake of water was greatly resisted by the
spray coated and impregnated specimens Both S-1 and I-1 samples showed similar
performance till 6hrs after which the I-1 samples resisted better than S-1 samples The other
samples which were brushed and impregnated also showed reduced vertical water uptake than
conventional samples
44 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) test
The Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity test is usually done to find the imperfections or pores in the
specimen by passing ultrasonic pulses through the two probes of the instrument From Table
4 it is perceived that the ultrasonic pulse velocity travels faster through coated specimens than
through the conventional mortar This proves that the applied super hydrophobic coating
reduces the surface porosity of the specimens Also among the three types of coating the
samples subjected to hydrophobic impregnation showed excellently reduced surface porosity
Table 4 UPV test results
Sample Length
(xo) mm
Time
travel (micros)
Sample
velocity ʋ
(kms)
Average
velocity ʋs
(kms)
C-1
706 216 327
317 706 204 346
706 255 276
B-1
706 183 385
395 706 172 410
706 181 390
S-1
706 156 452
438 706 164 430
706 163 433
I-1
706 139 508
511 706 133 531
706 143 494
An Experimental Investigation on Superhydrophobic Coating Using Nano-GGBS on Cement Mortar
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1979 editoriaemecom
Figure 7 Graph representing the rate of water absorption of the samples after 48hrs of immersion in water
Figure 8 Rate of capillary uptake of water plotted against square root of time
Table 5 Methods of Fabrication and WCA reported in literatures
Author Repellent Material Roughness
Material Method Ɵ
Ref
Ilaria Alfieri et
al
Fuoroalkyl-functional
water-borne oligosiloxane SiO2 hybrid sols
Coating by
deposition
147deg plusmn
3deg [14]
Guo Li et al Silane coupling agent
KH-570
TiO2
nanoparticles
Organic film
coating 873deg [34]
C Esposito
Corcione et al Silane amp siloxane
Silica nano-
particles Brush coating
1271deg plusmn
21deg [35]
MUM Junaidi
et al
1H1H2H2H
perfluorodecyltriethoxysilan
e
Rice husk ash Spray coating 1442deg [36]
Chao Peng et al Silane coupling agent - Impregnated
for 30mins
107degplusmn
02deg [37]
Shashi B Atla
et al Sodium stearate CaCO3 particles
Via
carbonation 129deg [38]
Rosa Di Mundo
et al Tyre rubber Tyre rubber
Replacement
of sand ~125deg [39]
Irene Izarra et al Tetraethyl orthosilicate and
Methyltriethoxysilane
SiO2-CH3
submicron-sized
particles
Cast in
impregnated
mould
gt145deg [40]
Jeya Sheema et
al Isobutyltriethoxysilane GGBS particles Spray coating 1522deg
Present
study
1175
451
175 109
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
C-1 B-1 S-1 I-1
Ab
sorp
tio
n
Water absorption
0
005
01
015
02
025
0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600
Wa
ter
up
tak
e I
(m
m)
Time05 (radics)
Sorptivity
C-1
B-1
S-1
I-1
Jeya Sheema J and Prabavathy S
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1980 editoriaemecom
5 CONCLUSIONS
The superhydrophobic coating for cement composite surfaces was created effectively utilizing
GGBS powder and isobutyltriethoxysilane The spray coated surfaces exhibited
superhydrophobic nature comparing with the other samples with a water contact angle of
1522deg and when tilted the droplets rolled off Comparing to the conventional mortar the
coated mortar specimens showed up to 90 of reduced water absorption All the coated
samples produced good resistance towards vertical uptake of water Among them the
impregnated and spray coated samples were found to produce least capillary uptake of water
A reduced surface porosity of the coated specimens was proved from the faster travelling
ultrasonic waves through these samples
The overall performance of the impregnated samples are notably higher in water
absorption and ultrasonic pulse velocity tests with 109 and 511 kms respectively though
it had lesser contact angle of 1227deg Since the depth of penetration of the silane coating was
greater in case of impregnated specimens they produced enhanced results compared to other
surface treated specimens
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I sincerely thank the Principal and Department of Civil Engineering at Mepco Schlenk
Engineering College for the support and guidance throughout this work
REFERENCES
[1] Jinlong Song Danyang Zhao Zhengjin Han Wei Xu Yao Lu Xin Liu Bo Liu Clarie J
Carmalt Xu Deng Ivan P Parkin Super-robust and super hydrophobic concrete J Mater
Chem A Materials for energy and sustainability Volume 5 Number 28 July 2017 Pages
14447ndash14932
[2] Hong S Wong Robert Barakat Abdulla Alhilali Mohamed Saleh Christopher R
Cheeseman Hydrophobic concrete using waste paper sludge ash Journal Elsevier
Cement and Concrete Research 70 (2015)9ndash20
[3] Xiao Xue Yanwen Li Zhuo Yang Zhongyu He Jian-Guo Dai Lijin Xu Weidong
Zhang A systematic investigation of the waterproofing performance and chloride
resistance of a self-developed waterborne silane-based hydrophobic agent for mortar and
concrete Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 155 (2017) 939ndash946
[4] Sandro Weisheit Seraphin Hubert Unterberger Tobias Bader Roman Lackner
Assessment of test methods for characterizing the hydrophobic nature of surface-treated
High Performance Concrete Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 110
(2016) 145ndash153
[5] AGeetha PPerumal Effect of Waterproofing Admixtures on the Flexural Strength and
Corrosion Resistance of Concrete Springer J Inst Eng India Ser A (2012) 93(1)73ndash78
[6] A Sivasankar S Arul Xavier Stango R Vedalakshmi Quantitative estimation on
delaying of onset of corrosion of rebar in surface treated concrete using sealers Ain
Shams Engineering Journal (2013) 4 615ndash623
[7] Kenneth Mak Colin MacDougall Amir Fam Freeze-Thaw Performance of On-Site
Manufactured Compressed Earth Blocks Effect of Water Repellent and Other Additives
ASCE J Mater Civ Eng 2016 28(7) 04016034
[8] Peng Liu Chuanfa Feng Fazhou Wang Yining Gao Jin Yang Wenqin Zhang Lu Yang
Hydrophobic and water-resisting behavior of Portland cement incorporated by oleic acid
modified fly ash Rilem Materials and Structures (2018) 5138
[9] H Husni MR Nazari HM Yee R Rohim A Yusuff Mohd Azahar Mohd Ariff
NNR Ahmad CP Leo MUM Junaidi Superhydrophobic rice husk ash coating on
concrete Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 144 (2017) 385ndash391
An Experimental Investigation on Superhydrophobic Coating Using Nano-GGBS on Cement Mortar
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1981 editoriaemecom
[10] Jun Zhang Xingzhong Weng Le Jiang Bohan Yang Junzhong Liu Frost Resistance of
Concrete Reinforced Using Surface-Strengthening Materials in Airport Pavements ASCE
J Mater Civ Eng 2018 30(3) 04018006
[11] MJ Al-Kheetan MM Rahman DA Chamberlain Influence of Crystalline Admixture
on Fresh Concrete to Develop Hydrophobicity Presented at 96th Annual Meeting of the
Transportation Research Board No 11-02487 Washington DC 2017
[12] Mazen J Al-Kheetan Mujib M Rahman Denis A Chamberlain A novel approach of
introducing crystalline protection material and curing agent in fresh concrete for
enhancing hydrophobicity Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 160
(2018) 644ndash652
[13] M Medeiros P Helene Efficacy of surface hydrophobic agents in reducing water and
chloride ion penetration in concrete Rilem Materials and Structures (2008) 4159ndash71
[14] Ilaria Alfieri Andrea Lorenzi Luca Ranzenigo Laura Lazzarini Giovanni Predieri Pier
Paolo Lottici Synthesis and characterization of photocatalytic hydrophobic hybrid TiO2-
SiO2 coatings for building applications Journal Elsevier Building and Environment 111
(2017) 72ndash 79
[15] Xu Gui-Long Deng Changyun Liang Yun Pi Pi-hui Hu Jian Yang Zhuoru Preparation
and Characterization of Raspberry-like SiO2 Particles by the Sol-gel Method
Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Vol 1 No1 79-83 2011
[16] Abraham Marmur The Lotus effect superhydrophobicity and metastability Langmuir
Lett 20(9) pp 3517-3519
[17] Yansheng Zheng Yi He Yongquan Qing Chuanbo Hu Qian Mo Preparation of
superhydrophobic coating using modified CaCO3 Journal Elsevier Applied Surface
Science 265 (2013) 532ndash 536
[18] Mingming Liu Yuanyuan Hou Jing Li Lu Tie Zhiguang Guo An all-water-based
system for robust superhydrophobic surfaces Journal Elsevier Journal of Colloid and
Interface Science 519 (2018) 130ndash136
[19] Minzhen Zhong Ying Zhang Xiangqi Li Xiao Wu Facile fabrication of durable
superhydrophobic silica epoxy resin coatings with compatible transparency and stability
Surface amp Coatings Technology httpsdoi101016jsurfcoat201804063
[20] SH Liu SS Latthe HT Yang BS Liu RM Xing Raspberry-like superhydrophobic
silica coatings with self-cleaning properties Ceram Int 41 (2015) 11719-11725
[21] John T Simpson Scott R Hunter Tolga Aytug Superhydrophobic materials and coatings
a review Reports on Progress in Physics 78 (2015) 086501_14pp
[22] Jenberu L Feyyisa John L Daniels Miguel A Pando Contact Angle Measurements for
Use in Specifying Organosilane-Modified Coal Combustion Fly Ash ASCE J Mater
Civ Eng 2017 29(9) 04017096
[23] Wonjae Choi Anish Tuteja Joseph M Mabry Robert E Cohen Gareth H McKinley A
modified CassiendashBaxter relationship to explain contact angle hysteresis and anisotropy on
non-wetting textured surfaces Journal Elsevier Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
339 (2009) 208ndash216
[24] Cloeacute Desmet Andrea Valsesia Arianna Oddo Giacomo Ceccone Valentina Spampinato
Franccedilois Rossi Pascal Colpo Characterisation of nanomaterial hydrophobicity using
engineered surfaces Springer J Nanopart Res (2017) 19 117
[25] Scott Muzenski Ismael Flores-Vivian Konstantin Sobolev Hydrophobic engineered
cementitious composites for highway applications Journal Elsevier Cement amp Concrete
Composites 57 (2015) 68ndash74
[26] Min-Hwan Kim Hisuk Kim Kwan-Soo Lee Dong Rip Kim Frosting characteristics on
hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces A review Journal Elsevier Energy
Conversion and Management 138 (2017) 1ndash11
Jeya Sheema J and Prabavathy S
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1982 editoriaemecom
[27] Xinshu Zou Chaoyou Tao Ke Yang Fan Yang Haibing Lv Lianghong Yan Hongwei
Yan Yuan Li Yongyong Xie Xiaodong Yuan Lin Zhang Rational design and
fabrication of highly transparent flexible and thermally stable superhydrophobic coatings
from raspberry-like hollow silica nanoparticles Journal Elsevier Applied Surface Science
440 (2018) 700ndash711
[28] Violeta Purcar Otilia Cinteza Marius Ghiurea Adriana Balan Simona Caprarescu Dan
Donescu Influence of hydrophobic characteristic of organo-modified precursor on
wettability of silica film Bull Mater Sci Vol 37 No 1(2014) pp 107ndash115
[29] Xu Qiang Zhan Shulin Xu Bingzheng Yang Hui Qian Xiaoqian Ding Xiaofu Effect of
Isobutyl-triethoxy-silane Penetrative Protective Agent on the Carbonation Resistance of
Concrete Journal of Wuhan University of Technology Vol31 No1 (2016) pp139-
145
[30] Ali Arabzadeh Halili Ceylan Sunghwan Kim Kasthurirangan Gopalakrishnan Alireza
Sassani Sriram Sundararajan Peter C Taylor Superhydrophobic coatings on Portland
cement concrete surfaces Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 141
(2017) 393ndash401
[31] ASTM C_642 13 Standard Test Method for Density Absorption and Voids in Hardened
Concrete American Society for Testing and Materials
[32] ASTM C_1585 Standard Test Method for Measurement of Rate of Absorption of Water
by Hydraulic-Cement Concretes American Society for Testing and Materials
[33] IS 13311 (Part 1) ndash 1992 Indian Standard Non-destructive testing of concrete - Methods
of test Part 1 ultrasonic pulse velocity
[34] Guo Li Jiang Yue Chenhao Guo Yongsheng Ji Influences of modified nanoparticles on
hydrophobicity of concrete with organic film coating Journal Elsevier Construction and
Building Materials 169 (2018) 1ndash7
[35] C Esposito Corcione R Striani C Caponec M Molfetta S Vendetta M Frigione
Preliminary study of the application of a novel hydrophobic photopolymerizable nano-
structured coating on concrete substrates Journal Elsevier Progress in Organic Coatings
121 (2018) 182ndash189
[36] MUM Junaidi NNR Ahmad CP Leo HM Yee Near superhydrophobic coating
synthesized from rice husk ash Anti-fouling evaluation Journal Elsevier Progress in
Organic Coatings 99 (2016) 140ndash146
[37] Chao Peng Pengxu Chen Zhanping You Songtao Lv Ran Zhang Fang Xu Hao Zhang
Hanlin Chen Effect of silane coupling agent on improving the adhesive properties
between asphalt binder and aggregates Journal Elsevier Construction and Building
Materials 169 (2018) 591ndash600
[38] Shashi B Atla Yi-Hsun Huang James Yang How-Ji Chen Yi-Hao Kuo Chun-Mei Hsu
Wen-Chien Lee Chien-Cheng Chen Duen-Wei Hsu Chien-Yen Chen Hydrophobic
Calcium Carbonate for Cement Surface Crystals (2017) Vol7 pp 371-380
[39] Rosa Di Mundo Andrea Petrella Michele Notarnicola Surface and bulk hydrophobic
cement composites by tyre rubber addition Journal Elsevier Construction and Building
Materials 172 (2018) 176ndash184
[40] Irene Izarra Jose Cubillo Angel Serrano Juan Francisco Rodriguez Manuel Carmona A
hydrophobic release agent containing SiO2-CH3 submicron-sized particles for
waterproofing mortar structures Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials
199 (2019) 30ndash39
Page 2
Jeya Sheema J and Prabavathy S
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1972 editoriaemecom
water droplets entering into the concrete through these defects carries dissolved aggressive
substances like chloride ions carbon dioxide sulphur dioxide and sulphates [3-6] Also the
capillary uptake of water into these micro-cracks deteriorate the concrete during freeze-thaw
cycles [7] The steel reinforcement embedded into the concrete is endangered by the water-
borne chloride (Cl-) and sulphate (SO4
2-) ions [8] The rust formation around the
reinforcement will induce expansion and tensile stresses on the surface of the encompassing
concrete [9] Cracking spalling and delamination of concrete are led by these stresses [910]
Recent developments in this field of research have found an alternative solution for
protecting the concrete by super hydrophobic impregnation [11-13] The leaves of Lotus
exhibit super hydrophobicity with a water contact angle greater than 150deg [14] This concept
of recreating the effect of Lotus leaf on the surface of cement paste is called Biomimetics or
biomimicry [14-16] Silanessiloxanes are the most commonly relied material for inducing
hydrophobicity upon concrete surface [12] The low surface energy materials in hierarchical
scale of micro nanometer will enhance the hydrophobic surface to produce super
hydrophobicity [17-20] Initiation of corrosion is postponed by super hydrophobic
impregnation since it arrests the penetration of water and chloride ion into concrete [13]
The objective of this paper is to apply a super hydrophobic surface treatment using GGBS
(Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag) and silane on cement mortar Inorder to manipulate
the adequate roughness and super-hydrophobicity required by the coating on cement mortar
GGBS was synthesized to Nano scale The air captured on this rough surface will reduce the
contact between mortar and water thereby producing water-repelling and self-cleaning
characteristics The influence of this surface treatment on super hydrophobicity and durability
are studied by adopting different methods of application
2 MECHANISM OF HYDROPHOBICITY
21 Theory of wettability [2123]
Owing to the electrical dipole behavior of water molecules upon a high surface energy
surface they get attracted to charged ions and wet the surface [24] On a surface with low
surface energy the water molecules will bead-up forming a spherical droplet and gets roll-off
without wetting the surface The minimum contact angle exhibited by the water loving surface
is 0deg and the maximum contact angle exhibited by the water repelling surface is 180deg
22 Water contact angle [25-27]
Figure 1 Theory of Hydrophobicity
An Experimental Investigation on Superhydrophobic Coating Using Nano-GGBS on Cement Mortar
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1973 editoriaemecom
The water contact angle is usually measured using WCA Goniometer The surfaces
exhibiting contact angle lt90deg are said to be hydrophilic For over-hydrophobic surfaces water
contact angle ranges between 120deg to 150deg Surfaces showing contact angle gt150deg are called
as Ultra hydrophobic Generally the concrete surface exhibit contact angle lt30deg Also the
mortar surface would exhibit absolute wetting with 0deg contact angle
3 EXPERIMENTAL WORK
31 Materials
Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag (GGBS) a major by-product from the steel
manufacturing industries is bought The average particle size varies from 1000 to 1300nm It
appears to be light grey with a specific gravity of 293
Isobutyltriethoxysilane (C10H24O3Si) [28] with a molecular weight of 22038 gmol and
97-98 purity purchased from the Aldrich was used as the hydrophobizing agent in this
paper The Isobutyltriethoxysilane has a dual character from hydrophilic to hydrophobic
phase Also it penetrates deeply into the cementitious substrate [29] Commercially available
Epoxy resin and hardener are used as adhesive to bind the nanoparticles to the mortar surface
The Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) of grade 53 with a specific gravity of 316 was used
as the binding material River sand passing through zone II grading with a specific gravity of
266 was used as the fine aggregate
32 Sample preparation
The cement pastes of CM 13 with a watercement (wc) ratio of 05 was adopted Cement
composites of 706 mm x 706 mm x 706 mm size were cast These cubes are subjected to 28
days curing
Table 1 Description of samples in this work
Sample Description
C-1 Conventional cement mortar
B-1 Brush coated mortar specimen
S-1 Spray coated mortar specimen
I-1 Hydrophobic impregnated mortar
Figure 2 Methods of application adopted a) Brush coating b) Spray coating and c) Hydrophobic
impregnation
Three types of samples were cast by varying the method of application of the super
hydrophobic surface coat Case I consist of samples surface coated by brushing technique
Jeya Sheema J and Prabavathy S
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1974 editoriaemecom
Case II consist of samples surface coated by spraying Case III consist of samples surface
treated by super hydrophobic impregnation [3] The impregnated samples are prepared by
immersing the mortar cubes for 60s into the prepared super hydrophobic mixture
33 Synthesis of Nano-GGBS and characterization
The GGBS was synthesized to nano-scale by Ball mill technique which works on the
principle of impact and attrition The wet milling of 20g of GGBS was done using ethanol for
a duration of 5 hours by employing 50 balls of tungsten carbide This ground GGBS will
stimulate the adequate roughness required by the surface to produce super hydrophobicity
331 X-Ray Fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF)
The X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy is a technique for analyzing the elemental
composition of the material The results are obtained from Central Electro Chemical Research
Institute (CECRI) at Karaikudy Table 2 indicates the mass percentage of metallic oxide
composition present in GGBS powder From Fig 3(a) it can be interpreted that CaO is the
major composition present in the GGBS Also the elements present in this powder is similar
to the elemental composition of cement
Table 2 XRF elemental analysis
Metal Oxide CaO SiO2 MnO2 Fe2O3
Composition 833 66 64 36
332 Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy (FTIR)
The FTIR is usually done to study the presence of chemical bonds present in the sample The
results of the IR spectrum are plotted for transmittance vs wavenumber The peak at
67588cm-1
indicates the presence of silica or SindashO bond The carbonate peak obtained at
91046 cm-1
indicates the presence of CndashO stretching bond Also the presence of C=O
bending bond or carboxylic bond was indicated by the peak value at 147762 cm-1
An Experimental Investigation on Superhydrophobic Coating Using Nano-GGBS on Cement Mortar
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1975 editoriaemecom
Figure 3 Characterization results of GGBS a) XRD results showing the elemental oxide content b)
FTIR image of GGBS indicating the presence of metallic oxides c) SEM image of ground GGBS
showing agglomeration of particle
333 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
The Scanning Electron Microscopy has been done to investigate the topography of the
surface The SEM image of GGBS indicates that all the particles are varying in size and are
agglomerated Fig 3(c) shows the SEM image of GGBS after ball milling captured at a
working distance of 106mm by applying 100kV with 600k magnification in a scale of
500microm The SEM image of nano-ground GGBS also indicated agglomeration of particles
with size ranging around 529nm
34 Preparation of super-hydrophobic surface coating
Initially the hydrophilic Isobutyltriethoxysilane was diluted in distilled water in the ratio of
125 This ratio for Isobutyltriethoxysilane was adopted based on its molecular ratio
Meanwhile 1g of nano-GGBS was added to this mixture Inorder to uniformly disperse the
agglomerated nanoparticle into this silane solution ultrasonication was done for about 30
min Then the prepared mixture was left undisturbed for a period of 12 hours Hydrolysis of
the mixture was initiated by heating the solution at 60degC for about 45 minutes As a result of
hydrolysis a highly reactive compound called silanol was formed by elimination of ethanol
Then the prepared coating was permitted to cool for a while and applied evenly on all the
faces of the mortar surface following an adhesive coating Epoxy resin was the adhesive used
The coated substrates were allowed to dry in sunlight After condensation the silanol
compounds react with each other and gets converted into a compound called polysiloxane
This component will induce super hydrophobicity on concrete surface Thus the dual nature of
silane from hydrophilic state to hydrophobic state was exhibited using the above process
35 Preparation of adhesive [30]
The adhesive is generally used for sticking the nanomicro particles to the coated surface for
longer life of the coating The epoxy resin and hardener is a two-part system It is an
extremely strong material that can be used as a sealant and an adhesive on concrete surfaces
They are blended consistently in the ratio 101 One troublesome thing about this substance is
that it is very thick and viscous which implies that it is hard to apply Inorder to overcome
this Ethyl alcohol was added to it as an epoxy thinner in the ratio of 51 and ultrasonicated
for 10 minutes Then the prepared adhesive was applied uniformly on all the faces of the
specimen
Jeya Sheema J and Prabavathy S
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1976 editoriaemecom
Figure 4 General equation exhibiting the process of conversion of the hydrophilic silane to
hydrophobic nature by hydrolysis and subsequent condensation
36 Measurement of hydrophobicity [34]
The degree of hydrophobicity is estimated in terms of water contact angle by using WCA
Goniometer A dosage of 25microl of water droplet was dispensed by the needle of goniometer
over the coated and uncoated surface of cement paste and the contact angle is measured after
5s Similarly three trials are done for each type of sample When the coated substrates are
tilted the droplet rolls-off
37 Water absorption test
Water absorption test was done affirming to ASTM C_642 13 [31] Initially the mortar
specimens were dried absolutely to expel dampness by using Hot air oven for a duration of 24
hours The samples were taken out from the oven and their initial weights are noted as W0(g)
The samples were immersed into water not less than a period of 48 hours The final weight of
the samples W1(g) was recorded after taking out the immersed samples from water The rate
of water absorption is calculated by using the following expression
