An Evaluation of the ChicagoTeacher Advancement Program(Chicago TAP) After Four Years

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Cyc}w `}da wlj ez}}jkw uwzg" azel d` wlj j|ouwokh jpogjkej cmdzw wlj j``jewu d` WCY edaju`}da uo| }jyd}wu+ Wlj y}dh}ca gjpjbdyj}u lcpj edkgzewjg `dz} uwzgoju d` wljo} dxk y}dh}ca,Uelcewj} jw cb+ =99=" =9976 Udbadk jw cb+ =9986 Gcbj ckg Foa =939/6 dkj okgjyjkgjkw }jujc}elwjca edkgzewjg c uwzg zuokh uelddbu ok wxd zkkcajg uwcwju ,Uy}okhj} jw cb+ =99</" ckg ckzkgj}h}cgzcwj uwzgjkw x}dwj c wljuou dk WCY ,Lzgudk =939/ zuokh gcwc `}da wlj ucaj 39 uwcwjuuwzgojg m Gcbj ckg Foa+ Cbb d` wljuj uwzgoju xj}j szcuo!j|yj}oajkwcb" ajckokh wlcw wlj}jujc}elj}u }jbojg dk ujb`!ujbjewjg ucaybju d` WCY uelddbu ckg kdk!WCY uelddbu `d} wljo}edayc}oudku+ Wlj `zkgcajkwcb elcbbjkhj `d} y}dh}ca oaycew jpcbzcwodku ou wlcw zkajcuz}jg `cewd}ueck gjwj}aokj mdwl c uelddb‟u gjeouodk wd yc}woeoycwj ok WCY ,d} mj ujbjewjg m KOJW wd yc}woeoycwj/ckg wlj dzwedaju mjokh uwzgojg+ Xljk }jujc}elj}u edayc}j WCY ckg kdk!WCY uelddbu" wlj}j ou cgckhj} wlcw wljuj zkajcuz}jg `cewd}u xobb mj edk`dzkgjg xowl wlj w}zj oaycew" c y}dmbja fkdxk cuujbjewodk mocu+ Wlj uwzgoju jcel zujg go``j}jkw ajwldgu‗`d} j|caybj" uwcwouwoecb acwelokh‗wdcgg}juu wlou y}dmbja+

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Wlj ò}uw wxd KOJW uwzgoju ,Uelcewj} jw cb+ =99=" =997/ }jbojg dk edayc}oudk h}dzyu wlcw xj}juacbb" ujb`!ujbjewjg ucaybju+ Wlj ad}j }jejkw KOJW }jyd}w" m Udbadk jw cb+ ,=998/" okebzgju bc}hj}kzamj}u d` edayc}oudk uelddbu ckg wjcelj}u" c wdwcb d` 03 WCY ckg =<: kdk!WCY uelddbu ce}duuuo| uwcwju+ Cu ok wlj wxd jc}boj} }jyd}wu" wlj edayc}oudk uelddbu xj}j eldujk cu c edkpjkojkejucaybj d` uelddbu `}da dwlj} gouw}oewu wlcw ch}jjg wd uzyyb gcwc ckg ac kdw mj }jy}jujkwcwopj d` wlj dzwedaju wlcw WCY uelddbu xdzbg lcpj }jcbo~jg o` wlj lcg kdw cgdywjg wlj y}dh}ca+ Zuokh edayc}oudk uelddbu `}da go``j}jkw gouw}oewu edk`dzkgu gouw}oew go``j}jkeju xowl WCY j``jewu+Mjeczuj WCY uelddbu c}j ec}j`zbb ujbjewjg ckg wyoecbb pdbzkwjj} wd hd wl}dzhl wlj ack uwjyu}jszo}jg wd cgdyw wlj y}dh}ca" edayc}oudku xowl kdkujbjewjg uelddbu edzbg bjcg wd mocujg y}dh}caoaycew juwoacwju+ @d} j|caybj" uelddbu wlcw c}j cmbj wd cww}cew wlj `zkgokh }jszo}jg wd adzkw WCYac cb}jcg mj ad}j j``jewopj wlck uelddbu wlcw c}j kdw cmbj wd cww}cew uzel `zkgokh+ Uoaobc}b" cuelddb wlcw KOJW gjwj}aokju ou ‒}jcg‑ wd oaybjajkw WCY ac lcpj `cezbw ckg bjcgj}u ad}j xobbokh wd oay}dpj wlck c uelddb wlcw ou kdw }jcg wd oaybjajkw" ckg wlou gouyc}ow xdzbg cyyjc} cu cyduowopj go``j}jkej }jhc}gbjuu d` wlj w}zj oaycew d` WCY+ Jcel d` wlj KOJW!uydkud}jg }jyd}wu`dzkg jpogjkej d` lohl yj}ejkwchju d` WCY wjcelj}u ckg uelddbu dzwyj}`d}aokh wljo} edayc}oudkedzkwj}yc}wu+ Wlj uwzgoju gog kdw edayc}j wlj ajck dzwedaju `}da wlj uwzgjkw!bjpjb gcwc ud ow ouzkebjc} o` wlj }juzbwu dmwcokjg m chh}jhcwokh wd wlj uelddb bjpjb xdzbg cbud ldbg o` wlj }juzbwu lcgmjjk hjkj}cwjg m edzkwokh jpj} uwzgjkw d} wjcelj} jszcbb+

Uy}okhj} jw cb+ ,=99</ zujg c yckjb gcwc ujw d` acwl ued}ju `}da WCY ckg kdk!WCY uelddbu okwxd uwcwju ckg `dzkg yduowopj oaycewu `d} jbjajkwc} h}cgju mzw zkgjwjewcmbj d} kjhcwopj oaycewu`d} aoggbj ckg lohl uelddb h}cgju+ Oayd}wckwb" wlj Uy}okhj} jw cb+ }jyd}w y}jujkwu jpogjkej d` ujbjewodk j``jewu m j|yboeowb adgjbokh wlj y}dejuu d` cgdywokh WCY xowl ck d}gj}jg y}dmow adgjb+ Wlou }juzbw ou kdw uz}y}ouokh hopjk wlj ue}jjkokh ckg ujb`!ujbjewodk wlcw azuw wcfj ybcej `d} c uelddbwd cgdyw WCY+ Wd mjedaj c WCY uelddb" wlj `cezbw azuw pdwj wd cgdyw wlj y}dh}ca" zuzcbb azuw}couj uzmuwckwocb `zkgu wd òkckej wlj mdkzu yddb" ckg d`wjk azuw mj `dzkg xd}wl d` wlj okpjuwajkwm KOJW d} c uwcwj d} bdecb uydkud}+

Lzgudk }jbojg dk c ukwljwoe edkw}db h}dzy ajwldg" c ajwldg uoaobc} wd y}dyjkuow ued}jacwelokh" ok xloel jcel WCY uelddb xcu acweljg wd c xjohlwjg cpj}chj d` kdk!WCY uelddbu ok wljucaj uwcwj+ Wlj czwld} cbud zujg c go``j}jkej!ok!go``j}jkej adgjb" xloel edkw}dbbjg `d} wlj bdxj}cpj}chj wjuw ued}ju ok WCY uelddbu wd oudbcwj c WCY j``jew `}da wlj j``jew d` dwlj} pc}ocmbju wlcw gdkdw elckhj dpj} woaj+ Wlj uwzg `dzkg yduowopj j``jewu d` WCY dk acwl ued}ju" xowl j``jew uo~ju}ckhokh `}da 9+35 wd 9+=7 gjyjkgokh dk wlj adgjb+ ]jcgokh ued}j j``jew uo~ju }ckhjg `}da 9+9: ,kdwuwcwouwoecbb uohkoòeckw/ wd 9+35 ,uohkoòeckw/+

Wlj ez}}jkw uwzg" cmdzw xloel wxd jc}boj} }jyd}wu lcpj mjjk }jbjcujg ,Hbc~j}ack jw cb+ =99?6Hbc~j}ack ckg Ujo`zbbcl =939/" coau wd j|yckg wlou mdg d` fkdxbjghj m zuokh }ckgda cuuohkajkwajwldgu ckg `dezuokh dk c uokhbj gouw}oew‟u j|yj}ojkej oaybjajkwokh wlj WCY adgjb+ Oayd}wckwb"wlj kdk!WCY uelddbu cbb edaj `}da wlj ucaj gouw}oew cu wlj WCY uelddbu+


5

E+ Eloechd WCY ckg wlj Jpcbzcwodk

3+ ]jujc}el Szjuwodku

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3+ Ldx xcu wlj y}dh}ca oaybjajkwjg4

=+ Xlcw oaycew gog wlj y}dh}ca lcpj dk uwzgjkw celojpjajkw4

5+ Xlcw oaycew gog wlj y}dh}ca lcpj dk wjcelj} }jwjkwodk xowlok uelddbu4

Wlj ò}uw szjuwodk" cmdzw oaybjajkwcwodk" ou kjjgjg wd zkgj}uwckg wlj ckuxj}u wd wlj kj|w wxd"cmdzw oaycewu+ Xj hd dk wd cgg}juu uzmszjuwodku xowlok jcel d` wljuj c}jcu+ @d} j|caybj" xjj|ybd}j xljwlj} oaycewu h}dx bc}hj} dpj} woaj d} cu uelddbu hcok ad}j j|yj}ojkej xowl Eloechd WCY+ Xj cbud cgg}juu ajwldgdbdhoecb szjuwodku kjjgjg wd okwj}y}jw wlj oaycew juwoacwju+Uyjeoòecbb" cu j|ybcokjg mjbdx" xj j|ybdow wlj woaokh d` wlj }dbbdzw d` Eloechd WCY wd pcbogcwj wljuwcwouwoecb ajwldgu zujg wl}dzhldzw wlj oaycew ckcbuou+

=+ Wlj Y}dh}ca Zkgj} Uwzg

Wlj uelddb uuwja oaybjajkwjg Eloechd WCY cu c yobdw y}dh}ca okwjkgjg `d} 79 lohl!kjjguelddbu+ Wlj y}dh}ca mjhck ok 39 uelddbu ok `cbb =998 ,edld}w 3/ xowl c }dbbdzw ybck wd cgg 39 kjx Eloechd WCY uelddbu ok jcel jc} d` wlj WO@ h}ckw‟u `dz}!jc} oaybjajkwcwodk yj}odg+ Eloechd WCY xcu d}ohokcbb mcujg dk wlj kcwodkcb WCY adgjb" mzw ow acfju udaj bdecb cgcywcwodku+ @d} okuwckej"Eloechd WCY gjwj}aokju wlj edayjkucwodk hopjk wd wjcelj}u" ckg ow d``j}u yj}`d}ackej yc `d}y}okeoycbu ckg dwlj} uelddb uwc`` ok cggowodk wd wjcelj}u+

@d} yj}`d}aokh wljo} j|w}c gzwoju" ajkwd} wjcelj}u }jejopj ck cggowodkcb '8"999 yj} jc} ckgbjcg wjcelj}u ck cggowodkcb '3:"999+3

3 @d} wlj òkcb jc} d` y}dh}ca }dbbdzw" Eloechd WCY cggjg c ‒bjcg ybzu‑ yduowodk ok xloel c bjcg wjcelj} uzyyd}wu

wxd dwlj} Eloechd WCY uelddbu ok cggowodk wd lou d} lj} ldaj Eloechd WCY uelddb+ Bjcg ybzu wjcelj}u }jejopj ckcggowodkcb ':"999 yj} jc}" `d} c wdwcb uwoyjkg d` '=9"999+

Y}dh}ca gdezajkwu okgoecwj wlcw ok wlj ò}uw jc} d` oaybjajkwokh Eloechd WCY" wlj yddb `d} wjcelj} yj}`d}ackej mdkzuju xcu uzyydujg wd uzyyd}w ckcpj}chj mdkzu d` '="999 yj} wjcelj} mcujg dk pcbzj cggjg wd uwzgjkw celojpjajkw ckg dmuj}pjgebcuu}dda yj}`d}ackej ,Eloechd Mdc}g d` Jgzecwodk ckg Eloechd Wjcelj}u Zkodk =9986 EloechdYzmboe Jgzecwodk @zkg k+g+/+ Ok uzmujszjkw jc}u" wlj wc}hjw cpj}chj ycdzw xcu uzyydujg wd }ouj wd'7"999 yj} wjcelj}+ Xj uldx ok Elcywj} OOO wlcw ycdzwu xj}j bdxj} wlck wljuj okowocbb ybckkjgbjpjbu" xowl ck cpj}chj `d} aduw edld}wu d` cmdzw '3"399 ok wlj ò}uw jc} d` c uelddb‟uoaybjajkwcwodk" '=":99 ok wlj ujedkg ckg wlo}g jc}u" ckg '3"?99 ok wlj `dz}wl jc}+ Y}okeoycbu eckjc}k zy wd ':"999 jcel jc} mcujg dk wlj szcbow d` y}dh}ca oaybjajkwcwodk ckg uelddbxogj pcbzjcggjg+ Dwlj} uelddb uwc`` eck }jejopj zy wd ':99 ok wlj ò}uw jc} ckg '3"999 ok uzmujszjkw jc}umcujg dk uelddbxogj pcbzj cggjg+


7

5+ Uwzg Gjuohk ckg wlj Ez}}jkw ]jyd}w

Eloechd WCY y}dpogju c zkoszj dyyd}wzkow wd bjc}k cmdzw wlj oaycewu d` wlj ydyzbc} WCYadgjb cu cgcywjg ckg oaybjajkwjg ok c yc}woezbc} uelddb gouw}oew+ Wd cgg}juu ouuzju d` ujbjewodk mocu}coujg cmdpj" xj gjuohkjg c }ckgdao~jg j|yj}oajkw wd juwoacwj wlj oaycewu d` Eloechd WCY dkuwzgjkw ckg wjcelj} dzwedaju+ Uelddb d`òeocbu xld xckwjg wljo} uelddb wd oaybjajkw Eloechd WCYlcg wd uzmaow ck okowocb cyyboecwodk" ckg wlj ujbjewodk y}dejuu cbud okpdbpjg uowj pouowu m Eloechd WCY ckg EYU uwc``" c `cezbw pdwj ,xowl cw bjcuw 8: yj}ejkw cyy}dpcb/" ckg c uzeejuu`zb òkcbcyyboecwodk xowl }juydkuju wd juuc szjuwodku+ Uelddbu lcg wxd dyyd}wzkowoju wd cyyb `d} Eloechd WCY" dkj gz}okh wlj =990―=998 uelddb jc} ckg dkj gz}okh wlj =99<―=99? uelddb jc}+

Wlj j|yj}oajkwcb gjuohk" gouezuujg ok ad}j gjwcob ok wlj kj|w elcywj}" xcu oaybjajkwjg ok wxd}dzkgu" ed}}juydkgokh wd wlj wxd dyyd}wzkowoju `d} uelddbu wd cyyb wd Eloechd WCY+ D` wlj 30kdkelc}wj} jbjajkwc} uelddbu wlcw xjkw wl}dzhl wlou y}dejuu ckg xj}j ujbjewjg m gouw}oew d`òeocbucu òkcbouwu ok uy}okh =998" xj }ckgdab cuuohkjg johlw wd c w}jcwajkw h}dzy wlcw mjhck oaybjajkwokh Eloechd WCY ok =998―=99< ,edld}w 3/ ckg wlj dwlj} johlw wd c edkw}db h}dzy wlcw gjbcjgoaybjajkwcwodk zkwob =99<―=99? ,edld}w =/+ Ok uy}okh =99?" xj }ckgdab cuuohkjg c kjx h}dzy d` uzeejuu`zb Eloechd WCY cyyboeckw uelddbu" okebzgokh wlj elc}wj} uelddbu> johlw EYU jbjajkwc} uelddbu ckg dkj elc}wj} uelddb xj}j cuuohkjg wd oaybjajkw Eloechd WCY ok =99?―=939 ,edld}w 5/ckg ckdwlj} johlw EYU jbjajkwc} uelddbu ckg wlj dwlj} elc}wj} uelddb xj}j cuuohkjg wd oaybjajkwok wlj òkcb jc} d` wlj h}ckw y}dh}ca" =939―=933 ,edld}w 7/+ =

Wlj szcuo!j|yj}oajkwcb gjuohk" xloel ou cbud gouezuujg ok wlj kj|w elcywj}" }jboju dk acwelokh d` Eloechd WCY uelddbu wd kdk!WCY uelddbu+ Wlou cyy}dcel ou juyjeocbb y}daouokh ok Eloechdmjeczuj wlj boaowjg `zkgokh cpcobcmbj wd oaybjajkw wlj y}dh}ca ajckw wlcw wlj}j xcu c bc}hj yddb d` kdkyc}woeoycwokh uelddbu" ack d` xloel edzbg mj y}daouokh eckgogcwju `d} wlj y}dh}ca ckg ljkejacfj ‒hddg‑ acwelju+ Ow ou cbud y}daouokh ok wlou ujwwokh mjeczuj wlj dpj}bcy d` j|yj}oajkwcb ckgszcuo!j|yj}oajkwcb ucaybju ajcku wlcw xj eck pcbogcwj wlj acwelokh ajwldgu wd hczhj wlj j|wjkw wd xloel wlj acweljg edayc}oudk h}dzy }jyboecwju wlj j|yj}ojkej d` lcpokh c }ckgdao~jg edkw}dbh}dzy+ @okcbb" xj lcpj mcujbokj wjuw ued}j ckg wjcelj} wz}kdpj} gcwc wlcw cbbdx zu wd ecbezbcwjy}jokwj}pjkwodk ajcuz}ju d` wlj fj dzwedaju d` okwj}juw ckg zuj wlja wd juwoacwj szcuo!j|yj}oajkwcb oaycewu+ Wljuj c}j cbb `cewd}u wlcw lcpj mjjk cuudeocwjg xowl ad}j uzeejuu`zb ,bdxj}!mocu/ szcuo!j|yj}oajkwcb jpcbzcwodk gjuohku ,Hbc~j}ack jw cb+ =995/+ Wlj go``j}jkej mjwxjjk wlj

Ok wlj ò}uw jc} c`wj} }ckgdacuuohkajkw" wlj go``j}jkej mjwxjjk wlj dzwedaju `d} uelddbu cuuohkjg wd oaybjajkw jc}b ckguelddbu cuuohkjg wd gjbc oaybjajkwcwodk }jy}jujkwu wlj oaycew d` Eloechd WCY gz}okh wlcw woajyj}odg" mjeczuj wlj dkb uuwjacwoe go``j}jkej mjwxjjk wlj wxd ujwu d` uelddbu ou wlj cmobow wd mjhokoaybjajkwokh Eloechd WCY+ Ok bcwj} jc}u" wlj go``j}jkej mjwxjjk wlj h}dzyu eck mj zujg wdhjkj}cwj c uoaobc}b zkmocujg oaycew juwoacwj" mzw wlcw oaycew }jy}jujkwu wlj j``jew d` lcpokh c dkj!jc} ljcg uwc}w oaybjajkwokh wlj y}dh}ca" }cwlj} wlck wlj oaycew d` oaybjajkwokh pj}uzu kdwoaybjajkwokh ow+

= Cbb 57 uelddbu lcg h}cgju F―< ckg c}j edkuogj}jg m EYU wd mj jbjajkwc} uelddbu+ Ok cggowodk wd wljuj}ckgdab cuuohkjg jbjajkwc} uelddbu" wlj gouw}oew ujbjewjg `dz} lohl uelddbu ckg uo| dwlj} F―< uelddbu cu Eloechd WCYuelddbu+ Ok uy}okh =998" wlj gouw}oew yz}yduopjb cuuohkjg wxd lohl uelddbu ckg wxd elc}wj} uelddbu wd oaybjajkwEloechd WCY‗dkj d` jcel mjhokkokh ok =998 ckg wlj dwlj}u ok =99<+ Ok uy}okh =99?" EYU yz}yduopjb cuuohkjg wxdkjx lohl uelddb cyyboeckwu wd mjhok Eloechd WCY ok jowlj} =99? d} =939+ Wlj gouw}oew cbud }jybcejg wxd jbjajkwc} uelddbu wlcw lcg j|owjg wlj y}dh}ca xowl wxd kjx uelddbu ujbjewjg m Eloechd WCY uwc`` wd uwc}w Eloechd WCY ok `cbb=99? ckg wxd cggowodkcb uelddbu wd mjhok ok =939" }jybceokh wxd edld}w 7 uelddbu wlcw lcg g}dyyjg dzw+