Rate of water absorption =
x 100 (1)
38 Sorptivity test [8]
This test is done to record the capillary uptake of water as a function of time The mortar
samples were sealed at its sides with epoxy resin to allow unidirectional uptake of water The
top of the samples were secured with plastic sheet to avoid evaporation The initial weight of
the resin coated mortar samples were measured Then these samples were placed in a pan
upon supporting devices The water level was maintained at 1-3mm above the support device
Eventually the weight readings were noted at interims as per ASTM C_1585 [32] The water
uptake rate (I) is determined by the following expression
Absorption I =
mm (2)
Where lsquomtrsquo is the change in specimen mass (g) lsquoarsquo is the surface area of the specimen
(mm2) lsquodrsquo represents the density of water (gmm
3) and lsquoIrsquo is the rate of vertical uptake or
sorptivity of water (mm)
39 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) test [9]
The UPV is a non-destructive test conducted to determine the defects in a sample Initially
zero was set by placing the two electro-acoustical transducer together Then a reference
velocity was set by using Quartz crystal whose travel speed of pulse velocity is known as
An Experimental Investigation on Superhydrophobic Coating Using Nano-GGBS on Cement Mortar
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1977 editoriaemecom
254micros The probes were placed on any two faces of the specimen and speed of the passed
ultrasonic pulse velocity was recorded from the digital display The direct measurement
method was adopted since it is more convenient for mortar cubes The UPV test was done
confirming to Indian Standard IS 13311 (Part 1) ndash 1992 [33]
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
41 Measurement of hydrophobicity
Fig 5 demonstrates the measurement of hydrophobicity by visual assessment On placing
water droplets over a sample treated with spray coating without adhesive the surface of the
substrate exhibited superhydrophobicity Fig 6 shows the water contact angle measured in
Goniometer apparatus for each method of application of super hydrophobic coating From the
acquired results it was revealed that the spray coating produced super hydrophobicity with a
contact angle of 1522deg due to the uniform distribution of nanoparticles on the concrete
surface Also the impregnated samples produced only 1227deg contact angle due to less
deposition of nanoparticles on the substrate The brush coated samples exhibited near super
hydrophobic behavior with 1463deg contact angle
Figure 5 Super-hydrophobicity of a spray coated sample without applying adhesive
Figure 6 Water contact angle obtained for a) Brush coating b) Spray coating and c) Hydrophobic
impregnated specimen
42 Water absorption test
The rate of penetration of water into the mortar specimens were tested and the result outcomes
are tabulated in Table 3 From the graph shown in Fig 7 it is deciphered that the
impregnated samples showed reduced water absorption comparing to other samples The I-1
samples had a least of 109 of water absorption rate On comparing the water absorbed by
conventional mortar specimens the brush coated spray coated and the impregnated
specimens absorbed only 171 149 and 93 respectively
Jeya Sheema J and Prabavathy S
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1978 editoriaemecom
Table 3 Water absorption test results
Sample
Dry
weight W0
(g)
Saturated
weight W1
(g)
Rate of
Absorption
()
Average ()
C-1
750 838 1174
1175 747 835 1179
752 840 1171
B-1
776 792 207
201 785 802 217
793 807 177
S-1
785 799 179
175 783 796 167
791 805 177
I-1
806 815 112
109 798 808 126
805 812 087
43 Sorptivity test
The capillary uptake of water in uncoated and coated samples were measured at intervals like
60s 5min 10min 20min 30min 1hr 2hr 3hr 4hr 5hr 6hr 1day 2days and 3 days The
results are plotted for rate of capillary uptake of water vs square root of time in Fig 8 It
could be inferred from the graph that the capillary uptake of water was greatly resisted by the
spray coated and impregnated specimens Both S-1 and I-1 samples showed similar
performance till 6hrs after which the I-1 samples resisted better than S-1 samples The other
samples which were brushed and impregnated also showed reduced vertical water uptake than
conventional samples
44 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) test
The Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity test is usually done to find the imperfections or pores in the
specimen by passing ultrasonic pulses through the two probes of the instrument From Table
4 it is perceived that the ultrasonic pulse velocity travels faster through coated specimens than
through the conventional mortar This proves that the applied super hydrophobic coating
reduces the surface porosity of the specimens Also among the three types of coating the
samples subjected to hydrophobic impregnation showed excellently reduced surface porosity
Table 4 UPV test results
Sample Length
(xo) mm
Time
travel (micros)
Sample
velocity ʋ
(kms)
Average
velocity ʋs
(kms)
C-1
706 216 327
317 706 204 346
706 255 276
B-1
706 183 385
395 706 172 410
706 181 390
S-1
706 156 452
438 706 164 430
706 163 433
I-1
706 139 508
511 706 133 531
706 143 494
An Experimental Investigation on Superhydrophobic Coating Using Nano-GGBS on Cement Mortar
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1979 editoriaemecom
Figure 7 Graph representing the rate of water absorption of the samples after 48hrs of immersion in water
Figure 8 Rate of capillary uptake of water plotted against square root of time
Table 5 Methods of Fabrication and WCA reported in literatures
Author Repellent Material Roughness
Material Method Ɵ
Ref
Ilaria Alfieri et
al
Fuoroalkyl-functional
water-borne oligosiloxane SiO2 hybrid sols
Coating by
deposition
147deg plusmn
3deg [14]
Guo Li et al Silane coupling agent
KH-570
TiO2
nanoparticles
Organic film
coating 873deg [34]
C Esposito
Corcione et al Silane amp siloxane
Silica nano-
particles Brush coating
1271deg plusmn
21deg [35]
MUM Junaidi
et al
1H1H2H2H
perfluorodecyltriethoxysilan
e
Rice husk ash Spray coating 1442deg [36]
Chao Peng et al Silane coupling agent - Impregnated
for 30mins
107degplusmn
02deg [37]
Shashi B Atla
et al Sodium stearate CaCO3 particles
Via
carbonation 129deg [38]
Rosa Di Mundo
et al Tyre rubber Tyre rubber
Replacement
of sand ~125deg [39]
Irene Izarra et al Tetraethyl orthosilicate and
Methyltriethoxysilane
SiO2-CH3
submicron-sized
particles
Cast in
impregnated
mould
gt145deg [40]
Jeya Sheema et
al Isobutyltriethoxysilane GGBS particles Spray coating 1522deg
Present
study
1175
451
175 109
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
C-1 B-1 S-1 I-1
Ab
sorp
tio
n
Water absorption
0
005
01
015
02
025
0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600
Wa
ter
up
tak
e I
(m
m)
Time05 (radics)
Sorptivity
C-1
B-1
S-1
I-1
Jeya Sheema J and Prabavathy S
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1980 editoriaemecom
5 CONCLUSIONS
The superhydrophobic coating for cement composite surfaces was created effectively utilizing
GGBS powder and isobutyltriethoxysilane The spray coated surfaces exhibited
superhydrophobic nature comparing with the other samples with a water contact angle of
1522deg and when tilted the droplets rolled off Comparing to the conventional mortar the
coated mortar specimens showed up to 90 of reduced water absorption All the coated
samples produced good resistance towards vertical uptake of water Among them the
impregnated and spray coated samples were found to produce least capillary uptake of water
A reduced surface porosity of the coated specimens was proved from the faster travelling
ultrasonic waves through these samples
The overall performance of the impregnated samples are notably higher in water
absorption and ultrasonic pulse velocity tests with 109 and 511 kms respectively though
it had lesser contact angle of 1227deg Since the depth of penetration of the silane coating was
greater in case of impregnated specimens they produced enhanced results compared to other
surface treated specimens
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I sincerely thank the Principal and Department of Civil Engineering at Mepco Schlenk
Engineering College for the support and guidance throughout this work
REFERENCES
[1] Jinlong Song Danyang Zhao Zhengjin Han Wei Xu Yao Lu Xin Liu Bo Liu Clarie J
Carmalt Xu Deng Ivan P Parkin Super-robust and super hydrophobic concrete J Mater
Chem A Materials for energy and sustainability Volume 5 Number 28 July 2017 Pages
14447ndash14932
[2] Hong S Wong Robert Barakat Abdulla Alhilali Mohamed Saleh Christopher R
Cheeseman Hydrophobic concrete using waste paper sludge ash Journal Elsevier
Cement and Concrete Research 70 (2015)9ndash20
[3] Xiao Xue Yanwen Li Zhuo Yang Zhongyu He Jian-Guo Dai Lijin Xu Weidong
Zhang A systematic investigation of the waterproofing performance and chloride
resistance of a self-developed waterborne silane-based hydrophobic agent for mortar and
concrete Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 155 (2017) 939ndash946
[4] Sandro Weisheit Seraphin Hubert Unterberger Tobias Bader Roman Lackner
Assessment of test methods for characterizing the hydrophobic nature of surface-treated
High Performance Concrete Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 110
(2016) 145ndash153
[5] AGeetha PPerumal Effect of Waterproofing Admixtures on the Flexural Strength and
Corrosion Resistance of Concrete Springer J Inst Eng India Ser A (2012) 93(1)73ndash78
[6] A Sivasankar S Arul Xavier Stango R Vedalakshmi Quantitative estimation on
delaying of onset of corrosion of rebar in surface treated concrete using sealers Ain
Shams Engineering Journal (2013) 4 615ndash623
[7] Kenneth Mak Colin MacDougall Amir Fam Freeze-Thaw Performance of On-Site
Manufactured Compressed Earth Blocks Effect of Water Repellent and Other Additives
ASCE J Mater Civ Eng 2016 28(7) 04016034
[8] Peng Liu Chuanfa Feng Fazhou Wang Yining Gao Jin Yang Wenqin Zhang Lu Yang
Hydrophobic and water-resisting behavior of Portland cement incorporated by oleic acid
modified fly ash Rilem Materials and Structures (2018) 5138
[9] H Husni MR Nazari HM Yee R Rohim A Yusuff Mohd Azahar Mohd Ariff
NNR Ahmad CP Leo MUM Junaidi Superhydrophobic rice husk ash coating on
concrete Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 144 (2017) 385ndash391
An Experimental Investigation on Superhydrophobic Coating Using Nano-GGBS on Cement Mortar
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1981 editoriaemecom
[10] Jun Zhang Xingzhong Weng Le Jiang Bohan Yang Junzhong Liu Frost Resistance of
Concrete Reinforced Using Surface-Strengthening Materials in Airport Pavements ASCE
J Mater Civ Eng 2018 30(3) 04018006
[11] MJ Al-Kheetan MM Rahman DA Chamberlain Influence of Crystalline Admixture
on Fresh Concrete to Develop Hydrophobicity Presented at 96th Annual Meeting of the
Transportation Research Board No 11-02487 Washington DC 2017
[12] Mazen J Al-Kheetan Mujib M Rahman Denis A Chamberlain A novel approach of
introducing crystalline protection material and curing agent in fresh concrete for
enhancing hydrophobicity Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 160
(2018) 644ndash652
[13] M Medeiros P Helene Efficacy of surface hydrophobic agents in reducing water and
chloride ion penetration in concrete Rilem Materials and Structures (2008) 4159ndash71
[14] Ilaria Alfieri Andrea Lorenzi Luca Ranzenigo Laura Lazzarini Giovanni Predieri Pier
Paolo Lottici Synthesis and characterization of photocatalytic hydrophobic hybrid TiO2-
SiO2 coatings for building applications Journal Elsevier Building and Environment 111
(2017) 72ndash 79
[15] Xu Gui-Long Deng Changyun Liang Yun Pi Pi-hui Hu Jian Yang Zhuoru Preparation
and Characterization of Raspberry-like SiO2 Particles by the Sol-gel Method
Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Vol 1 No1 79-83 2011
[16] Abraham Marmur The Lotus effect superhydrophobicity and metastability Langmuir
Lett 20(9) pp 3517-3519
[17] Yansheng Zheng Yi He Yongquan Qing Chuanbo Hu Qian Mo Preparation of
superhydrophobic coating using modified CaCO3 Journal Elsevier Applied Surface
Science 265 (2013) 532ndash 536
[18] Mingming Liu Yuanyuan Hou Jing Li Lu Tie Zhiguang Guo An all-water-based
system for robust superhydrophobic surfaces Journal Elsevier Journal of Colloid and
Interface Science 519 (2018) 130ndash136
[19] Minzhen Zhong Ying Zhang Xiangqi Li Xiao Wu Facile fabrication of durable
superhydrophobic silica epoxy resin coatings with compatible transparency and stability
Surface amp Coatings Technology httpsdoi101016jsurfcoat201804063
[20] SH Liu SS Latthe HT Yang BS Liu RM Xing Raspberry-like superhydrophobic
silica coatings with self-cleaning properties Ceram Int 41 (2015) 11719-11725
[21] John T Simpson Scott R Hunter Tolga Aytug Superhydrophobic materials and coatings
a review Reports on Progress in Physics 78 (2015) 086501_14pp
[22] Jenberu L Feyyisa John L Daniels Miguel A Pando Contact Angle Measurements for
Use in Specifying Organosilane-Modified Coal Combustion Fly Ash ASCE J Mater
Civ Eng 2017 29(9) 04017096
[23] Wonjae Choi Anish Tuteja Joseph M Mabry Robert E Cohen Gareth H McKinley A
modified CassiendashBaxter relationship to explain contact angle hysteresis and anisotropy on
non-wetting textured surfaces Journal Elsevier Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
339 (2009) 208ndash216
[24] Cloeacute Desmet Andrea Valsesia Arianna Oddo Giacomo Ceccone Valentina Spampinato
Franccedilois Rossi Pascal Colpo Characterisation of nanomaterial hydrophobicity using
engineered surfaces Springer J Nanopart Res (2017) 19 117
[25] Scott Muzenski Ismael Flores-Vivian Konstantin Sobolev Hydrophobic engineered
cementitious composites for highway applications Journal Elsevier Cement amp Concrete
Composites 57 (2015) 68ndash74
[26] Min-Hwan Kim Hisuk Kim Kwan-Soo Lee Dong Rip Kim Frosting characteristics on
hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces A review Journal Elsevier Energy
Conversion and Management 138 (2017) 1ndash11
Jeya Sheema J and Prabavathy S
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1982 editoriaemecom
[27] Xinshu Zou Chaoyou Tao Ke Yang Fan Yang Haibing Lv Lianghong Yan Hongwei
Yan Yuan Li Yongyong Xie Xiaodong Yuan Lin Zhang Rational design and
fabrication of highly transparent flexible and thermally stable superhydrophobic coatings
from raspberry-like hollow silica nanoparticles Journal Elsevier Applied Surface Science
440 (2018) 700ndash711
[28] Violeta Purcar Otilia Cinteza Marius Ghiurea Adriana Balan Simona Caprarescu Dan
Donescu Influence of hydrophobic characteristic of organo-modified precursor on
wettability of silica film Bull Mater Sci Vol 37 No 1(2014) pp 107ndash115
[29] Xu Qiang Zhan Shulin Xu Bingzheng Yang Hui Qian Xiaoqian Ding Xiaofu Effect of
Isobutyl-triethoxy-silane Penetrative Protective Agent on the Carbonation Resistance of
Concrete Journal of Wuhan University of Technology Vol31 No1 (2016) pp139-
145
[30] Ali Arabzadeh Halili Ceylan Sunghwan Kim Kasthurirangan Gopalakrishnan Alireza
Sassani Sriram Sundararajan Peter C Taylor Superhydrophobic coatings on Portland
cement concrete surfaces Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 141
(2017) 393ndash401
[31] ASTM C_642 13 Standard Test Method for Density Absorption and Voids in Hardened
Concrete American Society for Testing and Materials
[32] ASTM C_1585 Standard Test Method for Measurement of Rate of Absorption of Water
by Hydraulic-Cement Concretes American Society for Testing and Materials
[33] IS 13311 (Part 1) ndash 1992 Indian Standard Non-destructive testing of concrete - Methods
of test Part 1 ultrasonic pulse velocity
[34] Guo Li Jiang Yue Chenhao Guo Yongsheng Ji Influences of modified nanoparticles on
hydrophobicity of concrete with organic film coating Journal Elsevier Construction and
Building Materials 169 (2018) 1ndash7
[35] C Esposito Corcione R Striani C Caponec M Molfetta S Vendetta M Frigione
Preliminary study of the application of a novel hydrophobic photopolymerizable nano-
structured coating on concrete substrates Journal Elsevier Progress in Organic Coatings
121 (2018) 182ndash189
[36] MUM Junaidi NNR Ahmad CP Leo HM Yee Near superhydrophobic coating
synthesized from rice husk ash Anti-fouling evaluation Journal Elsevier Progress in
Organic Coatings 99 (2016) 140ndash146
[37] Chao Peng Pengxu Chen Zhanping You Songtao Lv Ran Zhang Fang Xu Hao Zhang
Hanlin Chen Effect of silane coupling agent on improving the adhesive properties
between asphalt binder and aggregates Journal Elsevier Construction and Building
Materials 169 (2018) 591ndash600
[38] Shashi B Atla Yi-Hsun Huang James Yang How-Ji Chen Yi-Hao Kuo Chun-Mei Hsu
Wen-Chien Lee Chien-Cheng Chen Duen-Wei Hsu Chien-Yen Chen Hydrophobic
Calcium Carbonate for Cement Surface Crystals (2017) Vol7 pp 371-380
[39] Rosa Di Mundo Andrea Petrella Michele Notarnicola Surface and bulk hydrophobic
cement composites by tyre rubber addition Journal Elsevier Construction and Building
Materials 172 (2018) 176ndash184
[40] Irene Izarra Jose Cubillo Angel Serrano Juan Francisco Rodriguez Manuel Carmona A
hydrophobic release agent containing SiO2-CH3 submicron-sized particles for
waterproofing mortar structures Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials
199 (2019) 30ndash39
Page 3
An Experimental Investigation on Superhydrophobic Coating Using Nano-GGBS on Cement Mortar
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1973 editoriaemecom
The water contact angle is usually measured using WCA Goniometer The surfaces
exhibiting contact angle lt90deg are said to be hydrophilic For over-hydrophobic surfaces water
contact angle ranges between 120deg to 150deg Surfaces showing contact angle gt150deg are called
as Ultra hydrophobic Generally the concrete surface exhibit contact angle lt30deg Also the
mortar surface would exhibit absolute wetting with 0deg contact angle
3 EXPERIMENTAL WORK
31 Materials
Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag (GGBS) a major by-product from the steel
manufacturing industries is bought The average particle size varies from 1000 to 1300nm It
appears to be light grey with a specific gravity of 293
Isobutyltriethoxysilane (C10H24O3Si) [28] with a molecular weight of 22038 gmol and
97-98 purity purchased from the Aldrich was used as the hydrophobizing agent in this
paper The Isobutyltriethoxysilane has a dual character from hydrophilic to hydrophobic
phase Also it penetrates deeply into the cementitious substrate [29] Commercially available
Epoxy resin and hardener are used as adhesive to bind the nanoparticles to the mortar surface
The Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) of grade 53 with a specific gravity of 316 was used
as the binding material River sand passing through zone II grading with a specific gravity of
266 was used as the fine aggregate
32 Sample preparation
The cement pastes of CM 13 with a watercement (wc) ratio of 05 was adopted Cement
composites of 706 mm x 706 mm x 706 mm size were cast These cubes are subjected to 28
days curing
Table 1 Description of samples in this work
Sample Description
C-1 Conventional cement mortar
B-1 Brush coated mortar specimen
S-1 Spray coated mortar specimen
I-1 Hydrophobic impregnated mortar
Figure 2 Methods of application adopted a) Brush coating b) Spray coating and c) Hydrophobic
impregnation
Three types of samples were cast by varying the method of application of the super
hydrophobic surface coat Case I consist of samples surface coated by brushing technique
Jeya Sheema J and Prabavathy S
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1974 editoriaemecom
Case II consist of samples surface coated by spraying Case III consist of samples surface
treated by super hydrophobic impregnation [3] The impregnated samples are prepared by
immersing the mortar cubes for 60s into the prepared super hydrophobic mixture
33 Synthesis of Nano-GGBS and characterization
The GGBS was synthesized to nano-scale by Ball mill technique which works on the
principle of impact and attrition The wet milling of 20g of GGBS was done using ethanol for
a duration of 5 hours by employing 50 balls of tungsten carbide This ground GGBS will
stimulate the adequate roughness required by the surface to produce super hydrophobicity
331 X-Ray Fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF)
The X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy is a technique for analyzing the elemental
composition of the material The results are obtained from Central Electro Chemical Research
Institute (CECRI) at Karaikudy Table 2 indicates the mass percentage of metallic oxide
composition present in GGBS powder From Fig 3(a) it can be interpreted that CaO is the
major composition present in the GGBS Also the elements present in this powder is similar
to the elemental composition of cement
Table 2 XRF elemental analysis
Metal Oxide CaO SiO2 MnO2 Fe2O3
Composition 833 66 64 36
332 Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy (FTIR)
The FTIR is usually done to study the presence of chemical bonds present in the sample The
results of the IR spectrum are plotted for transmittance vs wavenumber The peak at
67588cm-1
indicates the presence of silica or SindashO bond The carbonate peak obtained at
91046 cm-1
indicates the presence of CndashO stretching bond Also the presence of C=O
bending bond or carboxylic bond was indicated by the peak value at 147762 cm-1
An Experimental Investigation on Superhydrophobic Coating Using Nano-GGBS on Cement Mortar
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1975 editoriaemecom
Figure 3 Characterization results of GGBS a) XRD results showing the elemental oxide content b)
FTIR image of GGBS indicating the presence of metallic oxides c) SEM image of ground GGBS
showing agglomeration of particle
333 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
The Scanning Electron Microscopy has been done to investigate the topography of the
surface The SEM image of GGBS indicates that all the particles are varying in size and are
agglomerated Fig 3(c) shows the SEM image of GGBS after ball milling captured at a
working distance of 106mm by applying 100kV with 600k magnification in a scale of
500microm The SEM image of nano-ground GGBS also indicated agglomeration of particles
with size ranging around 529nm
34 Preparation of super-hydrophobic surface coating
Initially the hydrophilic Isobutyltriethoxysilane was diluted in distilled water in the ratio of
125 This ratio for Isobutyltriethoxysilane was adopted based on its molecular ratio
Meanwhile 1g of nano-GGBS was added to this mixture Inorder to uniformly disperse the
agglomerated nanoparticle into this silane solution ultrasonication was done for about 30
min Then the prepared mixture was left undisturbed for a period of 12 hours Hydrolysis of
the mixture was initiated by heating the solution at 60degC for about 45 minutes As a result of
hydrolysis a highly reactive compound called silanol was formed by elimination of ethanol
Then the prepared coating was permitted to cool for a while and applied evenly on all the
faces of the mortar surface following an adhesive coating Epoxy resin was the adhesive used
The coated substrates were allowed to dry in sunlight After condensation the silanol
compounds react with each other and gets converted into a compound called polysiloxane
This component will induce super hydrophobicity on concrete surface Thus the dual nature of
silane from hydrophilic state to hydrophobic state was exhibited using the above process
35 Preparation of adhesive [30]
The adhesive is generally used for sticking the nanomicro particles to the coated surface for
longer life of the coating The epoxy resin and hardener is a two-part system It is an
extremely strong material that can be used as a sealant and an adhesive on concrete surfaces
They are blended consistently in the ratio 101 One troublesome thing about this substance is
that it is very thick and viscous which implies that it is hard to apply Inorder to overcome
this Ethyl alcohol was added to it as an epoxy thinner in the ratio of 51 and ultrasonicated