:

Eloechd WCY ckg acweljg edayc}oudk uelddbu }jy}jujkwu wlj juwoacwjg oaycew d` wlj y}dh}ca `d}c hopjk woaj yj}odg ckg edld}w+ Kjpj}wljbjuu" xj eczwodk wlcw szcuo!j|yj}oajkwcb }juzbwu c}jydwjkwocbb uzmnjew wd ujbjewodk mocu ckg uldzbg mj okwj}y}jwjg xowl eczwodk+

Wlou }jyd}w y}jujkwu j|yj}oajkwcb òkgokhu dk wlj oaycewu d` Eloechd WCY dk cbb 57 EYUjbjajkwc} ,F―</ uelddbu ckg elc}wj} uelddbu wlcw lcg mjjk }ckgdab cuuohkjg wd oaybjajkw wljy}dh}ca ok jcel d` wlj `dz} }dbbdzw jc}u ,edld}wu 3" =" 5" ckg 7" cuuohkjg wd mjhok oaybjajkwokh ok=998" =99<" =99?" ckg =939" }juyjewopjb/+ Xj cbud y}jujkw szcuo!j|yj}oajkwcb jpogjkej dk Eloechd WCY j``jewu `d} wlj ucaj h}dzy j|yckgjg wd okebzgj elc}wj} uelddbu ckg ‒}jybcejajkw‑ uelddbu wlcw xj}j cggjg wd wlj }duwj} d` Eloechd WCY uelddbu xljk dwlj} uelddbu ebdujg d} uwdyyjgoaybjajkwokh wlj y}dh}ca+

Wlj ez}}jkw }jyd}w uzaac}o~ju wlj òkgokhu `}da cbb `dz} jc}u d` Eloechd WCY }dbbdzw+ Cggowodkcb gjwcob dk wlj ò}uw wxd jc}u‟ j|yj}ojkeju eck mj `dzkg ok jc}boj} }jyd}wu ,Hbc~j}ack jw cb+=99?6 Hbc~j}ack ckg Ujo`zbbcl =939/+


8

OO+ AJWLDGU CKG GCWC

Dz} cyy}dcel wd juwoacwokh wlj oaycewu d` Eloechd WCY ou mcujg dk c lm}og uwzg gjuohk wlcw}jboju dk mdwl wlj }ckgda cuuohkajkw d` uelddbu wd jc} d` oaybjajkwcwodk ckg wlj ec}j`zbacwelokh d` Eloechd WCY uelddbu wd kdk!WCY EYU uelddbu+ Mjbdx" xj gouezuu wljuj ajwldgu ckgwlj gcwc dk xloel wlj ckcbuou ou mcujg" ckg xj y}jujkw udaj uoaybj gjue}oywopj uwcwouwoeu dk wljuwzg ucaybj+

C+ Lm}og Uwzg Gjuohk

Wlj lm}og uwzg gjuohk ou uldxk ok @ohz}j OO+3+ Jcel md| ok wlj òhz}j }jy}jujkwu c h}dzy d` uelddbu+ Wd juwoacwj wlj oaycewu d` wlj y}dh}ca ok c hopjk jc}" xj edayc}j wlj uelddbu ce}duu wlj}dx> Eloechd WCY uelddbu wd edkw}db uelddbu" Eloechd WCY uelddbu wd edayc}oudk uelddbu" d}Eloechd WCY uelddbu xowl ad}j j|yj}ojkej oaybjajkwokh wlj y}dh}ca wd Eloechd WCY uelddbu xowl bjuu j|yj}ojkej+ Wlj mcujbokj jc} `d} wlj ò}uw wl}jj edbzaku d` uelddbu ou =998+ Xj `dbbdx wljuj uelddbu `d} zy wd `dz} jc}u+ @d} wlj dwlj} uelddbu" wlj mcujbokj ou =99? ckg xj `dbbdx wlja`d} wxd jc}u" mjeczuj wlj uwzg jkgjg ok =933+

Uyjeoòecbb" wlj }ckgda cuuohkajkw edaydkjkw" xloel xj ecbb wlj ‒j|yj}oajkwcb‑ gjuohk"y}dejjgjg cu `dbbdxu+ Xj }ckgdab cuuohkjg 30 y}jujbjewjg F―< uelddbu wd mjhok oaybjajkwokh Eloechd WCY ok jowlj} `cbb =998 d} `cbb =99<+5 Ok uy}okh =99? xj }jyjcwjg wlou y}dejuu ckg cuuohkjgckdwlj} 3< y}jujbjewjg F―< uelddbu wd mjhok oaybjajkwokh ok jowlj} `cbb =99? d} `cbb =939+ 7

Xj edkwokzjg xowl wlj j|yj}oajkwcb gjuohk m edayc}okh edld}w 3 wd edld}w = ok uy}okh =99?"uy}okh =939" ckg uy}okh =933+ Xj cbud `dbbdxjg zy dk wlj edld}w 5―edld}w 7 edayc}oudk ok uy}okh =933+ Cbb d` wljuj edayc}oudku c}j acgj mjwxjjk cgncejkw yco}u d` mbzj md|ju ok @ohz}j OO+3+ Ok jceld` wljuj ecuju" mdwl h}dzyu lcg mjjk oaybjajkwokh Eloechd WCY" mzw wlj j|yj}oajkwcb edayc}oudk}jy}jujkwu wlj j``jew d` lcpokh dkj cggowodkcb jc} d` oaybjajkwcwodk j|yj}ojkej+ Cw wlj dzwujw d` wlj uwzg" xj lydwljuo~jg wlcw lcpokh ad}j woaj wd oaybjajkw Eloechd WCY aohlw }juzbw ok mjwwj}dzwedaju+

Xj }j`j}wd wljuj h}dzyu d` uelddbu cu edld}wu 3 wl}dzhl 7" }juyjewopjb+ Edayc}oudku `d} =998―=99< edzbgmj ec}}ojg dzw `d} edld}wu 3 ,‒w}jcwajkw"‑ }jy}jujkwjg m wlj mbzj md|/ ckg = ,‒edkw}db"‑ }jy}jujkwjgm wlj }jg md|/" uokej edld}w = lcg kdw jw mjhzk oaybjajkwokh Eloechd WCY gz}okh wlou yj}odg+Uoaobc}b" edayc}oudku `d} =99?―=939 edzbg mj ec}}ojg dzw `d} edld}wu 5 ,‒w}jcwajkw‑/ ckg 7,‒edkw}db‑/" uokej edld}w 7 lcg kdw jw mjhzk oaybjajkwokh Eloechd WCY gz}okh wlou yj}odg+ ]juzbwu`}da wlj ò}uw edayc}oudk xj}j y}jujkwjg ok wlj jc} 3 }jyd}w ,Hbc~j}ack jw cb+ =99?/6 wlj ez}}jkw}jyd}w okebzgju }juzbwu `}da wlj ujedkg j|yj}oajkwcb edayc}oudk ckg cbud edamokju wlj wxd" wd}jy}jujkw wlj oaycew d` Eloechd WCY ok owu ò}uw jc} d` oaybjajkwcwodk+

5 Wlj uelddbu lcg mjjk y}jujbjewjg m EYU zuokh c uj}oju d` uelddb ok`d}acwodk ujuuodku" okowocb okwj}juwcyyboecwodku" ckg uowj pouowu wd cuujuu uwc``‟u cmobow ckg }jcgokjuu wd mjkjòw `}da wlj y}dh}ca+

7 Ok uy}okh =998" 30 kdkelc}wj} F―< jbjajkwc} uelddbu xj}j }ckgdab cuuohkjg ckg wxd F―< elc}wj} uelddbu xj}j yz}yduopjb cuuohkjg+ Ok uy}okh =99?" cbb jbjajkwc} uelddbu‗30 kdkelc}wj} ckg = elc}wj}‗xj}j }ckgdab cuuohkjg+ Xj cbud edbbjewjg gcwc dk `dz} lohl uelddbu‗dkj d` jcel xcu yz}yduopjb cuuohkjg wd uwc}w jcel `cbb+ Mjeczujwlj lohl uelddbu xj}j yz}yduopjb cuuohkjg m EYU ckg edayc}cmbj gcwc xj}j kdw cpcobcmbj dk wjuw ued}ju" wlou }jyd}w`dezuju dk jbjajkwc} ,F―</ uelddbu+ Elc}wj} uelddbu xj}j j|ebzgjg `}da wlj wjcelj} }jwjkwodk ckcbuou mjeczujedayc}cmbj gcwc xj}j kdw cpcobcmbj `d} wjcelokh cuuohkajkwu+

OO> Ajwldgu ckg Gcwc Acwljacwoec Ydboe ]jujc}el

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@ohz}j OO+3+ Lm}og Uwzg Gjuohk

Wlj dwlj} edaydkjkw d` wlj uwzg gjuohk" wlj acweljg edayc}oudk" ou ‒szcuo!j|yj}oajkwcb+‑ Okwlou cyy}dcel" xj hcwlj}jg cgaokouw}cwopj gcwc dk dpj} 599 Eloechd uelddbu wlcw xj}j kdwyc}woeoycwokh ok Eloechd WCY" ckg wljk zujg uwcwouwoecb ajwldgu gjue}omjg mjbdx wd ogjkwo` wljuelddbu wlcw xj}j aduw ebdujb acweljg wd jcel h}dzy d` Eloechd WCY uelddbu+ Wljuj acwelokh kdk!WCY uelddbu `d}ajg wlj edayc}oudk h}dzy" xowl xjohlwu }jy}jujkwokh wlj gjh}jj wd xloeljcel edayc}oudk uelddb aduwb ebdujb acweljg c Eloechd WCY uelddb+

Jcel gjuohk uw}cwjh lcu cgpckwchju wlcw edaybjajkwu wlj dwlj} m d`ùjwwokh owu goucgpckwchju+ Wlj j|yj}oajkwcb uw}cwjh lcu wlj cgpckwchj d` ajwldgdbdhoecb }ohd}‗ck uuwjacwoe go``j}jkeju okdzwedaju mjwxjjk edld}wu 3 ckg = d} mjwxjjk edld}wu 5 ckg 7 eck mj eczucbb cww}omzwjg wd wlj jc}b oaybjajkwcwodk d` wlj y}dh}ca ok edld}wu 3 ckg 5+ Ok wlj ò}uw ckg wlo}g jc}u d` wlj uwzg‟udmuj}pcwodk yj}odg" wlj =998―=99< ckg =99?―=939 uelddb jc}u" wlou y}dpogju zu xowl c edayc}oudkmjwxjjk Eloechd WCY ckg kdk!WCY uelddbu+ Ok uzmujszjkw jc}u" xj azuw okwj}y}jw wlj go``j}jkejuok dzwedaju mjwxjjk jcel yco} d` edld}wu ,3 pj}uzu = ckg 5 pj}uzu 7/ cu wlj j``jew d` lcpokh dkjj|w}c jc} d` j|yj}ojkej oaybjajkwokh wlj y}dh}ca+

C goucgpckwchj d` wlj j|yj}oajkwcb gjuohk ou wlj }jbockej dk nzuw 57 uelddbu+ Wlj}j ac mjelckej go``j}jkeju mjwxjjk wlj 38 w}jcwajkw ckg 38 edkw}db uelddbu wlcw acfj ow go`òezbw wd gjwjewck w}zj oaycewu+

Ckdwlj} g}cxmcef d` }ckgda cuuohkajkw wd c gjbcjg oaybjajkwcwodk uwcwzu ou wlcw dkej wljgjbc yj}odg ou dpj}" wlj edkw}db h}dzy ou kd bdkhj} zkw}jcwjg+ Wlou ajcku wlcw wlj j|yj}oajkwcbgjuohk ou dkb ljby`zb ok hjkj}cwokh c ‒ebjck‑ oaycew juwoacwj `d} wlj ò}uw jc} d` oaybjajkwcwodk+

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90―98

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EloechdWCY

_jc} 5

EloechdWCY

_jc} 5

EloechdWCY

_jc} 7

98―9<

9<―9?

39―33

9?―39

Uelddb _jc}

EloechdWCY

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EloechdWCY

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EloechdWCY

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EDLD]WU 5 & 7

Edkw}db


KDK!WCY

Acweljg

Edayc}oudk

Acweljg

Edayc}oudk

Acweljg

Edayc}oudk

Acweljg

Edayc}oudk

Acweljg

Edayc}oudk

Acweljg

Edayc}oudk

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?

Ad}jdpj}" `d} dzwedaju wlcw eck mj c``jewjg m fkdxbjghj d` `zwz}j oaybjajkwcwodk" uzel cuwjcelj} }jwjkwodk" wlj }ckgdao~jg edkw}db h}dzy ou kjpj} c yz}j uwckgc}g d` edayc}oudk+ Wlcw ou" wljedkw}db h}dzy ou cbud c``jewjg m Eloechd WCY" cbwldzhl bjuu go}jewb wlck wlj w}jcwajkw h}dzy"mjeczuj wlj uelddb‟u uwc`` fkdx wlcw wlj xobb mj oaybjajkwokh Eloechd WCY ok wlj `zwz}j" ckg wlcwfkdxbjghj edzbg elckhj wljo} mjlcpod}+ Dk wlj dwlj} lckg" wlj acweljg edayc}oudk h}dzy eck mjazel bc}hj} wlck wlj }ckgdao~jg edkw}db h}dzy" jpjk o` wlj w}jcwajkw h}dzy ou boaowjg ok uo~j6ad}jdpj}" owu ajamj}u edkwokzj wd mj kdk!WCY uelddbu gz}okh wlj edz}uj d` wlj uwzg" cbbdxokh ad}j jc}u `d} c edayc}oudk mjwxjjk Eloechd WCY ckg kdk!WCY uelddbu+ Ldxjpj}" ok d}gj} wdzuj wlj acweljg edayc}oudk h}dzy wd ok`j} y}dh}ca oaycewu" xj azuw cuuzaj wlcw wlj dmuj}pcmbjelc}cewj}ouwoeu zujg wd acwel uelddbu c}j uz`òeojkwb uoaobc} ckg eday}jljkuopj wlcw wlj }jacokokh go``j}jkeju ok dzwedaju eck mj cww}omzwjg wd Eloechd WCY owujb` ckg kdw wd dwlj} `cewd}u wlcw xj}jkdw dmuj}pjg" uzel cu c gkcaoe y}okeoycb d} c adwopcwjg wjcelokh uwc``+

3+ ]ckgda Cuuohkajkw Y}dejgz}ju

Xljkjpj} }ckgda cuuohkajkw ou edkgzewjg xowl c uacbb kzamj} d` j|yj}oajkwcb zkowu" elckejgo``j}jkeju mjwxjjk wlj cuuohkjg h}dzyu‗go``j}jkeju wlcw lcpj kdwlokh wd gd xowl cewzcb w}jcwajkwuwcwzu‗c}j ad}j bofjb wd c}ouj+ Wlou bofjbolddg ou }j`bjewjg ok wlj uwcwouwoecb lydwljuou wjuwuyj}`d}ajg ckg uwckgc}g j}}d}u ecbezbcwjg cbdkh xowl wlj juwoacwju d` y}dh}ca oaycew+ Jpjk xowl chopjk ucaybj" ow ou yduuombj wd celojpj wl}dzhl ec}j`zb }ckgda cuuohkajkw y}dejgz}ju c ucaybj xlduj w}jcwajkw ckg edkw}db h}dzyu c}j mjwwj} acweljg dk dmuj}pcmbj elc}cewj}ouwoeu ckg xloelwlj}j`d}j uzyyd}wu ad}j y}jeouj juwoacwodk d` y}dh}ca oaycewu+

Uyjeoòecbb" xj zujg wlj ack dmuj}pcmbj elc}cewj}ouwoeu d` uelddbu wd oay}dpj wlj elckeju wlcwuelddbu cuuohkjg wd wlj w}jcwajkw pj}uzu edkw}db h}dzy xdzbg lcpj uoaobc} elc}cewj}ouwoeu+ Wlouajwldg ou mcujg dk edkuw}cokjg }ckgdao~cwodk" udajwoaju }j`j}}jg wd cu gkcaoe aokoao~cwodk ,ujjHbc~j}ack jw cb+ V=990Q `d} ck cyyboecwodk wd ck j|yj}oajkw dk wjcelj} okgzewodk ckg AeJkwjhc}wV=995Q `d} c ad}j hjkj}cb gouezuuodk/+ Ok cuuohkokh edld}wu 3 ckg = xj oaydujg edkuw}cokwu dk wlj}ckgdao~cwodk ud wlcw wlj bc}hjuw ckg uacbbjuw uelddb ,ok wj}au d` uwzgjkw jk}dbbajkw/ xj}j ok wljucaj Eloechd WCY edld}w ,w}jcwajkw d} edkw}db/" wlj wl}jj uelddbu xowl c y}jgdaokckwb kdk― C`}oeck Caj}oeck uwzgjkw mdg xj}j kdw ok wlj ucaj edld}w" ckg kjowlj} edld}w lcg ad}j wlck dkjyco} d` uelddbu `}da wlj ucaj hjdh}cyloe c}jc d` wlj eow+ Ok cuuohkokh edld}wu 5 ckg 7 xj oaydujgedkuw}cokwu ud wlcw wlj go``j}jkej ok cpj}chj jk}dbbajkw mjwxjjk edld}wu xcu bjuu wlck 399 uwzgjkwu"wlj go``j}jkej ok cpj}chj wdwcb ued}j dk wlj Obbokdou Uwckgc}gu Celojpjajkw Wjuw ,OUCW/ xcu bjuu wlckuo| uecbj ydokwu" wlj wl}jj uelddbu xlj}j `jxj} wlck ?: yj}ejkw d` uwzgjkwu xj}j C`}oeck!Caj}oeck xj}j kdw cbb ok wlj ucaj edld}w" ckg mdwl edld}wu lcg }jy}jujkwcwodk d` jcel hjdh}cyloe c}jc wlcwedkwcokjg ad}j wlck dkj uelddb+:

C`wj} wlj bdwwj} cuuohkokh uelddbu okwd edld}wu xcu edkgzewjg" wlj }jujc}el wjca ujkw wljuelddb cuuohkajkwu wd EYU" ckg wlj gouw}oew ok`d}ajg y}okeoycbu ok wlj uy}okh wd ybck jc}b oaybjajkwcwodk y}dejgz}ju uzel cu d}ojkwcwodk ckg lo}okh d` ajkwd} ckg acuwj} wjcelj}u+

0

: Wd celojpj mcbckej dk hjdh}cyloe bdecwodk ok cuuohkokh edld}wu 5 ckg 7" xj oaydujg edkuw}cokwu ud wlcw wlj wxdc}jc 5 uelddbu xj}j kdw ok wlj ucaj edld}w" wlj wl}jj c}jc 3= uelddbu xj}j kdw ok wlj ucaj edld}w" ckg `jxj} wlck `dz}d` wlj òpj c}jc 38 uelddbu xj}j ok wlj ucaj edld}w+ Jcel d` wlj }jacokokh uelddbu ecaj `}da go``j}jkw c}jcu+