for 10 minutes Then the prepared adhesive was applied uniformly on all the faces of the
specimen
Jeya Sheema J and Prabavathy S
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1976 editoriaemecom
Figure 4 General equation exhibiting the process of conversion of the hydrophilic silane to
hydrophobic nature by hydrolysis and subsequent condensation
36 Measurement of hydrophobicity [34]
The degree of hydrophobicity is estimated in terms of water contact angle by using WCA
Goniometer A dosage of 25microl of water droplet was dispensed by the needle of goniometer
over the coated and uncoated surface of cement paste and the contact angle is measured after
5s Similarly three trials are done for each type of sample When the coated substrates are
tilted the droplet rolls-off
37 Water absorption test
Water absorption test was done affirming to ASTM C_642 13 [31] Initially the mortar
specimens were dried absolutely to expel dampness by using Hot air oven for a duration of 24
hours The samples were taken out from the oven and their initial weights are noted as W0(g)
The samples were immersed into water not less than a period of 48 hours The final weight of
the samples W1(g) was recorded after taking out the immersed samples from water The rate
of water absorption is calculated by using the following expression
Rate of water absorption =
x 100 (1)
38 Sorptivity test [8]
This test is done to record the capillary uptake of water as a function of time The mortar
samples were sealed at its sides with epoxy resin to allow unidirectional uptake of water The
top of the samples were secured with plastic sheet to avoid evaporation The initial weight of
the resin coated mortar samples were measured Then these samples were placed in a pan
upon supporting devices The water level was maintained at 1-3mm above the support device
Eventually the weight readings were noted at interims as per ASTM C_1585 [32] The water
uptake rate (I) is determined by the following expression
Absorption I =
mm (2)
Where lsquomtrsquo is the change in specimen mass (g) lsquoarsquo is the surface area of the specimen
(mm2) lsquodrsquo represents the density of water (gmm
3) and lsquoIrsquo is the rate of vertical uptake or
sorptivity of water (mm)
39 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) test [9]
The UPV is a non-destructive test conducted to determine the defects in a sample Initially
zero was set by placing the two electro-acoustical transducer together Then a reference
velocity was set by using Quartz crystal whose travel speed of pulse velocity is known as
An Experimental Investigation on Superhydrophobic Coating Using Nano-GGBS on Cement Mortar
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1977 editoriaemecom
254micros The probes were placed on any two faces of the specimen and speed of the passed
ultrasonic pulse velocity was recorded from the digital display The direct measurement
method was adopted since it is more convenient for mortar cubes The UPV test was done
confirming to Indian Standard IS 13311 (Part 1) ndash 1992 [33]
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
41 Measurement of hydrophobicity
Fig 5 demonstrates the measurement of hydrophobicity by visual assessment On placing
water droplets over a sample treated with spray coating without adhesive the surface of the
substrate exhibited superhydrophobicity Fig 6 shows the water contact angle measured in
Goniometer apparatus for each method of application of super hydrophobic coating From the
acquired results it was revealed that the spray coating produced super hydrophobicity with a
contact angle of 1522deg due to the uniform distribution of nanoparticles on the concrete
surface Also the impregnated samples produced only 1227deg contact angle due to less
deposition of nanoparticles on the substrate The brush coated samples exhibited near super
hydrophobic behavior with 1463deg contact angle
Figure 5 Super-hydrophobicity of a spray coated sample without applying adhesive
Figure 6 Water contact angle obtained for a) Brush coating b) Spray coating and c) Hydrophobic
impregnated specimen
42 Water absorption test
The rate of penetration of water into the mortar specimens were tested and the result outcomes
are tabulated in Table 3 From the graph shown in Fig 7 it is deciphered that the
impregnated samples showed reduced water absorption comparing to other samples The I-1
samples had a least of 109 of water absorption rate On comparing the water absorbed by
conventional mortar specimens the brush coated spray coated and the impregnated
specimens absorbed only 171 149 and 93 respectively
Jeya Sheema J and Prabavathy S
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1978 editoriaemecom
Table 3 Water absorption test results
Sample
Dry
weight W0
(g)
Saturated
weight W1
(g)
Rate of
Absorption
()
Average ()
C-1
750 838 1174
1175 747 835 1179
752 840 1171
B-1
776 792 207
201 785 802 217
793 807 177
S-1
785 799 179
175 783 796 167
791 805 177
I-1
806 815 112
109 798 808 126
805 812 087
43 Sorptivity test
The capillary uptake of water in uncoated and coated samples were measured at intervals like
60s 5min 10min 20min 30min 1hr 2hr 3hr 4hr 5hr 6hr 1day 2days and 3 days The
results are plotted for rate of capillary uptake of water vs square root of time in Fig 8 It
could be inferred from the graph that the capillary uptake of water was greatly resisted by the
spray coated and impregnated specimens Both S-1 and I-1 samples showed similar
performance till 6hrs after which the I-1 samples resisted better than S-1 samples The other
samples which were brushed and impregnated also showed reduced vertical water uptake than
conventional samples
44 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) test
The Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity test is usually done to find the imperfections or pores in the
specimen by passing ultrasonic pulses through the two probes of the instrument From Table
4 it is perceived that the ultrasonic pulse velocity travels faster through coated specimens than
through the conventional mortar This proves that the applied super hydrophobic coating
reduces the surface porosity of the specimens Also among the three types of coating the
samples subjected to hydrophobic impregnation showed excellently reduced surface porosity
Table 4 UPV test results
Sample Length
(xo) mm
Time
travel (micros)
Sample
velocity ʋ
(kms)
Average
velocity ʋs
(kms)
C-1
706 216 327
317 706 204 346
706 255 276
B-1
706 183 385
395 706 172 410
706 181 390
S-1
706 156 452
438 706 164 430
706 163 433
I-1
706 139 508
511 706 133 531
706 143 494
An Experimental Investigation on Superhydrophobic Coating Using Nano-GGBS on Cement Mortar
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1979 editoriaemecom
Figure 7 Graph representing the rate of water absorption of the samples after 48hrs of immersion in water
Figure 8 Rate of capillary uptake of water plotted against square root of time
Table 5 Methods of Fabrication and WCA reported in literatures
Author Repellent Material Roughness
Material Method Ɵ
Ref
Ilaria Alfieri et
al
Fuoroalkyl-functional
water-borne oligosiloxane SiO2 hybrid sols
Coating by
deposition
147deg plusmn
3deg [14]
Guo Li et al Silane coupling agent
KH-570
TiO2
nanoparticles
Organic film
coating 873deg [34]
C Esposito
Corcione et al Silane amp siloxane
Silica nano-
particles Brush coating
1271deg plusmn
21deg [35]
MUM Junaidi
et al
1H1H2H2H
perfluorodecyltriethoxysilan
e
Rice husk ash Spray coating 1442deg [36]
Chao Peng et al Silane coupling agent - Impregnated
for 30mins
107degplusmn
02deg [37]
Shashi B Atla
et al Sodium stearate CaCO3 particles
Via
carbonation 129deg [38]
Rosa Di Mundo
et al Tyre rubber Tyre rubber
Replacement
of sand ~125deg [39]
Irene Izarra et al Tetraethyl orthosilicate and
Methyltriethoxysilane
SiO2-CH3
submicron-sized
particles
Cast in
impregnated
mould
gt145deg [40]
Jeya Sheema et
al Isobutyltriethoxysilane GGBS particles Spray coating 1522deg
Present
study
1175
451
175 109
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
C-1 B-1 S-1 I-1
Ab
sorp
tio
n
Water absorption
0
005
01
015
02
025
0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600
Wa
ter
up
tak
e I
(m
m)
Time05 (radics)
Sorptivity
C-1
B-1
S-1
I-1
Jeya Sheema J and Prabavathy S
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1980 editoriaemecom
5 CONCLUSIONS
The superhydrophobic coating for cement composite surfaces was created effectively utilizing
GGBS powder and isobutyltriethoxysilane The spray coated surfaces exhibited
superhydrophobic nature comparing with the other samples with a water contact angle of
1522deg and when tilted the droplets rolled off Comparing to the conventional mortar the
coated mortar specimens showed up to 90 of reduced water absorption All the coated
samples produced good resistance towards vertical uptake of water Among them the
impregnated and spray coated samples were found to produce least capillary uptake of water
A reduced surface porosity of the coated specimens was proved from the faster travelling
ultrasonic waves through these samples
The overall performance of the impregnated samples are notably higher in water
absorption and ultrasonic pulse velocity tests with 109 and 511 kms respectively though
it had lesser contact angle of 1227deg Since the depth of penetration of the silane coating was
greater in case of impregnated specimens they produced enhanced results compared to other
surface treated specimens
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I sincerely thank the Principal and Department of Civil Engineering at Mepco Schlenk
Engineering College for the support and guidance throughout this work
REFERENCES
[1] Jinlong Song Danyang Zhao Zhengjin Han Wei Xu Yao Lu Xin Liu Bo Liu Clarie J
Carmalt Xu Deng Ivan P Parkin Super-robust and super hydrophobic concrete J Mater
Chem A Materials for energy and sustainability Volume 5 Number 28 July 2017 Pages
14447ndash14932
[2] Hong S Wong Robert Barakat Abdulla Alhilali Mohamed Saleh Christopher R
Cheeseman Hydrophobic concrete using waste paper sludge ash Journal Elsevier
Cement and Concrete Research 70 (2015)9ndash20
[3] Xiao Xue Yanwen Li Zhuo Yang Zhongyu He Jian-Guo Dai Lijin Xu Weidong
Zhang A systematic investigation of the waterproofing performance and chloride
resistance of a self-developed waterborne silane-based hydrophobic agent for mortar and
concrete Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 155 (2017) 939ndash946
[4] Sandro Weisheit Seraphin Hubert Unterberger Tobias Bader Roman Lackner
Assessment of test methods for characterizing the hydrophobic nature of surface-treated
High Performance Concrete Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 110
(2016) 145ndash153
[5] AGeetha PPerumal Effect of Waterproofing Admixtures on the Flexural Strength and
Corrosion Resistance of Concrete Springer J Inst Eng India Ser A (2012) 93(1)73ndash78
[6] A Sivasankar S Arul Xavier Stango R Vedalakshmi Quantitative estimation on
delaying of onset of corrosion of rebar in surface treated concrete using sealers Ain
Shams Engineering Journal (2013) 4 615ndash623
[7] Kenneth Mak Colin MacDougall Amir Fam Freeze-Thaw Performance of On-Site
Manufactured Compressed Earth Blocks Effect of Water Repellent and Other Additives
ASCE J Mater Civ Eng 2016 28(7) 04016034
[8] Peng Liu Chuanfa Feng Fazhou Wang Yining Gao Jin Yang Wenqin Zhang Lu Yang
Hydrophobic and water-resisting behavior of Portland cement incorporated by oleic acid
modified fly ash Rilem Materials and Structures (2018) 5138
[9] H Husni MR Nazari HM Yee R Rohim A Yusuff Mohd Azahar Mohd Ariff
NNR Ahmad CP Leo MUM Junaidi Superhydrophobic rice husk ash coating on
concrete Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 144 (2017) 385ndash391
An Experimental Investigation on Superhydrophobic Coating Using Nano-GGBS on Cement Mortar
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1981 editoriaemecom
[10] Jun Zhang Xingzhong Weng Le Jiang Bohan Yang Junzhong Liu Frost Resistance of
Concrete Reinforced Using Surface-Strengthening Materials in Airport Pavements ASCE
J Mater Civ Eng 2018 30(3) 04018006
[11] MJ Al-Kheetan MM Rahman DA Chamberlain Influence of Crystalline Admixture
on Fresh Concrete to Develop Hydrophobicity Presented at 96th Annual Meeting of the
Transportation Research Board No 11-02487 Washington DC 2017
[12] Mazen J Al-Kheetan Mujib M Rahman Denis A Chamberlain A novel approach of
introducing crystalline protection material and curing agent in fresh concrete for
enhancing hydrophobicity Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 160
(2018) 644ndash652
[13] M Medeiros P Helene Efficacy of surface hydrophobic agents in reducing water and
chloride ion penetration in concrete Rilem Materials and Structures (2008) 4159ndash71
[14] Ilaria Alfieri Andrea Lorenzi Luca Ranzenigo Laura Lazzarini Giovanni Predieri Pier
Paolo Lottici Synthesis and characterization of photocatalytic hydrophobic hybrid TiO2-
SiO2 coatings for building applications Journal Elsevier Building and Environment 111
(2017) 72ndash 79
[15] Xu Gui-Long Deng Changyun Liang Yun Pi Pi-hui Hu Jian Yang Zhuoru Preparation
and Characterization of Raspberry-like SiO2 Particles by the Sol-gel Method
Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Vol 1 No1 79-83 2011
[16] Abraham Marmur The Lotus effect superhydrophobicity and metastability Langmuir
Lett 20(9) pp 3517-3519
[17] Yansheng Zheng Yi He Yongquan Qing Chuanbo Hu Qian Mo Preparation of
superhydrophobic coating using modified CaCO3 Journal Elsevier Applied Surface
Science 265 (2013) 532ndash 536
[18] Mingming Liu Yuanyuan Hou Jing Li Lu Tie Zhiguang Guo An all-water-based
system for robust superhydrophobic surfaces Journal Elsevier Journal of Colloid and
Interface Science 519 (2018) 130ndash136
[19] Minzhen Zhong Ying Zhang Xiangqi Li Xiao Wu Facile fabrication of durable
superhydrophobic silica epoxy resin coatings with compatible transparency and stability
Surface amp Coatings Technology httpsdoi101016jsurfcoat201804063
[20] SH Liu SS Latthe HT Yang BS Liu RM Xing Raspberry-like superhydrophobic
silica coatings with self-cleaning properties Ceram Int 41 (2015) 11719-11725
[21] John T Simpson Scott R Hunter Tolga Aytug Superhydrophobic materials and coatings
a review Reports on Progress in Physics 78 (2015) 086501_14pp
[22] Jenberu L Feyyisa John L Daniels Miguel A Pando Contact Angle Measurements for
Use in Specifying Organosilane-Modified Coal Combustion Fly Ash ASCE J Mater
Civ Eng 2017 29(9) 04017096
[23] Wonjae Choi Anish Tuteja Joseph M Mabry Robert E Cohen Gareth H McKinley A
modified CassiendashBaxter relationship to explain contact angle hysteresis and anisotropy on
non-wetting textured surfaces Journal Elsevier Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
339 (2009) 208ndash216
[24] Cloeacute Desmet Andrea Valsesia Arianna Oddo Giacomo Ceccone Valentina Spampinato
Franccedilois Rossi Pascal Colpo Characterisation of nanomaterial hydrophobicity using
engineered surfaces Springer J Nanopart Res (2017) 19 117
[25] Scott Muzenski Ismael Flores-Vivian Konstantin Sobolev Hydrophobic engineered
cementitious composites for highway applications Journal Elsevier Cement amp Concrete
Composites 57 (2015) 68ndash74
[26] Min-Hwan Kim Hisuk Kim Kwan-Soo Lee Dong Rip Kim Frosting characteristics on
hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces A review Journal Elsevier Energy
Conversion and Management 138 (2017) 1ndash11
Jeya Sheema J and Prabavathy S
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1982 editoriaemecom
[27] Xinshu Zou Chaoyou Tao Ke Yang Fan Yang Haibing Lv Lianghong Yan Hongwei
Yan Yuan Li Yongyong Xie Xiaodong Yuan Lin Zhang Rational design and
fabrication of highly transparent flexible and thermally stable superhydrophobic coatings
from raspberry-like hollow silica nanoparticles Journal Elsevier Applied Surface Science
440 (2018) 700ndash711
[28] Violeta Purcar Otilia Cinteza Marius Ghiurea Adriana Balan Simona Caprarescu Dan
Donescu Influence of hydrophobic characteristic of organo-modified precursor on
wettability of silica film Bull Mater Sci Vol 37 No 1(2014) pp 107ndash115
[29] Xu Qiang Zhan Shulin Xu Bingzheng Yang Hui Qian Xiaoqian Ding Xiaofu Effect of
Isobutyl-triethoxy-silane Penetrative Protective Agent on the Carbonation Resistance of
Concrete Journal of Wuhan University of Technology Vol31 No1 (2016) pp139-
145
[30] Ali Arabzadeh Halili Ceylan Sunghwan Kim Kasthurirangan Gopalakrishnan Alireza
Sassani Sriram Sundararajan Peter C Taylor Superhydrophobic coatings on Portland
cement concrete surfaces Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 141
(2017) 393ndash401
[31] ASTM C_642 13 Standard Test Method for Density Absorption and Voids in Hardened
Concrete American Society for Testing and Materials
[32] ASTM C_1585 Standard Test Method for Measurement of Rate of Absorption of Water
by Hydraulic-Cement Concretes American Society for Testing and Materials
[33] IS 13311 (Part 1) ndash 1992 Indian Standard Non-destructive testing of concrete - Methods
of test Part 1 ultrasonic pulse velocity
[34] Guo Li Jiang Yue Chenhao Guo Yongsheng Ji Influences of modified nanoparticles on
hydrophobicity of concrete with organic film coating Journal Elsevier Construction and
Building Materials 169 (2018) 1ndash7
[35] C Esposito Corcione R Striani C Caponec M Molfetta S Vendetta M Frigione
Preliminary study of the application of a novel hydrophobic photopolymerizable nano-
structured coating on concrete substrates Journal Elsevier Progress in Organic Coatings
121 (2018) 182ndash189
[36] MUM Junaidi NNR Ahmad CP Leo HM Yee Near superhydrophobic coating
synthesized from rice husk ash Anti-fouling evaluation Journal Elsevier Progress in
Organic Coatings 99 (2016) 140ndash146
[37] Chao Peng Pengxu Chen Zhanping You Songtao Lv Ran Zhang Fang Xu Hao Zhang
Hanlin Chen Effect of silane coupling agent on improving the adhesive properties
between asphalt binder and aggregates Journal Elsevier Construction and Building
Materials 169 (2018) 591ndash600
[38] Shashi B Atla Yi-Hsun Huang James Yang How-Ji Chen Yi-Hao Kuo Chun-Mei Hsu
Wen-Chien Lee Chien-Cheng Chen Duen-Wei Hsu Chien-Yen Chen Hydrophobic
Calcium Carbonate for Cement Surface Crystals (2017) Vol7 pp 371-380
[39] Rosa Di Mundo Andrea Petrella Michele Notarnicola Surface and bulk hydrophobic
cement composites by tyre rubber addition Journal Elsevier Construction and Building
Materials 172 (2018) 176ndash184
[40] Irene Izarra Jose Cubillo Angel Serrano Juan Francisco Rodriguez Manuel Carmona A
hydrophobic release agent containing SiO2-CH3 submicron-sized particles for
waterproofing mortar structures Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials
199 (2019) 30ndash39
Page 4
Jeya Sheema J and Prabavathy S
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1974 editoriaemecom
Case II consist of samples surface coated by spraying Case III consist of samples surface
treated by super hydrophobic impregnation [3] The impregnated samples are prepared by
immersing the mortar cubes for 60s into the prepared super hydrophobic mixture
33 Synthesis of Nano-GGBS and characterization
The GGBS was synthesized to nano-scale by Ball mill technique which works on the
principle of impact and attrition The wet milling of 20g of GGBS was done using ethanol for
a duration of 5 hours by employing 50 balls of tungsten carbide This ground GGBS will
stimulate the adequate roughness required by the surface to produce super hydrophobicity
331 X-Ray Fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF)
The X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy is a technique for analyzing the elemental
composition of the material The results are obtained from Central Electro Chemical Research
Institute (CECRI) at Karaikudy Table 2 indicates the mass percentage of metallic oxide
composition present in GGBS powder From Fig 3(a) it can be interpreted that CaO is the
major composition present in the GGBS Also the elements present in this powder is similar
to the elemental composition of cement
Table 2 XRF elemental analysis
Metal Oxide CaO SiO2 MnO2 Fe2O3
Composition 833 66 64 36
332 Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy (FTIR)
The FTIR is usually done to study the presence of chemical bonds present in the sample The
results of the IR spectrum are plotted for transmittance vs wavenumber The peak at
67588cm-1
indicates the presence of silica or SindashO bond The carbonate peak obtained at
91046 cm-1
indicates the presence of CndashO stretching bond Also the presence of C=O
bending bond or carboxylic bond was indicated by the peak value at 147762 cm-1
An Experimental Investigation on Superhydrophobic Coating Using Nano-GGBS on Cement Mortar
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1975 editoriaemecom
Figure 3 Characterization results of GGBS a) XRD results showing the elemental oxide content b)
FTIR image of GGBS indicating the presence of metallic oxides c) SEM image of ground GGBS
showing agglomeration of particle
333 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
The Scanning Electron Microscopy has been done to investigate the topography of the
surface The SEM image of GGBS indicates that all the particles are varying in size and are
agglomerated Fig 3(c) shows the SEM image of GGBS after ball milling captured at a
working distance of 106mm by applying 100kV with 600k magnification in a scale of
500microm The SEM image of nano-ground GGBS also indicated agglomeration of particles
with size ranging around 529nm
34 Preparation of super-hydrophobic surface coating
Initially the hydrophilic Isobutyltriethoxysilane was diluted in distilled water in the ratio of
125 This ratio for Isobutyltriethoxysilane was adopted based on its molecular ratio
Meanwhile 1g of nano-GGBS was added to this mixture Inorder to uniformly disperse the
agglomerated nanoparticle into this silane solution ultrasonication was done for about 30
min Then the prepared mixture was left undisturbed for a period of 12 hours Hydrolysis of
the mixture was initiated by heating the solution at 60degC for about 45 minutes As a result of
hydrolysis a highly reactive compound called silanol was formed by elimination of ethanol
Then the prepared coating was permitted to cool for a while and applied evenly on all the
faces of the mortar surface following an adhesive coating Epoxy resin was the adhesive used
The coated substrates were allowed to dry in sunlight After condensation the silanol
compounds react with each other and gets converted into a compound called polysiloxane
This component will induce super hydrophobicity on concrete surface Thus the dual nature of
silane from hydrophilic state to hydrophobic state was exhibited using the above process
35 Preparation of adhesive [30]
The adhesive is generally used for sticking the nanomicro particles to the coated surface for
longer life of the coating The epoxy resin and hardener is a two-part system It is an
extremely strong material that can be used as a sealant and an adhesive on concrete surfaces
They are blended consistently in the ratio 101 One troublesome thing about this substance is
that it is very thick and viscous which implies that it is hard to apply Inorder to overcome
this Ethyl alcohol was added to it as an epoxy thinner in the ratio of 51 and ultrasonicated
for 10 minutes Then the prepared adhesive was applied uniformly on all the faces of the
specimen
Jeya Sheema J and Prabavathy S
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1976 editoriaemecom
Figure 4 General equation exhibiting the process of conversion of the hydrophilic silane to
hydrophobic nature by hydrolysis and subsequent condensation
36 Measurement of hydrophobicity [34]
The degree of hydrophobicity is estimated in terms of water contact angle by using WCA
Goniometer A dosage of 25microl of water droplet was dispensed by the needle of goniometer
over the coated and uncoated surface of cement paste and the contact angle is measured after
5s Similarly three trials are done for each type of sample When the coated substrates are
tilted the droplet rolls-off
37 Water absorption test
Water absorption test was done affirming to ASTM C_642 13 [31] Initially the mortar