Wjcelj}uok Eloechd WCY uelddbu xj}j y}dpogjg ck d}ojkwcwodk dpj} wlj uzaaj}+

0 Wlj bdwwj}oju xj}j edkgzewjg ok Ac =998 ckg Ac}el =99?+


39

=+ Y}dyjkuow Ued}j Acwelokh Y}dejgz}ju

Y}dyjkuow ued}j acwelokh ajwldgu xj}j zujg wd ogjkwo` kdk!WCY uelddbu xlduj uwzgjkwu xj}j cu kjc}b uoaobc} wd wlduj ok Eloechd WCY uelddbu cu yduuombj ,ujj Cyyjkgo| C `d} c ad}jwjelkoecb gouezuuodk d` wlj acwelju/+ Xj ò}uw jboaokcwjg uelddbu xlj}j `jxj} wlck :9 yj}ejkw d` uwzgjkwu xj}j jbohombj `d} `}jj d} }jgzejg!y}oej bzkel+ Ok d}gj} wd mj ujbjewjg `d} Eloechd WCY" cuelddb lcg wd lcpj cw bjcuw 8: yj}ejkw d` owu uwzgjkwu szcboòkh `d} `}jj d} }jgzejg!y}oej bzkel+ Xjcbud jboaokcwjg `}da edkuogj}cwodk `d} wlj wjcelj} }jwjkwodk ckcbuou ck uelddbu wlcw lcg mjjkujbjewjg wd oaybjajkw Eloechd WCY mjhokkokh ok jowlj} `cbb =99? d} `cbb =939+ 8 Wjcelj}u‟ mjlcpod} okwljuj uelddbu aohlw lcpj mjjk ok`bzjkejg m wlj fkdxbjghj wlcw wlj uelddb xcu ubcwjg wd mjhok wljy}dh}ca ok wlj kjc} `zwz}j+ Wljk xj acweljg wlj }jacokokh uelddbu ok jcel jc} cbdkh goajkuodku xj mjbojpjg xj}j }jbcwjg wd uwzgjkw celojpjajkw ckg wjcelj} }jwjkwodk" uzel cu y}od} cpj}chjcelojpjajkw ckg }jwjkwodk cu xjbb cu dwlj} `cewd}u bouwjg mjbdx+ Cbb pc}ocmbju xj}j ajcuz}jg mj`d}jwlj uelddbu oaybjajkwjg Eloechd WCY6 ok yc}woezbc}" cbb pc}ocmbju j|ejyw wjcelj} }jwjkwodk xj}jajcuz}jg ok =990―=998+<

•

Uelddb uo~j" ajcuz}jg zuokh uwzgjkw jk}dbbajkw ckg uwzgjkw jk}dbbajkw uszc}jg ,wdecywz}j kdkbokjc}owoju ok wlj }jbcwodkuloy mjwxjjk uo~j ckg dzwedaju/

Mjeczuj fkdxbjghj d` `zwz}j oaybjajkwcwodk aohlw lcpj c``jewjg wljgjeouodk wd }jwz}k wd c uelddb" xj ajcuz}jg wjcelj} }jwjkwodk mj`d}j uelddbu ok jcel edld}w bjc}kjgd` wljo} Eloechd WCY oaybjajkwcwodk jc}+ Wjcelj} }jwjkwodk xcu ajcuz}jg cu wlj yj}ejkwchj d` wjcelj}u ok `cbb =99: xld }jwz}kjg wd wlj uelddb ok `cbb =990+ Xj acweljg cbdkh wlj `dbbdxokh goajkuodku>

•

Wjcelj} }jwjkwodk" ajcuz}jg cu wlj yj}ejkwchj d` kdpoej wjcelj}u ,lcpokh bjuu wlck :jc}u d` j|yj}ojkej/ xld }jwz}kjg wd wlj uelddb ckg wlj yj}ejkwchj d` aogec}jj}wjcelj}u ,lcpokh :―=7 jc}u d` j|yj}ojkej/ xld }jwz}kjg

• Uelddb ceedzkwcmobow uwcwzu" ajcuz}jg cu okgoecwd}u d` wlj kzamj} d` jc}u uokej wljuelddb bcuw ajw hdcbu `d} cgjszcwj jc}b y}dh}juu

• Uwzgjkw celojpjajkw" ajcuz}jg zuokh cpj}chj acwl ckg }jcgokh ued}ju dk wlj OUCW"uwckgc}go~jg xowlok h}cgj ce}duu wlj gouw}oew

• Uwzgjkw }cej$jwlkoeow" ajcuz}jg cu wlj yj}ejkwchj d` uwzgjkwu xld xj}j kdk!Louyckoe C`}oeck Caj}oeck ckg wlj yj}ejkwchj d` uwzgjkwu xld xj}j Louyckoe" xowl wlj wxd pc}ocmbju edbbcyujg okwd wl}jj ecwjhd}oju> ad}j wlck wxd!wlo}gu" mjwxjjk dkj!wlo}g ckgwxd!wlo}gu" ckg bjuu wlck dkj!wlo}g C`}oeck Caj}oeck d} Louyckoe" }juyjewopjb

• Uwzgjkw ydpj}w" ajcuz}jg cu wlj yj}ejkwchj d` uwzgjkwu szcboòkh `d} `}jj d} }jgzejg!y}oej bzkel

• Uwzgjkw uyjeocb jgzecwodk uwcwzu" ajcuz}jg cu wlj yj}ejkwchj d` uwzgjkwu xld lcg ckOkgopogzcbo~jg Jgzecwodk Y}dh}ca

8 Ck j|ejywodk deez}}jg `d} ckcbuou d` `cbb =998 wd `cbb =99< }jwjkwodk }cwju `d} edld}w 3 uelddbu+ Mjeczuj wjcelj}uok edld}w 5 ckg 7 uelddbu gog kdw bjc}k d` wljo} `zwz}j Eloechd WCY uwcwzu zkwob uy}okh =99?" `cbb =998 wd `cbb =99<}jwjkwodk gjeouodku edzbg kdw lcpj mjjk c``jewjg m fkdxbjghj d` wljo} `zwz}j Eloechd WCY uwcwzu+

< @d} c uacbb kzamj} d` uelddbu wlcw j|yckgjg m ad}j wlck wxd h}cgju mjwxjjk =990―=998 ckg =99<―=99?" xjzujg c bcwj} mcujbokj+ Cbb pc}ocmbju j|ejyw wjcelj} }jwjkwodk `d} wljuj uelddbu xj}j ajcuz}jg ok =99<―=99?6 wjcelj}}jwjkwodk xcu ajcuz}jg cu wlj yj}ejkwchj d` wjcelj}u ok `cbb =998 xld }jwz}kjg wd wlj uelddb ok `cbb =99<+


33

• Uwzgjkw bckhzchj y}dòeojke" ajcuz}jg cu wlj yj}ejkwchj d` uwzgjkwu xld xj}j boaowjgJkhboul y}dòeojkw

• Elc}wj} uelddb uwcwzu" ajcuz}jg cu ck okgoecwd} `d} xljwlj} wlj uelddb xcu c elc}wj}uelddb?

Wlj y}dejgz}j owujb` ou c y}dyjkuow ued}j acwel zuokh wlj kjc}juw òpj kjohlmd}u xowl}jybcejajkw+ Wlcw ajcku wlcw xj bouwjg wlj dmuj}pcmbj `cewd}u wlcw y}jgoew ujbjewodk okwd wlj Eloechd WCY òkcbouw yddb ckg zujg wlja ok c bdhouwoe }jh}juuodk adgjb wd y}jgoew wlj y}dmcmobow d` mjokh okwlcw yddb+ Wlj y}jgoewjg y}dmcmobow ,‒y}dyjkuow ued}j‑/ `}da wlou adgjb xcu zujg wd }ckf cbb wljuelddbu ujszjkwocbb cbdkh c kzamj} bokj" ckg jcel Eloechd WCY uelddb ok jcel jc} xcu acweljg wdwlj òpj kdk!WCY uelddbu xlduj y}dyjkuow ued}ju xj}j ebdujuw wd wlcw d` wlj Eloechd WCY uelddb"}jhc}gbjuu d` xljwlj} wlduj uelddbu xj}j cbud cadkh wlj kjc}juw òpj kjohlmd}u d` ck dwlj}Eloechd WCY uelddbu+

39

Wlj }juzbw d` wlou acwelokh xcu c h}dzy d` kdk!WCY uelddbu wlcw xcu dmuj}pcwodkcbb uoaobc} wdwlj Eloechd WCY uelddbu dkej xj cyybojg wlj cyy}dy}ocwj xjohlwu+ Wlj gjh}jj d` uoaobc}ow ouobbzuw}cwjg ok Ujewodk G d` wlou elcywj}6 Cyyjkgo| C y}dpogju ad}j wjelkoecb gjwcobu dk wlj acwelokh+ Wlj yc}woezbc} acwelokh ajwldg xj zujg xcu eldujk mcujg udbjb dk wlj szcbow d` wlj acweljuy}dgzejg‗wlcw ou" mj`d}j ujjokh wlj dzwedaj gcwc+

O` kdk!WCY uelddbu acweljg xowl ad}j wlck dkj Eloechd WCY uelddb"wlj }jejopjg y}dyd}wodkcbb ad}j xjohlw ok wlj ckcbuou+

M+ Oaycew Juwoacwodk

Wlj oaycewu d` Eloechd WCY eck mj juwoacwjg m edayc}okh wlj dzwedaju dmuj}pjg okEloechd WCY uelddbu wd wlduj dmuj}pjg ok uoaobc} kdk!WCY uelddbu+ Wlj kdk!WCY uelddbu c}jzujg wd cyy}d|oacwj wlj edzkwj}`cewzcb edkgowodk" wlcw ou" wlj dzwedaju wlcw xdzbg lcpj mjjkdmuj}pjg lcg wlj Eloechd WCY uelddbu kdw oaybjajkwjg wlj y}dh}ca+ C`wj} `dz} jc}u d` Eloechd WCY" xj lcpj ujpj}cb edayc}oudku wd eldduj `}da" gjyjkgokh dk wlj jc} ckg wlj dzwedaj+ Jcelwoaj yj}odg ckg uzmh}dzy lcu c ubohlwb go``j}jkw okwj}y}jwcwodk ok bohlw d` wlj lydwljuo~jg bjc}kokh j``jewu xowl Eloechd WCY+ Xowlok jcel oaycew elcywj} xj gouezuu ok ad}j gjwcob wlj uyjeoòeedkw}cuwu xj j|caokj" mzw lj}j xj gouezuu wlj j|yj}oajkwcb edkw}cuwu+

@d} wlj ò}uw ckg wlo}g jc}u c`wj} }dbbdzw" wlj}j xcu c }ckgdao~jg edkw}db h}dzy d` uelddbu wlcw xj}j kdw oaybjajkwokh Eloechd WCY cw cbb+ Ok wlduj jc}u" wlj wjuw ued}j dzwedaju eck mj edayc}jgmjeczuj wlj xdzbg kdw mj ok`bzjkejg m wlj y}duyjew d` oaybjajkwokh Eloechd WCY ok wlj `zwz}j+@d} wjuw ued}j dzwedaju ok dwlj} jc}u" d} wjcelj} }jwjkwodk dzwedaju ok cbb jc}u" wlj}j c}j ujpj}cb xcu wd `d}a c ,kdkj|yj}oajkwcb/ edayc}oudk h}dzy d` kdk!WCY uelddbu" gjyjkgokh dk xloelacwelokh ajwldg xj `dbbdx+

? Elc}wj} uelddb uwcwzu xcu zujg dkb `d} wlj uwzgjkw celojpjajkw ckcbuou+ Cu kdwjg jc}boj}" elc}wj} uelddbu xj}jj|ebzgjg `}da wlj wjcelj} }jwjkwodk ckcbuou mjeczuj cgaokouw}cwopj gcwc dk wjcelokh cuuohkajkwu xj}j kdw cpcobcmbj `d}elc}wj} uelddbu+

39 Xj gjwj}aokjg wlcw kjc}juw òpj kjohlmd}u y}dgzejg wlj aduw j`òeojkw acwelju" mzw xj }jyjcwjg cbb wlj ckcbujuzuokh wlj uokhbj kjc}juw kjohlmd} cu xjbb cu dwlj} acwelokh cbhd}owlau" okebzgokh dkju wlcw ujbjewjg cbb kjohlmd}u xowlok cej}wcok gouwckej d} ‒ecboyj}‑ uo~j" xloel xj pc}ojg" ckg cbb kjohlmd}u xowl xjohlwu }jbcwjg wd gouwckej ,fkdxk cu fj}kjbgjkuow acwelokh/+


3=

@d} wlj uwzgjkw celojpjajkw ckcbuou" xj ò}uw y}jujkw j|yj}oajkwcb }juzbwu edayc}okh wxdh}dzyu> wlj ò}uw ou edld}w 3 ckg edld}w 5 Eloechd WCY uelddbu ok wljo} ò}uw jc} d` oaybjajkwcwodk"ckg wlj ujedkg ou edld}w = ckg edld}w 7 uelddbu wlcw lcg kdw jw mjhzk Eloechd WCY+ Xj wljky}jujkw szcuo!j|yj}oajkwcb }juzbwu edayc}okh Eloechd WCY uelddbu ok jcel jc} wd acweljgedayc}oudk uelddbu+ Xj yj}`d}a }dmzuwkjuu eljefu ckg }jedkeobj wlj òkgokhu `d} wlj wxd ujwu d` ckcbuju+

Fkdxbjghj wlcw edld}w = uelddbu xdzbg oaybjajkw Eloechd WCY ok =99<―=99? ac lcpjc``jewjg wlj gjeouodk d` wjcelj}u wd }jwz}k ok `cbb =99< ,ckg uoaobc}b `d} edld}w 7 uelddbu ok =939― =933/" ud xj gjuohkjg wlj uwzg wd zuj szcuo!j|yj}oajkwcb ajwldgu `d} juwoacwokh wlj oaycewu d` wjcelj} }jwjkwodk jpjk `d} wlj ò}uw jc} d` oaybjajkwcwodk+ Xj edayc}jg }jwjkwodk d` wjcelj}u okEloechd WCY uelddbu wd }jwjkwodk d` wjcelj}u ok ec}j`zbb edkuw}zewjg acweljg edayc}oudk h}dzyuwl}dzhl `cbb =939+ Xj gog kdw ckcb~j }jwjkwodk wl}dzhl `cbb =933 mjeczuj wjcelj}u fkjx gz}okh wlj=939―=933 uelddb jc} wlcw Eloechd WCY xdzbg kdw mj edkwokzjg ok =933―=93=6 wlj}j`d}j wlj}j oukd }jcudk wd j|yjew wlcw Eloechd WCY xdzbg ok`bzjkej wjcelj}u‟ gjeouodku wd }jwz}k wd `d}aj}Eloechd WCY uelddbu ok `cbb =933+

3+ G}dydzwu" Edkudbogcwodku" ckg Uelddb Ebduz}ju

Ujpj}cb Eloechd WCY uelddbu lcpj j|yj}ojkejg uzmuwckwocb elckhju wlcw yduj c edayboecwodk `d}wlj juwoacwodk d` y}dh}ca oaycewu+ J``jewopj `d} wlj =99?―=939 uelddb jc} ,wlj wlo}g jc} d` wlj}dbbdzw/" wxd edld}w 3 uelddbu gouedkwokzjg Eloechd WCY6 ok cggowodk" c edld}w = uelddb xcu ebdujg+J``jewopj `d} wlj =939―=933 uelddb jc}" c edld}w 3 uelddb xcu ebdujg ckg owu uwzgjkwu ckg `cezbw ujkw wd ckdwlj} uelddb wlcw mjhck oaybjajkwokh Eloechd WCY wlcw jc}+ Cbud" c edld}w 5 uelddb xcu}jedkuwowzwjg xowl cbb kjx uwc``" ckg wxd edld}w 7 uelddbu }ckgdab cuuohkjg wd mjhok Eloechd WCYgog kdw oaybjajkw wlj y}dh}ca+

@d} wlj j|yj}oajkwcb ckcbuou d` wjuw ued}ju xj juwoacwjg oaycewu okebzgokh cbb uelddbu wlcw lcgmjjk }ckgdab cuuohkjg wd Eloechd WCY" jpjk o` wlj lcg j|owjg wlj y}dh}ca+ Wljuj juwoacwjumcujg dk wlj `zbb ucaybj d` }ckgdab cuuohkjg uelddbu ,ecbbjg ‒okwjkwodk!wd!w}jcw‑ juwoacwju/ j|ybdowwlj uwcwouwoecb jszopcbjkej mjwxjjk w}jcwajkw ckg edkw}db h}dzyu e}jcwjg m }ckgda cuuohkajkw+ Wlcw ou" }ckgdab cuuohkokh uelddbu jkuz}ju wlcw wlj}j c}j kd uuwjacwoe go``j}jkeju mjwxjjk wljjkwo}j w}jcwajkw h}dzy ckg wlj jkwo}j edkw}db h}dzy y}od} wd uwc}wokh Eloechd WCY+ Wlj go``j}jkej okcpj}chj dzwedaju mjwxjjk wlj `zbb w}jcwajkw h}dzy ckg wlj `zbb edkw}db h}dzy ojbgu ck zkmocujgjuwoacwj d` wlj oaycew d` mjokh d``j}jg Eloechd WCY" kdw kjejuuc}ob wlj oaycew d` oaybjajkwokh Eloechd WCY+ Wlou gouwokewodk acwwj}jg dkb `d} wlj bcuw wxd jc}u d` wlj ckcbuou+

@d} wlj szcuo!j|yj}oajkwcb ckcbuou d` wjuw ued}ju m edld}w" xj g}dyyjg uelddbu wlcw xj}jebdujg d} wlcw gouedkwokzjg wlj y}dh}ca‗cbdkh xowl wljo} acweljg edayc}oudk uelddbu‗mjhokkokh ok wlj uelddb jc} wlj elckhju xjkw okwd j``jew+ @d} j|caybj" o` wlj elckhj xjkw okwd j``jew `d} wlj=939―=933 uelddb jc}" wlj uwc`` fkjx d` wlj elckhj bcwj ok wlj y}od} ,=99?―=939/ uelddb jc}+Kjpj}wljbjuu" xj cuuzaj wlj Ac}el =939 wjuw ued}j }juzbwu xj}j zkc``jewjg+

@d} wlj wjcelj} }jwjkwodk ckcbuou" ldxjpj}" xj g}dyyjg uelddbu mjhokkokh ok wlj uelddb jc}y}od} wd wlj elckhj hdokh okwd j``jew+ Edkuogj}" `d} j|caybj" elckhju j``jewopj `d} wlj =939―=933uelddb jc}+ Wlj }jwjkwodk ckcbuou ajcuz}ju wlj dzwedaj ,wjcelj}u }jwz}kokh wd wlj ucaj uelddb d}wd wlj gouw}oew/ cu d` `cbb =939" c`wj} wlj uelddb w}ckuowodku lcg hdkj okwd j``jew+ Edkujszjkwb" xjg}dyyjg cbb d` wlj uelddbu c``jewjg m w}ckuowodku ok =99?―=939 d} =939―=933 ckg wljo} edayc}oudkh}dzy edzkwj}yc}wu+


35

=+ ]jh}juuodk!Cgnzuwjg Ajcku

Xljk y}jujkwokh dzwedaju ok wlou }jyd}w ,ok Elcywj}u OP ckg P/" xj wyoecbb uldx ‒}jh}juuodk!cgnzuwjg‑ ajcku+ C }jh}juuodk!cgnzuwjg ajck `d} c yc}woezbc} h}dzy ,`d} j|caybj"Eloechd WCY uelddbu/ }jy}jujkwu c y}jgoewjg cpj}chj dzwedaj `d} wlj jkwo}j ckcbuou ucaybj ,mdwlEloechd WCY ckg kdk!WCY uelddbu/ o` jcel dkj lcg mjjk cuuohkjg wd wlcw h}dzy+ Wlj y}jgoewodk oumcujg dk c }jh}juuodk adgjb‗c bokjc} adgjb `d} edkwokzdzu dzwedaju ckg c bdhouwoe adgjb `d}goeldwdadzu dzwedaju‗wlcw edkw}dbu `d} c }ckhj d` wjcelj} d} uwzgjkw elc}cewj}ouwoeu+ ]jh}juuodk!cgnzuwjg ajcku lcpj wlj zuj`zb y}dyj}w wlcw wljo} go``j}jkej jszcbu wlj oaycew juwoacwj" cbwldzhlwlj gd wyoecbb go``j} ubohlwb `}da zkcgnzuwjg ajcku+ Wlzu kjc}b cbb ajcku }jyd}wjg ok wlj oaycewelcywj}u d` wlou }jyd}w uldzbg mj okwj}y}jwjg cu wlj ajck dzwedaj `d} wlj xldbj ucaybj cu o` cbbucaybj ajamj}u lcg mjjk oaybjajkwokh Eloechd WCY d} cbb ucaybj ajamj}u lcg kdw mjjkoaybjajkwokh Eloechd WCY+

@d} wjcelj} }jwjkwodk ckcbuju" wlj }jh}juuodk adgjb edkw}dbbjg `d} wlj `dbbdxokh pc}ocmbju>