specimens were dried absolutely to expel dampness by using Hot air oven for a duration of 24
hours The samples were taken out from the oven and their initial weights are noted as W0(g)
The samples were immersed into water not less than a period of 48 hours The final weight of
the samples W1(g) was recorded after taking out the immersed samples from water The rate
of water absorption is calculated by using the following expression
Rate of water absorption =
x 100 (1)
38 Sorptivity test [8]
This test is done to record the capillary uptake of water as a function of time The mortar
samples were sealed at its sides with epoxy resin to allow unidirectional uptake of water The
top of the samples were secured with plastic sheet to avoid evaporation The initial weight of
the resin coated mortar samples were measured Then these samples were placed in a pan
upon supporting devices The water level was maintained at 1-3mm above the support device
Eventually the weight readings were noted at interims as per ASTM C_1585 [32] The water
uptake rate (I) is determined by the following expression
Absorption I =
mm (2)
Where lsquomtrsquo is the change in specimen mass (g) lsquoarsquo is the surface area of the specimen
(mm2) lsquodrsquo represents the density of water (gmm
3) and lsquoIrsquo is the rate of vertical uptake or
sorptivity of water (mm)
39 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) test [9]
The UPV is a non-destructive test conducted to determine the defects in a sample Initially
zero was set by placing the two electro-acoustical transducer together Then a reference
velocity was set by using Quartz crystal whose travel speed of pulse velocity is known as
An Experimental Investigation on Superhydrophobic Coating Using Nano-GGBS on Cement Mortar
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1977 editoriaemecom
254micros The probes were placed on any two faces of the specimen and speed of the passed
ultrasonic pulse velocity was recorded from the digital display The direct measurement
method was adopted since it is more convenient for mortar cubes The UPV test was done
confirming to Indian Standard IS 13311 (Part 1) ndash 1992 [33]
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
41 Measurement of hydrophobicity
Fig 5 demonstrates the measurement of hydrophobicity by visual assessment On placing
water droplets over a sample treated with spray coating without adhesive the surface of the
substrate exhibited superhydrophobicity Fig 6 shows the water contact angle measured in
Goniometer apparatus for each method of application of super hydrophobic coating From the
acquired results it was revealed that the spray coating produced super hydrophobicity with a
contact angle of 1522deg due to the uniform distribution of nanoparticles on the concrete
surface Also the impregnated samples produced only 1227deg contact angle due to less
deposition of nanoparticles on the substrate The brush coated samples exhibited near super
hydrophobic behavior with 1463deg contact angle
Figure 5 Super-hydrophobicity of a spray coated sample without applying adhesive
Figure 6 Water contact angle obtained for a) Brush coating b) Spray coating and c) Hydrophobic
impregnated specimen
42 Water absorption test
The rate of penetration of water into the mortar specimens were tested and the result outcomes
are tabulated in Table 3 From the graph shown in Fig 7 it is deciphered that the
impregnated samples showed reduced water absorption comparing to other samples The I-1
samples had a least of 109 of water absorption rate On comparing the water absorbed by
conventional mortar specimens the brush coated spray coated and the impregnated
specimens absorbed only 171 149 and 93 respectively
Jeya Sheema J and Prabavathy S
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1978 editoriaemecom
Table 3 Water absorption test results
Sample
Dry
weight W0
(g)
Saturated
weight W1
(g)
Rate of
Absorption
()
Average ()
C-1
750 838 1174
1175 747 835 1179
752 840 1171
B-1
776 792 207
201 785 802 217
793 807 177
S-1
785 799 179
175 783 796 167
791 805 177
I-1
806 815 112
109 798 808 126
805 812 087
43 Sorptivity test
The capillary uptake of water in uncoated and coated samples were measured at intervals like
60s 5min 10min 20min 30min 1hr 2hr 3hr 4hr 5hr 6hr 1day 2days and 3 days The
results are plotted for rate of capillary uptake of water vs square root of time in Fig 8 It
could be inferred from the graph that the capillary uptake of water was greatly resisted by the
spray coated and impregnated specimens Both S-1 and I-1 samples showed similar
performance till 6hrs after which the I-1 samples resisted better than S-1 samples The other
samples which were brushed and impregnated also showed reduced vertical water uptake than
conventional samples
44 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) test
The Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity test is usually done to find the imperfections or pores in the
specimen by passing ultrasonic pulses through the two probes of the instrument From Table
4 it is perceived that the ultrasonic pulse velocity travels faster through coated specimens than
through the conventional mortar This proves that the applied super hydrophobic coating
reduces the surface porosity of the specimens Also among the three types of coating the
samples subjected to hydrophobic impregnation showed excellently reduced surface porosity
Table 4 UPV test results
Sample Length
(xo) mm
Time
travel (micros)
Sample
velocity ʋ
(kms)
Average
velocity ʋs
(kms)
C-1
706 216 327
317 706 204 346
706 255 276
B-1
706 183 385
395 706 172 410
706 181 390
S-1
706 156 452
438 706 164 430
706 163 433
I-1
706 139 508
511 706 133 531
706 143 494
An Experimental Investigation on Superhydrophobic Coating Using Nano-GGBS on Cement Mortar
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1979 editoriaemecom
Figure 7 Graph representing the rate of water absorption of the samples after 48hrs of immersion in water
Figure 8 Rate of capillary uptake of water plotted against square root of time
Table 5 Methods of Fabrication and WCA reported in literatures
Author Repellent Material Roughness
Material Method Ɵ
Ref
Ilaria Alfieri et
al
Fuoroalkyl-functional
water-borne oligosiloxane SiO2 hybrid sols
Coating by
deposition
147deg plusmn
3deg [14]
Guo Li et al Silane coupling agent
KH-570
TiO2
nanoparticles
Organic film
coating 873deg [34]
C Esposito
Corcione et al Silane amp siloxane
Silica nano-
particles Brush coating
1271deg plusmn
21deg [35]
MUM Junaidi
et al
1H1H2H2H
perfluorodecyltriethoxysilan
e
Rice husk ash Spray coating 1442deg [36]
Chao Peng et al Silane coupling agent - Impregnated
for 30mins
107degplusmn
02deg [37]
Shashi B Atla
et al Sodium stearate CaCO3 particles
Via
carbonation 129deg [38]
Rosa Di Mundo
et al Tyre rubber Tyre rubber
Replacement
of sand ~125deg [39]
Irene Izarra et al Tetraethyl orthosilicate and
Methyltriethoxysilane
SiO2-CH3
submicron-sized
particles
Cast in
impregnated
mould
gt145deg [40]
Jeya Sheema et
al Isobutyltriethoxysilane GGBS particles Spray coating 1522deg
Present
study
1175
451
175 109
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
C-1 B-1 S-1 I-1
Ab
sorp
tio
n
Water absorption
0
005
01
015
02
025
0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600
Wa
ter
up
tak
e I
(m
m)
Time05 (radics)
Sorptivity
C-1
B-1
S-1
I-1
Jeya Sheema J and Prabavathy S
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1980 editoriaemecom
5 CONCLUSIONS
The superhydrophobic coating for cement composite surfaces was created effectively utilizing
GGBS powder and isobutyltriethoxysilane The spray coated surfaces exhibited
superhydrophobic nature comparing with the other samples with a water contact angle of
1522deg and when tilted the droplets rolled off Comparing to the conventional mortar the
coated mortar specimens showed up to 90 of reduced water absorption All the coated
samples produced good resistance towards vertical uptake of water Among them the
impregnated and spray coated samples were found to produce least capillary uptake of water
A reduced surface porosity of the coated specimens was proved from the faster travelling
ultrasonic waves through these samples
The overall performance of the impregnated samples are notably higher in water
absorption and ultrasonic pulse velocity tests with 109 and 511 kms respectively though
it had lesser contact angle of 1227deg Since the depth of penetration of the silane coating was
greater in case of impregnated specimens they produced enhanced results compared to other
surface treated specimens
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I sincerely thank the Principal and Department of Civil Engineering at Mepco Schlenk
Engineering College for the support and guidance throughout this work
REFERENCES
[1] Jinlong Song Danyang Zhao Zhengjin Han Wei Xu Yao Lu Xin Liu Bo Liu Clarie J
Carmalt Xu Deng Ivan P Parkin Super-robust and super hydrophobic concrete J Mater
Chem A Materials for energy and sustainability Volume 5 Number 28 July 2017 Pages
14447ndash14932
[2] Hong S Wong Robert Barakat Abdulla Alhilali Mohamed Saleh Christopher R
Cheeseman Hydrophobic concrete using waste paper sludge ash Journal Elsevier
Cement and Concrete Research 70 (2015)9ndash20
[3] Xiao Xue Yanwen Li Zhuo Yang Zhongyu He Jian-Guo Dai Lijin Xu Weidong
Zhang A systematic investigation of the waterproofing performance and chloride
resistance of a self-developed waterborne silane-based hydrophobic agent for mortar and
concrete Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 155 (2017) 939ndash946
[4] Sandro Weisheit Seraphin Hubert Unterberger Tobias Bader Roman Lackner
Assessment of test methods for characterizing the hydrophobic nature of surface-treated
High Performance Concrete Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 110
(2016) 145ndash153
[5] AGeetha PPerumal Effect of Waterproofing Admixtures on the Flexural Strength and
Corrosion Resistance of Concrete Springer J Inst Eng India Ser A (2012) 93(1)73ndash78
[6] A Sivasankar S Arul Xavier Stango R Vedalakshmi Quantitative estimation on
delaying of onset of corrosion of rebar in surface treated concrete using sealers Ain
Shams Engineering Journal (2013) 4 615ndash623
[7] Kenneth Mak Colin MacDougall Amir Fam Freeze-Thaw Performance of On-Site
Manufactured Compressed Earth Blocks Effect of Water Repellent and Other Additives
ASCE J Mater Civ Eng 2016 28(7) 04016034
[8] Peng Liu Chuanfa Feng Fazhou Wang Yining Gao Jin Yang Wenqin Zhang Lu Yang
Hydrophobic and water-resisting behavior of Portland cement incorporated by oleic acid
modified fly ash Rilem Materials and Structures (2018) 5138
[9] H Husni MR Nazari HM Yee R Rohim A Yusuff Mohd Azahar Mohd Ariff
NNR Ahmad CP Leo MUM Junaidi Superhydrophobic rice husk ash coating on
concrete Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 144 (2017) 385ndash391
An Experimental Investigation on Superhydrophobic Coating Using Nano-GGBS on Cement Mortar
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1981 editoriaemecom
[10] Jun Zhang Xingzhong Weng Le Jiang Bohan Yang Junzhong Liu Frost Resistance of
Concrete Reinforced Using Surface-Strengthening Materials in Airport Pavements ASCE
J Mater Civ Eng 2018 30(3) 04018006
[11] MJ Al-Kheetan MM Rahman DA Chamberlain Influence of Crystalline Admixture
on Fresh Concrete to Develop Hydrophobicity Presented at 96th Annual Meeting of the
Transportation Research Board No 11-02487 Washington DC 2017
[12] Mazen J Al-Kheetan Mujib M Rahman Denis A Chamberlain A novel approach of
introducing crystalline protection material and curing agent in fresh concrete for
enhancing hydrophobicity Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 160
(2018) 644ndash652
[13] M Medeiros P Helene Efficacy of surface hydrophobic agents in reducing water and
chloride ion penetration in concrete Rilem Materials and Structures (2008) 4159ndash71
[14] Ilaria Alfieri Andrea Lorenzi Luca Ranzenigo Laura Lazzarini Giovanni Predieri Pier
Paolo Lottici Synthesis and characterization of photocatalytic hydrophobic hybrid TiO2-
SiO2 coatings for building applications Journal Elsevier Building and Environment 111
(2017) 72ndash 79
[15] Xu Gui-Long Deng Changyun Liang Yun Pi Pi-hui Hu Jian Yang Zhuoru Preparation
and Characterization of Raspberry-like SiO2 Particles by the Sol-gel Method
Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Vol 1 No1 79-83 2011
[16] Abraham Marmur The Lotus effect superhydrophobicity and metastability Langmuir
Lett 20(9) pp 3517-3519
[17] Yansheng Zheng Yi He Yongquan Qing Chuanbo Hu Qian Mo Preparation of
superhydrophobic coating using modified CaCO3 Journal Elsevier Applied Surface
Science 265 (2013) 532ndash 536
[18] Mingming Liu Yuanyuan Hou Jing Li Lu Tie Zhiguang Guo An all-water-based
system for robust superhydrophobic surfaces Journal Elsevier Journal of Colloid and
Interface Science 519 (2018) 130ndash136
[19] Minzhen Zhong Ying Zhang Xiangqi Li Xiao Wu Facile fabrication of durable
superhydrophobic silica epoxy resin coatings with compatible transparency and stability
Surface amp Coatings Technology httpsdoi101016jsurfcoat201804063
[20] SH Liu SS Latthe HT Yang BS Liu RM Xing Raspberry-like superhydrophobic
silica coatings with self-cleaning properties Ceram Int 41 (2015) 11719-11725
[21] John T Simpson Scott R Hunter Tolga Aytug Superhydrophobic materials and coatings
a review Reports on Progress in Physics 78 (2015) 086501_14pp
[22] Jenberu L Feyyisa John L Daniels Miguel A Pando Contact Angle Measurements for
Use in Specifying Organosilane-Modified Coal Combustion Fly Ash ASCE J Mater
Civ Eng 2017 29(9) 04017096
[23] Wonjae Choi Anish Tuteja Joseph M Mabry Robert E Cohen Gareth H McKinley A
modified CassiendashBaxter relationship to explain contact angle hysteresis and anisotropy on
non-wetting textured surfaces Journal Elsevier Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
339 (2009) 208ndash216
[24] Cloeacute Desmet Andrea Valsesia Arianna Oddo Giacomo Ceccone Valentina Spampinato
Franccedilois Rossi Pascal Colpo Characterisation of nanomaterial hydrophobicity using
engineered surfaces Springer J Nanopart Res (2017) 19 117
[25] Scott Muzenski Ismael Flores-Vivian Konstantin Sobolev Hydrophobic engineered
cementitious composites for highway applications Journal Elsevier Cement amp Concrete
Composites 57 (2015) 68ndash74
[26] Min-Hwan Kim Hisuk Kim Kwan-Soo Lee Dong Rip Kim Frosting characteristics on
hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces A review Journal Elsevier Energy
Conversion and Management 138 (2017) 1ndash11
Jeya Sheema J and Prabavathy S
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1982 editoriaemecom
[27] Xinshu Zou Chaoyou Tao Ke Yang Fan Yang Haibing Lv Lianghong Yan Hongwei
Yan Yuan Li Yongyong Xie Xiaodong Yuan Lin Zhang Rational design and
fabrication of highly transparent flexible and thermally stable superhydrophobic coatings
from raspberry-like hollow silica nanoparticles Journal Elsevier Applied Surface Science
440 (2018) 700ndash711
[28] Violeta Purcar Otilia Cinteza Marius Ghiurea Adriana Balan Simona Caprarescu Dan
Donescu Influence of hydrophobic characteristic of organo-modified precursor on
wettability of silica film Bull Mater Sci Vol 37 No 1(2014) pp 107ndash115
[29] Xu Qiang Zhan Shulin Xu Bingzheng Yang Hui Qian Xiaoqian Ding Xiaofu Effect of
Isobutyl-triethoxy-silane Penetrative Protective Agent on the Carbonation Resistance of
Concrete Journal of Wuhan University of Technology Vol31 No1 (2016) pp139-
145
[30] Ali Arabzadeh Halili Ceylan Sunghwan Kim Kasthurirangan Gopalakrishnan Alireza
Sassani Sriram Sundararajan Peter C Taylor Superhydrophobic coatings on Portland
cement concrete surfaces Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 141
(2017) 393ndash401
[31] ASTM C_642 13 Standard Test Method for Density Absorption and Voids in Hardened
Concrete American Society for Testing and Materials
[32] ASTM C_1585 Standard Test Method for Measurement of Rate of Absorption of Water
by Hydraulic-Cement Concretes American Society for Testing and Materials
[33] IS 13311 (Part 1) ndash 1992 Indian Standard Non-destructive testing of concrete - Methods
of test Part 1 ultrasonic pulse velocity
[34] Guo Li Jiang Yue Chenhao Guo Yongsheng Ji Influences of modified nanoparticles on
hydrophobicity of concrete with organic film coating Journal Elsevier Construction and
Building Materials 169 (2018) 1ndash7
[35] C Esposito Corcione R Striani C Caponec M Molfetta S Vendetta M Frigione
Preliminary study of the application of a novel hydrophobic photopolymerizable nano-
structured coating on concrete substrates Journal Elsevier Progress in Organic Coatings
121 (2018) 182ndash189
[36] MUM Junaidi NNR Ahmad CP Leo HM Yee Near superhydrophobic coating
synthesized from rice husk ash Anti-fouling evaluation Journal Elsevier Progress in
Organic Coatings 99 (2016) 140ndash146
[37] Chao Peng Pengxu Chen Zhanping You Songtao Lv Ran Zhang Fang Xu Hao Zhang
Hanlin Chen Effect of silane coupling agent on improving the adhesive properties
between asphalt binder and aggregates Journal Elsevier Construction and Building
Materials 169 (2018) 591ndash600
[38] Shashi B Atla Yi-Hsun Huang James Yang How-Ji Chen Yi-Hao Kuo Chun-Mei Hsu
Wen-Chien Lee Chien-Cheng Chen Duen-Wei Hsu Chien-Yen Chen Hydrophobic
Calcium Carbonate for Cement Surface Crystals (2017) Vol7 pp 371-380
[39] Rosa Di Mundo Andrea Petrella Michele Notarnicola Surface and bulk hydrophobic
cement composites by tyre rubber addition Journal Elsevier Construction and Building
Materials 172 (2018) 176ndash184
[40] Irene Izarra Jose Cubillo Angel Serrano Juan Francisco Rodriguez Manuel Carmona A
hydrophobic release agent containing SiO2-CH3 submicron-sized particles for
waterproofing mortar structures Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials
199 (2019) 30ndash39
Page 5
An Experimental Investigation on Superhydrophobic Coating Using Nano-GGBS on Cement Mortar
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1975 editoriaemecom
Figure 3 Characterization results of GGBS a) XRD results showing the elemental oxide content b)
FTIR image of GGBS indicating the presence of metallic oxides c) SEM image of ground GGBS
showing agglomeration of particle
333 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
The Scanning Electron Microscopy has been done to investigate the topography of the
surface The SEM image of GGBS indicates that all the particles are varying in size and are
agglomerated Fig 3(c) shows the SEM image of GGBS after ball milling captured at a
working distance of 106mm by applying 100kV with 600k magnification in a scale of
500microm The SEM image of nano-ground GGBS also indicated agglomeration of particles
with size ranging around 529nm
34 Preparation of super-hydrophobic surface coating
Initially the hydrophilic Isobutyltriethoxysilane was diluted in distilled water in the ratio of
125 This ratio for Isobutyltriethoxysilane was adopted based on its molecular ratio
Meanwhile 1g of nano-GGBS was added to this mixture Inorder to uniformly disperse the
agglomerated nanoparticle into this silane solution ultrasonication was done for about 30
min Then the prepared mixture was left undisturbed for a period of 12 hours Hydrolysis of
the mixture was initiated by heating the solution at 60degC for about 45 minutes As a result of
hydrolysis a highly reactive compound called silanol was formed by elimination of ethanol
Then the prepared coating was permitted to cool for a while and applied evenly on all the
faces of the mortar surface following an adhesive coating Epoxy resin was the adhesive used
The coated substrates were allowed to dry in sunlight After condensation the silanol
compounds react with each other and gets converted into a compound called polysiloxane
This component will induce super hydrophobicity on concrete surface Thus the dual nature of
silane from hydrophilic state to hydrophobic state was exhibited using the above process
35 Preparation of adhesive [30]
The adhesive is generally used for sticking the nanomicro particles to the coated surface for
longer life of the coating The epoxy resin and hardener is a two-part system It is an
extremely strong material that can be used as a sealant and an adhesive on concrete surfaces
They are blended consistently in the ratio 101 One troublesome thing about this substance is
that it is very thick and viscous which implies that it is hard to apply Inorder to overcome
this Ethyl alcohol was added to it as an epoxy thinner in the ratio of 51 and ultrasonicated
for 10 minutes Then the prepared adhesive was applied uniformly on all the faces of the
specimen
Jeya Sheema J and Prabavathy S
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1976 editoriaemecom
Figure 4 General equation exhibiting the process of conversion of the hydrophilic silane to
hydrophobic nature by hydrolysis and subsequent condensation
36 Measurement of hydrophobicity [34]
The degree of hydrophobicity is estimated in terms of water contact angle by using WCA
Goniometer A dosage of 25microl of water droplet was dispensed by the needle of goniometer
over the coated and uncoated surface of cement paste and the contact angle is measured after
5s Similarly three trials are done for each type of sample When the coated substrates are
tilted the droplet rolls-off
37 Water absorption test
Water absorption test was done affirming to ASTM C_642 13 [31] Initially the mortar
specimens were dried absolutely to expel dampness by using Hot air oven for a duration of 24
hours The samples were taken out from the oven and their initial weights are noted as W0(g)
The samples were immersed into water not less than a period of 48 hours The final weight of
the samples W1(g) was recorded after taking out the immersed samples from water The rate
of water absorption is calculated by using the following expression
Rate of water absorption =
x 100 (1)
38 Sorptivity test [8]
This test is done to record the capillary uptake of water as a function of time The mortar
samples were sealed at its sides with epoxy resin to allow unidirectional uptake of water The
top of the samples were secured with plastic sheet to avoid evaporation The initial weight of
the resin coated mortar samples were measured Then these samples were placed in a pan
upon supporting devices The water level was maintained at 1-3mm above the support device
Eventually the weight readings were noted at interims as per ASTM C_1585 [32] The water
uptake rate (I) is determined by the following expression
Absorption I =
mm (2)
Where lsquomtrsquo is the change in specimen mass (g) lsquoarsquo is the surface area of the specimen
(mm2) lsquodrsquo represents the density of water (gmm
3) and lsquoIrsquo is the rate of vertical uptake or
sorptivity of water (mm)
39 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) test [9]
The UPV is a non-destructive test conducted to determine the defects in a sample Initially
zero was set by placing the two electro-acoustical transducer together Then a reference
velocity was set by using Quartz crystal whose travel speed of pulse velocity is known as
An Experimental Investigation on Superhydrophobic Coating Using Nano-GGBS on Cement Mortar
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1977 editoriaemecom
254micros The probes were placed on any two faces of the specimen and speed of the passed
ultrasonic pulse velocity was recorded from the digital display The direct measurement
method was adopted since it is more convenient for mortar cubes The UPV test was done
confirming to Indian Standard IS 13311 (Part 1) ndash 1992 [33]
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
41 Measurement of hydrophobicity
Fig 5 demonstrates the measurement of hydrophobicity by visual assessment On placing
water droplets over a sample treated with spray coating without adhesive the surface of the
substrate exhibited superhydrophobicity Fig 6 shows the water contact angle measured in
Goniometer apparatus for each method of application of super hydrophobic coating From the
acquired results it was revealed that the spray coating produced super hydrophobicity with a
contact angle of 1522deg due to the uniform distribution of nanoparticles on the concrete