•

Wjcelj} jgzecwodk ,lcpokh c acuwj}‟u gjh}jj d} lohlj}/

• Wjcelokh cuuohkajkw ,wjcelokh c wjuwjg d} kdkwjuwjg cecgjaoe uzmnjew ok h}cgju `dz}wl}dzhl johlw/

• _jc}u d` uj}poej ok EYU

• Y}od} wjcelj} }jwjkwodk cw wlj uelddb ,yj}ejkwchj d` kdpoej wjcelj}u ckg yj}ejkwchj d` aogec}jj} wjcelj}u ok `cbb =99:" d} `cbb =998 `d} edld}w 5" xld }jwz}kjg wd wlj uelddb ok`cbb =990" d} `cbb =99< `d} edld}w 5/

• Y}od} uwzgjkw celojpjajkw ,cpj}chj acwl ckg }jcgokh OUCW ued}ju/

• Uwzgjkw }cej$jwlkoeow ,yj}ejkwchj d` uwzgjkwu xld xj}j C`}oeck Caj}oeck d} Louyckoe/

• Uwzgjkw bckhzchj ,yj}ejkwchj d` uwzgjkwu xld lcg boaowjg Jkhboul y}dòeojke/

• Uwzgjkw ydpj}w ,yj}ejkwchj d` uwzgjkwu xld szcboòjg `d} `}jj$}jgzejg!y}oej bzkel/

• Uelddb uo~j

@d} uwzgjkw wjuw ued}j ckcbuju" wlj adgjb edkw}dbbjg `d} wlj `dbbdxokh pc}ocmbju>

•

Y}od} uwzgjkw celojpjajkw ,acwl ckg }jcgokh OUCW ued}ju/

• @caob ydpj}w ,jbohomobow `d} `}jj$}jgzejg!y}oej bzkel/

• Uyjeocb kjjgu ,xljwlj} ck Okgopogzcbo~jg Jgzecwodk Y}dh}ca xcu ok ybcej/

• Bckhzchj ,xljwlj} boaowjg Jkhboul y}dòeojkw/

• ]cej$jwlkoeow

• H}cgj bjpjb

• Chj ,xljwlj} dbgj} wlck wlj kd}acb chj `d} c h}cgj/


37

Xj ceedzkwjg `d} wlj ebzuwj}okh d` uwzgjkwu d} wjcelj}u xowlok uelddbu m juwoacwokh }dmzuwuwckgc}g j}}d}u+ Ok cggowodk" xj edkgzewjg kzaj}dzu ujkuowopow wjuwu wd gjwj}aokj xljwlj} wlj}juzbwu xj}j }dmzuw wd wlj eldoej d` }jh}juuodk adgjb d} dwlj} gjeouodku+ Wlduj wjuwu c}j gjue}omjg okad}j gjwcob ok wlj gouezuuodk d` òkgokhu+

E+ Gcwc

Wlj uwzg‟u gcwc `cbb okwd wxd m}dcg ecwjhd}oju> ,3/ gcwc edbbjewjg go}jewb `}da wjcelj}u ckgy}okeoycbu ok wlj ucaybjg uelddbu m Acwljacwoec Ydboe ]jujc}el" ckg ,=/ cgaokouw}cwopj gcwcy}dpogjg m EYU+

Ok wlj ò}uw ecwjhd}" Acwljacwoec cgaokouwj}jg c szjuwodkkco}j ok uy}okh =99<" wdxc}gu wlj jkgd` wlj ò}uw jc} d` wlj y}dh}ca" wd c h}dzy d` wjcelj}u ok Eloechd WCY edld}w 3 uelddbu" edld}w =uelddbu" ckg c h}dzy d` uelddbu acweljg wd edld}wu 3 ckg =+ Wlj uz}pj xcu }jyjcwjg ok =939 xowl ckjx ucaybj edkuouwokh d` wjcelj}u `}da edld}w 5 uelddbu" edld}w 7 uelddbu" ckg ck cggowodkcbedayc}oudk h}dzy d` uelddbu acweljg wd edld}wu 5 ckg 7+ Wlj }juzbwu y}jujkwjg lj}j `dezu dk wlj=939 uz}pj" xlduj òkgokhu xj}j uoaobc} wd wlduj d` wlj =99< uz}pj" y}jujkwjg ok ck jc}boj} }jyd}w,Hbc~j}ack jw cb+ =99?/+ Wlj uelddb y}okeoycb okwj}pojxu xj}j edkgzewjg ok =99< cu xjbb ckg c}j cbuduzaac}o~jg ok wlcw ucaj }jyd}w+ Wlduj okwj}pojxu xj}j acokb zujg wd pcbogcwj wlj wjcelj} }jwjkwodkckcbuou ckg wd gjwjew wlj yduuombj y}jujkej d` c lc}a`zb j``jew d` Eloechd WCY dk uelddb eboacwj+ Xj gog kdw òkg ck uzel jpogjkej" kd} gog xj òkg ck }jcudk wd gdzmw wlj cgaokouw}cwopj gcwc" ud xj gog kdw }jyjcw wlj y}okeoycb okwj}pojxu ckg wlj c}j kdw gouezuujg ok wlou }jyd}w+

Ok wlj ujedkg ecwjhd}" xj zujg EYU lzack }judz}eju }jed}gu `d} ok`d}acwodk dk wjcelj}u" ckgEYU uwzgjkw wjuwokh }jed}gu `d} ok`d}acwodk dk uwzgjkw cuujuuajkwu+ Ok cggowodk" xj zujg gcwcy}dpogjg m EYU dk y}dh}ca }jpojx ued}ju ,xloel ajcuz}j ògjbow d` oaybjajkwcwodk wd wlj WCYadgjb/" wjcelj} dmuj}pcwodk ued}ju" ckg wjcelj} mdkzu ycdzwu zkgj} Eloechd WCY+

3+ Wjcelj} Uz}pj

Ok uy}okh =939 xj cgaokouwj}jg c szjuwodkkco}j wd cbb jbohombj wjcelj}u ok edld}w 5" edld}w 7" ckgucaybjg acweljg edayc}oudk uelddbu+ Xj okebzgjg Eloechd WCY bjcg wjcelj}u ckg cbb ucaybjguelddbu‟ wjcelj}u xld lcg c y}dh}ca edgj ogjkwoòkh wlja cu c }jhzbc} ebcuu}dda wjcelj} d` ckcecgjaoe uzmnjew+ Wlj szjuwodkkco}j hcwlj}jg gcwc wlcw xj}j kdw cpcobcmbj ok wlj EYU cgaokouw}cwopj}jed}gu+ Ow okebzgjg uo| ujewodku `dezuokh dk wlj `dbbdxokh c}jcu> ,3/ wjcelj}u‟ jgzecwodkcbmcefh}dzkg ckg y}d`juuodkcb j|yj}ojkej" wljo} ej}woòecwodk uwcwzu" ckg wljo} ez}}jkw wjcelokh cuuohkajkw6 ,=/ wlj wyju d` y}d`juuodkcb gjpjbdyajkw ckg uzyyd}w wlcw wjcelj}u }jejopj cw wljo}uelddbu6 ,5/ wlj bjcgj}uloy }dbju ckg }juydkuomobowoju wjcelj}u lcpj cuuzajg ok cggowodk wd wljo}}jhzbc} ebcuu}dda wjcelokh gzwoju6 ,7/ wlj edayjkucwodk" d} ydwjkwocb `d} edayjkucwodk" cuudeocwjg xowl wjcelj}u‟ yj}`d}ackej ckg wlcw d` wljo} uwzgjkwu6 ,:/ wjcelj}u‟ cwwowzgju cmdzw ckg ucwou`cewodk xowl pc}odzu cuyjewu d` wljo} uelddb ckg wlj dyyd}wzkowoju y}dpogjg wd wlja6 ckg ,0/ wjcelj}u‟ mcuoegjadh}cyloe elc}cewj}ouwoeu+

Xj acobjg wlj szjuwodkkco}j wd wjcelj}u cw wljo} uelddbu ok aog!Ac}el" ckg edkwokzjg edbbjewokh }juydkuju wl}dzhl aog!Nzb" jowlj} cu ujb`!cgaokouwj}jg ycyj} szjuwodkkco}ju }jwz}kjg m wljwjcelj}u d} wl}dzhl wjbjyldkj okwj}pojxu+ D` wlj <=0 jbohombj wjcelj}u" 038 edaybjwjg wlj uz}pj" `d}c òkcb }juydkuj }cwj d` 8: yj}ejkw ,8? yj}ejkw `d} w}jcwajkw" 8< yj}ejkw `d} edkw}db" ckg 0? yj}ejkw


3:

`d} acweljg edayc}oudk wjcelj}u/+33

=+ Cgaokouw}cwopj Gcwc dk Uwzgjkwu" Cbb Wjcelj}u" ckg Eloechd WCY Yc}woeoyckwu

Kdk}juydkuj cgnzuwajkw xjohlwu xj}j zujg ok cbb ckcbuju wdceedzkw `d} ck dmuj}pcmbj go``j}jkeju mjwxjjk }juydkgjkwu ckg kdk}juydkgjkwu+ Xj edayzwjg wljkdk}juydkuj cgnzuwajkw xjohlwu zuokh wjcelj} j|yj}ojkej bjpjb" xljwlj} wlj wjcelj} lcu c acuwj}‟ugjh}jj" ckg uelddb elc}cewj}ouwoeu ,uzel cu jc}u uokej wlj uelddb bcuw acgj cgjszcwj jc}b y}dh}juu"cwwjkgckej }cwj" ckg yj}ejkwchju d` uwzgjkwu xld xj}j boaowjg Jkhboul y}dòeojkw" bdx!okedaj" C`}oeck Caj}oeck" ckg Louyckoe/+

Xj dmwcokjg uwzgjkw gjadh}cyloe ckg wjuw gcwc `}da EYU+ Wlj wjuw gcwc xj}j `}da wlj OUCW"wlj uwcwj cuujuuajkwu ok acwljacwoeu ckg }jcgokh `d} h}cgju wl}jj wl}dzhl johlw ckg ok ueojkej `d}h}cgju `dz} ckg ujpjk+ Wcmbj OO+3 uldxu wlj cpj}chj OUCW ued}ju `d} acwl ckg }jcgokh m h}cgjbjpjb" cu xjbb cu wlj ed}}juydkgokh uwckgc}g gjpocwodku" `d} wlj uwzg mcujbokj6 gcwc c}j `}da Ac}el=998+ Cu wlj wcmbj uldxu" wlj ued}ju }ouj xowl h}cgj bjpjb" uzhhjuwokh wlcw wlj wjuwu c}j ued}jg dk cgjpjbdyajkwcb uecbj+ Wlcw ou" wlj 33!ydokw go``j}jkej mjwxjjk wlj cpj}chj `dz}wl!h}cgj acwl ued}jckg wlj cpj}chj ò`wl!h}cgj acwl ued}j" `d} j|caybj" eck mj wldzhlw d` cu c uokhbj jc} d` h}dxwl" uddkj ydokw }jy}jujkwu 3$33" d} 9+9?" uelddb jc}u d` h}dxwl" jszopcbjkw wd }dzhlb 5+: xjjfu d` bjc}kokh ok c uelddb jc} xowl 5< xjjfu+ Xj gog kdw lcpj ueojkej gcwc `d} =998+

Wcmbj OO+3+ Y}dyj}woju d` wlj Mcujbokj OUCW Wjuw Ued}ju m Uzmnjew ckg H}cgj Bjpjb" Ac}el =998

H}cgj

]jcgokh Acwl

Ajck Uwckgc}g Gjpocwodk Ajck Uwckgc}g Gjpocwodk

Cbb h}cgju === +< =8+< =50+? 59+9 H}cgj 7 =9= +: =:+? =35+0 =:+? H}cgj : =3= +3 =:+8 ==7+0 =0+< H}cgj 0 === +: =5+: =5:+? =:+< H}cgj 8 ==? +8 =7+5 =77+0 =:+? H}cgj < =7= +9 =5+9 =:?+8 =7+7

Kdwj> Gcwc yj}wcok wd ?5"0:8 uwzgjkwu ok 59< uelddbu+

Wlj uwckgc}g gjpocwodk xowlok c h}cgj bjpjb eck cbud mj zujg wd okwj}y}jw wlj uo~j d` ued}jgo``j}jkeju+ @d} j|caybj" c uwckgc}g gjpocwodk d` =0 ydokwu ,wlj pcbzj `d} h}cgj `dz} acwl/ ajckuwlcw c dkj!ydokw go``j}jkej ed}}juydkgu wd 3$=0wl" d} 9+97" uwckgc}g gjpocwodk zkowu+ O` wjuw ued}juc}j kd}acbb gouw}omzwjg" wljk wlou ou wlj ucaj cu c go``j}jkej mjwxjjk yj}`d}ackej cw wlj :9wl ckgwlj :=kg yj}ejkwobju+3=

Ok cggowodk" xj dmwcokjg gcwc dk uwzgjkw mcefh}dzkg ok`d}acwodk" uzel cu }cej" hjkgj}"`}jj$}jgzejg!y}oej bzkel jbohomobow" jk}dbbajkw uwcwzu" ckg goucmobow d} uyjeocb jgzecwodk uwcwzu+ EYUy}dpogjg wljuj gcwc `d} wlj =990―=998 wl}dzhl =99?―=939 uelddb jc}u+

33 Cadkh wjcelj}u ok kdkelc}wj} jbjajkwc} uelddbu" }juydkuj }cwju xj}j 8? yj}ejkw dpj}cbb" <7 yj}ejkw `d} edld}w5" <= yj}ejkw `d} edld}w 7" ckg 8: yj}ejkw `d} acweljg edayc}oudk wjcelj}u+

3= Ad}j y}jeoujb" ck j``jew uo~j d` 9+95<7 ed}}juydkgu wd c elckhj ok wlj ezazbcwopj kd}acb y}dmcmobow d` 9+93: o` wlj uwc}wokh y}dmcmobow ou 9+:99+


30

Xj cbud dmwcokjg cgaokouw}cwopj gcwc dk wjcelj}u‟ e}jgjkwocbu" jc}u d` uj}poej ok wlj gouw}oew" ckgwjcelokh cuuohkajkwu `}da wlj EYU Wcbjkw D`òej+ Gcwc edpj} wlj =99:―=990 wl}dzhl =939―=933uelddb jc}u+

@okcbb" EYU y}dpogjg zu xowl wlj `dbbdxokh gcwc dk Eloechd WCY> wjcelj} ued}ju dk wlj Ufobbu"Fkdxbjghj" ckg ]juydkuomobowoju ebcuu}dda dmuj}pcwodk }zm}oe yj}`d}ackej6 ycdzwu m wjcelj}6 ckgued}ju dk c y}dh}ca }jpojx wlcw wjbbu jcel Eloechd WCY uelddb ldx xjbb wlj lcpj mjjkoaybjajkwokh wlj y}dh}ca dpj} wlj ez}}jkw uelddb jc}+

G+ Ucaybj Elc}cewj}ouwoeu

Wcmbju OO+= wl}dzhl OO+7 uldx wlj elc}cewj}ouwoeu d` wlj uelddbu ok wlj uwzg6 wlj okgoecwjelc}cewj}ouwoeu d` uwzgjkwu cw mcujbokj ckg d` wjcelj}u gz}okh wlj uwzg yj}odg+ Wlj uwcwouwoeu c}jy}jujkwjg m uelddb h}dzy" xowl uwzgjkwu ckg wjcelj}u ok Eloechd WCY uelddbu edayc}jg wd wljo}edzkwj}yc}wu ok edkw}db ckg acweljg edayc}oudk uelddbu+ Xj y}jujkw wjuwu d` uwcwouwoecb uohkoòeckejd` wlj go``j}jkej mjwxjjk Eloechd WCY ckg jcel edayc}oudk h}dzy+ ]jcgj}u uldzbg mj cxc}j wlcwuwcwouwoecb uohkoòeckej ou kdw wlj ucaj cu ydboe }jbjpckej+ Ow ac mj }jcuuz}okh wd kdwj c h}jcw gjh}jjd` uoaobc}ow ok wlj dmuj}pcmbj uwzgjkw ckg wjcelj} elc}cewj}ouwoeu d` wlj Eloechd WCY ckgedayc}oudk h}dzyu" mzw wlcw uoaobc}ow ou kdw kjejuuc} `d} zkmocujg juwoacwodk d` wlj j|yj}oajkwcboaycewu d` Eloechd WCY" mjeczuj xj edkw}db `d} dmuj}pcmbj go``j}jkeju wl}dzhl }jh}juuodkcgnzuwajkw+ Xlcw ou }jszo}jg ou wlcw wlj h}dzyu mj uoaobc} ok wj}au d` wlj zkdmuj}pjg gjwj}aokckwu d` uwzgjkw celojpjajkw h}dxwl ckg wjcelj} }jwjkwodk" uzel cu wlj bjpjb d` adwopcwodk cadkh uwzgjkwud} wjcelj}u" xloel c}j kdw ceedzkwjg `d} ok wlj gcwc+ Y}dyj}b oaybjajkwjg }ckgda cuuohkajkwjkuz}ju wlcw wlj}j uldzbg mj kd uuwjacwoe go``j}jkeju mjwxjjk w}jcwajkw ckg edkw}db h}dzyu ok wj}aud` dmuj}pjg d} zkdmuj}pjg `cewd}u+ ]jcgj}u uldzbg j|j}eouj eczwodk ok okwj}y}jwokh wlj szcuo!j|yj}oajkwcb òkgokhu mjeczuj wljuj zkdmuj}pjg gjwj}aokckwu d` uwzgjkw celojpjajkw ckg wjcelj}}jwjkwodk ac mj edk`dzkgjg xowl Eloechd WCY uwcwzu" bjcgokh wd mocu d` zkfkdxk go}jewodk ckgachkowzgj+

Wcmbj OO+= uldxu wlj mcbckej ce}duu uelddb h}dzyu ok wj}au d` uwzgjkw gjadh}cyloeu ckgmcujbokj wjuw ued}ju+35

Xj ajcuz}jg wjcelj} elc}cewj}ouwoeu zuokh wlj wjcelj} uz}pj ckg EYU cgaokouw}cwopj }jed}gu+Ok wlj uz}pj ucaybj" kdkj d` wlj go``j}jkeju mjwxjjk Eloechd WCY ckg edkw}db h}dzy wjcelj}elc}cewj}ouwoeu ,uldxk ok Wcmbj OO+5/ xcu uwcwouwoecbb uohkoòeckw+ Wlj dkb uohkoòeckw go``j}jkejmjwxjjk Eloechd WCY ckg wlj edayc}oudk h}dzy xcu wlj go``j}jkej ok wlj yj}ejkwchj d` wjcelj}u xld lcpj c acuwj}‟u gjh}jj d} lohlj}+

Wlj dkb uwcwouwoecbb uohkoòeckw go``j}jkej mjwxjjk Eloechd WCY uelddbu,edld}wu 3 ckg 5/ ckg edkw}db uelddbu ,edld}wu = ckg 7/ xcu wlj go``j}jkej ok wlj yj}ejkwchj d` uwzgjkwu jbohombj `d} `}jj d} }jgzejg!y}oej bzkel+ Xj gd kdw òkg ck uwcwouwoecbb uohkoòeckwgo``j}jkeju mjwxjjk wlj edamokjg Eloechd WCY h}dzy ,edld}wu 3" =" 5" ckg 7/ ckg acweljgedayc}oudk uelddbu+

35 Wljuj uwzgjkw elc}cewj}ouwoeu c}j y}jujkwjg wd obbzuw}cwj wlj wyju d` uelddbu okebzgjg ok wlj uwzg" mzw wlj c}jkdw ogjkwoecb wd wlj elc}cewj}ouwoeu d` wlj uwzgjkwu xlduj =99?―=939 uelddb jc} wjuw ued}ju xj}j ckcb~jg+ Xj wcmzbcwjguwcwouwoeu `d} wlduj uwzgjkwu `}da wlj oaycew ckcbuou ucaybj ckg `dzkg uoaobc} }juzbwu wd wlduj y}jujkwjg lj}j+


38

Zuokh wlj cgaokouw}cwopj gcwc ucaybj" xj `dzkg c `jx uwcwouwoecbb uohkoòeckw go``j}jkejumjwxjjk Eloechd WCY ckg acweljg edayc}oudk uelddbu ok wjcelj} elc}cewj}ouwoeu ,Wcmbj OO+7/+ Wljyj}ejkwchj d` wjcelj}u ldbgokh Kcwodkcb Mdc}g ej}woòecwodk xcu lohlj} ok Eloechd WCY uelddbu wlckok edayc}oudk uelddbu+ Eloechd WCY uelddbu lcg bdxj} yj}ejkwchju d` wjcelj}u ok cecgjaoe mzwkdkwjuwjg h}cgju d} uzmnjewu ckg bcwj!ec}jj} wjcelj}u ,lcpokh ad}j wlck =7 jc}u d` uj}poej ok wljgouw}oew/ wlck edayc}oudk uelddbu+

Wcmbj OO+=+ Mcujbokj Uelddb Elc}cewj}ouwoeu m Uelddb H}dzy ,yj}ejkwchj zkbjuu dwlj}xouj kdwjg/

Elc}cewj}ouwoe dÙelddb‟u Uwzgjkwu

EloechdWCY

,Edld}wu3& 5/Ajck

Edkw}db,Edld}wu

=& 7/Ajck Go``j}jkej

EloechdWCY

,Edld}wu3―7/Ajck

AcweljgEdayc}oudk,wd Edld}wu

3―7/Ajck Go``j}jkej

]cej$ Jwlkoeow C`}oeck Caj}oeck ?3+8 <?+7 =+7 ?:+3 ?=+5 =+?Louyckoe$ Bcwokd 8+5 ?+= ! 3+? 7+5 0+0 ! =+5Xlowj 9+5 9+8 ! 9+7 9+7 9+8 ! 9+=

Jbohom bj `d} `}jj$ }jgzejg! y}oej bzkel

?8+5 ?7+3 5+5. ?:+: ?7+0 9+?