surface Also the impregnated samples produced only 1227deg contact angle due to less
deposition of nanoparticles on the substrate The brush coated samples exhibited near super
hydrophobic behavior with 1463deg contact angle
Figure 5 Super-hydrophobicity of a spray coated sample without applying adhesive
Figure 6 Water contact angle obtained for a) Brush coating b) Spray coating and c) Hydrophobic
impregnated specimen
42 Water absorption test
The rate of penetration of water into the mortar specimens were tested and the result outcomes
are tabulated in Table 3 From the graph shown in Fig 7 it is deciphered that the
impregnated samples showed reduced water absorption comparing to other samples The I-1
samples had a least of 109 of water absorption rate On comparing the water absorbed by
conventional mortar specimens the brush coated spray coated and the impregnated
specimens absorbed only 171 149 and 93 respectively
Jeya Sheema J and Prabavathy S
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1978 editoriaemecom
Table 3 Water absorption test results
Sample
Dry
weight W0
(g)
Saturated
weight W1
(g)
Rate of
Absorption
()
Average ()
C-1
750 838 1174
1175 747 835 1179
752 840 1171
B-1
776 792 207
201 785 802 217
793 807 177
S-1
785 799 179
175 783 796 167
791 805 177
I-1
806 815 112
109 798 808 126
805 812 087
43 Sorptivity test
The capillary uptake of water in uncoated and coated samples were measured at intervals like
60s 5min 10min 20min 30min 1hr 2hr 3hr 4hr 5hr 6hr 1day 2days and 3 days The
results are plotted for rate of capillary uptake of water vs square root of time in Fig 8 It
could be inferred from the graph that the capillary uptake of water was greatly resisted by the
spray coated and impregnated specimens Both S-1 and I-1 samples showed similar
performance till 6hrs after which the I-1 samples resisted better than S-1 samples The other
samples which were brushed and impregnated also showed reduced vertical water uptake than
conventional samples
44 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) test
The Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity test is usually done to find the imperfections or pores in the
specimen by passing ultrasonic pulses through the two probes of the instrument From Table
4 it is perceived that the ultrasonic pulse velocity travels faster through coated specimens than
through the conventional mortar This proves that the applied super hydrophobic coating
reduces the surface porosity of the specimens Also among the three types of coating the
samples subjected to hydrophobic impregnation showed excellently reduced surface porosity
Table 4 UPV test results
Sample Length
(xo) mm
Time
travel (micros)
Sample
velocity ʋ
(kms)
Average
velocity ʋs
(kms)
C-1
706 216 327
317 706 204 346
706 255 276
B-1
706 183 385
395 706 172 410
706 181 390
S-1
706 156 452
438 706 164 430
706 163 433
I-1
706 139 508
511 706 133 531
706 143 494
An Experimental Investigation on Superhydrophobic Coating Using Nano-GGBS on Cement Mortar
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1979 editoriaemecom
Figure 7 Graph representing the rate of water absorption of the samples after 48hrs of immersion in water
Figure 8 Rate of capillary uptake of water plotted against square root of time
Table 5 Methods of Fabrication and WCA reported in literatures
Author Repellent Material Roughness
Material Method Ɵ
Ref
Ilaria Alfieri et
al
Fuoroalkyl-functional
water-borne oligosiloxane SiO2 hybrid sols
Coating by
deposition
147deg plusmn
3deg [14]
Guo Li et al Silane coupling agent
KH-570
TiO2
nanoparticles
Organic film
coating 873deg [34]
C Esposito
Corcione et al Silane amp siloxane
Silica nano-
particles Brush coating
1271deg plusmn
21deg [35]
MUM Junaidi
et al
1H1H2H2H
perfluorodecyltriethoxysilan
e
Rice husk ash Spray coating 1442deg [36]
Chao Peng et al Silane coupling agent - Impregnated
for 30mins
107degplusmn
02deg [37]
Shashi B Atla
et al Sodium stearate CaCO3 particles
Via
carbonation 129deg [38]
Rosa Di Mundo
et al Tyre rubber Tyre rubber
Replacement
of sand ~125deg [39]
Irene Izarra et al Tetraethyl orthosilicate and
Methyltriethoxysilane
SiO2-CH3
submicron-sized
particles
Cast in
impregnated
mould
gt145deg [40]
Jeya Sheema et
al Isobutyltriethoxysilane GGBS particles Spray coating 1522deg
Present
study
1175
451
175 109
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
C-1 B-1 S-1 I-1
Ab
sorp
tio
n
Water absorption
0
005
01
015
02
025
0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600
Wa
ter
up
tak
e I
(m
m)
Time05 (radics)
Sorptivity
C-1
B-1
S-1
I-1
Jeya Sheema J and Prabavathy S
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1980 editoriaemecom
5 CONCLUSIONS
The superhydrophobic coating for cement composite surfaces was created effectively utilizing
GGBS powder and isobutyltriethoxysilane The spray coated surfaces exhibited
superhydrophobic nature comparing with the other samples with a water contact angle of
1522deg and when tilted the droplets rolled off Comparing to the conventional mortar the
coated mortar specimens showed up to 90 of reduced water absorption All the coated
samples produced good resistance towards vertical uptake of water Among them the
impregnated and spray coated samples were found to produce least capillary uptake of water
A reduced surface porosity of the coated specimens was proved from the faster travelling
ultrasonic waves through these samples
The overall performance of the impregnated samples are notably higher in water
absorption and ultrasonic pulse velocity tests with 109 and 511 kms respectively though
it had lesser contact angle of 1227deg Since the depth of penetration of the silane coating was
greater in case of impregnated specimens they produced enhanced results compared to other
surface treated specimens
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I sincerely thank the Principal and Department of Civil Engineering at Mepco Schlenk
Engineering College for the support and guidance throughout this work
REFERENCES
[1] Jinlong Song Danyang Zhao Zhengjin Han Wei Xu Yao Lu Xin Liu Bo Liu Clarie J
Carmalt Xu Deng Ivan P Parkin Super-robust and super hydrophobic concrete J Mater
Chem A Materials for energy and sustainability Volume 5 Number 28 July 2017 Pages
14447ndash14932
[2] Hong S Wong Robert Barakat Abdulla Alhilali Mohamed Saleh Christopher R
Cheeseman Hydrophobic concrete using waste paper sludge ash Journal Elsevier
Cement and Concrete Research 70 (2015)9ndash20
[3] Xiao Xue Yanwen Li Zhuo Yang Zhongyu He Jian-Guo Dai Lijin Xu Weidong
Zhang A systematic investigation of the waterproofing performance and chloride
resistance of a self-developed waterborne silane-based hydrophobic agent for mortar and
concrete Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 155 (2017) 939ndash946
[4] Sandro Weisheit Seraphin Hubert Unterberger Tobias Bader Roman Lackner
Assessment of test methods for characterizing the hydrophobic nature of surface-treated
High Performance Concrete Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 110
(2016) 145ndash153
[5] AGeetha PPerumal Effect of Waterproofing Admixtures on the Flexural Strength and
Corrosion Resistance of Concrete Springer J Inst Eng India Ser A (2012) 93(1)73ndash78
[6] A Sivasankar S Arul Xavier Stango R Vedalakshmi Quantitative estimation on
delaying of onset of corrosion of rebar in surface treated concrete using sealers Ain
Shams Engineering Journal (2013) 4 615ndash623
[7] Kenneth Mak Colin MacDougall Amir Fam Freeze-Thaw Performance of On-Site
Manufactured Compressed Earth Blocks Effect of Water Repellent and Other Additives
ASCE J Mater Civ Eng 2016 28(7) 04016034
[8] Peng Liu Chuanfa Feng Fazhou Wang Yining Gao Jin Yang Wenqin Zhang Lu Yang
Hydrophobic and water-resisting behavior of Portland cement incorporated by oleic acid
modified fly ash Rilem Materials and Structures (2018) 5138
[9] H Husni MR Nazari HM Yee R Rohim A Yusuff Mohd Azahar Mohd Ariff
NNR Ahmad CP Leo MUM Junaidi Superhydrophobic rice husk ash coating on
concrete Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 144 (2017) 385ndash391
An Experimental Investigation on Superhydrophobic Coating Using Nano-GGBS on Cement Mortar
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1981 editoriaemecom
[10] Jun Zhang Xingzhong Weng Le Jiang Bohan Yang Junzhong Liu Frost Resistance of
Concrete Reinforced Using Surface-Strengthening Materials in Airport Pavements ASCE
J Mater Civ Eng 2018 30(3) 04018006
[11] MJ Al-Kheetan MM Rahman DA Chamberlain Influence of Crystalline Admixture
on Fresh Concrete to Develop Hydrophobicity Presented at 96th Annual Meeting of the
Transportation Research Board No 11-02487 Washington DC 2017
[12] Mazen J Al-Kheetan Mujib M Rahman Denis A Chamberlain A novel approach of
introducing crystalline protection material and curing agent in fresh concrete for
enhancing hydrophobicity Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 160
(2018) 644ndash652
[13] M Medeiros P Helene Efficacy of surface hydrophobic agents in reducing water and
chloride ion penetration in concrete Rilem Materials and Structures (2008) 4159ndash71
[14] Ilaria Alfieri Andrea Lorenzi Luca Ranzenigo Laura Lazzarini Giovanni Predieri Pier
Paolo Lottici Synthesis and characterization of photocatalytic hydrophobic hybrid TiO2-
SiO2 coatings for building applications Journal Elsevier Building and Environment 111
(2017) 72ndash 79
[15] Xu Gui-Long Deng Changyun Liang Yun Pi Pi-hui Hu Jian Yang Zhuoru Preparation
and Characterization of Raspberry-like SiO2 Particles by the Sol-gel Method
Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Vol 1 No1 79-83 2011
[16] Abraham Marmur The Lotus effect superhydrophobicity and metastability Langmuir
Lett 20(9) pp 3517-3519
[17] Yansheng Zheng Yi He Yongquan Qing Chuanbo Hu Qian Mo Preparation of
superhydrophobic coating using modified CaCO3 Journal Elsevier Applied Surface
Science 265 (2013) 532ndash 536
[18] Mingming Liu Yuanyuan Hou Jing Li Lu Tie Zhiguang Guo An all-water-based
system for robust superhydrophobic surfaces Journal Elsevier Journal of Colloid and
Interface Science 519 (2018) 130ndash136
[19] Minzhen Zhong Ying Zhang Xiangqi Li Xiao Wu Facile fabrication of durable
superhydrophobic silica epoxy resin coatings with compatible transparency and stability
Surface amp Coatings Technology httpsdoi101016jsurfcoat201804063
[20] SH Liu SS Latthe HT Yang BS Liu RM Xing Raspberry-like superhydrophobic
silica coatings with self-cleaning properties Ceram Int 41 (2015) 11719-11725
[21] John T Simpson Scott R Hunter Tolga Aytug Superhydrophobic materials and coatings
a review Reports on Progress in Physics 78 (2015) 086501_14pp
[22] Jenberu L Feyyisa John L Daniels Miguel A Pando Contact Angle Measurements for
Use in Specifying Organosilane-Modified Coal Combustion Fly Ash ASCE J Mater
Civ Eng 2017 29(9) 04017096
[23] Wonjae Choi Anish Tuteja Joseph M Mabry Robert E Cohen Gareth H McKinley A
modified CassiendashBaxter relationship to explain contact angle hysteresis and anisotropy on
non-wetting textured surfaces Journal Elsevier Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
339 (2009) 208ndash216
[24] Cloeacute Desmet Andrea Valsesia Arianna Oddo Giacomo Ceccone Valentina Spampinato
Franccedilois Rossi Pascal Colpo Characterisation of nanomaterial hydrophobicity using
engineered surfaces Springer J Nanopart Res (2017) 19 117
[25] Scott Muzenski Ismael Flores-Vivian Konstantin Sobolev Hydrophobic engineered
cementitious composites for highway applications Journal Elsevier Cement amp Concrete
Composites 57 (2015) 68ndash74
[26] Min-Hwan Kim Hisuk Kim Kwan-Soo Lee Dong Rip Kim Frosting characteristics on
hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces A review Journal Elsevier Energy
Conversion and Management 138 (2017) 1ndash11
Jeya Sheema J and Prabavathy S
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1982 editoriaemecom
[27] Xinshu Zou Chaoyou Tao Ke Yang Fan Yang Haibing Lv Lianghong Yan Hongwei
Yan Yuan Li Yongyong Xie Xiaodong Yuan Lin Zhang Rational design and
fabrication of highly transparent flexible and thermally stable superhydrophobic coatings
from raspberry-like hollow silica nanoparticles Journal Elsevier Applied Surface Science
440 (2018) 700ndash711
[28] Violeta Purcar Otilia Cinteza Marius Ghiurea Adriana Balan Simona Caprarescu Dan
Donescu Influence of hydrophobic characteristic of organo-modified precursor on
wettability of silica film Bull Mater Sci Vol 37 No 1(2014) pp 107ndash115
[29] Xu Qiang Zhan Shulin Xu Bingzheng Yang Hui Qian Xiaoqian Ding Xiaofu Effect of
Isobutyl-triethoxy-silane Penetrative Protective Agent on the Carbonation Resistance of
Concrete Journal of Wuhan University of Technology Vol31 No1 (2016) pp139-
145
[30] Ali Arabzadeh Halili Ceylan Sunghwan Kim Kasthurirangan Gopalakrishnan Alireza
Sassani Sriram Sundararajan Peter C Taylor Superhydrophobic coatings on Portland
cement concrete surfaces Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 141
(2017) 393ndash401
[31] ASTM C_642 13 Standard Test Method for Density Absorption and Voids in Hardened
Concrete American Society for Testing and Materials
[32] ASTM C_1585 Standard Test Method for Measurement of Rate of Absorption of Water
by Hydraulic-Cement Concretes American Society for Testing and Materials
[33] IS 13311 (Part 1) ndash 1992 Indian Standard Non-destructive testing of concrete - Methods
of test Part 1 ultrasonic pulse velocity
[34] Guo Li Jiang Yue Chenhao Guo Yongsheng Ji Influences of modified nanoparticles on
hydrophobicity of concrete with organic film coating Journal Elsevier Construction and
Building Materials 169 (2018) 1ndash7
[35] C Esposito Corcione R Striani C Caponec M Molfetta S Vendetta M Frigione
Preliminary study of the application of a novel hydrophobic photopolymerizable nano-
structured coating on concrete substrates Journal Elsevier Progress in Organic Coatings
121 (2018) 182ndash189
[36] MUM Junaidi NNR Ahmad CP Leo HM Yee Near superhydrophobic coating
synthesized from rice husk ash Anti-fouling evaluation Journal Elsevier Progress in
Organic Coatings 99 (2016) 140ndash146
[37] Chao Peng Pengxu Chen Zhanping You Songtao Lv Ran Zhang Fang Xu Hao Zhang
Hanlin Chen Effect of silane coupling agent on improving the adhesive properties
between asphalt binder and aggregates Journal Elsevier Construction and Building
Materials 169 (2018) 591ndash600
[38] Shashi B Atla Yi-Hsun Huang James Yang How-Ji Chen Yi-Hao Kuo Chun-Mei Hsu
Wen-Chien Lee Chien-Cheng Chen Duen-Wei Hsu Chien-Yen Chen Hydrophobic
Calcium Carbonate for Cement Surface Crystals (2017) Vol7 pp 371-380
[39] Rosa Di Mundo Andrea Petrella Michele Notarnicola Surface and bulk hydrophobic
cement composites by tyre rubber addition Journal Elsevier Construction and Building
Materials 172 (2018) 176ndash184
[40] Irene Izarra Jose Cubillo Angel Serrano Juan Francisco Rodriguez Manuel Carmona A
hydrophobic release agent containing SiO2-CH3 submicron-sized particles for
waterproofing mortar structures Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials
199 (2019) 30ndash39
Page 6
Jeya Sheema J and Prabavathy S
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1976 editoriaemecom
Figure 4 General equation exhibiting the process of conversion of the hydrophilic silane to
hydrophobic nature by hydrolysis and subsequent condensation
36 Measurement of hydrophobicity [34]
The degree of hydrophobicity is estimated in terms of water contact angle by using WCA
Goniometer A dosage of 25microl of water droplet was dispensed by the needle of goniometer
over the coated and uncoated surface of cement paste and the contact angle is measured after
5s Similarly three trials are done for each type of sample When the coated substrates are
tilted the droplet rolls-off
37 Water absorption test
Water absorption test was done affirming to ASTM C_642 13 [31] Initially the mortar
specimens were dried absolutely to expel dampness by using Hot air oven for a duration of 24
hours The samples were taken out from the oven and their initial weights are noted as W0(g)
The samples were immersed into water not less than a period of 48 hours The final weight of
the samples W1(g) was recorded after taking out the immersed samples from water The rate
of water absorption is calculated by using the following expression
Rate of water absorption =
x 100 (1)
38 Sorptivity test [8]
This test is done to record the capillary uptake of water as a function of time The mortar
samples were sealed at its sides with epoxy resin to allow unidirectional uptake of water The
top of the samples were secured with plastic sheet to avoid evaporation The initial weight of
the resin coated mortar samples were measured Then these samples were placed in a pan
upon supporting devices The water level was maintained at 1-3mm above the support device
Eventually the weight readings were noted at interims as per ASTM C_1585 [32] The water
uptake rate (I) is determined by the following expression
Absorption I =
mm (2)
Where lsquomtrsquo is the change in specimen mass (g) lsquoarsquo is the surface area of the specimen
(mm2) lsquodrsquo represents the density of water (gmm
3) and lsquoIrsquo is the rate of vertical uptake or
sorptivity of water (mm)
39 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) test [9]
The UPV is a non-destructive test conducted to determine the defects in a sample Initially
zero was set by placing the two electro-acoustical transducer together Then a reference
velocity was set by using Quartz crystal whose travel speed of pulse velocity is known as
An Experimental Investigation on Superhydrophobic Coating Using Nano-GGBS on Cement Mortar
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1977 editoriaemecom
254micros The probes were placed on any two faces of the specimen and speed of the passed
ultrasonic pulse velocity was recorded from the digital display The direct measurement
method was adopted since it is more convenient for mortar cubes The UPV test was done
confirming to Indian Standard IS 13311 (Part 1) ndash 1992 [33]
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
41 Measurement of hydrophobicity
Fig 5 demonstrates the measurement of hydrophobicity by visual assessment On placing
water droplets over a sample treated with spray coating without adhesive the surface of the
substrate exhibited superhydrophobicity Fig 6 shows the water contact angle measured in
Goniometer apparatus for each method of application of super hydrophobic coating From the
acquired results it was revealed that the spray coating produced super hydrophobicity with a
contact angle of 1522deg due to the uniform distribution of nanoparticles on the concrete
surface Also the impregnated samples produced only 1227deg contact angle due to less
deposition of nanoparticles on the substrate The brush coated samples exhibited near super
hydrophobic behavior with 1463deg contact angle
Figure 5 Super-hydrophobicity of a spray coated sample without applying adhesive
Figure 6 Water contact angle obtained for a) Brush coating b) Spray coating and c) Hydrophobic
impregnated specimen
42 Water absorption test
The rate of penetration of water into the mortar specimens were tested and the result outcomes
are tabulated in Table 3 From the graph shown in Fig 7 it is deciphered that the
impregnated samples showed reduced water absorption comparing to other samples The I-1
samples had a least of 109 of water absorption rate On comparing the water absorbed by
conventional mortar specimens the brush coated spray coated and the impregnated
specimens absorbed only 171 149 and 93 respectively
Jeya Sheema J and Prabavathy S
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1978 editoriaemecom
Table 3 Water absorption test results
Sample
Dry
weight W0
(g)
Saturated
weight W1
(g)
Rate of
Absorption
()
Average ()
C-1
750 838 1174
1175 747 835 1179
752 840 1171
B-1
776 792 207
201 785 802 217
793 807 177
S-1
785 799 179
175 783 796 167
791 805 177
I-1
806 815 112
109 798 808 126
805 812 087
43 Sorptivity test
The capillary uptake of water in uncoated and coated samples were measured at intervals like
60s 5min 10min 20min 30min 1hr 2hr 3hr 4hr 5hr 6hr 1day 2days and 3 days The
results are plotted for rate of capillary uptake of water vs square root of time in Fig 8 It
could be inferred from the graph that the capillary uptake of water was greatly resisted by the
spray coated and impregnated specimens Both S-1 and I-1 samples showed similar
performance till 6hrs after which the I-1 samples resisted better than S-1 samples The other
samples which were brushed and impregnated also showed reduced vertical water uptake than
conventional samples
44 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) test
The Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity test is usually done to find the imperfections or pores in the
specimen by passing ultrasonic pulses through the two probes of the instrument From Table
4 it is perceived that the ultrasonic pulse velocity travels faster through coated specimens than
through the conventional mortar This proves that the applied super hydrophobic coating
reduces the surface porosity of the specimens Also among the three types of coating the
samples subjected to hydrophobic impregnation showed excellently reduced surface porosity
Table 4 UPV test results
Sample Length
(xo) mm
Time
travel (micros)
Sample
velocity ʋ
(kms)
Average
velocity ʋs
(kms)
C-1
706 216 327
317 706 204 346
706 255 276
B-1
706 183 385
395 706 172 410
706 181 390
S-1
706 156 452
438 706 164 430
706 163 433
I-1
706 139 508
511 706 133 531
706 143 494
An Experimental Investigation on Superhydrophobic Coating Using Nano-GGBS on Cement Mortar
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1979 editoriaemecom
Figure 7 Graph representing the rate of water absorption of the samples after 48hrs of immersion in water
Figure 8 Rate of capillary uptake of water plotted against square root of time
Table 5 Methods of Fabrication and WCA reported in literatures
Author Repellent Material Roughness
Material Method Ɵ
Ref
Ilaria Alfieri et
al
Fuoroalkyl-functional
water-borne oligosiloxane SiO2 hybrid sols
Coating by
deposition
147deg plusmn
3deg [14]
Guo Li et al Silane coupling agent
KH-570
TiO2
nanoparticles
Organic film
coating 873deg [34]
C Esposito
Corcione et al Silane amp siloxane
Silica nano-
particles Brush coating
1271deg plusmn
21deg [35]
MUM Junaidi
et al
1H1H2H2H
perfluorodecyltriethoxysilan
e
Rice husk ash Spray coating 1442deg [36]
Chao Peng et al Silane coupling agent - Impregnated
for 30mins
107degplusmn
02deg [37]
Shashi B Atla
et al Sodium stearate CaCO3 particles
Via
carbonation 129deg [38]
Rosa Di Mundo
et al Tyre rubber Tyre rubber
Replacement
of sand ~125deg [39]
Irene Izarra et al Tetraethyl orthosilicate and
Methyltriethoxysilane
SiO2-CH3
submicron-sized
particles
Cast in
impregnated
mould
gt145deg [40]
Jeya Sheema et
al Isobutyltriethoxysilane GGBS particles Spray coating 1522deg
Present
study
1175
451
175 109
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
C-1 B-1 S-1 I-1
Ab
sorp
tio
n
Water absorption
0
005
01
015
02
025
0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600
Wa
ter
up
tak
e I
(m
m)
Time05 (radics)
Sorptivity
C-1
B-1
S-1
I-1
Jeya Sheema J and Prabavathy S
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1980 editoriaemecom
5 CONCLUSIONS
The superhydrophobic coating for cement composite surfaces was created effectively utilizing
GGBS powder and isobutyltriethoxysilane The spray coated surfaces exhibited
superhydrophobic nature comparing with the other samples with a water contact angle of
1522deg and when tilted the droplets rolled off Comparing to the conventional mortar the
coated mortar specimens showed up to 90 of reduced water absorption All the coated
samples produced good resistance towards vertical uptake of water Among them the
impregnated and spray coated samples were found to produce least capillary uptake of water
A reduced surface porosity of the coated specimens was proved from the faster travelling
ultrasonic waves through these samples
The overall performance of the impregnated samples are notably higher in water
absorption and ultrasonic pulse velocity tests with 109 and 511 kms respectively though