Boaowjg Jkhbouly}dòeojkw

=+8 5+< ! 3+3 3+9 3+: ! 9+:

Uyjeocb jgzecwodk,lcu Okgo pogzcbo~jgJgzecwodk Y}dh}ca/

35+5 37+7 ! 3+3 35+7 35+7 9+9

Dpj} chj ̀ d} h}cgj 50+5 5=+5 7+9 7:+? 70+8 ! 9+8

Uelddb cpj}chjcelojpjajkw,uecbj ydokwu/

OUCW ]jcgokh =35 +5 =33 +9 =+= =33 +9 =33 +0 ! 9+0OUCW Acwl ==7+0 === +< 3+< ===+5 ==5+3 ! 9+<

Kdwj> K 1 :"380 edld}w 3 ckg 5 uwzgjkwu ok 38 uelddbu6 :":?0 edld}w = ckg 7 uwzgjkwu ok 38uelddbu6 33"553 edld}w 3" =" 5" ckg 7 uwzgjkwu ok 5? uelddbu6 ckg 53"90< acweljgedayc}oudk uwzgjkwu ok ?? uelddbu+ Gcwc `d} edld}wu 5 ckg 7 yj}wcok wd wlj uwzgjkw mdg okwlj uelddb gz}okh wlj =99<―=99? uelddb jc}+ Gcwc `d} edld}wu 3 ckg =" `d} wlj edamokjgEloechd WCY h}dzy ,edld}wu 3―7/" ckg ` d} a cweljg edayc}oudk uelddbu yj}wcok w d wlj uwzgjkwmdg ok wlj uelddbu gz}okh wlj =990―=998 uelddb jc}+

. Go`` j}jkej ou uwcwouwoecbb uohkoòeckw cw wlj 39 yj}ejkw bjpjb+.. Go``j}jkej ou uwcwouwoecbb uohkoò eckw cw wlj : yj}ejkw bjpjb+

... Go``j}jkej ou uwcwouwoecbb uohko` oeckw cw wlj 3 yj}ejkw bjpjb+


3<

Wcmbj OO+5+ Wjcelj} Elc}cewj}ouwoeu m Uelddb Wyj" =99?―=939 Uz}pj Ucaybj ,yj}ejkwchju j|ejywxlj}j kdwjg/

Ajcku Go`` j}jkej ok Ajcku

Elc}cewj}ouwoe

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,Edld}w 5/Edkw}db

,Edld}w 7/Edayc}oudkwd Edld}w 5

EloechdWCY!

Edkw}db

EloechdWCY!

Edayc}oudk

Acuwj}(u gjh}jj d} lohlj} 8:+: 85+5 0:+5 =+= 39+=. .

Cbwj}kcwopj ej}woòecwodk 38+5 30+3 38+3 3+= 9+=

Kcwodkcb mdc}g ej}woòecwodk 7+5 :+? =+? ! 3+0 3+7

Wczhlw wjuwjg uzmnjew$ h}cgj 5<+5 77+: 5<+7 ! 0+3 ! 9+3

J|yj}ojkej ,jc}u/ 33+? 35+9 3=+< ! 3+3 ! 9+?

2 : jc}u d` j|yj}ojkej 3<+5 37+? 38+9 5+7 3+5

Chj ,jc}u/ 73+5 7=+3 75 +0 ! 9+< ! =+5

Acbj ?+7 3=+7 3:+7 ! 5+9 ! 0+9

C`}oeck Caj}oeck 00+3 :5+? :5+8 3=+5 3=+7

Louyckoe$ Bcwokd 7+? 3:+7 30+3 ! 39+7 ! 33+=

Cwwjkgjg EYU cu c uwzgjkw :0+= :<+= :<+5 ! 3+? ! =+3

Kdwj> K 1 379 edld}w 5 wjcelj}u ok < uelddbu" 377 edld}w 7 wjcelj}u ok < uelddbu" ckg =77 acweljgedayc}oudk w jcelj}u ok 30 uelddbu+

. Go`` j}jkej ou uwcwouwoecbb uohkoòeckw cw wlj 39 yj}ejkw bjpjb+.. Go``j}jkej ou uwcwouwoecbb uohko` oeckw cw wlj : yj}ejkw bjpjb+

.. . Go`` j}jkej ou uwcwouwoecbb uohkoòeckw cw wlj 3 yj}ejkw bjpjb+

Wcmbj OO+7+ Wjcelj} Elc}cewj}ouwoeu m Uelddb H}dzy" =99?―=939" Cgaokouw}cwopj Gcwc Ucaybj,yj}ejkwchj zkbjuu dwlj}xouj kdwjg/

Elc}cewj}ouwoe d` Uelddb‟uUwzgjkwu

Eloechd WCY,Edld}wu 3―5/

Ajck

Acweljg Edayc}oudk,wd Edld}wu 3―5/

Ajck Go``j}jkej

Acuwj}(u gjh}jj d} lohlj} 00+< 0=+: 7+5

Kcwodkcb Mdc}g ej}woòecwodk :+8 =+? =+<.

Wczhlw cecgjaoe uzmnjew" w juwjgh}cgj$ uzmnjew

58+7 57+< =+0

Wczhlw cecgjaoe uzmnjew"kdkwjuwjg h}cgj$ uzmnjew

70+5 :9+= ! 7+9.

_jc}u d` uj}poej 39+: 33+0 ! 3+3

Yj}ejkwchj 2 : jc}u d` uj}poej 53+= =0+< 7+7

Yj}ejkwchj :―=7 jc}u d` uj}poej 0=+0 07+: ! 3+?

Yj}ejkwchj ; =7 jc}u d` uj}poej 0+= <+< ! =+0.

Kdwj> K 1 03= Eloechd WCY wjcelj}u ok =3 uelddbu ckg ="9<= acweljg edayc}oudk wjcelj}u ok 88uelddbu+

. Go`` j}jkej ou uwcwouwoecbb uohkoòeckw cw wlj 39 yj}ejkw bjpjb+.. Go``j}jkej ou uwcwouwoecbb uohko` oeckw cw wlj : yj}ejkw bjpjb+

.. . Go`` j}jkej ou uwcwouwoecbb uohkoòeckw cw wlj 3 yj}ejkw b jpjb+

3?

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Ok d}gj} wd okwj}y}jw wlj uwzg‟u oaycew juwoacwju" ow ou oayd}wckw wd zkgj}uwckg xlcw Eloechd WCY uelddbu oaybjajkwjg ckg ldx `cowl`zb wlj xj}j wd wlj Eloechd WCY adgjb+ Wlou elcywj} coauwd cgg}juu wlou szjuwodk+ Xj zujg gouw}oew cgaokouw}cwopj }jed}gu wd gjue}omj wjcelj} ycdzwu+ Xj cbudzujg gouw}oew!uzyybojg }cwokhu d` oaybjajkwcwodk ògjbow" xloel xj}j y}dgzejg m }jpojxj}u xld pouowjg jcel Eloechd WCY uelddb" ckg uzaac}o~jg okwj}kcb jpcbzcwodk }jyd}wu y}dgzejg m EYU+ Wlj dwlj} udz}ej d` ok`d}acwodk ecaj go}jewb `}da wlj wjcelj}u+ Xj edkgzewjg wxd wjcelj}uz}pju+ Wlj ò}uw" ok uy}okh =99<" cufjg wjcelj}u ok kjx Eloechd WCY uelddbu ,edld}w 3/ ckg kdk! WCY uelddbu ,edld}w =$edkw}db ckg acweljg edayc}oudk/ cmdzw wljo} j|yj}ojkeju xowl ajkwd}okh"y}d`juuodkcb gjpjbdyajkw" ckg edayjkucwodk+ Dz} uz}pju cbud ajcuz}jg cwwowzgju cmdzw `cewd}uwlcw edzbg mj c``jewjg m Eloechd WCY+ Xj }jyjcwjg wlj uz}pj ok uy}okh =939" `dezuokh dk wjcelj}uok wlj kjxjuw edld}w d` Eloechd WCY uelddbu ,edld}w 5/ ckg wljo} edkw}db h}dzy ckg c acweljgedayc}oudk h}dzy cu xjbb+

C+ Wjcelj} Ycdzwu" WCY @ogjbow" ckg Wjcelj} Cwwowzgju

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@d} yj}`d}aokh wljo} j|w}c gzwoju" ajkwd} wjcelj}u }jejopj ck cggowodkcb '8"999 yj} jc} ckgbjcg wjcelj}u ck cggowodkcb '3:"999+37

Gcwc y}dpogjg wd wlj czwld}u m EYU uzhhjuw wlcw wlj wjcelj} ycdzwu cpj}chjg bjuu wlck wljd}ohokcb wc}hjw cadzkwu ,Wcmbj OOO+3/+ Xj `dzkg wlcw wlj cpj}chj yj}`d}ackej mdkzu ycdzw `d} cuelddb‟u ò}uw jc} d` Eloechd WCY oaybjajkwcwodk xcu cyy}d|oacwjb '3"399 yj} wjcelj} ok wlj ò}uwwl}jj jc}u d` gouw}oew }dbbdzw ,=998―=99<" =99<―=99?" ckg =99?―=939/" }ouokh wd '3"799 `d} kjx Eloechd WCY oaybjajkwj}u ok =939―=933" xowl c ac|oaza ycdzw d` bjuu wlck '="899 ok ck jc}+@d} c uelddb‟u ujedkg ckg wlo}g jc}u d` oaybjajkwcwodk" wlj cpj}chj ycdzw xcu cyy}d|oacwjb '=":99" xowl c ac|oaza ycdzw d` '0"799" cbwldzhl ok wlj `dz}wl jc} d` oaybjajkwcwodk" wljcpj}chj ycdzw xcu bdxj}" cmdzw '3"?99 xowl c ac|oaza bjuu wlck '7"099+

Y}dh}ca gdezajkwu okgoecwj wlcw ok wlj ò}uw jc} d` oaybjajkwokh Eloechd WCY" wlj yddb `d} wjcelj} yj}`d}ackej mdkzuju xcu uzyydujg wd uzyyd}w ckcpj}chj mdkzu d` '="999 yj} wjcelj} mcujg dk pcbzj cggjg wd uwzgjkw celojpjajkw ckg dmuj}pjgebcuu}dda yj}`d}ackej ,Eloechd Mdc}g d` Jgzecwodk ckg Eloechd Wjcelj}u Zkodk =9986 EloechdYzmboe Jgzecwodk @zkg k+g+/+ Ok uzmujszjkw jc}u" wlj wc}hjw cpj}chj ycdzw xcu uzyydujg wd }ouj wd'7"999 yj} wjcelj}+ Y}okeoycbu eck jc}k zy wd ':"999 jcel jc} mcujg dk wlj szcbow d` y}dh}caoaybjajkwcwodk ckg uelddbxogj pcbzj cggjg+ Dwlj} uelddb uwc`` eck }jejopj zy wd ':99 ok wlj ò}uwjc} ckg '3"999 ok uzmujszjkw jc}u mcujg dk uelddbxogj pcbzj cggjg+

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37 @d} wlj òkcb jc} d` y}dh}ca }dbbdzw" Eloechd WCY cggjg c ‒bjcg ybzu‑ yduowodk ok xloel c bjcg wjcelj} uzyyd}wuwxd dwlj} WCY uelddbu ok cggowodk wd lou d} lj} ldaj Eloechd WCY uelddb+ Bjcg ybzu wjcelj}u }jejopj ck cggowodkcb':"999 yj} jc}" `d} c wdwcb uwoyjkg d` '=9"999+

OOO> Oaybjajkwcwodk Acwljacwoec Ydboe ]jujc}el

=9

edayzwjg wlj okw}cebcuu ed}}jbcwodk edj`òeojkw ,OEE/" xloel eck mj okwj}y}jwjg cu wlj y}dyd}wodk d` pc}ocwodk ok wjcelj} ycdzwu wlcw deez}u mjwxjjk uelddbu }jbcwopj wd wdwcb pc}ocwodk ,mjwxjjk ckg xowlok uelddbu/+ Wljuj OEEu c}j y}jujkwjg ok Wcmbj OOO+= m jc} ckg m edld}w+ Ck OEE d` 3+9ajcku wlcw jpj} wjcelj} xowlok jcel uelddb lcg wlj ucaj ycdzw+ Ck OEE d` 9+9 ajcku wlcw cpj}chjycdzwu xj}j wlj ucaj `d} cbb uelddbu+ Xj azbwoybojg wlj OEEu m 399 ud wlj eck mj }jcg cuyj}ejkwchju+ Wlj }juzbwu uzhhjuw wlcw ad}j wlck wxd!wlo}gu d` wlj pc}ocwodk deez}}jg mjwxjjkuelddbu ok wlj ò}uw jc} d` }dbbdzw ok wlj gouw}oew ,=998―=99</" mzw wlj mjwxjjk!uelddb yj}ejkwchjgjebokjg ce}duu jc}u" xowl wlj j|ejywodk d` edld}w 3 ok wlj `dz}wl jc} ,=939―=933/+ Ok wlj òkcb wxdjc}u" aduw d` wlj pc}ocwodk ok ycdzwu deez}}jg xowlok uelddbu+

Wcmbj OOO+3+ Cpj}chj Yj}`d}ackej! Mcujg Ycdzwu Zkgj} Eloechd WCY m Edld}w ckg _jc}

Uelddb H}dzy

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=998―9<'3"98<

,]ckhj 1 '9 w d'="97:/

k+c+ k+c+ k+c+

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k+c+ k+c+

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'0"799/

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k+c+

=939―33'3"?7:

,]ckhj 1 '9 w d'7":=8/

'="78<,]ckhj 1 '9 w d

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'3"79?,]ckhj 1 '9 w d

'="08:/

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Uelddb H}dzy


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=99<―9? 38 :: k+c+ k+c+

=99?―39 3: 57 5< k+c+

=939―33 53 =5 =< =<

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=3

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==

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Uelddb H}dzy


=998―9<c =+?

,]ckhj 1 =+: wd 5+7/

k+c+ k+c+ k+c+

=99<―9?c 5+3,]ckhj 1 =+= wd 5+</

5+=,]ckhj 1 =+< wd 5+8/

k+c+ k+c+

=99?―39c =+:,]ckhj 1 3+? wd 5+5/

=+<,]ckhj 1 =+9 wd 5+:/

=+0,]ckhj 1 =+= w d 5+9/

k+c+

=939―33m 7+:,]ckhj 1 5+: wd :+9/

7+7,]ckhj 1 =+8 wd :+9/

7+8,]ckhj 1 5+8 w d :+9/

7+:,]ckhj 1 5+= wd :+9/

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M+ Oaybjajkwcwodk ok Eloechd WCY ckg Kdk! WCY Uelddbu Mcujg dkWjcelj} Uz}pju

Wd cuujuu wlj ò}uw jc} zkgj} Eloechd WCY `d} wlj aduw }jejkw edld}w d` uelddbu wd mjhok wljy}dh}ca" xj edayc}jg ldx wjcelj} gjpjbdyajkw ckg edayjkucwodk y}cewoeju ok Eloechd WCYuelddbu go``j} `}da y}cewoeju kd}acbb oaybjajkwjg ok EYU uelddbu+ @d} Eloechd WCY" d}‒w}jcwajkw"‑ uelddbu" xj zujg edld}w 5 uelddbu" xloel xj}j }ckgdab cuuohkjg wd mjhok wljy}dh}ca ok `cbb =99?6 `d} kdk!WCY" d} ‒edkw}db"‑ uelddbu" xj zujg edld}w 7 uelddbu" xloel xj}j}ckgdab cuuohkjg wd gjbc oaybjajkwcwodk d` wlj y}dh}ca zkwob `cbb =939+ Zuokh uyjeoòe y}cewoeju cudzwedaju" xj ecbezbcwjg }jh}juuodk!cgnzuwjg ajcku `d} wlj w}jcwajkw ckg edkw}db uelddbu+ Wljedkw}db uelddb ajcku jkcmbjg zu wd elc}cewj}o~j wlj edzkwj}`cewzcb edkgowodk‗wlcw ou" wljj|yj}ojkeju wlcw xdzbg lcpj deez}}jg ok wlj cmujkej d` Eloechd WCY+ Xj yj}`d}ajg w!wjuwu wd


=5

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3+ Ajkwd}okh" Bjcgj}uloy" ckg @jjgmcef

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c+ Ajkwd}okh ]jejopjg

Eloechd WCY oked}yd}cwju ajkwd}okh okwd wlj }jhzbc} uelddb gc wl}dzhl dkhdokh ebcuu}ddauzyyd}w y}dpogjg m acuwj} wjcelj}u ,fkdxk cu bjcg wjcelj}u ok Eloechd/ ckg ajkwd} wjcelj}u+ Wjcelj}u ajjw xjjfb ok uacbb ebzuwj} h}dzyu bjg m bjcg d} ajkwd} wjcelj}u6 wlj hdcb d` wljujajjwokhu ou `d} wjcelj}u wd edbbcmd}cwj dk oay}dpokh wljo} okuw}zewodk ckg oke}jcuokh uwzgjkwcelojpjajkw+ Ajkwd} wjcelj}u c}j cbud cuuohkjg uyjeoòe w}cgowodkcb!ebcuu}dda wjcelj}u xldujy}d`juuodkcb gjpjbdyajkw wlj c}j ajckw wd `duwj} ,KOJW =99</+

Ceed}gokh wd wjcelj}u" ajkwd}okh xcu y}jpcbjkw ok mdwl Eloechd WCY ckg kdk!WCY uelddbu,ujj Wcmbj OOO+7/+ W}jcwajkw wjcelj}u xj}j ad}j bofjb wlck edkw}db wjcelj}u wd }jyd}w lcpokh cw bjcuwdkj cgpoud} `}da xlda wlj }jejopjg y}d`juuodkcb cgpoej ckg go}jew cuuouwckej xowl wljo} wjcelokh gzwoju" mzw wlj go``j}jkej xcu kdw uwcwouwoecbb uohkoòeckw+ Xj gog" ldxjpj}" òkg ujpj}cb dwlj}ajckokh`zb go``j}jkeju uzhhjuwokh wlcw wjcelj}u ok Eloechd WCY uelddbu }jejopjg uohkoòeckwb ad}jajkwd}okh uzyyd}w wlck wjcelj}u ok kdk!WCY uelddbu+