it had lesser contact angle of 1227deg Since the depth of penetration of the silane coating was
greater in case of impregnated specimens they produced enhanced results compared to other
surface treated specimens
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I sincerely thank the Principal and Department of Civil Engineering at Mepco Schlenk
Engineering College for the support and guidance throughout this work
REFERENCES
[1] Jinlong Song Danyang Zhao Zhengjin Han Wei Xu Yao Lu Xin Liu Bo Liu Clarie J
Carmalt Xu Deng Ivan P Parkin Super-robust and super hydrophobic concrete J Mater
Chem A Materials for energy and sustainability Volume 5 Number 28 July 2017 Pages
14447ndash14932
[2] Hong S Wong Robert Barakat Abdulla Alhilali Mohamed Saleh Christopher R
Cheeseman Hydrophobic concrete using waste paper sludge ash Journal Elsevier
Cement and Concrete Research 70 (2015)9ndash20
[3] Xiao Xue Yanwen Li Zhuo Yang Zhongyu He Jian-Guo Dai Lijin Xu Weidong
Zhang A systematic investigation of the waterproofing performance and chloride
resistance of a self-developed waterborne silane-based hydrophobic agent for mortar and
concrete Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 155 (2017) 939ndash946
[4] Sandro Weisheit Seraphin Hubert Unterberger Tobias Bader Roman Lackner
Assessment of test methods for characterizing the hydrophobic nature of surface-treated
High Performance Concrete Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 110
(2016) 145ndash153
[5] AGeetha PPerumal Effect of Waterproofing Admixtures on the Flexural Strength and
Corrosion Resistance of Concrete Springer J Inst Eng India Ser A (2012) 93(1)73ndash78
[6] A Sivasankar S Arul Xavier Stango R Vedalakshmi Quantitative estimation on
delaying of onset of corrosion of rebar in surface treated concrete using sealers Ain
Shams Engineering Journal (2013) 4 615ndash623
[7] Kenneth Mak Colin MacDougall Amir Fam Freeze-Thaw Performance of On-Site
Manufactured Compressed Earth Blocks Effect of Water Repellent and Other Additives
ASCE J Mater Civ Eng 2016 28(7) 04016034
[8] Peng Liu Chuanfa Feng Fazhou Wang Yining Gao Jin Yang Wenqin Zhang Lu Yang
Hydrophobic and water-resisting behavior of Portland cement incorporated by oleic acid
modified fly ash Rilem Materials and Structures (2018) 5138
[9] H Husni MR Nazari HM Yee R Rohim A Yusuff Mohd Azahar Mohd Ariff
NNR Ahmad CP Leo MUM Junaidi Superhydrophobic rice husk ash coating on
concrete Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 144 (2017) 385ndash391
An Experimental Investigation on Superhydrophobic Coating Using Nano-GGBS on Cement Mortar
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1981 editoriaemecom
[10] Jun Zhang Xingzhong Weng Le Jiang Bohan Yang Junzhong Liu Frost Resistance of
Concrete Reinforced Using Surface-Strengthening Materials in Airport Pavements ASCE
J Mater Civ Eng 2018 30(3) 04018006
[11] MJ Al-Kheetan MM Rahman DA Chamberlain Influence of Crystalline Admixture
on Fresh Concrete to Develop Hydrophobicity Presented at 96th Annual Meeting of the
Transportation Research Board No 11-02487 Washington DC 2017
[12] Mazen J Al-Kheetan Mujib M Rahman Denis A Chamberlain A novel approach of
introducing crystalline protection material and curing agent in fresh concrete for
enhancing hydrophobicity Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 160
(2018) 644ndash652
[13] M Medeiros P Helene Efficacy of surface hydrophobic agents in reducing water and
chloride ion penetration in concrete Rilem Materials and Structures (2008) 4159ndash71
[14] Ilaria Alfieri Andrea Lorenzi Luca Ranzenigo Laura Lazzarini Giovanni Predieri Pier
Paolo Lottici Synthesis and characterization of photocatalytic hydrophobic hybrid TiO2-
SiO2 coatings for building applications Journal Elsevier Building and Environment 111
(2017) 72ndash 79
[15] Xu Gui-Long Deng Changyun Liang Yun Pi Pi-hui Hu Jian Yang Zhuoru Preparation
and Characterization of Raspberry-like SiO2 Particles by the Sol-gel Method
Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Vol 1 No1 79-83 2011
[16] Abraham Marmur The Lotus effect superhydrophobicity and metastability Langmuir
Lett 20(9) pp 3517-3519
[17] Yansheng Zheng Yi He Yongquan Qing Chuanbo Hu Qian Mo Preparation of
superhydrophobic coating using modified CaCO3 Journal Elsevier Applied Surface
Science 265 (2013) 532ndash 536
[18] Mingming Liu Yuanyuan Hou Jing Li Lu Tie Zhiguang Guo An all-water-based
system for robust superhydrophobic surfaces Journal Elsevier Journal of Colloid and
Interface Science 519 (2018) 130ndash136
[19] Minzhen Zhong Ying Zhang Xiangqi Li Xiao Wu Facile fabrication of durable
superhydrophobic silica epoxy resin coatings with compatible transparency and stability
Surface amp Coatings Technology httpsdoi101016jsurfcoat201804063
[20] SH Liu SS Latthe HT Yang BS Liu RM Xing Raspberry-like superhydrophobic
silica coatings with self-cleaning properties Ceram Int 41 (2015) 11719-11725
[21] John T Simpson Scott R Hunter Tolga Aytug Superhydrophobic materials and coatings
a review Reports on Progress in Physics 78 (2015) 086501_14pp
[22] Jenberu L Feyyisa John L Daniels Miguel A Pando Contact Angle Measurements for
Use in Specifying Organosilane-Modified Coal Combustion Fly Ash ASCE J Mater
Civ Eng 2017 29(9) 04017096
[23] Wonjae Choi Anish Tuteja Joseph M Mabry Robert E Cohen Gareth H McKinley A
modified CassiendashBaxter relationship to explain contact angle hysteresis and anisotropy on
non-wetting textured surfaces Journal Elsevier Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
339 (2009) 208ndash216
[24] Cloeacute Desmet Andrea Valsesia Arianna Oddo Giacomo Ceccone Valentina Spampinato
Franccedilois Rossi Pascal Colpo Characterisation of nanomaterial hydrophobicity using
engineered surfaces Springer J Nanopart Res (2017) 19 117
[25] Scott Muzenski Ismael Flores-Vivian Konstantin Sobolev Hydrophobic engineered
cementitious composites for highway applications Journal Elsevier Cement amp Concrete
Composites 57 (2015) 68ndash74
[26] Min-Hwan Kim Hisuk Kim Kwan-Soo Lee Dong Rip Kim Frosting characteristics on
hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces A review Journal Elsevier Energy
Conversion and Management 138 (2017) 1ndash11
Jeya Sheema J and Prabavathy S
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1982 editoriaemecom
[27] Xinshu Zou Chaoyou Tao Ke Yang Fan Yang Haibing Lv Lianghong Yan Hongwei
Yan Yuan Li Yongyong Xie Xiaodong Yuan Lin Zhang Rational design and
fabrication of highly transparent flexible and thermally stable superhydrophobic coatings
from raspberry-like hollow silica nanoparticles Journal Elsevier Applied Surface Science
440 (2018) 700ndash711
[28] Violeta Purcar Otilia Cinteza Marius Ghiurea Adriana Balan Simona Caprarescu Dan
Donescu Influence of hydrophobic characteristic of organo-modified precursor on
wettability of silica film Bull Mater Sci Vol 37 No 1(2014) pp 107ndash115
[29] Xu Qiang Zhan Shulin Xu Bingzheng Yang Hui Qian Xiaoqian Ding Xiaofu Effect of
Isobutyl-triethoxy-silane Penetrative Protective Agent on the Carbonation Resistance of
Concrete Journal of Wuhan University of Technology Vol31 No1 (2016) pp139-
145
[30] Ali Arabzadeh Halili Ceylan Sunghwan Kim Kasthurirangan Gopalakrishnan Alireza
Sassani Sriram Sundararajan Peter C Taylor Superhydrophobic coatings on Portland
cement concrete surfaces Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 141
(2017) 393ndash401
[31] ASTM C_642 13 Standard Test Method for Density Absorption and Voids in Hardened
Concrete American Society for Testing and Materials
[32] ASTM C_1585 Standard Test Method for Measurement of Rate of Absorption of Water
by Hydraulic-Cement Concretes American Society for Testing and Materials
[33] IS 13311 (Part 1) ndash 1992 Indian Standard Non-destructive testing of concrete - Methods
of test Part 1 ultrasonic pulse velocity
[34] Guo Li Jiang Yue Chenhao Guo Yongsheng Ji Influences of modified nanoparticles on
hydrophobicity of concrete with organic film coating Journal Elsevier Construction and
Building Materials 169 (2018) 1ndash7
[35] C Esposito Corcione R Striani C Caponec M Molfetta S Vendetta M Frigione
Preliminary study of the application of a novel hydrophobic photopolymerizable nano-
structured coating on concrete substrates Journal Elsevier Progress in Organic Coatings
121 (2018) 182ndash189
[36] MUM Junaidi NNR Ahmad CP Leo HM Yee Near superhydrophobic coating
synthesized from rice husk ash Anti-fouling evaluation Journal Elsevier Progress in
Organic Coatings 99 (2016) 140ndash146
[37] Chao Peng Pengxu Chen Zhanping You Songtao Lv Ran Zhang Fang Xu Hao Zhang
Hanlin Chen Effect of silane coupling agent on improving the adhesive properties
between asphalt binder and aggregates Journal Elsevier Construction and Building
Materials 169 (2018) 591ndash600
[38] Shashi B Atla Yi-Hsun Huang James Yang How-Ji Chen Yi-Hao Kuo Chun-Mei Hsu
Wen-Chien Lee Chien-Cheng Chen Duen-Wei Hsu Chien-Yen Chen Hydrophobic
Calcium Carbonate for Cement Surface Crystals (2017) Vol7 pp 371-380
[39] Rosa Di Mundo Andrea Petrella Michele Notarnicola Surface and bulk hydrophobic
cement composites by tyre rubber addition Journal Elsevier Construction and Building
Materials 172 (2018) 176ndash184
[40] Irene Izarra Jose Cubillo Angel Serrano Juan Francisco Rodriguez Manuel Carmona A
hydrophobic release agent containing SiO2-CH3 submicron-sized particles for
waterproofing mortar structures Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials
199 (2019) 30ndash39
Page 7
An Experimental Investigation on Superhydrophobic Coating Using Nano-GGBS on Cement Mortar
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1977 editoriaemecom
254micros The probes were placed on any two faces of the specimen and speed of the passed
ultrasonic pulse velocity was recorded from the digital display The direct measurement
method was adopted since it is more convenient for mortar cubes The UPV test was done
confirming to Indian Standard IS 13311 (Part 1) ndash 1992 [33]
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
41 Measurement of hydrophobicity
Fig 5 demonstrates the measurement of hydrophobicity by visual assessment On placing
water droplets over a sample treated with spray coating without adhesive the surface of the
substrate exhibited superhydrophobicity Fig 6 shows the water contact angle measured in
Goniometer apparatus for each method of application of super hydrophobic coating From the
acquired results it was revealed that the spray coating produced super hydrophobicity with a
contact angle of 1522deg due to the uniform distribution of nanoparticles on the concrete
surface Also the impregnated samples produced only 1227deg contact angle due to less
deposition of nanoparticles on the substrate The brush coated samples exhibited near super
hydrophobic behavior with 1463deg contact angle
Figure 5 Super-hydrophobicity of a spray coated sample without applying adhesive
Figure 6 Water contact angle obtained for a) Brush coating b) Spray coating and c) Hydrophobic
impregnated specimen
42 Water absorption test
The rate of penetration of water into the mortar specimens were tested and the result outcomes
are tabulated in Table 3 From the graph shown in Fig 7 it is deciphered that the
impregnated samples showed reduced water absorption comparing to other samples The I-1
samples had a least of 109 of water absorption rate On comparing the water absorbed by
conventional mortar specimens the brush coated spray coated and the impregnated
specimens absorbed only 171 149 and 93 respectively
Jeya Sheema J and Prabavathy S
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1978 editoriaemecom
Table 3 Water absorption test results
Sample
Dry
weight W0
(g)
Saturated
weight W1
(g)
Rate of
Absorption
()
Average ()
C-1
750 838 1174
1175 747 835 1179
752 840 1171
B-1
776 792 207
201 785 802 217
793 807 177
S-1
785 799 179
175 783 796 167
791 805 177
I-1
806 815 112
109 798 808 126
805 812 087
43 Sorptivity test
The capillary uptake of water in uncoated and coated samples were measured at intervals like
60s 5min 10min 20min 30min 1hr 2hr 3hr 4hr 5hr 6hr 1day 2days and 3 days The
results are plotted for rate of capillary uptake of water vs square root of time in Fig 8 It
could be inferred from the graph that the capillary uptake of water was greatly resisted by the
spray coated and impregnated specimens Both S-1 and I-1 samples showed similar
performance till 6hrs after which the I-1 samples resisted better than S-1 samples The other
samples which were brushed and impregnated also showed reduced vertical water uptake than
conventional samples
44 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) test
The Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity test is usually done to find the imperfections or pores in the
specimen by passing ultrasonic pulses through the two probes of the instrument From Table
4 it is perceived that the ultrasonic pulse velocity travels faster through coated specimens than
through the conventional mortar This proves that the applied super hydrophobic coating
reduces the surface porosity of the specimens Also among the three types of coating the
samples subjected to hydrophobic impregnation showed excellently reduced surface porosity
Table 4 UPV test results
Sample Length
(xo) mm
Time
travel (micros)
Sample
velocity ʋ
(kms)
Average
velocity ʋs
(kms)
C-1
706 216 327
317 706 204 346
706 255 276
B-1
706 183 385
395 706 172 410
706 181 390
S-1
706 156 452
438 706 164 430
706 163 433
I-1
706 139 508
511 706 133 531
706 143 494
An Experimental Investigation on Superhydrophobic Coating Using Nano-GGBS on Cement Mortar
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1979 editoriaemecom
Figure 7 Graph representing the rate of water absorption of the samples after 48hrs of immersion in water
Figure 8 Rate of capillary uptake of water plotted against square root of time
Table 5 Methods of Fabrication and WCA reported in literatures
Author Repellent Material Roughness
Material Method Ɵ
Ref
Ilaria Alfieri et
al
Fuoroalkyl-functional
water-borne oligosiloxane SiO2 hybrid sols
Coating by
deposition
147deg plusmn
3deg [14]
Guo Li et al Silane coupling agent
KH-570
TiO2
nanoparticles
Organic film
coating 873deg [34]
C Esposito
Corcione et al Silane amp siloxane
Silica nano-
particles Brush coating
1271deg plusmn
21deg [35]
MUM Junaidi
et al
1H1H2H2H
perfluorodecyltriethoxysilan
e
Rice husk ash Spray coating 1442deg [36]
Chao Peng et al Silane coupling agent - Impregnated
for 30mins
107degplusmn
02deg [37]
Shashi B Atla
et al Sodium stearate CaCO3 particles
Via
carbonation 129deg [38]
Rosa Di Mundo
et al Tyre rubber Tyre rubber
Replacement
of sand ~125deg [39]
Irene Izarra et al Tetraethyl orthosilicate and
Methyltriethoxysilane
SiO2-CH3
submicron-sized
particles
Cast in
impregnated
mould
gt145deg [40]
Jeya Sheema et
al Isobutyltriethoxysilane GGBS particles Spray coating 1522deg
Present
study
1175
451
175 109
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
C-1 B-1 S-1 I-1
Ab
sorp
tio
n
Water absorption
0
005
01
015
02
025
0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600
Wa
ter
up
tak
e I
(m
m)
Time05 (radics)
Sorptivity
C-1
B-1
S-1
I-1
Jeya Sheema J and Prabavathy S
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1980 editoriaemecom
5 CONCLUSIONS
The superhydrophobic coating for cement composite surfaces was created effectively utilizing
GGBS powder and isobutyltriethoxysilane The spray coated surfaces exhibited
superhydrophobic nature comparing with the other samples with a water contact angle of
1522deg and when tilted the droplets rolled off Comparing to the conventional mortar the
coated mortar specimens showed up to 90 of reduced water absorption All the coated
samples produced good resistance towards vertical uptake of water Among them the
impregnated and spray coated samples were found to produce least capillary uptake of water
A reduced surface porosity of the coated specimens was proved from the faster travelling
ultrasonic waves through these samples
The overall performance of the impregnated samples are notably higher in water
absorption and ultrasonic pulse velocity tests with 109 and 511 kms respectively though
it had lesser contact angle of 1227deg Since the depth of penetration of the silane coating was
greater in case of impregnated specimens they produced enhanced results compared to other
surface treated specimens
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I sincerely thank the Principal and Department of Civil Engineering at Mepco Schlenk
Engineering College for the support and guidance throughout this work
REFERENCES
[1] Jinlong Song Danyang Zhao Zhengjin Han Wei Xu Yao Lu Xin Liu Bo Liu Clarie J
Carmalt Xu Deng Ivan P Parkin Super-robust and super hydrophobic concrete J Mater
Chem A Materials for energy and sustainability Volume 5 Number 28 July 2017 Pages
14447ndash14932
[2] Hong S Wong Robert Barakat Abdulla Alhilali Mohamed Saleh Christopher R
Cheeseman Hydrophobic concrete using waste paper sludge ash Journal Elsevier
Cement and Concrete Research 70 (2015)9ndash20
[3] Xiao Xue Yanwen Li Zhuo Yang Zhongyu He Jian-Guo Dai Lijin Xu Weidong
Zhang A systematic investigation of the waterproofing performance and chloride
resistance of a self-developed waterborne silane-based hydrophobic agent for mortar and
concrete Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 155 (2017) 939ndash946
[4] Sandro Weisheit Seraphin Hubert Unterberger Tobias Bader Roman Lackner
Assessment of test methods for characterizing the hydrophobic nature of surface-treated
High Performance Concrete Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 110
(2016) 145ndash153
[5] AGeetha PPerumal Effect of Waterproofing Admixtures on the Flexural Strength and
Corrosion Resistance of Concrete Springer J Inst Eng India Ser A (2012) 93(1)73ndash78
[6] A Sivasankar S Arul Xavier Stango R Vedalakshmi Quantitative estimation on
delaying of onset of corrosion of rebar in surface treated concrete using sealers Ain
Shams Engineering Journal (2013) 4 615ndash623
[7] Kenneth Mak Colin MacDougall Amir Fam Freeze-Thaw Performance of On-Site
Manufactured Compressed Earth Blocks Effect of Water Repellent and Other Additives
ASCE J Mater Civ Eng 2016 28(7) 04016034
[8] Peng Liu Chuanfa Feng Fazhou Wang Yining Gao Jin Yang Wenqin Zhang Lu Yang
Hydrophobic and water-resisting behavior of Portland cement incorporated by oleic acid
modified fly ash Rilem Materials and Structures (2018) 5138
[9] H Husni MR Nazari HM Yee R Rohim A Yusuff Mohd Azahar Mohd Ariff
NNR Ahmad CP Leo MUM Junaidi Superhydrophobic rice husk ash coating on
concrete Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 144 (2017) 385ndash391
An Experimental Investigation on Superhydrophobic Coating Using Nano-GGBS on Cement Mortar
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1981 editoriaemecom
[10] Jun Zhang Xingzhong Weng Le Jiang Bohan Yang Junzhong Liu Frost Resistance of
Concrete Reinforced Using Surface-Strengthening Materials in Airport Pavements ASCE
J Mater Civ Eng 2018 30(3) 04018006
[11] MJ Al-Kheetan MM Rahman DA Chamberlain Influence of Crystalline Admixture
on Fresh Concrete to Develop Hydrophobicity Presented at 96th Annual Meeting of the
Transportation Research Board No 11-02487 Washington DC 2017
[12] Mazen J Al-Kheetan Mujib M Rahman Denis A Chamberlain A novel approach of
introducing crystalline protection material and curing agent in fresh concrete for
enhancing hydrophobicity Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 160
(2018) 644ndash652
[13] M Medeiros P Helene Efficacy of surface hydrophobic agents in reducing water and
chloride ion penetration in concrete Rilem Materials and Structures (2008) 4159ndash71
[14] Ilaria Alfieri Andrea Lorenzi Luca Ranzenigo Laura Lazzarini Giovanni Predieri Pier
Paolo Lottici Synthesis and characterization of photocatalytic hydrophobic hybrid TiO2-
SiO2 coatings for building applications Journal Elsevier Building and Environment 111
(2017) 72ndash 79
[15] Xu Gui-Long Deng Changyun Liang Yun Pi Pi-hui Hu Jian Yang Zhuoru Preparation
and Characterization of Raspberry-like SiO2 Particles by the Sol-gel Method
Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Vol 1 No1 79-83 2011
[16] Abraham Marmur The Lotus effect superhydrophobicity and metastability Langmuir
Lett 20(9) pp 3517-3519
[17] Yansheng Zheng Yi He Yongquan Qing Chuanbo Hu Qian Mo Preparation of
superhydrophobic coating using modified CaCO3 Journal Elsevier Applied Surface
Science 265 (2013) 532ndash 536
[18] Mingming Liu Yuanyuan Hou Jing Li Lu Tie Zhiguang Guo An all-water-based
system for robust superhydrophobic surfaces Journal Elsevier Journal of Colloid and
Interface Science 519 (2018) 130ndash136
[19] Minzhen Zhong Ying Zhang Xiangqi Li Xiao Wu Facile fabrication of durable
superhydrophobic silica epoxy resin coatings with compatible transparency and stability
Surface amp Coatings Technology httpsdoi101016jsurfcoat201804063
[20] SH Liu SS Latthe HT Yang BS Liu RM Xing Raspberry-like superhydrophobic
silica coatings with self-cleaning properties Ceram Int 41 (2015) 11719-11725
[21] John T Simpson Scott R Hunter Tolga Aytug Superhydrophobic materials and coatings
a review Reports on Progress in Physics 78 (2015) 086501_14pp
[22] Jenberu L Feyyisa John L Daniels Miguel A Pando Contact Angle Measurements for
Use in Specifying Organosilane-Modified Coal Combustion Fly Ash ASCE J Mater
Civ Eng 2017 29(9) 04017096
[23] Wonjae Choi Anish Tuteja Joseph M Mabry Robert E Cohen Gareth H McKinley A
modified CassiendashBaxter relationship to explain contact angle hysteresis and anisotropy on
non-wetting textured surfaces Journal Elsevier Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
339 (2009) 208ndash216
[24] Cloeacute Desmet Andrea Valsesia Arianna Oddo Giacomo Ceccone Valentina Spampinato
Franccedilois Rossi Pascal Colpo Characterisation of nanomaterial hydrophobicity using
engineered surfaces Springer J Nanopart Res (2017) 19 117
[25] Scott Muzenski Ismael Flores-Vivian Konstantin Sobolev Hydrophobic engineered
cementitious composites for highway applications Journal Elsevier Cement amp Concrete
Composites 57 (2015) 68ndash74
[26] Min-Hwan Kim Hisuk Kim Kwan-Soo Lee Dong Rip Kim Frosting characteristics on
hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces A review Journal Elsevier Energy
Conversion and Management 138 (2017) 1ndash11
Jeya Sheema J and Prabavathy S
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1982 editoriaemecom
[27] Xinshu Zou Chaoyou Tao Ke Yang Fan Yang Haibing Lv Lianghong Yan Hongwei
Yan Yuan Li Yongyong Xie Xiaodong Yuan Lin Zhang Rational design and
fabrication of highly transparent flexible and thermally stable superhydrophobic coatings
from raspberry-like hollow silica nanoparticles Journal Elsevier Applied Surface Science
440 (2018) 700ndash711
[28] Violeta Purcar Otilia Cinteza Marius Ghiurea Adriana Balan Simona Caprarescu Dan
Donescu Influence of hydrophobic characteristic of organo-modified precursor on
wettability of silica film Bull Mater Sci Vol 37 No 1(2014) pp 107ndash115
[29] Xu Qiang Zhan Shulin Xu Bingzheng Yang Hui Qian Xiaoqian Ding Xiaofu Effect of
Isobutyl-triethoxy-silane Penetrative Protective Agent on the Carbonation Resistance of
Concrete Journal of Wuhan University of Technology Vol31 No1 (2016) pp139-
145
[30] Ali Arabzadeh Halili Ceylan Sunghwan Kim Kasthurirangan Gopalakrishnan Alireza
Sassani Sriram Sundararajan Peter C Taylor Superhydrophobic coatings on Portland
cement concrete surfaces Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 141
(2017) 393ndash401
[31] ASTM C_642 13 Standard Test Method for Density Absorption and Voids in Hardened
Concrete American Society for Testing and Materials
[32] ASTM C_1585 Standard Test Method for Measurement of Rate of Absorption of Water
by Hydraulic-Cement Concretes American Society for Testing and Materials
[33] IS 13311 (Part 1) ndash 1992 Indian Standard Non-destructive testing of concrete - Methods
of test Part 1 ultrasonic pulse velocity
[34] Guo Li Jiang Yue Chenhao Guo Yongsheng Ji Influences of modified nanoparticles on
hydrophobicity of concrete with organic film coating Journal Elsevier Construction and
Building Materials 169 (2018) 1ndash7