Wlj}j xj}j uohkoòeckw go``j}jkeju ok wlj wyj d` okgopogzcbu `}da xlda wjcelj}u }jejopj cgpoejckg cuuouwckej+ Edayc}jg wd edkw}db wjcelj}u" w}jcwajkw wjcelj}u xj}j ad}j bofjb wd }jejopjhzogckej `}da ck okgopogzcb wlj elc}cewj}o~jg cu c ajkwd}" c bjcg wjcelj}" d} c y}okeoycb+ Johlw!uo|yj}ejkw d` w}jcwajkw wjcelj}u okgoecwjg wlcw wljo} acok cgpoud} xd}fjg dkb ok wljo} uelddb"edayc}jg wd 00 yj}ejkw d` edkw}db wjcelj}u+ Lcpokh c ajkwd} ok wlj mzobgokh" xloel ou wlj coa d` wljEloechd WCY adgjb" aohlw y}dpogj ad}j dyyd}wzkowoju `d} cuuouwckej dk gjackg wlck lcpokh owokj}ckw ajkwd}u+ Wlj acok cgpoud}u d` w}jcwajkw wjcelj}u xj}j cbud uohkoòeckwb ad}j bofjb wd mj`zbb!woaj wjcelj}u ckg wd }jejopj }jbjcuj woaj `}da ebcuu}dda wjcelokh ok d}gj} wd yj}`d}a wljo}ajkwd}okh gzwoju+ Wljuj òkgokhu c}j edkuouwjkw xowl wlj Eloechd WCY adgjb" ok xloel ajkwd} ckgbjcg wjcelj}u c}j hopjk }jbjcuj woaj wd xd}f xowl w}cgowodkcb!ebcuu}dda wjcelj}u ok wljo} uelddbu+Dwlj} uohkoòeckw go``j}jkeju }jbcwopj wd acok cgpoud}u ok edkw}db uelddbu xj}j wlcw acok cgpoud}u okEloechd WCY uelddbu xj}j bjuu bofjb wd mj gouw}oew uyjeocbouwu ckg ad}j bofjb wd mj `}da c wjcelj}boejkuokh" ej}woòecwodk" d} y}jyc}cwodk y}dh}ca+


=7

Wcmbj OOO+7+ Ajkwd}okh ]jejopjg

DzwedajEloechd WCY

Ajckc

Edayc}oudkAjckc Go``j}jkej

Uwckgc}gJ}}d}

]jejopjg y}d`juuodkcb cgpoej ckg cuuouwckej okwjcelokh gzwo ju `}da ck cgpoud} ,yj}ejkwchj/

?0+8 <:+0 33+3 8+0<

Lcg ck cgpoud} xld xcu c,k/ + + + ,yj}ejkwchj/Ajkwd} :0+? 39+? 70+9... 7+87Bowj}ce edcel 70+= 03+: ! 3:+5 35+87Acwl edcel =7+= =?+8 ! :+: 37+93Bjcg wjcelj} 88+= ?+9 0<+=. .. 7+:5Y}okeoycb 05+? 55+? 59+9... <+9<Cuuouwckw d} poej y}okeoycb 7<+< 57+0 37+3 33+==Yjj} 7=+3 55+< <+5 0+<:

Lcg c acok cgpoud} xld xcu c + + + ,yj}ejkwchj/@zbb! woaj wjcelj} 09+: 58+: =5+9... 8+99Yj}udk xld xd}f u ok wjcelj}‟u uelddb dkb <:+0 0:+? 3?+0. . <+53Yj}udk xld xd}fu ok ad}j wlck dkj uelddb 7+? 35+0 ! <+<.. 5+:0Wjcelj} xowl }jbjcuj woa j 77+: =0+3 3<+7. .. 0+7?Yj}udk xowl kd ebcuu}dda wjcelokh 09+8 :<+: =+5 33+9<Y}okeoycb d} uelddb cgaokouw}cwd} 3<+9 ==+8 ! 7+8 :+=5Uelddb! mcujg uyjeocbouw 75+: 75+0 ! 9+3 39+59Gouw}oew uyjeocbouw 5+5 39+5 ! 8+9 5+<8Yj}udk `}da c wjcelj} boejkuokh" ej}wo` oecwodk" d}y}jyc}cwodk y}dh}ca

==+? 38+: :+5 5+38

Woaj uyjkw xowl a cok cgpoud}@}jszjke d` ueljgzbjg ajjwokhu ,kzamj} yj}xjjf/

3+7 9+? 9+:.. 9+3?

Gz}cwodk d` jcel ueljgzbjg ajjwokh ,aokzwju/ 0<+= 5?+= =?+9. .. 0+<5Gz}cwodk d` ok`d}acb edkwcew ,aokzwju yj} xjjf/ 8?+9 :3+0 =8+:. 37+00@}jszjke d` wdwcb edkwcew ,aokzwju yj} xjjf/ 38< +8 ?:+? <=+8. .. ==+8=

Gz}okh aduw }jejkw `zbb xjjf" ueljgzbjg woajacok cgpoud} uyjkw + + + ,aokz wju/

Dmuj}pokh wjcelj}‟u wjcelokh =<+9 3<+0 ?+7. . 7+58Ajjwokh xowl wjcelj} dkj! dk! dkj =8+? 38+3 39+<.. 7+?:Ajjwokh xowl wjcelj} wdhjwlj} xowl dwlj}wjcelj}u

75+: =<+< 37+8. 8+39

Adgjbokh c bjuudk =9+0 0+7 37+=... 5+:5Edwjcelokh c bjuudk 39+< :+? 7+? 5+7=

Wjcelj} }jejopjg zuj`zb `jjgmcef `}da acokcgpoud} ,yj}ejkwchj/

<<+3 <:+? =+= 7+<8

Kdwj> K 1 =78 wd =<5 wjcelj}u yj} dzwedaj+

c Ajcku c}j }jh}juuodk cgnzuwjg+

. Eloechd WCY! edkw}d b go` `j}jkej ou uwcwouwoecbb uohkoòeckw cw wlj 39 yj}ejkw bjpjb+.. Eloechd WCY! edkw}d b go` `j}jkej ou uwcwouwoecbb uohkoòeckw cw wlj : yj}ejkw bjpjb+

.. . Eloechd WCY! edkw}db go`` j}jkej ou uwcwouwoecbb uohko` oeckw cw wlj 3 yj}ejkw bjpjb+

Wjcelj}u ok Eloechd WCY uelddbu }jyd}wjg ad}j `}jszjkw ckg bdkhj} ajjwokhu ckg cewopowoju xowl wljo} acok cgpoud}+ Dk cpj}chj" w}jcwajkw wjcelj}u lcg 3+7 ueljgzbjg ajjwokhu yj} xjjf xowlwljo} acok cgpoud} edayc}jg wd 9+? ueljgzbjg ajjwokhu yj} xjjf `d} edkw}db wjcelj}u" xowl wljcpj}chj ajjwokh `d} w}jcwajkw wjcelj}u bcuwokh =? aokzwju bdkhj}+ Mdwl dkj!dk!dkj ckg uacbb!h}dzyajjwokhu xowl acok cgpoud}u xj}j bdkhj} `d} w}jcwajkw wjcelj}u wlck edkw}db wjcelj}u gz}okh wljaduw }jejkw `zbb xjjf d` wjcelokh+ Edayc}jg wd edkw}db wjcelj}u" w}jcwajkw wjcelj}u cbud uyjkw ad}jueljgzbjg woaj ok wlj aduw }jejkw `zbb xjjf mjokh dmuj}pjg wjcelokh m wljo} acok cgpoud} ckglcpokh wljo} acok cgpoud} adgjb c bjuudk+ Eloechd WCY cbud oke}jcujg wlj cadzkw d` ok`d}acb


=:

edkwcew wjcelj}u lcg xowl wljo} acok cgpoud}" xowl w}jcwajkw wjcelj}u }jyd}wokh kjc}b 59 ad}jaokzwju d` ok`d}acb edkwcew yj} xjjf wlck edkw}db wjcelj}u+ Ok wdwcb" Eloechd WCY wjcelj}ucpj}chjg kjc}b wl}jj ldz}u d` ueljgzbjg ckg ok`d}acb edkwcew xowl wljo} acok cgpoud} yj} xjjf"edayc}jg wd ck cpj}chj d` ?0 aokzwju d` wdwcb edkwcew yj} xjjf `d} edkw}db wjcelj}u+

Mdwl Eloechd WCY ckg kdk!WCY wjcelj}u wjkgjg wd }jhc}g wlj `jjgmcef wlj }jejopjg `}dawljo} acok cgpoud} cu zuj`zb+ Johlw!johlw yj}ejkw d` w}jcwajkw wjcelj}u ckg <0 yj}ejkw d` edkw}dbwjcelj}u }jyd}wjg }jejopokh zuj`zb `jjgmcef" c go``j}jkej wlcw xcu kdw uwcwouwoecbb uohkoòeckw+

m+ Bjcgj}uloy ]dbju Ljbg

Eloechd WCY d``j}u wjcelj}u dyyd}wzkowoju wd wcfj dk bjcgj}uloy }juydkuomobowoju ckg jc}k j|w}cyc xowldzw lcpokh wd bjcpj wlj ebcuu}dda jkwo}jb+ Wjcelj}u eck mjedaj ajkwd} d} bjcg wjcelj}u xld uj}pj dk wlj Eloechd WCY bjcgj}uloy wjca }juydkuombj `d} wlj dpj}cbb oaybjajkwcwodk d` Eloechd WCY" ckcb~j uwzgjkw gcwc" ckg gjpjbdy cecgjaoe celojpjajkw ybcku+ Ok cggowodk" ajkwd}ckg bjcg wjcelj}u uzyyd}w wlj y}d`juuodkcb gjpjbdyajkw d` w}cgowodkcb!ebcuu}dda wjcelj}u" fkdxk cuec}jj} wjcelj}u+ ]juydkuomobowoju d` wljuj wjcelj}!bjcgj}u okebzgj bjcgokh ebzuwj} h}dzyu" dmuj}pokh ckg jpcbzcwokh ec}jj} wjcelj}u" wjca wjcelokh xowl edbbjchzju" ckg adgjbokh bjuudku+ Ajkwd}wjcelj}u y}dpogj gc!wd!gc ajkwd}okh ckg edcelokh wd ec}jj} wjcelj}u+ Ulc}okh bjcgj}uloy ckgczwld}ow xowl wlj y}okeoycb" bjcg wjcelj}u c}j cbud }juydkuombj `d} dpj}ujjokh wlj y}d`juuodkcbgjpjbdyajkw d` mdwl ajkwd} ckg ec}jj} wjcelj}u ,KOJW =99</+

Zkgj} wlj Eloechd WCY adgjb" ajkwd} ckg bjcg wjcelj}u }jejopj }jbjcuj woaj `}da ebcuu}ddawjcelokh ok d}gj} wd `zbòbb wljo} bjcgj}uloy }juydkuomobowoju+ Eloechd WCY uelddbu c}j j|yjewjg wdy}dpogj ajkwd} wjcelj}u xowl dkj wd òpj ldz}u d` uwzgjkw!`}jj woaj yj} xjjf dzwuogj d` ebzuwj}ajjwokhu+ Wlj adgjb }jedaajkgu wlcw bjcg wjcelj}u wjcel wxd ldz}u yj} gc ckg gjpdwj wlj}jacokgj} d` wljo} xd}f gc wd bjcg wjcelj} }juydkuomobowoju+

Ajcuz}okh wlj oaycew d` bjcg ckg ajkwd} wjcelj}u ou edayboecwjg m wlj `cew wlcw wljujyduowodku lcpj kd ebjc} ckcbdhzj ok kdk!WCY uelddbu+ Wlj}j`d}j" dz} cyy}dcel xcu wd ajcuz}j `d}jcel uelddb wlj cadzkw d` bjcgj}uloy ckg ajkwd}okh y}dpogjg m wjcelj}u xld edzbg ybczuomb lcpjybcjg uoaobc} }dbju cu bjcg d} ajkwd} wjcelj}u+ Xj `dezujg dk pjwj}ck wjcelj}u" xlda xj gjòkjgcu lcpokh cw bjcuw òpj jc}u d` j|yj}ojkej cu c ljcg ebcuu}dda wjcelj}+ Wlou j|yj}ojkej ezwd`` }dzhlb cyy}d|oacwju wlj aokoaza j|yj}ojkej bjpjbu }jszo}jg wd mjedaj ajkwd} d} bjcg wjcelj}u`d} wlj ò}uw jc} d` Eloechd WCY‟u oaybjajkwcwodk+ Eloechd WCY }jszo}jajkwu `d} wljuj wjcelj}!bjcgj} }dbju okebzgj c aokoaza d` `dz} jc}u d` wjcelokh j|yj}ojkej `d} ajkwd} wjcelj}u6 bjcgwjcelj}u azuw lcpj cw bjcuw uo| jc}u d` uzeejuu`zb wjcelokh" xowl cw bjcuw `dz} jc}u cu c ebcuu}ddawjcelj} ,KOJW =99</+ O` dkj ajkwd} wjcelj} ou cuuohkjg wd jcel h}dzy d` < ec}jj} wjcelj}u" ckg dkjbjcg wjcelj} ou cuuohkjg wd jcel h}dzy d` 3: ec}jj} wjcelj}u" wljk dkj aohlw j|yjew cmdzw 38 yj}ejkwd` cbb wjcelj}u wd mj y}dpogokh bjcgj}uloy ok c Eloechd WCY uelddb+ Xljk wlj ucaybj ou }juw}oewjg wd pjwj}ck wjcelj}u" dkj aohlw j|yjew wlj yj}ejkwchj wd mj lohlj}+ Wlj hdcb d` wlj ckcbuou ou wdjuwoacwj wlcw yj}ejkwchj `d} Eloechd WCY ckg kdk!WCY uelddbu+

Edkuouwjkw xowl wlj ec}jj} ycwl edaydkjkw d` wlj Eloechd WCY adgjb" pjwj}ck wjcelj}u okEloechd WCY uelddbu xj}j ad}j bofjb wlck wljo} edkw}db h}dzy edzkwj}yc}wu wd y}dpogj ajkwd}okh uzyyd}w `d} dwlj} wjcelj}u ok c }ckhj d` wdyoeu ,ujj Wcmbj OOO+:/+ Wxjkw!òpj yj}ejkw d` pjwj}ckEloechd WCY wjcelj}u }jyd}wjg y}dpogokh ‒`d}acb ajkwd}okh uj}poeju‑ wd wjcelj}u ok wljo} uelddbu"edayc}jg wd 3: yj}ejkw d` pjwj}ck edkw}db wjcelj}u+ Wldzhl c pc}ojw d` wdyoeu xcu edpj}jg okajkwd}okh cewopowoju ok mdwl Eloechd WCY ckg kdk!WCY uelddbu" pjwj}ck Eloechd WCY wjcelj}u xj}j uohkoòeckwb ad}j bofjb wd }jyd}w edpj}okh ej}wcok wdyoeu" uzel cu gjpouokh uw}cwjhoju `d}


=0

wjcelokh bowj}ce" ujwwokh okuw}zewodkcb hdcbu ckg gjwj}aokokh xcu wd celojpj wlja" ckg y}jyc}okh bjuudk ybcku d} dwlj} okuw}zewodkcb cewopowoju+

Wcmbj OOO+:+ Ajkwd}okh Y}dpogjg ,wjcelj}u xowl cw bjcuw òpj jc}u d` j|yj}ojkej/

DzwedajEloechd WCY

Ajckc

Edkw}dbAjckc Go``j}jkej

Uwckgc}gJ}}d}

Y}dpogjg `d}acb ajkwd} okh uj}poeju ,yj}ejkwchj/ =7+? 3:+9 ?+?. . 7+5<

Ajkwd}okh wdyo eu okebzgjg + + + ,yj}ejkwchj/Uw}cwjhoju `d} wjcelokh bowj}ce =5+< <+= 3:+:. .. 7+33Uw}cwjhoju `d} wjcelokh acwl 39+0 :+5 :+5 =+<9Uw}cwjhoju `d} wjcelokh dwlj} uzmnjewu 33+8 <+0 5+3 7+75Oke}jcuokh edkwjkw c}jc fkdxbjghj 30+5 39+7 :+? 7+07Ujbjewokh d} cgcywokh ez}}oezbza acwj}ocbu 30+< 0+8 39+3. .. 5+=3Wjcelokh d} cbohkokh ez}}oezbza wd ajjw uwcwj d}gouw}oew uwckgc}gu

=9+9 39+= ?+?.. 7+==

Cbohkokh bdecb ez}}oezbza cuujuuajkw wd uwcwjuwckgc}gu

35+< <+= :+0 5+09

Ujwwokh okuw}zewodkcb hdcbu ckg gjwj}aokokh xcuwd celojpj wlja

=3+< 39+: 33+5... 7+55

Y}jyc}okh uwzgjkwu `d} uwckgc}go~jg wjuwu 30+9 <+3 8+?. 7+58Zuokh cuujuuajkwu wd ok`d} a wjcelokh 3?+? 33+? <+9. . 7+98Y}jyc}okh bjuudk ybcku d} dwlj} okuw}zewo dkcbcewopowoju

=9+3 <+3 3=+9... 7+73

Y}dpogokh go``j}jkwocwjg okuw}zewodk wd ajjwuwzgjkw kjjgu

3?+7 39+3 ?+5.. 7+88

]jejopjg }jbjcuj woa j `d} ajkwd} okh ,yj}ejkwchj/ 5+0 9+8 =+?. .. 9+?9]jbjcuj woa j `d} ajkwd} okh ,ldz}u yj} xjjf/ 3+7 9+< 9+0 9+8=Ajkwd}okh dzwuogj d` uyjeoòjg edkw}cew ldz}u,ldz}u yj} xjjf/

3+< 9+< 3+3 9+83

Wjcelj}u ajkwd} jg ,kzamj}/ =+= 9+< 3+5. . 9+:9@}jszjke d` ueljgzbjg a jjwokhu,kzamj} yj} xjjf y j} wjcelj}/

9+5 9+5 9+9 9+3=

Gz}cwodk d` jcel ueljgzbjg ajjwokh ,aokzwju/ 35+? 8+0 0+5. 5+5:Ok`d}acb edkwcew xowl cbb wjcelj}u ,aokzwju yj} xjjf/ 0<+9 5<+9 =?+? =<+3?Wdwcb edkwcew xowl cbb wjcelj}u ,aokzwju yj} xjjf/ 3<= +? 75+3 35? +8.. 05+<5

Ajkwd}okh cewopow oju okebzgjg + + + ,yj}ejkwchj/Dmuj}pokh wjcelokh :+0 3+7 7+=... 3+=9Ajjwokh xowl wjcelj}u dkj! dk! dkj =7+= ?+? 37+5... 7+:=Ajjwokh ok uacbb h}dzyu d} ebzuwj}u 7+? 3+: 5+7... 9+?3Adgjbokh c bjuudk =7+9 0 +: 38+:... :+90Edwjcelokh c bjuudk 5+0 9+? =+<. .. 9+<5X}owokh jpcbzcwodku 38+: 5+: 37+3... :+=9

Gz}okh aduw }jejkw `zbb xjjf" ueljgzbjg woaj uyjkw+ + + ,aokzw ju/

Dmuj}pokh wjcelokh 5?+8 73+7 ! 3+8 53+:5Ajjwokh xowl wjcelj}u dkj! dk! dkj 58+= 3?+= 3<+9 33+30Ajjwokh ok uacbb h}dzyu d} ebzuwj}u 5=+: 3:+= 38+5. ?+38Adgjbokh c bjuudk =7+= 3=+< 33+7 33+95Edwjcelokh c bjuudk 30+? <+9 <+< <+50X}owokh jpcbzcwodku 7:+3 0+7 5<+8.. 35+87

Kdwj> K1 =3: wd =57 wjcelj}u yj} dzwedaj


. Eloechd WCY! edkw}d b go` `j}jkej ou uwcwouwoecbb uohkoòeckw cw wlj 39 yj}ejkw bjpjb+.. Eloechd WCY! edkw}db go`` j}jkej ou uwcwouwoecbb uohko` oeckw cw wlj : yj}ejkw bjpjb+



=8

Xj cbud `dzkg uohkoòeckw go``j}jkeju ok wlj woaj uyjkw" ckg wlj uyjeoòe cewopowoju edkgzewjg" cuc ajkwd}+ Pjwj}ck Eloechd WCY wjcelj}u xj}j uohkoòeckwb ad}j bofjb wlck pjwj}ck edkw}db wjcelj}uwd }jejopj }jbjcuj woaj `}da wljo} }jhzbc} y}d`juuodkcb gzwoju wd yj}`d}a wljo} ajkwd}okh" cbwldzhlwlj cadzkw d` }jbjcuj woaj }jejopjg gog kdw go``j} uohkoòeckwb mjwxjjk wlj wxd h}dzyu d` wjcelj}u+Eloechd WCY cbud c``jewjg wlj kzamj} d` wjcelj}u ajkwd}jg" xowl pjwj}ck Eloechd WCY wjcelj}uajkwd}okh cmdzw wxd wjcelj}u dk cpj}chj" edayc}jg wd dkj wjcelj} `d} pjwj}ck edkw}db wjcelj}u+Edayc}jg wd pjwj}ck edkw}db wjcelj}u" pjwj}ck Eloechd WCY wjcelj}u lcg bdkhj} ueljgzbjgajjwokhu xowl jcel wjcelj} dk cpj}chj ckg lcg ad}j wdwcb edkwcew jcel xjjf xowl cbb wlj wjcelj}uwlj ajkwd}jg+

Ceed}gokh wd òkgokhu dk ajkwd}okh cewopowoju" pjwj}ck Eloechd WCY wjcelj}u xj}j uohkoòeckwb ad}j bofjb wd lcpj }jejkwb uyjkw woaj ajjwokh xowl wjcelj}u ok uacbb h}dzyu ckg x}owokh jpcbzcwodku+ Edayc}jg wd pjwj}ck edkw}db wjcelj}u" pjwj}ck Eloechd WCY wjcelj}u uyjkw dk cpj}chj38 ad}j aokzwju d` ueljgzbjg woaj gz}okh wlj aduw }jejkw `zbb xjjf ajjwokh ok uacbb h}dzyu d}ebzuwj}u" ckg 5? ad}j aokzwju x}owokh jpcbzcwodku+ Xj cbud `dzkg wlcw pjwj}ck Eloechd WCY wjcelj}u xj}j ad}j bofjb wd dmuj}pj dwlj} wjcelj}u" ajjw xowl wjcelj}u dkj!dk!dkj" adgjb c bjuudk" ckgedwjcel c bjuudk cu yc}w d` wljo} ajkwd}okh }juydkuomobowoju" mzw kdkj d` wlj go``j}jkeju ok ueljgzbjgwoaj uyjkw dk wljuj cewopowoju gz}okh wlj aduw }jejkw xjjf d` `zbb wjcelokh xcu uwcwouwoecbb uohkoòeckw+

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Cu yc}w d` juwcmboulokh okuw}zewodkcbb `dezujg ceedzkwcmobow" wlj Eloechd WCY adgjb ecbbu `d}dmuj}pcwodku d` wjcelj}u edkgzewjg m wlj Eloechd WCY bjcgj}uloy wjca" xloel edkuouwu d` wljy}okeoycb" bjcg wjcelj}u" ckg ajkwd} wjcelj}u+ Gz}okh wlj ò}uw jc} d` oaybjajkwcwodk" wlj y}dh}caadgjb cbbdxu `d} y}cewoej dmuj}pcwodku gz}okh wlj ò}uw ujajuwj} ckg y}jue}omju cw bjcuw wxd d`òeocbdmuj}pcwodku gz}okh wlj ujedkg ujajuwj}6 wlj d`òeocb dmuj}pcwodku c}j zujg wd gjwj}aokj yj}`d}ackej!mcujg edayjkucwodk ,Eloechd Mdc}g d` Jgzecwodk ckg Eloechd Wjcelj}u Zkodk =9986KOJW =99</+

3: ]jcgj}u uldzbg kdwj wlcw xj edkgzew c bc}hj kzamj} d` lydwljuou wjuwu" jcel d` xloel lcu c y}dmcmobow d` `cbujb }jnjewokh wlj kzbb lydwljuou d` kd go``j}jkej ,gjkdwjg cu wlj uohkoòeckej bjpjb" zuzcbb : yj}ejkw/+ Xljkedkgzewokh bc}hj kzamj}u d` lydwljuou wjuwu" ow ou bofjb wlcw cw bjcuw udaj }jbcwodkuloyu xobb cyyjc} ‒uwcwouwoecbb uohkoòeckw‑ yz}jb m elckej+ @d} j|caybj" cw c : yj}ejkw uohkoòeckej bjpjb" dkj ok =9 okgjyjkgjkw wjuw }juzbwu xobbcyyjc} uwcwouwoecbb uohkoòeckw jpjk o` wlj}j ou kd zkgj}bokh }jbcwodkuloy+ Wlj}j`d}j" oudbcwjg uohkoòeckw }juzbwu c}juzhhjuwopj mzw kdw edkebzuopj jpogjkej d` c }jbcwodkuloy+


=<

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Xj gog kdw òkg jpogjkej wlcw Eloechd WCY c``jewjg ldx d`wjk wjcelj}u }jejopjg `jjgmcef+ Okyc}woezbc}" wlj}j xj}j kd uwcwouwoecbb uohkoòeckw go``j}jkeju mjwxjjk Eloechd WCY ckg edkw}dbwjcelj}u ok ldx d`wjk wlj xj}j hopjk `jjgmcef ok wlj `dbbdxokh edkwj|wu> cu yc}w d` c `d}acbjpcbzcwodk" dzwuogj d` ck jpcbzcwodk" d} uyjeoòecbb yj}wcokokh wd bjuudk ybcku+30

Wcmbj OOO+0+ Dwlj} Bjcgj}uloy ]dbju ckg ]juydkuomobowoju ,wjcelj}u xowl cw bjcuw òpj jc}u d` j|yj}ojkej/

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Uwckgc}gJ}}d}

Lcg dwlj} bjcgj}uloy }db ju d} }juydkuomobowo ju mjdkgajkwd}okh ,yj}ejkwchj/

5?+5 77+8 ! :+: 8+:8

Dwlj} bjcgj}uloy }dbju okebzgjg + + + ,yj}ejkwchj/Mjokh c bjcg wjcelj} =+= 9+< 3+7. .. 9+7<Mjokh c gjyc}wajkw ljcg d} elco} :+= 8+8 ! =+: =+70Mjokh c h}cgj! bjpjb bjcg wjcelj} <+0 35+9 ! 7+7 :+95Mjokh dk c uelddb oay}dpjajkw wjca 3:+0 =9+? ! :+7 :+98Mjokh dk c uelddbxogj edaaowwjj$ wcuf `d}ej 3=+0 37+= ! 3+0 0+5=

Dwlj} bjcgj}uloy }juydkuomob owo ju okebzgjg + + +,yj}ejkwchj/

Ujwwokh uelddb ydboeoju ?+8 38+< ! <+3 0+<9Gjpjbdyokh ez}}oezbza 37+5 3:+3 ! 9+< 7+3?]jpojxokh$ ujbjewokh ez}}oezbza 3:+= 3:+0 ! 9+7 :+85Y}dpogokh okyzw dk oay}dpokh `ceobowoju$ wjelkdbdh 39+? 3:+5 ! 7+7 :+?3Y}dpogokh y}d` juuodkcb gjpjbdya jkw cewopowoju =9+: 38+5 5+= 7+<5Gjpjbdyokh uwckgc}gu 39+= <+8 3+: :+57Jpcbzcwokh wjcelj}u 9+8 9+9 9+8 9+77

Cuudeocwjg xowl wljuj dwlj} bjcgj}uloy }d bju ckg}juydkuomobow oju" }jejopjg + + + ,yj}ejkwchj/

E}jgow wdxc}g ej}woòecwodk 3+= 3+9 9+3 9+7<Yc oke}jcuj 30+3 3+: 37+0. .. :+90

Kdwj> K 1 ==< wd =5= wjcelj}u yj} dzwedaj+




30 ]juydkuju xj}j wdy!edgjg cw òpj deez}}jkeju gz}okh wlj uelddb jc}+


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@}jszjke d` dmuj}pcwodk ,kzamj} ok =99?―=939/Dmuj}pcwodk m y}okeoycb d} cuuouwckw y}okeoycb =+? 5+3 ! 9+3 9+5=Dmuj}pcwodk m ajkwd} " edcel" d} bjcg wjcelj} 5+= =+7 9+<. 9+5?

@}jszjke d` `jjgmcef ,kzamj} ok =99?―=939/@jjgmcef cu yc}w d` c `d}a cb jpcbzcwodk =+: =+5 9+= 9+=:@jjgmcef dzwuogj d` c `d}a cb jpcbzcwodk =+0 =+5 9+5 9+=8@jjgmcef dk bjuudk ybcku =+= =+: ! 9+5 9+73





=+ Y}d`juuodkcb Gjpjbdyajkw

Eloechd WCY d``j}u wjcelj}u ‒dkhdokh cyybojg y}d`juuodkcb h}dxwl‑ wl}dzhl uelddb!mcujgy}d`juuodkcb gjpjbdyajkw gz}okh wlj uelddb gc+ Wl}dzhl xjjfb ebzuwj} ajjwokhu" cu xjbb cu dwlj}okwj}cewodku cadkh bjcg ckg ajkwd} wjcelj}u ckg ec}jj} wjcelj}u" wlj y}dh}ca y}dpogjudyyd}wzkowoju wd edbbcmd}cwj dk oay}dpokh wlj szcbow d` okuw}zewodk ckg wd bjc}k kjx }jujc}el!mcujgokuw}zewodkcb uw}cwjhoju `d} oke}jcuokh cecgjaoe celojpjajkw+

Xj `dzkg `jx uohkoòeckw go``j}jkeju ok y}d`juuodkcb gjpjbdyajkw }jejopjg m w}jcwajkw ckgedkw}db wjcelj}u ,ujj Wcmbj OOO+</+ Ok mdwl h}dzyu" aduw wjcelj}u yc}woeoycwjg ok y}d`juuodkcbgjpjbdyajkw cewopowoju cgg}juuokh c }ckhj d` wdyoeu+ Xj gog kdw òkg ck uwcwouwoecbb uohkoòeckwgo``j}jkeju ok wdyoe c}jcu edpj}jg+

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Wlj bcef d` oaycewu `dzkg `d} y}d`juuodkcb gjpjbdyajkw uzhhjuwu wlcw ebzuwj} h}dzy ajjwokhu" xloel xj}j ck okwjh}cb yc}w d` Eloechd WCY" ac lcpj mjjk elc}cewj}o~jg m wjcelj}u cu ajkwd}okh ckg kdw cu y}d`juuodkcb gjpjbdyajkw+ Cbwj}kcwopjb" ow ac mj wlj ecuj wlcw uoaobc} wyju d` uzyyd}w xj}j y}dpogjg ok uelddbu wlcw xj}j kdw oaybjajkwokh Eloechd WCY+


59

Wcmbj OOO+<+ Y}d`juuodkcb Gjpjbdyajkw ]jejopjg

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Uw}cwjhoju `d} wjcelokh bowj}ce ?<+? ??+: ! 9+0 9+73Uw}cwjhoju `d} wjcelokh acwl <5+5 80+< 0+0 :+87Uw}cwjhoju `d} wjcelokh dwlj} uzmnjewu 00+3 0:+7 9+0 0+90Oke}jcuokh edkwjkw c}jc fkdxbjghj <8+7 <7+: =+? 7+?8Ujbjewokh d} cgcywokh ez}}oezbza acwj}ocbu 08+7 0?+= ! 3+< 8+99Wjcelokh d} cbohkokh ez}}oezbza wd ajjw uwcwj d}gouw}oew uwckgc}gu

<3+7 8<+3 5+5 :+:=

Cbohkokh bdecb d} wjcelj}! gjpjbdyjg ez}}oezbzacuujuuajkw wd uwcwj uwckgc}gu

89+= 83+7 ! 3+= 8+5?


8<+= <9+8 ! =+: :+35

Y}jyc}okh uwzgjkwu ̀ d} uwckgc}go~jg wjuwu 89+= 83+9 ! 9+< 8+39Zuokh cuujuuajkwu wd ok`d}a wjcelokh <<+< <?+= ! 9+: 5+?8Y}jyc}okh bjuudk ybcku d} dwlj} okuw}zewo dkcbcewopowoju

88+7 88+3 9+7 0+9<


<0+8 <<+? ! =+5 5+79

]juydkgjg w lcw y}d `juuodkcb gjpjbdyajkw ok=99? ―=939 + + + ,yj}ejkwchj/

Xcu zuj`zb wd wljo} wjcelokh <5+< <:+9 ! 3+= :+3:Xcu ad}j ucwou`cewd} wlck ok y}jpodzu jc}u 57+8 ==+5 3=+7. . :+5:Lcg mjjk oay bjajkwjg ok wljo} wjcelokh ?=+9 ?3+5 9+8 =+85

Ok cuudeocwodk xowl y}d` juuodkcb gjpjbdyajkw"}jejopjg + + + ,yj}ejkwchj/

Ueljgzbjg kdkwjcelokh woa j ok edkw}cew jc} <5+= 8=+3 33+3. . 7+87Dwlj} }jbjcuj woaj `}da wjcelokh 70+3 58+= <+< 8+3?Uwoyjkg 0:+0 00+7 ! 9+< 8+5=@jj }joamz }ujajkw 3?+9 3<+8 9+= :+8<W}cpjb d} j|yjkuj }joamz}ujajkw 0+3 37+? ! <+<.. 5+<3Edz}uj e}jgowu wdxc}g ej}woòecwodk :3+= 7<+: =+8 7+98Yc oke}jcuj =:+: =9+: :+3 7+<8]jedhkowodk d} lo hlj} }cwok hu dk ck ckkzcb wjcelj}jpcbzcwodk

=7+= 3?+5 7+< 0+79



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5+ Edayjkucwodk

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53

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Wlj cadzkw d` kdkbjcgj}uloy edayjkucwodk j|yjewjg go``j}jg uohkoòeckwb `d} Eloechd WCYckg kdk!WCY uelddbu cu xjbb+ Dk cpj}chj" Eloechd WCY wjcelj}u j|yjewjg wd }jejopj ck ckkzcb'<83 cu cggowodkcb edayjkucwodk `d} kdkbjcgj}uloy }jcudku" edayc}jg wd '3<9 ok cggowodkcb yc j|yjewjg m edkw}db wjcelj}u+

7+ Wjcelj} Cwwowzgju

Cu c y}dh}ca d``j}okh yj}`d}ackej!mcujg yc" Eloechd WCY eck c``jew wlj eboacwj d` wljuelddb ok ack xcu+ Ow eck e}jcwj edayjwowodk d} njcbdzu" ckg wlj}jm ydwjkwocbb zkgj}aokjedbbjhocbow+ Cbwj}kcwopjb" ow eck mzobg edbbjhocbow m }jxc}gokh wlj h}dzy‟u yj}`d}ackej" d} oay}dpjad}cbj m m}okhokh edbbjchzju wdhjwlj}" jowlj} ok ulc}jg cewopowoju d} ok wlj bc}hj} j``d}w wd oaybjajkwc kjx y}dh}ca+ Wd cuujuu Eloechd WCY‟u j``jew dk uelddb eboacwj" xj okebzgjg szjuwodku dk wljwjcelj} uz}pj cmdzw wjcelj}u‟ ucwou`cewodk xowl ckg cwwowzgju wdxc}g wljo} uelddb+

Wjcelj} uz}pj }juydkuju uzhhjuwjg wlcw Eloechd WCY gog kdw elckhj uelddb eboacwj> wljacnd}ow d` wjcelj}u ok mdwl Eloechd WCY ckg kdk!WCY uelddbu }jyd}wjg edbbcmd}cwopj" uzyyd}wopjjkpo}dkajkwu ,ujj Wcmbj OOO+39/+ Ujpjkw!kokj yj}ejkw d` Eloechd WCY wjcelj}u ckg <5 yj}ejkw d` edkw}db wjcelj}u }jyd}wjg mjokh ucwouòjg xowl wlj uzyyd}wopj cwaduylj}j cadkh `cezbw ckgedbbcmd}cwodk xowl edbbjchzju+ Wlj acnd}ow d` mdwl h}dzyu ch}jjg xowl wlj uwcwjajkw wlcw wljo}y}okeoycb xd}fjg wd e}jcwj c ujkuj d` edaazkow cw wljo} uelddb+ Ok kjowlj} ecuj xcu wlj go``j}jkejmjwxjjk wlj h}dzyu uwcwouwoecbb uohkoòeckw+


5=

Wcmbj OOO+?+ Edayjkucwodk

DzwedajEloechd WCY

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Uwckgc}gJ}}d}

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Mcuj ucbc} okebzgjg bjcgj}uloy edayjkucwodk,yj}ejkwchj/

3=+7 33+9 3+7 5+?3

Cggowodkcb edayjkucwodk xcu j|yjewjg `d}bjcgj}uloy ,yj}ejkwchj/

3?+5 7+7 37+?... 7+==

J|yjewjg cadzkw d` cggowodkcb edayjkucwodk `d}bjcgj}uloy ,'/

3"808 5:: 3"73=... 5<5+=5

Jbohom bj `d} cggow odkcb kdkbjcgj}uloyedayjkucwodk ,yj}ejkwchj/

<3+8 58+? 75+8... :+?9

Jbohom bj `d} cggow odkcb kdkbjcgj}uloyedayjkucwodk mcujg dk + + + ,yj}ejkwchj/

Okuw}zewodkcb yj}`d}ackej 83+8 33+9 09+8... 8+57Uwzgjkw celojpjajkw h}dxwl 07+0 33+? :=+8... 0+79Okuw}zewodkcb yj}`d}ackej d} uwzgjkwcelojpjajkw h}dxwl

8<+= 37+3 07+3... 0+5:

Uzmnjew acwwj} wczhlw 3?+= 39+= ?+9. 7+?<Uwzgjkw ydyzbcwodk wczhlw 35+= 39+: =+8 5+87Y}d`juuodkcb gjpjbdyajkw 5=+: 5=+= 9+= 0+90Zkopj}uow edz}uju wcfjk 37+7 =9+5 ! :+? :+9<

J|y jewjg d} lcg }jejopjg cggo wodkcbkdkbjcgj}uloy eday jkucwodk ,yj}ejkwchj/

:5+? 35+0 79+5... :+77

J|y jewjg d} lcg }jejopjg cggo wodkcbkdkbjcgj}uloy edayjkucwodk mcujg dk + + +,yj}ejkwchj/

Okuw}zewodkcb yj}`d}ackej 5:+< =+7 55+:... :+<3Uwzgjkw celojpjajkw h}dxw l 59+5 3+5 =<+?. .. 7+??Okuw}zewodkcb yj}`d}ackej d} uwzgjkwcelojpjajkw h}dxwl

77+8 5+3 73+0... :+88

Uzmnjew acwwj} wczhlw 9+9 9+9 9+9 9+99Uwzgjkw ydyzbcwodk wczhlw 9+9 9+9 9+9 9+99Y}d`juuodkcb gjpjbdyajkw 3:+8 ?+9 0+<. 5+?3Zkopj}uow edz}uju wcfjk 9+9 9+9 9+9 9+99

J|y jewjg cadzkw d` cggow odkcb kdkbjcgj}uloyedayjkucwodk ,'/

<83 3<3 0?9... 3:?+?3

J|y jewjg cggow odkcb edayjkucwodk `} da ckdzwuogj ndm ,yj}ejkwchj/

33+9 7+0 0+7. =+8?