[35] C Esposito Corcione R Striani C Caponec M Molfetta S Vendetta M Frigione
Preliminary study of the application of a novel hydrophobic photopolymerizable nano-
structured coating on concrete substrates Journal Elsevier Progress in Organic Coatings
121 (2018) 182ndash189
[36] MUM Junaidi NNR Ahmad CP Leo HM Yee Near superhydrophobic coating
synthesized from rice husk ash Anti-fouling evaluation Journal Elsevier Progress in
Organic Coatings 99 (2016) 140ndash146
[37] Chao Peng Pengxu Chen Zhanping You Songtao Lv Ran Zhang Fang Xu Hao Zhang
Hanlin Chen Effect of silane coupling agent on improving the adhesive properties
between asphalt binder and aggregates Journal Elsevier Construction and Building
Materials 169 (2018) 591ndash600
[38] Shashi B Atla Yi-Hsun Huang James Yang How-Ji Chen Yi-Hao Kuo Chun-Mei Hsu
Wen-Chien Lee Chien-Cheng Chen Duen-Wei Hsu Chien-Yen Chen Hydrophobic
Calcium Carbonate for Cement Surface Crystals (2017) Vol7 pp 371-380
[39] Rosa Di Mundo Andrea Petrella Michele Notarnicola Surface and bulk hydrophobic
cement composites by tyre rubber addition Journal Elsevier Construction and Building
Materials 172 (2018) 176ndash184
[40] Irene Izarra Jose Cubillo Angel Serrano Juan Francisco Rodriguez Manuel Carmona A
hydrophobic release agent containing SiO2-CH3 submicron-sized particles for
waterproofing mortar structures Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials
199 (2019) 30ndash39
Page 8
Jeya Sheema J and Prabavathy S
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1978 editoriaemecom
Table 3 Water absorption test results
Sample
Dry
weight W0
(g)
Saturated
weight W1
(g)
Rate of
Absorption
()
Average ()
C-1
750 838 1174
1175 747 835 1179
752 840 1171
B-1
776 792 207
201 785 802 217
793 807 177
S-1
785 799 179
175 783 796 167
791 805 177
I-1
806 815 112
109 798 808 126
805 812 087
43 Sorptivity test
The capillary uptake of water in uncoated and coated samples were measured at intervals like
60s 5min 10min 20min 30min 1hr 2hr 3hr 4hr 5hr 6hr 1day 2days and 3 days The
results are plotted for rate of capillary uptake of water vs square root of time in Fig 8 It
could be inferred from the graph that the capillary uptake of water was greatly resisted by the
spray coated and impregnated specimens Both S-1 and I-1 samples showed similar
performance till 6hrs after which the I-1 samples resisted better than S-1 samples The other
samples which were brushed and impregnated also showed reduced vertical water uptake than
conventional samples
44 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) test
The Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity test is usually done to find the imperfections or pores in the
specimen by passing ultrasonic pulses through the two probes of the instrument From Table
4 it is perceived that the ultrasonic pulse velocity travels faster through coated specimens than
through the conventional mortar This proves that the applied super hydrophobic coating
reduces the surface porosity of the specimens Also among the three types of coating the
samples subjected to hydrophobic impregnation showed excellently reduced surface porosity
Table 4 UPV test results
Sample Length
(xo) mm
Time
travel (micros)
Sample
velocity ʋ
(kms)
Average
velocity ʋs
(kms)
C-1
706 216 327
317 706 204 346
706 255 276
B-1
706 183 385
395 706 172 410
706 181 390
S-1
706 156 452
438 706 164 430
706 163 433
I-1
706 139 508
511 706 133 531
706 143 494
An Experimental Investigation on Superhydrophobic Coating Using Nano-GGBS on Cement Mortar
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1979 editoriaemecom
Figure 7 Graph representing the rate of water absorption of the samples after 48hrs of immersion in water
Figure 8 Rate of capillary uptake of water plotted against square root of time
Table 5 Methods of Fabrication and WCA reported in literatures
Author Repellent Material Roughness
Material Method Ɵ
Ref
Ilaria Alfieri et
al
Fuoroalkyl-functional
water-borne oligosiloxane SiO2 hybrid sols
Coating by
deposition
147deg plusmn
3deg [14]
Guo Li et al Silane coupling agent
KH-570
TiO2
nanoparticles
Organic film
coating 873deg [34]
C Esposito
Corcione et al Silane amp siloxane
Silica nano-
particles Brush coating
1271deg plusmn
21deg [35]
MUM Junaidi
et al
1H1H2H2H
perfluorodecyltriethoxysilan
e
Rice husk ash Spray coating 1442deg [36]
Chao Peng et al Silane coupling agent - Impregnated
for 30mins
107degplusmn
02deg [37]
Shashi B Atla
et al Sodium stearate CaCO3 particles
Via
carbonation 129deg [38]
Rosa Di Mundo
et al Tyre rubber Tyre rubber
Replacement
of sand ~125deg [39]
Irene Izarra et al Tetraethyl orthosilicate and
Methyltriethoxysilane
SiO2-CH3
submicron-sized
particles
Cast in
impregnated
mould
gt145deg [40]
Jeya Sheema et
al Isobutyltriethoxysilane GGBS particles Spray coating 1522deg
Present
study
1175
451
175 109
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
C-1 B-1 S-1 I-1
Ab
sorp
tio
n
Water absorption
0
005
01
015
02
025
0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600
Wa
ter
up
tak
e I
(m
m)
Time05 (radics)
Sorptivity
C-1
B-1
S-1
I-1
Jeya Sheema J and Prabavathy S
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1980 editoriaemecom
5 CONCLUSIONS
The superhydrophobic coating for cement composite surfaces was created effectively utilizing
GGBS powder and isobutyltriethoxysilane The spray coated surfaces exhibited
superhydrophobic nature comparing with the other samples with a water contact angle of
1522deg and when tilted the droplets rolled off Comparing to the conventional mortar the
coated mortar specimens showed up to 90 of reduced water absorption All the coated
samples produced good resistance towards vertical uptake of water Among them the
impregnated and spray coated samples were found to produce least capillary uptake of water
A reduced surface porosity of the coated specimens was proved from the faster travelling
ultrasonic waves through these samples
The overall performance of the impregnated samples are notably higher in water
absorption and ultrasonic pulse velocity tests with 109 and 511 kms respectively though
it had lesser contact angle of 1227deg Since the depth of penetration of the silane coating was
greater in case of impregnated specimens they produced enhanced results compared to other
surface treated specimens
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I sincerely thank the Principal and Department of Civil Engineering at Mepco Schlenk
Engineering College for the support and guidance throughout this work
REFERENCES
[1] Jinlong Song Danyang Zhao Zhengjin Han Wei Xu Yao Lu Xin Liu Bo Liu Clarie J
Carmalt Xu Deng Ivan P Parkin Super-robust and super hydrophobic concrete J Mater
Chem A Materials for energy and sustainability Volume 5 Number 28 July 2017 Pages
14447ndash14932
[2] Hong S Wong Robert Barakat Abdulla Alhilali Mohamed Saleh Christopher R
Cheeseman Hydrophobic concrete using waste paper sludge ash Journal Elsevier
Cement and Concrete Research 70 (2015)9ndash20
[3] Xiao Xue Yanwen Li Zhuo Yang Zhongyu He Jian-Guo Dai Lijin Xu Weidong
Zhang A systematic investigation of the waterproofing performance and chloride
resistance of a self-developed waterborne silane-based hydrophobic agent for mortar and
concrete Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 155 (2017) 939ndash946
[4] Sandro Weisheit Seraphin Hubert Unterberger Tobias Bader Roman Lackner
Assessment of test methods for characterizing the hydrophobic nature of surface-treated
High Performance Concrete Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 110
(2016) 145ndash153
[5] AGeetha PPerumal Effect of Waterproofing Admixtures on the Flexural Strength and
Corrosion Resistance of Concrete Springer J Inst Eng India Ser A (2012) 93(1)73ndash78
[6] A Sivasankar S Arul Xavier Stango R Vedalakshmi Quantitative estimation on
delaying of onset of corrosion of rebar in surface treated concrete using sealers Ain
Shams Engineering Journal (2013) 4 615ndash623
[7] Kenneth Mak Colin MacDougall Amir Fam Freeze-Thaw Performance of On-Site
Manufactured Compressed Earth Blocks Effect of Water Repellent and Other Additives
ASCE J Mater Civ Eng 2016 28(7) 04016034
[8] Peng Liu Chuanfa Feng Fazhou Wang Yining Gao Jin Yang Wenqin Zhang Lu Yang
Hydrophobic and water-resisting behavior of Portland cement incorporated by oleic acid
modified fly ash Rilem Materials and Structures (2018) 5138
[9] H Husni MR Nazari HM Yee R Rohim A Yusuff Mohd Azahar Mohd Ariff
NNR Ahmad CP Leo MUM Junaidi Superhydrophobic rice husk ash coating on
concrete Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 144 (2017) 385ndash391
An Experimental Investigation on Superhydrophobic Coating Using Nano-GGBS on Cement Mortar
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1981 editoriaemecom
[10] Jun Zhang Xingzhong Weng Le Jiang Bohan Yang Junzhong Liu Frost Resistance of
Concrete Reinforced Using Surface-Strengthening Materials in Airport Pavements ASCE
J Mater Civ Eng 2018 30(3) 04018006
[11] MJ Al-Kheetan MM Rahman DA Chamberlain Influence of Crystalline Admixture
on Fresh Concrete to Develop Hydrophobicity Presented at 96th Annual Meeting of the
Transportation Research Board No 11-02487 Washington DC 2017
[12] Mazen J Al-Kheetan Mujib M Rahman Denis A Chamberlain A novel approach of
introducing crystalline protection material and curing agent in fresh concrete for
enhancing hydrophobicity Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 160
(2018) 644ndash652
[13] M Medeiros P Helene Efficacy of surface hydrophobic agents in reducing water and
chloride ion penetration in concrete Rilem Materials and Structures (2008) 4159ndash71
[14] Ilaria Alfieri Andrea Lorenzi Luca Ranzenigo Laura Lazzarini Giovanni Predieri Pier
Paolo Lottici Synthesis and characterization of photocatalytic hydrophobic hybrid TiO2-
SiO2 coatings for building applications Journal Elsevier Building and Environment 111
(2017) 72ndash 79
[15] Xu Gui-Long Deng Changyun Liang Yun Pi Pi-hui Hu Jian Yang Zhuoru Preparation
and Characterization of Raspberry-like SiO2 Particles by the Sol-gel Method
Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Vol 1 No1 79-83 2011
[16] Abraham Marmur The Lotus effect superhydrophobicity and metastability Langmuir
Lett 20(9) pp 3517-3519
[17] Yansheng Zheng Yi He Yongquan Qing Chuanbo Hu Qian Mo Preparation of
superhydrophobic coating using modified CaCO3 Journal Elsevier Applied Surface
Science 265 (2013) 532ndash 536
[18] Mingming Liu Yuanyuan Hou Jing Li Lu Tie Zhiguang Guo An all-water-based
system for robust superhydrophobic surfaces Journal Elsevier Journal of Colloid and
Interface Science 519 (2018) 130ndash136
[19] Minzhen Zhong Ying Zhang Xiangqi Li Xiao Wu Facile fabrication of durable
superhydrophobic silica epoxy resin coatings with compatible transparency and stability
Surface amp Coatings Technology httpsdoi101016jsurfcoat201804063
[20] SH Liu SS Latthe HT Yang BS Liu RM Xing Raspberry-like superhydrophobic
silica coatings with self-cleaning properties Ceram Int 41 (2015) 11719-11725
[21] John T Simpson Scott R Hunter Tolga Aytug Superhydrophobic materials and coatings
a review Reports on Progress in Physics 78 (2015) 086501_14pp
[22] Jenberu L Feyyisa John L Daniels Miguel A Pando Contact Angle Measurements for
Use in Specifying Organosilane-Modified Coal Combustion Fly Ash ASCE J Mater
Civ Eng 2017 29(9) 04017096
[23] Wonjae Choi Anish Tuteja Joseph M Mabry Robert E Cohen Gareth H McKinley A
modified CassiendashBaxter relationship to explain contact angle hysteresis and anisotropy on
non-wetting textured surfaces Journal Elsevier Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
339 (2009) 208ndash216
[24] Cloeacute Desmet Andrea Valsesia Arianna Oddo Giacomo Ceccone Valentina Spampinato
Franccedilois Rossi Pascal Colpo Characterisation of nanomaterial hydrophobicity using
engineered surfaces Springer J Nanopart Res (2017) 19 117
[25] Scott Muzenski Ismael Flores-Vivian Konstantin Sobolev Hydrophobic engineered
cementitious composites for highway applications Journal Elsevier Cement amp Concrete
Composites 57 (2015) 68ndash74
[26] Min-Hwan Kim Hisuk Kim Kwan-Soo Lee Dong Rip Kim Frosting characteristics on
hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces A review Journal Elsevier Energy
Conversion and Management 138 (2017) 1ndash11
Jeya Sheema J and Prabavathy S
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1982 editoriaemecom
[27] Xinshu Zou Chaoyou Tao Ke Yang Fan Yang Haibing Lv Lianghong Yan Hongwei
Yan Yuan Li Yongyong Xie Xiaodong Yuan Lin Zhang Rational design and
fabrication of highly transparent flexible and thermally stable superhydrophobic coatings
from raspberry-like hollow silica nanoparticles Journal Elsevier Applied Surface Science
440 (2018) 700ndash711
[28] Violeta Purcar Otilia Cinteza Marius Ghiurea Adriana Balan Simona Caprarescu Dan
Donescu Influence of hydrophobic characteristic of organo-modified precursor on
wettability of silica film Bull Mater Sci Vol 37 No 1(2014) pp 107ndash115
[29] Xu Qiang Zhan Shulin Xu Bingzheng Yang Hui Qian Xiaoqian Ding Xiaofu Effect of
Isobutyl-triethoxy-silane Penetrative Protective Agent on the Carbonation Resistance of
Concrete Journal of Wuhan University of Technology Vol31 No1 (2016) pp139-
145
[30] Ali Arabzadeh Halili Ceylan Sunghwan Kim Kasthurirangan Gopalakrishnan Alireza
Sassani Sriram Sundararajan Peter C Taylor Superhydrophobic coatings on Portland
cement concrete surfaces Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 141
(2017) 393ndash401
[31] ASTM C_642 13 Standard Test Method for Density Absorption and Voids in Hardened
Concrete American Society for Testing and Materials
[32] ASTM C_1585 Standard Test Method for Measurement of Rate of Absorption of Water
by Hydraulic-Cement Concretes American Society for Testing and Materials
[33] IS 13311 (Part 1) ndash 1992 Indian Standard Non-destructive testing of concrete - Methods
of test Part 1 ultrasonic pulse velocity
[34] Guo Li Jiang Yue Chenhao Guo Yongsheng Ji Influences of modified nanoparticles on
hydrophobicity of concrete with organic film coating Journal Elsevier Construction and
Building Materials 169 (2018) 1ndash7
[35] C Esposito Corcione R Striani C Caponec M Molfetta S Vendetta M Frigione
Preliminary study of the application of a novel hydrophobic photopolymerizable nano-
structured coating on concrete substrates Journal Elsevier Progress in Organic Coatings
121 (2018) 182ndash189
[36] MUM Junaidi NNR Ahmad CP Leo HM Yee Near superhydrophobic coating
synthesized from rice husk ash Anti-fouling evaluation Journal Elsevier Progress in
Organic Coatings 99 (2016) 140ndash146
[37] Chao Peng Pengxu Chen Zhanping You Songtao Lv Ran Zhang Fang Xu Hao Zhang
Hanlin Chen Effect of silane coupling agent on improving the adhesive properties
between asphalt binder and aggregates Journal Elsevier Construction and Building
Materials 169 (2018) 591ndash600
[38] Shashi B Atla Yi-Hsun Huang James Yang How-Ji Chen Yi-Hao Kuo Chun-Mei Hsu
Wen-Chien Lee Chien-Cheng Chen Duen-Wei Hsu Chien-Yen Chen Hydrophobic
Calcium Carbonate for Cement Surface Crystals (2017) Vol7 pp 371-380
[39] Rosa Di Mundo Andrea Petrella Michele Notarnicola Surface and bulk hydrophobic
cement composites by tyre rubber addition Journal Elsevier Construction and Building
Materials 172 (2018) 176ndash184
[40] Irene Izarra Jose Cubillo Angel Serrano Juan Francisco Rodriguez Manuel Carmona A
hydrophobic release agent containing SiO2-CH3 submicron-sized particles for
waterproofing mortar structures Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials
199 (2019) 30ndash39
Page 9
An Experimental Investigation on Superhydrophobic Coating Using Nano-GGBS on Cement Mortar
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1979 editoriaemecom
Figure 7 Graph representing the rate of water absorption of the samples after 48hrs of immersion in water
Figure 8 Rate of capillary uptake of water plotted against square root of time
Table 5 Methods of Fabrication and WCA reported in literatures
Author Repellent Material Roughness
Material Method Ɵ
Ref
Ilaria Alfieri et
al
Fuoroalkyl-functional
water-borne oligosiloxane SiO2 hybrid sols
Coating by
deposition
147deg plusmn
3deg [14]
Guo Li et al Silane coupling agent
KH-570
TiO2
nanoparticles
Organic film
coating 873deg [34]
C Esposito
Corcione et al Silane amp siloxane
Silica nano-
particles Brush coating
1271deg plusmn
21deg [35]
MUM Junaidi
et al
1H1H2H2H
perfluorodecyltriethoxysilan
e
Rice husk ash Spray coating 1442deg [36]
Chao Peng et al Silane coupling agent - Impregnated
for 30mins
107degplusmn
02deg [37]
Shashi B Atla
et al Sodium stearate CaCO3 particles
Via
carbonation 129deg [38]
Rosa Di Mundo
et al Tyre rubber Tyre rubber
Replacement
of sand ~125deg [39]
Irene Izarra et al Tetraethyl orthosilicate and
Methyltriethoxysilane
SiO2-CH3
submicron-sized
particles
Cast in
impregnated
mould
gt145deg [40]
Jeya Sheema et
al Isobutyltriethoxysilane GGBS particles Spray coating 1522deg
Present
study
1175
451
175 109
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
C-1 B-1 S-1 I-1
Ab
sorp
tio
n
Water absorption
0
005
01
015
02
025
0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600
Wa
ter
up
tak
e I
(m
m)
Time05 (radics)
Sorptivity
C-1
B-1
S-1
I-1
Jeya Sheema J and Prabavathy S
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1980 editoriaemecom
5 CONCLUSIONS
The superhydrophobic coating for cement composite surfaces was created effectively utilizing
GGBS powder and isobutyltriethoxysilane The spray coated surfaces exhibited
superhydrophobic nature comparing with the other samples with a water contact angle of
1522deg and when tilted the droplets rolled off Comparing to the conventional mortar the
coated mortar specimens showed up to 90 of reduced water absorption All the coated
samples produced good resistance towards vertical uptake of water Among them the
impregnated and spray coated samples were found to produce least capillary uptake of water
A reduced surface porosity of the coated specimens was proved from the faster travelling
ultrasonic waves through these samples
The overall performance of the impregnated samples are notably higher in water
absorption and ultrasonic pulse velocity tests with 109 and 511 kms respectively though
it had lesser contact angle of 1227deg Since the depth of penetration of the silane coating was
greater in case of impregnated specimens they produced enhanced results compared to other
surface treated specimens
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I sincerely thank the Principal and Department of Civil Engineering at Mepco Schlenk
Engineering College for the support and guidance throughout this work
REFERENCES
[1] Jinlong Song Danyang Zhao Zhengjin Han Wei Xu Yao Lu Xin Liu Bo Liu Clarie J
Carmalt Xu Deng Ivan P Parkin Super-robust and super hydrophobic concrete J Mater
Chem A Materials for energy and sustainability Volume 5 Number 28 July 2017 Pages
14447ndash14932
[2] Hong S Wong Robert Barakat Abdulla Alhilali Mohamed Saleh Christopher R
Cheeseman Hydrophobic concrete using waste paper sludge ash Journal Elsevier
Cement and Concrete Research 70 (2015)9ndash20
[3] Xiao Xue Yanwen Li Zhuo Yang Zhongyu He Jian-Guo Dai Lijin Xu Weidong
Zhang A systematic investigation of the waterproofing performance and chloride
resistance of a self-developed waterborne silane-based hydrophobic agent for mortar and
concrete Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 155 (2017) 939ndash946
[4] Sandro Weisheit Seraphin Hubert Unterberger Tobias Bader Roman Lackner
Assessment of test methods for characterizing the hydrophobic nature of surface-treated
High Performance Concrete Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 110
(2016) 145ndash153
[5] AGeetha PPerumal Effect of Waterproofing Admixtures on the Flexural Strength and
Corrosion Resistance of Concrete Springer J Inst Eng India Ser A (2012) 93(1)73ndash78
[6] A Sivasankar S Arul Xavier Stango R Vedalakshmi Quantitative estimation on
delaying of onset of corrosion of rebar in surface treated concrete using sealers Ain
Shams Engineering Journal (2013) 4 615ndash623
[7] Kenneth Mak Colin MacDougall Amir Fam Freeze-Thaw Performance of On-Site
Manufactured Compressed Earth Blocks Effect of Water Repellent and Other Additives
ASCE J Mater Civ Eng 2016 28(7) 04016034
[8] Peng Liu Chuanfa Feng Fazhou Wang Yining Gao Jin Yang Wenqin Zhang Lu Yang
Hydrophobic and water-resisting behavior of Portland cement incorporated by oleic acid
modified fly ash Rilem Materials and Structures (2018) 5138
[9] H Husni MR Nazari HM Yee R Rohim A Yusuff Mohd Azahar Mohd Ariff
NNR Ahmad CP Leo MUM Junaidi Superhydrophobic rice husk ash coating on
concrete Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 144 (2017) 385ndash391
An Experimental Investigation on Superhydrophobic Coating Using Nano-GGBS on Cement Mortar
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1981 editoriaemecom
[10] Jun Zhang Xingzhong Weng Le Jiang Bohan Yang Junzhong Liu Frost Resistance of
Concrete Reinforced Using Surface-Strengthening Materials in Airport Pavements ASCE
J Mater Civ Eng 2018 30(3) 04018006
[11] MJ Al-Kheetan MM Rahman DA Chamberlain Influence of Crystalline Admixture
on Fresh Concrete to Develop Hydrophobicity Presented at 96th Annual Meeting of the
Transportation Research Board No 11-02487 Washington DC 2017
[12] Mazen J Al-Kheetan Mujib M Rahman Denis A Chamberlain A novel approach of
introducing crystalline protection material and curing agent in fresh concrete for
enhancing hydrophobicity Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 160
(2018) 644ndash652
[13] M Medeiros P Helene Efficacy of surface hydrophobic agents in reducing water and
chloride ion penetration in concrete Rilem Materials and Structures (2008) 4159ndash71
[14] Ilaria Alfieri Andrea Lorenzi Luca Ranzenigo Laura Lazzarini Giovanni Predieri Pier
Paolo Lottici Synthesis and characterization of photocatalytic hydrophobic hybrid TiO2-
SiO2 coatings for building applications Journal Elsevier Building and Environment 111
(2017) 72ndash 79
[15] Xu Gui-Long Deng Changyun Liang Yun Pi Pi-hui Hu Jian Yang Zhuoru Preparation
and Characterization of Raspberry-like SiO2 Particles by the Sol-gel Method
Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Vol 1 No1 79-83 2011
[16] Abraham Marmur The Lotus effect superhydrophobicity and metastability Langmuir
Lett 20(9) pp 3517-3519
[17] Yansheng Zheng Yi He Yongquan Qing Chuanbo Hu Qian Mo Preparation of
superhydrophobic coating using modified CaCO3 Journal Elsevier Applied Surface
Science 265 (2013) 532ndash 536
[18] Mingming Liu Yuanyuan Hou Jing Li Lu Tie Zhiguang Guo An all-water-based
system for robust superhydrophobic surfaces Journal Elsevier Journal of Colloid and
Interface Science 519 (2018) 130ndash136
[19] Minzhen Zhong Ying Zhang Xiangqi Li Xiao Wu Facile fabrication of durable
superhydrophobic silica epoxy resin coatings with compatible transparency and stability
Surface amp Coatings Technology httpsdoi101016jsurfcoat201804063
[20] SH Liu SS Latthe HT Yang BS Liu RM Xing Raspberry-like superhydrophobic
silica coatings with self-cleaning properties Ceram Int 41 (2015) 11719-11725
[21] John T Simpson Scott R Hunter Tolga Aytug Superhydrophobic materials and coatings
a review Reports on Progress in Physics 78 (2015) 086501_14pp
[22] Jenberu L Feyyisa John L Daniels Miguel A Pando Contact Angle Measurements for
Use in Specifying Organosilane-Modified Coal Combustion Fly Ash ASCE J Mater
Civ Eng 2017 29(9) 04017096
[23] Wonjae Choi Anish Tuteja Joseph M Mabry Robert E Cohen Gareth H McKinley A
modified CassiendashBaxter relationship to explain contact angle hysteresis and anisotropy on
non-wetting textured surfaces Journal Elsevier Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
339 (2009) 208ndash216
[24] Cloeacute Desmet Andrea Valsesia Arianna Oddo Giacomo Ceccone Valentina Spampinato
Franccedilois Rossi Pascal Colpo Characterisation of nanomaterial hydrophobicity using
engineered surfaces Springer J Nanopart Res (2017) 19 117
[25] Scott Muzenski Ismael Flores-Vivian Konstantin Sobolev Hydrophobic engineered
cementitious composites for highway applications Journal Elsevier Cement amp Concrete
Composites 57 (2015) 68ndash74
[26] Min-Hwan Kim Hisuk Kim Kwan-Soo Lee Dong Rip Kim Frosting characteristics on
hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces A review Journal Elsevier Energy
Conversion and Management 138 (2017) 1ndash11
Jeya Sheema J and Prabavathy S
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1982 editoriaemecom
[27] Xinshu Zou Chaoyou Tao Ke Yang Fan Yang Haibing Lv Lianghong Yan Hongwei
Yan Yuan Li Yongyong Xie Xiaodong Yuan Lin Zhang Rational design and
fabrication of highly transparent flexible and thermally stable superhydrophobic coatings
from raspberry-like hollow silica nanoparticles Journal Elsevier Applied Surface Science
440 (2018) 700ndash711
[28] Violeta Purcar Otilia Cinteza Marius Ghiurea Adriana Balan Simona Caprarescu Dan
Donescu Influence of hydrophobic characteristic of organo-modified precursor on
wettability of silica film Bull Mater Sci Vol 37 No 1(2014) pp 107ndash115
[29] Xu Qiang Zhan Shulin Xu Bingzheng Yang Hui Qian Xiaoqian Ding Xiaofu Effect of
Isobutyl-triethoxy-silane Penetrative Protective Agent on the Carbonation Resistance of
Concrete Journal of Wuhan University of Technology Vol31 No1 (2016) pp139-
145
[30] Ali Arabzadeh Halili Ceylan Sunghwan Kim Kasthurirangan Gopalakrishnan Alireza
Sassani Sriram Sundararajan Peter C Taylor Superhydrophobic coatings on Portland
cement concrete surfaces Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 141
(2017) 393ndash401
[31] ASTM C_642 13 Standard Test Method for Density Absorption and Voids in Hardened
Concrete American Society for Testing and Materials
[32] ASTM C_1585 Standard Test Method for Measurement of Rate of Absorption of Water
by Hydraulic-Cement Concretes American Society for Testing and Materials
[33] IS 13311 (Part 1) ndash 1992 Indian Standard Non-destructive testing of concrete - Methods
of test Part 1 ultrasonic pulse velocity
[34] Guo Li Jiang Yue Chenhao Guo Yongsheng Ji Influences of modified nanoparticles on
hydrophobicity of concrete with organic film coating Journal Elsevier Construction and
Building Materials 169 (2018) 1ndash7
[35] C Esposito Corcione R Striani C Caponec M Molfetta S Vendetta M Frigione
Preliminary study of the application of a novel hydrophobic photopolymerizable nano-
structured coating on concrete substrates Journal Elsevier Progress in Organic Coatings
121 (2018) 182ndash189
[36] MUM Junaidi NNR Ahmad CP Leo HM Yee Near superhydrophobic coating
synthesized from rice husk ash Anti-fouling evaluation Journal Elsevier Progress in
Organic Coatings 99 (2016) 140ndash146
[37] Chao Peng Pengxu Chen Zhanping You Songtao Lv Ran Zhang Fang Xu Hao Zhang
Hanlin Chen Effect of silane coupling agent on improving the adhesive properties
between asphalt binder and aggregates Journal Elsevier Construction and Building
Materials 169 (2018) 591ndash600
[38] Shashi B Atla Yi-Hsun Huang James Yang How-Ji Chen Yi-Hao Kuo Chun-Mei Hsu
Wen-Chien Lee Chien-Cheng Chen Duen-Wei Hsu Chien-Yen Chen Hydrophobic
Calcium Carbonate for Cement Surface Crystals (2017) Vol7 pp 371-380
[39] Rosa Di Mundo Andrea Petrella Michele Notarnicola Surface and bulk hydrophobic
cement composites by tyre rubber addition Journal Elsevier Construction and Building
Materials 172 (2018) 176ndash184
[40] Irene Izarra Jose Cubillo Angel Serrano Juan Francisco Rodriguez Manuel Carmona A
hydrophobic release agent containing SiO2-CH3 submicron-sized particles for
waterproofing mortar structures Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials
199 (2019) 30ndash39
Page 10
Jeya Sheema J and Prabavathy S
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1980 editoriaemecom
5 CONCLUSIONS
The superhydrophobic coating for cement composite surfaces was created effectively utilizing
GGBS powder and isobutyltriethoxysilane The spray coated surfaces exhibited
superhydrophobic nature comparing with the other samples with a water contact angle of
1522deg and when tilted the droplets rolled off Comparing to the conventional mortar the
coated mortar specimens showed up to 90 of reduced water absorption All the coated
samples produced good resistance towards vertical uptake of water Among them the
impregnated and spray coated samples were found to produce least capillary uptake of water
A reduced surface porosity of the coated specimens was proved from the faster travelling
ultrasonic waves through these samples
The overall performance of the impregnated samples are notably higher in water
absorption and ultrasonic pulse velocity tests with 109 and 511 kms respectively though
it had lesser contact angle of 1227deg Since the depth of penetration of the silane coating was
greater in case of impregnated specimens they produced enhanced results compared to other
surface treated specimens
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I sincerely thank the Principal and Department of Civil Engineering at Mepco Schlenk
Engineering College for the support and guidance throughout this work
REFERENCES
[1] Jinlong Song Danyang Zhao Zhengjin Han Wei Xu Yao Lu Xin Liu Bo Liu Clarie J
Carmalt Xu Deng Ivan P Parkin Super-robust and super hydrophobic concrete J Mater
Chem A Materials for energy and sustainability Volume 5 Number 28 July 2017 Pages
14447ndash14932
[2] Hong S Wong Robert Barakat Abdulla Alhilali Mohamed Saleh Christopher R
Cheeseman Hydrophobic concrete using waste paper sludge ash Journal Elsevier
Cement and Concrete Research 70 (2015)9ndash20
[3] Xiao Xue Yanwen Li Zhuo Yang Zhongyu He Jian-Guo Dai Lijin Xu Weidong
Zhang A systematic investigation of the waterproofing performance and chloride
resistance of a self-developed waterborne silane-based hydrophobic agent for mortar and
concrete Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 155 (2017) 939ndash946
[4] Sandro Weisheit Seraphin Hubert Unterberger Tobias Bader Roman Lackner
Assessment of test methods for characterizing the hydrophobic nature of surface-treated
High Performance Concrete Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 110
(2016) 145ndash153
[5] AGeetha PPerumal Effect of Waterproofing Admixtures on the Flexural Strength and
Corrosion Resistance of Concrete Springer J Inst Eng India Ser A (2012) 93(1)73ndash78
[6] A Sivasankar S Arul Xavier Stango R Vedalakshmi Quantitative estimation on
delaying of onset of corrosion of rebar in surface treated concrete using sealers Ain
Shams Engineering Journal (2013) 4 615ndash623
[7] Kenneth Mak Colin MacDougall Amir Fam Freeze-Thaw Performance of On-Site
Manufactured Compressed Earth Blocks Effect of Water Repellent and Other Additives
ASCE J Mater Civ Eng 2016 28(7) 04016034
[8] Peng Liu Chuanfa Feng Fazhou Wang Yining Gao Jin Yang Wenqin Zhang Lu Yang
Hydrophobic and water-resisting behavior of Portland cement incorporated by oleic acid
modified fly ash Rilem Materials and Structures (2018) 5138
[9] H Husni MR Nazari HM Yee R Rohim A Yusuff Mohd Azahar Mohd Ariff
NNR Ahmad CP Leo MUM Junaidi Superhydrophobic rice husk ash coating on
concrete Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 144 (2017) 385ndash391
An Experimental Investigation on Superhydrophobic Coating Using Nano-GGBS on Cement Mortar
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1981 editoriaemecom
[10] Jun Zhang Xingzhong Weng Le Jiang Bohan Yang Junzhong Liu Frost Resistance of
Concrete Reinforced Using Surface-Strengthening Materials in Airport Pavements ASCE
J Mater Civ Eng 2018 30(3) 04018006
[11] MJ Al-Kheetan MM Rahman DA Chamberlain Influence of Crystalline Admixture
on Fresh Concrete to Develop Hydrophobicity Presented at 96th Annual Meeting of the
Transportation Research Board No 11-02487 Washington DC 2017
[12] Mazen J Al-Kheetan Mujib M Rahman Denis A Chamberlain A novel approach of
introducing crystalline protection material and curing agent in fresh concrete for
enhancing hydrophobicity Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 160
(2018) 644ndash652
[13] M Medeiros P Helene Efficacy of surface hydrophobic agents in reducing water and
chloride ion penetration in concrete Rilem Materials and Structures (2008) 4159ndash71
[14] Ilaria Alfieri Andrea Lorenzi Luca Ranzenigo Laura Lazzarini Giovanni Predieri Pier
Paolo Lottici Synthesis and characterization of photocatalytic hydrophobic hybrid TiO2-
SiO2 coatings for building applications Journal Elsevier Building and Environment 111
(2017) 72ndash 79
[15] Xu Gui-Long Deng Changyun Liang Yun Pi Pi-hui Hu Jian Yang Zhuoru Preparation
and Characterization of Raspberry-like SiO2 Particles by the Sol-gel Method
Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Vol 1 No1 79-83 2011
[16] Abraham Marmur The Lotus effect superhydrophobicity and metastability Langmuir
Lett 20(9) pp 3517-3519
[17] Yansheng Zheng Yi He Yongquan Qing Chuanbo Hu Qian Mo Preparation of
superhydrophobic coating using modified CaCO3 Journal Elsevier Applied Surface
Science 265 (2013) 532ndash 536
[18] Mingming Liu Yuanyuan Hou Jing Li Lu Tie Zhiguang Guo An all-water-based
system for robust superhydrophobic surfaces Journal Elsevier Journal of Colloid and
Interface Science 519 (2018) 130ndash136
[19] Minzhen Zhong Ying Zhang Xiangqi Li Xiao Wu Facile fabrication of durable
superhydrophobic silica epoxy resin coatings with compatible transparency and stability
Surface amp Coatings Technology httpsdoi101016jsurfcoat201804063
[20] SH Liu SS Latthe HT Yang BS Liu RM Xing Raspberry-like superhydrophobic
silica coatings with self-cleaning properties Ceram Int 41 (2015) 11719-11725
[21] John T Simpson Scott R Hunter Tolga Aytug Superhydrophobic materials and coatings
a review Reports on Progress in Physics 78 (2015) 086501_14pp
[22] Jenberu L Feyyisa John L Daniels Miguel A Pando Contact Angle Measurements for
Use in Specifying Organosilane-Modified Coal Combustion Fly Ash ASCE J Mater
Civ Eng 2017 29(9) 04017096
[23] Wonjae Choi Anish Tuteja Joseph M Mabry Robert E Cohen Gareth H McKinley A
modified CassiendashBaxter relationship to explain contact angle hysteresis and anisotropy on
non-wetting textured surfaces Journal Elsevier Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
339 (2009) 208ndash216
[24] Cloeacute Desmet Andrea Valsesia Arianna Oddo Giacomo Ceccone Valentina Spampinato
Franccedilois Rossi Pascal Colpo Characterisation of nanomaterial hydrophobicity using
engineered surfaces Springer J Nanopart Res (2017) 19 117
[25] Scott Muzenski Ismael Flores-Vivian Konstantin Sobolev Hydrophobic engineered
cementitious composites for highway applications Journal Elsevier Cement amp Concrete
Composites 57 (2015) 68ndash74
[26] Min-Hwan Kim Hisuk Kim Kwan-Soo Lee Dong Rip Kim Frosting characteristics on
hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces A review Journal Elsevier Energy
Conversion and Management 138 (2017) 1ndash11
Jeya Sheema J and Prabavathy S
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1982 editoriaemecom
[27] Xinshu Zou Chaoyou Tao Ke Yang Fan Yang Haibing Lv Lianghong Yan Hongwei
Yan Yuan Li Yongyong Xie Xiaodong Yuan Lin Zhang Rational design and
fabrication of highly transparent flexible and thermally stable superhydrophobic coatings
from raspberry-like hollow silica nanoparticles Journal Elsevier Applied Surface Science
440 (2018) 700ndash711
[28] Violeta Purcar Otilia Cinteza Marius Ghiurea Adriana Balan Simona Caprarescu Dan
Donescu Influence of hydrophobic characteristic of organo-modified precursor on
wettability of silica film Bull Mater Sci Vol 37 No 1(2014) pp 107ndash115
[29] Xu Qiang Zhan Shulin Xu Bingzheng Yang Hui Qian Xiaoqian Ding Xiaofu Effect of
Isobutyl-triethoxy-silane Penetrative Protective Agent on the Carbonation Resistance of
Concrete Journal of Wuhan University of Technology Vol31 No1 (2016) pp139-
145
[30] Ali Arabzadeh Halili Ceylan Sunghwan Kim Kasthurirangan Gopalakrishnan Alireza
Sassani Sriram Sundararajan Peter C Taylor Superhydrophobic coatings on Portland
cement concrete surfaces Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 141
(2017) 393ndash401
[31] ASTM C_642 13 Standard Test Method for Density Absorption and Voids in Hardened
Concrete American Society for Testing and Materials
[32] ASTM C_1585 Standard Test Method for Measurement of Rate of Absorption of Water
by Hydraulic-Cement Concretes American Society for Testing and Materials
[33] IS 13311 (Part 1) ndash 1992 Indian Standard Non-destructive testing of concrete - Methods
of test Part 1 ultrasonic pulse velocity
[34] Guo Li Jiang Yue Chenhao Guo Yongsheng Ji Influences of modified nanoparticles on
hydrophobicity of concrete with organic film coating Journal Elsevier Construction and
Building Materials 169 (2018) 1ndash7
[35] C Esposito Corcione R Striani C Caponec M Molfetta S Vendetta M Frigione
Preliminary study of the application of a novel hydrophobic photopolymerizable nano-
structured coating on concrete substrates Journal Elsevier Progress in Organic Coatings
121 (2018) 182ndash189
[36] MUM Junaidi NNR Ahmad CP Leo HM Yee Near superhydrophobic coating
synthesized from rice husk ash Anti-fouling evaluation Journal Elsevier Progress in
Organic Coatings 99 (2016) 140ndash146
[37] Chao Peng Pengxu Chen Zhanping You Songtao Lv Ran Zhang Fang Xu Hao Zhang
Hanlin Chen Effect of silane coupling agent on improving the adhesive properties
between asphalt binder and aggregates Journal Elsevier Construction and Building
Materials 169 (2018) 591ndash600
[38] Shashi B Atla Yi-Hsun Huang James Yang How-Ji Chen Yi-Hao Kuo Chun-Mei Hsu
Wen-Chien Lee Chien-Cheng Chen Duen-Wei Hsu Chien-Yen Chen Hydrophobic
Calcium Carbonate for Cement Surface Crystals (2017) Vol7 pp 371-380
[39] Rosa Di Mundo Andrea Petrella Michele Notarnicola Surface and bulk hydrophobic
cement composites by tyre rubber addition Journal Elsevier Construction and Building
Materials 172 (2018) 176ndash184
[40] Irene Izarra Jose Cubillo Angel Serrano Juan Francisco Rodriguez Manuel Carmona A
hydrophobic release agent containing SiO2-CH3 submicron-sized particles for
waterproofing mortar structures Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials
199 (2019) 30ndash39
Page 11
An Experimental Investigation on Superhydrophobic Coating Using Nano-GGBS on Cement Mortar
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1981 editoriaemecom
[10] Jun Zhang Xingzhong Weng Le Jiang Bohan Yang Junzhong Liu Frost Resistance of
Concrete Reinforced Using Surface-Strengthening Materials in Airport Pavements ASCE
J Mater Civ Eng 2018 30(3) 04018006
[11] MJ Al-Kheetan MM Rahman DA Chamberlain Influence of Crystalline Admixture
on Fresh Concrete to Develop Hydrophobicity Presented at 96th Annual Meeting of the
Transportation Research Board No 11-02487 Washington DC 2017
[12] Mazen J Al-Kheetan Mujib M Rahman Denis A Chamberlain A novel approach of
introducing crystalline protection material and curing agent in fresh concrete for
enhancing hydrophobicity Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 160
(2018) 644ndash652
[13] M Medeiros P Helene Efficacy of surface hydrophobic agents in reducing water and
chloride ion penetration in concrete Rilem Materials and Structures (2008) 4159ndash71
[14] Ilaria Alfieri Andrea Lorenzi Luca Ranzenigo Laura Lazzarini Giovanni Predieri Pier
Paolo Lottici Synthesis and characterization of photocatalytic hydrophobic hybrid TiO2-
SiO2 coatings for building applications Journal Elsevier Building and Environment 111
(2017) 72ndash 79
[15] Xu Gui-Long Deng Changyun Liang Yun Pi Pi-hui Hu Jian Yang Zhuoru Preparation
and Characterization of Raspberry-like SiO2 Particles by the Sol-gel Method
Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Vol 1 No1 79-83 2011
[16] Abraham Marmur The Lotus effect superhydrophobicity and metastability Langmuir
Lett 20(9) pp 3517-3519
[17] Yansheng Zheng Yi He Yongquan Qing Chuanbo Hu Qian Mo Preparation of
superhydrophobic coating using modified CaCO3 Journal Elsevier Applied Surface
Science 265 (2013) 532ndash 536
[18] Mingming Liu Yuanyuan Hou Jing Li Lu Tie Zhiguang Guo An all-water-based
system for robust superhydrophobic surfaces Journal Elsevier Journal of Colloid and
Interface Science 519 (2018) 130ndash136
[19] Minzhen Zhong Ying Zhang Xiangqi Li Xiao Wu Facile fabrication of durable
superhydrophobic silica epoxy resin coatings with compatible transparency and stability
Surface amp Coatings Technology httpsdoi101016jsurfcoat201804063
[20] SH Liu SS Latthe HT Yang BS Liu RM Xing Raspberry-like superhydrophobic
silica coatings with self-cleaning properties Ceram Int 41 (2015) 11719-11725
[21] John T Simpson Scott R Hunter Tolga Aytug Superhydrophobic materials and coatings
a review Reports on Progress in Physics 78 (2015) 086501_14pp
[22] Jenberu L Feyyisa John L Daniels Miguel A Pando Contact Angle Measurements for
Use in Specifying Organosilane-Modified Coal Combustion Fly Ash ASCE J Mater
Civ Eng 2017 29(9) 04017096
[23] Wonjae Choi Anish Tuteja Joseph M Mabry Robert E Cohen Gareth H McKinley A
modified CassiendashBaxter relationship to explain contact angle hysteresis and anisotropy on
non-wetting textured surfaces Journal Elsevier Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
339 (2009) 208ndash216
[24] Cloeacute Desmet Andrea Valsesia Arianna Oddo Giacomo Ceccone Valentina Spampinato
Franccedilois Rossi Pascal Colpo Characterisation of nanomaterial hydrophobicity using
engineered surfaces Springer J Nanopart Res (2017) 19 117
[25] Scott Muzenski Ismael Flores-Vivian Konstantin Sobolev Hydrophobic engineered
cementitious composites for highway applications Journal Elsevier Cement amp Concrete
Composites 57 (2015) 68ndash74
[26] Min-Hwan Kim Hisuk Kim Kwan-Soo Lee Dong Rip Kim Frosting characteristics on
hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces A review Journal Elsevier Energy
Conversion and Management 138 (2017) 1ndash11
Jeya Sheema J and Prabavathy S
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1982 editoriaemecom
[27] Xinshu Zou Chaoyou Tao Ke Yang Fan Yang Haibing Lv Lianghong Yan Hongwei
Yan Yuan Li Yongyong Xie Xiaodong Yuan Lin Zhang Rational design and
fabrication of highly transparent flexible and thermally stable superhydrophobic coatings
from raspberry-like hollow silica nanoparticles Journal Elsevier Applied Surface Science
440 (2018) 700ndash711
[28] Violeta Purcar Otilia Cinteza Marius Ghiurea Adriana Balan Simona Caprarescu Dan
Donescu Influence of hydrophobic characteristic of organo-modified precursor on
wettability of silica film Bull Mater Sci Vol 37 No 1(2014) pp 107ndash115
[29] Xu Qiang Zhan Shulin Xu Bingzheng Yang Hui Qian Xiaoqian Ding Xiaofu Effect of
Isobutyl-triethoxy-silane Penetrative Protective Agent on the Carbonation Resistance of
Concrete Journal of Wuhan University of Technology Vol31 No1 (2016) pp139-
145
[30] Ali Arabzadeh Halili Ceylan Sunghwan Kim Kasthurirangan Gopalakrishnan Alireza
Sassani Sriram Sundararajan Peter C Taylor Superhydrophobic coatings on Portland
cement concrete surfaces Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 141
(2017) 393ndash401
[31] ASTM C_642 13 Standard Test Method for Density Absorption and Voids in Hardened
Concrete American Society for Testing and Materials
[32] ASTM C_1585 Standard Test Method for Measurement of Rate of Absorption of Water
by Hydraulic-Cement Concretes American Society for Testing and Materials
[33] IS 13311 (Part 1) ndash 1992 Indian Standard Non-destructive testing of concrete - Methods
of test Part 1 ultrasonic pulse velocity
[34] Guo Li Jiang Yue Chenhao Guo Yongsheng Ji Influences of modified nanoparticles on
hydrophobicity of concrete with organic film coating Journal Elsevier Construction and
Building Materials 169 (2018) 1ndash7
[35] C Esposito Corcione R Striani C Caponec M Molfetta S Vendetta M Frigione
Preliminary study of the application of a novel hydrophobic photopolymerizable nano-
structured coating on concrete substrates Journal Elsevier Progress in Organic Coatings
121 (2018) 182ndash189
[36] MUM Junaidi NNR Ahmad CP Leo HM Yee Near superhydrophobic coating
synthesized from rice husk ash Anti-fouling evaluation Journal Elsevier Progress in
Organic Coatings 99 (2016) 140ndash146
[37] Chao Peng Pengxu Chen Zhanping You Songtao Lv Ran Zhang Fang Xu Hao Zhang
Hanlin Chen Effect of silane coupling agent on improving the adhesive properties
between asphalt binder and aggregates Journal Elsevier Construction and Building
Materials 169 (2018) 591ndash600
[38] Shashi B Atla Yi-Hsun Huang James Yang How-Ji Chen Yi-Hao Kuo Chun-Mei Hsu
Wen-Chien Lee Chien-Cheng Chen Duen-Wei Hsu Chien-Yen Chen Hydrophobic
Calcium Carbonate for Cement Surface Crystals (2017) Vol7 pp 371-380
[39] Rosa Di Mundo Andrea Petrella Michele Notarnicola Surface and bulk hydrophobic
cement composites by tyre rubber addition Journal Elsevier Construction and Building
Materials 172 (2018) 176ndash184
[40] Irene Izarra Jose Cubillo Angel Serrano Juan Francisco Rodriguez Manuel Carmona A
hydrophobic release agent containing SiO2-CH3 submicron-sized particles for
waterproofing mortar structures Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials
199 (2019) 30ndash39
Page 12
Jeya Sheema J and Prabavathy S
httpwwwiaemecomIJCIETindexasp 1982 editoriaemecom
[27] Xinshu Zou Chaoyou Tao Ke Yang Fan Yang Haibing Lv Lianghong Yan Hongwei
Yan Yuan Li Yongyong Xie Xiaodong Yuan Lin Zhang Rational design and
fabrication of highly transparent flexible and thermally stable superhydrophobic coatings
from raspberry-like hollow silica nanoparticles Journal Elsevier Applied Surface Science
440 (2018) 700ndash711
[28] Violeta Purcar Otilia Cinteza Marius Ghiurea Adriana Balan Simona Caprarescu Dan
Donescu Influence of hydrophobic characteristic of organo-modified precursor on
wettability of silica film Bull Mater Sci Vol 37 No 1(2014) pp 107ndash115
[29] Xu Qiang Zhan Shulin Xu Bingzheng Yang Hui Qian Xiaoqian Ding Xiaofu Effect of
Isobutyl-triethoxy-silane Penetrative Protective Agent on the Carbonation Resistance of
Concrete Journal of Wuhan University of Technology Vol31 No1 (2016) pp139-
145
[30] Ali Arabzadeh Halili Ceylan Sunghwan Kim Kasthurirangan Gopalakrishnan Alireza
Sassani Sriram Sundararajan Peter C Taylor Superhydrophobic coatings on Portland
cement concrete surfaces Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials 141
(2017) 393ndash401
[31] ASTM C_642 13 Standard Test Method for Density Absorption and Voids in Hardened
Concrete American Society for Testing and Materials
[32] ASTM C_1585 Standard Test Method for Measurement of Rate of Absorption of Water
by Hydraulic-Cement Concretes American Society for Testing and Materials
[33] IS 13311 (Part 1) ndash 1992 Indian Standard Non-destructive testing of concrete - Methods
of test Part 1 ultrasonic pulse velocity
[34] Guo Li Jiang Yue Chenhao Guo Yongsheng Ji Influences of modified nanoparticles on
hydrophobicity of concrete with organic film coating Journal Elsevier Construction and
Building Materials 169 (2018) 1ndash7
[35] C Esposito Corcione R Striani C Caponec M Molfetta S Vendetta M Frigione
Preliminary study of the application of a novel hydrophobic photopolymerizable nano-
structured coating on concrete substrates Journal Elsevier Progress in Organic Coatings
121 (2018) 182ndash189
[36] MUM Junaidi NNR Ahmad CP Leo HM Yee Near superhydrophobic coating
synthesized from rice husk ash Anti-fouling evaluation Journal Elsevier Progress in
Organic Coatings 99 (2016) 140ndash146
[37] Chao Peng Pengxu Chen Zhanping You Songtao Lv Ran Zhang Fang Xu Hao Zhang
Hanlin Chen Effect of silane coupling agent on improving the adhesive properties
between asphalt binder and aggregates Journal Elsevier Construction and Building
Materials 169 (2018) 591ndash600
[38] Shashi B Atla Yi-Hsun Huang James Yang How-Ji Chen Yi-Hao Kuo Chun-Mei Hsu
Wen-Chien Lee Chien-Cheng Chen Duen-Wei Hsu Chien-Yen Chen Hydrophobic
Calcium Carbonate for Cement Surface Crystals (2017) Vol7 pp 371-380
[39] Rosa Di Mundo Andrea Petrella Michele Notarnicola Surface and bulk hydrophobic
cement composites by tyre rubber addition Journal Elsevier Construction and Building
Materials 172 (2018) 176ndash184
[40] Irene Izarra Jose Cubillo Angel Serrano Juan Francisco Rodriguez Manuel Carmona A
hydrophobic release agent containing SiO2-CH3 submicron-sized particles for
waterproofing mortar structures Journal Elsevier Construction and Building Materials
199 (2019) 30ndash39