Kdwj> K 1 =79 wd =87 wjcelj}u yj} dzwedaj+




Xljk xj j|caokjg dwlj} wjcelj} cwwowzgju" xj `dzkg `jx uohkoòeckw go``j}jkeju mjwxjjkEloechd WCY ckg kdk!WCY uelddbu ,ujj Wcmbj OOO+39/+ W}jcwajkw wjcelj}u xj}j uohkoòeckwb ad}jbofjb wlck edkw}db wjcelj}u wd }jyd}w mjokh ucwouòjg xowl wljo} ucbc} ckg mjkjòwu" ckg `jxj}w}jcwajkw wlck edkw}db wjcelj}u ch}jjg xowl wlj uwcwjajkw wlcw wljo} y}okeoycb ou uw}dkhb edaaowwjgwd ulc}jg gjeouodk acfokh+ Mzw dwlj} go``j}jkeju xj}j kdw uwcwouwoecbb uohkoòeckw" ckg cadkh mdwlw}jcwajkw ckg edkw}db wjcelj}u" yduowopj cwwowzgju cmdzw wljo} y}okeoycbu ckg dwlj} cuyjewu d` wjcelokh xj}j y}jpcbjkw+


55

Wcmbj OOO+39+ Wjcelj} Cwwowzgju

DzwedajEloechd WCY

Ajckc


Uwckgc}gJ}}d}

Ucwou` ojg xowl + + + ,yj}ejkwchj/Uzyyd} wopj cwaduylj}j$ edbbcmd}cwodk xowledbbjchzju

8<+0 <5+= ! 7+0 7+8:

Cgaokouw}cwodk uzyyd}w 80+3 8?+8 ! 5+0 8+=3Ydboeoju$ y}cewoeju okyzw 87+7 <9+3 ! :+8 0+98Ebcuu}dda czwdkda <<+0 <0+= =+7 7+=7Y}d`juuodkcb gjpjbdyajkw dyyd} wzko woju <8+? <:+? =+9 5+:5Ecbomj} d` edbbjchzju 8?+9 <:+9 ! 0+3 :+58Ucbc} ckg mjkjòwu ?9+7 <7+0 :+8. . =+5:Bjcgj}uloy dyyd}wzkow oju 8?+9 <9+0 ! 3+0 7+=?Uelddb ydboeoju 8=+8 8=+3 9+0 :+53Gouw}oew ydboeoju :8+9 :7+: =+: 0+35

Ch}jjg wlcw wlj y}okeoycb + + + ,yj}ejkwchj/Xd}fu wd e}jcwj c ujkuj d` edaazkow 85+0 8?+? ! 0+5 8+38Ou uw}dkhb edaaowwjg wd ulc}jg gjeouodk acfokh 85+? <7+9 ! 39+=. :+??Y}dadwju yc}jkw$ edaazkow okpdbpjajkw <:+< <0+7 ! 9+0 :+:<Uzyyd} wu ckg jkedz}chju }ouf wcfokh 83+0 89+< 9+< 0+<7Ou xobbokh wd acfj elckhju <<+8 <8+5 3+7 =+??Uw}dkhb uzyyd}wu aduw elckhju <3+= <:+9 ! 5+< 7+7?Jkedz}chju w}okh kjx okuw}zewodkcb ajwldgu <<+8 <<+< 9+9 7+7<

Kdwj> K 1 =89 wd =8< wjcelj}u yj} dzwedaj+





5:

OP+ OAYCEWU DK UWZGJKW CELOJPJAJKW

Ceed}gokh wd EYU" Eloechd WCY ,=99?/ xcu gjuohkjg wd uzyyd}w ckg gjpjbdy lohl!szcbow wjcelokh" xloel ok wz}k xdzbg mdduw uwzgjkw bjc}kokh+ Edkujszjkwb" uwzgjkwu‟ OUCW ued}ju c}j wljacok dzwedaju d` okwj}juw `d} wlj uwzg+ Xj `dezu dk wjuwjg h}cgju ckg uzmnjewu> acwl ckg }jcgokh ok h}cgju `dz} wl}dzhl johlw cu xjbb cu ueojkej ok h}cgju `dz} ckg ujpjk+ Xj j|caokjg dzwedaju okjcel jc} d` wlj y}dh}ca‟u `dz}!jc} }dbbdzw ok wlj gouw}oew+ Wlou elcywj} j|ybcoku dz} òkgokhu+

C+ J|yj}oajkwcb Jpogjkej

Cu gjue}omjg ok Elcywj} OO" xj zujg c bdwwj} wd cuuohk uelddbu }ckgdab wd jowlj} c w}jcwajkwh}dzy" xloel xdzbg oaybjajkw Eloechd WCY }ohlw cxc" d} c edkw}db h}dzy" xloel xdzbg gjbc oaybjajkwcwodk m dkj jc}+ Wlj }ckgda cuuohkajkw gjuohk cbbdxjg zu wd hjkj}cwj zkmocujgjuwoacwju d` wlj oaycew d` Eloechd WCY ok wlj ò}uw jc} d` oaybjajkwcwodk m edayc}okh dzwedaju`d} wlj wxd h}dzyu+ Wjuwu xj}j cgaokouwj}jg ok Ac}el d` jcel jc}+ Xj }ck wxd bdwwj}oju" dkj okuy}okh =998 cuuohkokh edld}wu 3 ckg =" ckg dkj ok uy}okh =99? cuuohkokh edld}wu 5 ckg 7+ Xjedamokjg gcwc `}da uy}okh =99< yj}wcokokh wd wlj uelddbu cuuohkjg ok wlj =998 bdwwj} xowl gcwc`}da uy}okh =939 yj}wcokokh wd uelddbu cuuohkjg ok =99? wd `d}a dz} acok j|yj}oajkwcb ckcbuou gcwcujw+ Wlzu wlj w}jcwajkw h}dzy d` uelddbu oaybjajkwokh Eloechd WCY edkuouwu d` edld}w 3 ok =99<ckg edld}w 5 ok =939" xlobj wlj edkw}db h}dzy edkuouwu d` uelddbu ok edld}w = ok =99< ckg edld}w 7ok =939+ Wljuj h}dzyu c}j uldxk ok @ohz}j OP+3+ Wlj go``j}jkeju ok wljuj jc}u mjwxjjk Eloechd WCY ckg edkw}db uelddbu }jy}jujkw wlj oaycewu cu d` uy}okh d` wlj ò}uw jc} d` oaybjajkwokh Eloechd WCY+

Dpj}cbb" xj `dzkg wlcw ok Ac}el d` wlj ò}uw jc} d` oaybjajkwcwodk" wjuw ued}ju `d} uwzgjkwu okEloechd WCY uelddbu xj}j uwcwouwoecbb okgouwokhzoulcmbj `}da wlduj d` uwzgjkwu ok edkw}db uelddbu,Wcmbj OP+3/+ Wlj dmuj}pjg go``j}jkeju xj}j bjuu wlck 5 yj}ejkw d` c uwckgc}g gjpocwodk `d} acwl ckg}jcgokh" mzw `d} ueojkej wlj uwzgjkwu ok Eloechd WCY uelddbu ued}jg kjc}b 7 OUCW ydokwu" d} 37yj}ejkw d` c uwckgc}g gjpocwodk" lohlj} wlck uwzgjkwu ok edkw}db uelddbu+38 Ldxjpj}" wlj oaycew dkueojkej ued}ju xcu juwoacwjg `}da c }jbcwopjb uacbb ucaybj mjeczuj ueojkej wjuw gcwc xj}j kdwcpcobcmbj mj`d}j =99? ckg wlj wjuw xcu dkb cgaokouwj}jg ok wxd h}cgju ,`dz} ckg ujpjk/+ Wlj}j`d}j"jpjk ck j``jew uo~j d` 9+37 ou xowlok wlj ac}hok d` j}}d}+3<

38 Uwckgc}g gjpocwodku zujg wd ecbezbcwj j``jew uo~ju c}j gj}opjg `}da wlj gouw}omzwodk d` wlj `zbb ucaybj `d} jcel

dzwedaj+ Wlj uwckgc}g gjpocwodku `d} }jcgokh" acwl" ckg ueojkej xj}j cyy}d|oacwjb 5=" 5:" ckg 53 ydokwu" }juyjewopjb+ Wlzu" c dkj!ydokw OUCW go``j}jkej w}ckubcwju okwd cyy}d|oacwjb 5 yj}ejkw d` c uwckgc}g gjpocwodk" d} 3+= yj}ejkwobjydokwu+

3< @d} wlj wjuw d` xljwlj} wlj oaycew dk ueojkej ued}ju ou go``j}jkw `}da ~j}d wlj y!pcbzj" xloel ou wlj y}dmcmobow d` dmuj}pokh wlou }juzbw o` wlj w}zj oaycew xj}j ~j}d" xcu 9+338+ Ceed}gokhb" c ?9 yj}ejkw edkògjkej okwj}pcb uwobbokebzgju ~j}d ,kd oaycew/+

OP> Oaycewu dk Uwzgjkw Celojpjajkw Acwljacwoec Ydboe ]jujc}el

50

@ohz}j OP+3+ J|yj}oajkwcb Ucaybj ok @o}uw _jc} d` Oaybjajkwcwodk

Cu kdwjg ok Elcywj} OO" jcel d` wlj juwoacwju ou gj}opjg `}da c }jh}juuodk adgjb ok xloel xjedkw}db `d} uwzgjkwu‟ y}od}!jc} celojpjajkw ok mdwl uzmnjewu ,acwl ckg }jcgokh/ ckg dwlj} `cewd}uwlcw aohlw mj }jbcwjg wd wjuw ued}ju+ Wljuj okebzgj `caob ydpj}w ,jbohomobow `d} `}jj$}jgzejg!y}oejbzkel/" uyjeocb kjjgu ,xljwlj} ck Okgopogzcbo~jg Jgzecwodk Y}dh}ca xcu ok ybcej/" bckhzchj,xljwlj} boaowjg Jkhboul y}dòeojkw/" }cej$jwlkoeow" h}cgj bjpjb" ckg chj ,xljwlj} dbgj} wlck wljkd}acb chj `d} c h}cgj/+ Xj ceedzkwjg `d} wlj ebzuwj}okh d` uwzgjkwu d} wjcelj}u xowlok uelddbu m juwoacwokh }dmzuw uwckgc}g j}}d}u+ Xj }j`j} wd wlou cu wlj mjkelac}f }jh}juuodk adgjb+ Cbwj}kcwopjuwd wlj mjkelac}f adgjb c}j y}jujkwjg bcwj} ok wlou elcywj}+

Wcmbj OP+3+ Oaycewu dk OUCW Ued}ju m Uzmnjew" @o}uw _jc} d` Oaybjajkwcwodk

UzmnjewEloechd WCY

Ajckc Edkw}dbAjckc Oaycew Uwckgc}g J}}d}

J``jewUo~j

]jcgokh ==3 +5 ==3 +9 9+5 9+8 9+93

Acwl =55+7 =57+5 ! 9+? 9+? ! 9+95

Ueojkej =97 +5 =99 +7 5+8 =+5 9+37

Kdwju> @o}uw! jc} dzweda ju ajcuz}jg ok Ac}el+ K 1 8"003 uwzgjkwu ,}jcgokh /" 8"0:0 uwzgjkwu ,acwl/"3"838 uwzgjkwu ,ueojkej/+ Gcwc `d} acwl ckg }jcgokh c}j `}da uy}okh =99< ,edld}wu 3 ckg =/ckg `}da uy}okh =939 ,edld}wu 5 ckg 7/+ Ueojkej gcwc c}j `}da uy}okh =939 dkb ,edld}wu 5ckg 7/+ Ueojkej ued}ju xj}j kdw cpcobcmbj `d} =99<+


Go``j}jkeju c}j kdw uwcwouwoecbb uohkoòeckw cw w lj 39 yj}ejkw bjpjb+

EDLD]WU 3 & =

90―98

Edkw}db


Eloechd

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Eloechd

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EloechdWCY

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Eloechd

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Eloechd

WCY

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Eloechd

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Eloechd

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98―9<

9<―9?

39―33

9?―39

Uelddb _jc}

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J|yj}oajkwcb Ucaybj


58

Xj juwoacwjg wlj }juzbwu ujyc}cwjb m h}cgj bjpjb ckg gog kdw òkg ck uwcwouwoecbb uohkoòeckwoaycewu+ Wlj }juzbwu" uldxk ok Wcmbj OP+=" c}j mcujg dk uwzgjkwu ok h}cgju `dz} wl}dzhl johlwmjeczuj wjuwokh mjhoku cw wlj jkg d` h}cgj wl}jj ckg c y}jwjuw xcu }jszo}jg wd juwoacwj }jh}juuodk!cgnzuwjg oaycewu+ Cu xowl wlj `zbb ucaybj }juzbwu" dkb wlj ued}j go``j}jkeju dk wlj ueojkej wjuw xj}jkdwoejcmbj ckg wlduj chcok xj}j kdw uwcwouwoecbb uohkoòeckw+

Wcmbj OP+=+ Oaycewu dk OUCW Ued}ju m Uzmnjew ckg H}cgj Bjpjb" @o}uw _jc} d` Oaybjajkwcwodk

Uzmn jew" H}cgjEloechd WCY

Ajckc Edkw}dbAjckc Oaycew

Uwckgc}gJ}}d}

J``jewUo~j

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AcwlH}cgj 7 =9?+7 =33+9 ! 3+0 =+3 ! 9+98H}cgj : =3?+? ===+: ! =+8 =+9 ! 9+33H}cgj 0 =55+< =55+7 9+5 =+3 9+93H}cgj 8 =7=+? =75+? ! 3+9 3+< ! 9+97H}cgj < =::+< =::+= 9+0 3+< 9+95

Ueojkej

H}cgj 7 3<< +7 3<7 +8m 5+8 7+9 9+3:H}cgj 8 =3<+8 =37+8 5+? =+8 9+3<

Kdwj> @o}uw! jc} dzwedaju ajcuz}jg ok Ac}el+ K 1 3"5<3 wd 3"08< uwzgjkwu yj} h}cgj ok acwl ckg}jcgokh" <79 wd <80 uwzgjkwu yj} h}cgj ok ueojkej+


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3? Wlj }ckhj d` ued}ju wlcw gjòkju jcel ecwjhd} eck mj `dzkg ok wlj =933 hzogj wd wlj OUCW ouuzjg m wlj uwcwj,Obbokdou Uwcwj Mdc}g d` Jgzecwodk =939/+

http://www.isbe.state.il.us/assessment/pdfs/ISAT_Interpr_Guide_2009.pdf



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gouw}oewxogj uwckgc}g gjpocwodk" ckg zuj d` c uyjeoòecwodk wlcw w}jcwjg wlj uelddb j``jew cu c }ckgda pc}ocmbj+ Dkj `z}wlj} pc}ocwodk `d} juwoacwokh oaycewu okpdbpjg zuj d` uyjeoòecwodku wlcw ed}}jewjg`d} y}jwjuw ajcuz}jajkw j}}d} ok dkj d` wl}jj xcu> m ecbezbcwokh hcok ued}j cu wlj yduwwjuw aokzuy}jwjuw ckg zuokh wlcw cu wlj dzwedaj okuwjcg d` yduwwjuw6 m zuokh wlj dyyduowj uzmnjew y}jwjuw cu ck‒okuw}zajkw‑ `d} wlj ucaj uzmnjew y}jwjuw6 ckg m zuokh c ajcuz}jajkw j}}d} ed}}jewodk ajwldg wlcwceedzkwjg `d} wjuw ued}j }jbocmobow mjokh bjuu wlck 3+9 ,uokej wlj w}zj }jbocmobowoju xj}j kdw fkdxk" xjzujg 9+? ckg 9+</+ @d} wlj ueojkej }juzbwu ,Wcmbj OP+:/" xj gog kdw juwoacwj c hcok adgjb mjeczuj wljy}jwjuw xcu dkb cpcobcmbj ok c go``j}jkw uzmnjew" acwl+

Wcmbj OP+5+ Ujkuowopow d` Oaycew dk OUCW ]jcgokh Ued}ju" @o}uw _jc} d` Oaybjajkwcwodk

Adgjb Uyjeoòecwodk

Eloechd WCY!Edkw}db

Go``j}jkejUwckgc}g

J}}d}J``jewUo~j

Ucaybj Uo~j,uwzgjkwu/

Mjkelac}f 9+5 9+8 9+93 8"003

Edpc}ocwju

Ujyc}cwj y}jwjuw j``jew m h}cgj 9+0 9+< 9+9= 8"003Y}jwjuw uszc}jg ckg ezmjg 9+= 9+? 9+93 8"003Daow acwl y}jwjuw 9+5 9+< 9+93 8"0<7Kd y}jwjuw> h}cgju 5―< 3+9 9+? 9+95 39"90 :Kd y}jwjuw> h}cgju 7―< dkb 3+5 3+9 9+9: <"=7<Y}jwjuw dkb ,kd dwlj} edpc}ocwju/ 9+3 9+< 9+99 8"003Ued}ju uwckgc}go~jg xowlo k h}cgj ,~! ued}j/ 9+99 9+95 9+93 8"003

Cbwj}kcwopj pc}ockej juwoacwodk ajwldg]ckgda j``jewu ,]J/ 9+5 9+8 9+93 8"003]J xowl uelddb elc}cewj}ouwoeu 9+3 9+8 9+99 8 "003

Ajcuz}jajkw j}}d} ed}}jewodkOkuw}zajkwcb pc}ocmbju 9+5 9+< 9+93 8"003Hcok adgjb ! 9+5 9+< ! 9+9= 8"0<7J}}d}u! ok! pc}ocmbju adgjb" }jbocmobow 1 +? 9+3 9+< 9+93 8"0<7J}}d}u! ok! pc}ocmbju adgjb" }jbocmobow 1 +< ! 3+9 3+9 ! 9+97 8"0<7

Kdwj> @o}uw jc} dzweda ju ajcuz}jg ok Ac}el+


Zkgj} wljuj cbwj}kcwopj adgjbu wlj }jcgokh ckg acwl oaycew juwoacwju }jacok uacbb ckguwcwouwoecbb okuohkoòeckw+ Wlj ueojkej oaycew juwoacwju" xloel xj}j yduowopj mzw okuohkoòeckw ok wljmjkelac}f adgjb" mjedaj uwcwouwoecbb uohkoòeckw zkgj} ujbjew cbwj}kcwopj adgjbu ,Wcmbj OP+:/+Uyjeoòecbb" wlj ackkj} ok xloel xj cgnzuw `d} y}od} celojpjajkw lcu ck ok`bzjkej dk wlj uo~j d` wljjuwoacwj+ Xljk xj daowwjg c edkw}db `d} y}od} }jcgokh ued}ju wlj oaycew juwoacwj xcu ebduj} wd :OUCW ydokwu" d} 38 yj}ejkw d` c uwckgc}g gjpocwodk" xloel ou bc}hj jkdzhl wd mj uwcwouwoecbb uohkoòeckw ,ok dwlj} xd}gu" wdd bc}hj wd lcpj mjjk ybczuomb hjkj}cwjg m elckej/+


5?

Wcmbj OP+7+ Ujkuowopow d` Oaycew dk OUCW Acwl Ued}ju" @o}uw _jc} d` Oaybjajkwcwodk

Adgjb Uyjeoòecwodk

Eloechd WCY!Edkw}db

Go``j}jkejUwckgc}g

J}}d}J``jewUo~j


Mjkelac}f ! 9+? 9+? ! 9+95 8"0:0

Edpc}ocwjuUjyc}cwj y}jwjuw j``jew m h}cgj ! 9+0 3+9 ! 9+9= 8"0:0Y}jwjuw uszc}jg ckg ezmjg ! 9+0 3+9 ! 9+9= 8"0:0Daow }jcgokh y}jwjuw ! 9+< 9+? ! 9+95 8"08=Kd y}jwjuw> h}cgju 5―< 9+3 3+= 9+99 39"98 3Kd y}jwjuw> h}cgju 7―< dkb 9+5 3+5 9+93 <"=:9Y}jwjuw dkb ,kd dwlj} edpc}ocwju/ ! 9+? 3+9 ! 9+95 8"0:0Ued}ju uwckgc}go~jg xowlok h}cgj ,~! ued}j/ 9+99 9+95 ! 9+97 8"0:0

Cbwj}kcwopj pc}ockej juwoacwodk ajwldg]ckgda j``jewu ,]J/ ! 9+? 3+= ! 9+95 8"0:0]J xowl uelddb elc}cewj}ouwoeu ! 3+= 3+= ! 9+97 8"0:0

Ajcuz}jajkw j}}d} ed}}jewodkOkuw}zajkwcb pc}ocmbju ! 9+< 9+? ! 9+95 8"0:0Hcok adgjb ! 9+8 3+9 ! 9+9= 8"?38J}}d}u! ok! pc}ocmbju adgjb" }jbocmobow 1 +? ! 3+9 9+? ! 9+98 8"08=J}}d}u! ok! pc}ocmbju adgjb" }jbocmobow 1 +< ! =+9 =+3 ! 9+97 8"0<:

Kdwj> @o}uw! jc} dzwedaju ajcuz}jg ok Ac}el+


Wcmbj OP+:+ Ujkuowopow d` Oaycew dk OUCW Ueojkej Ued}ju" @o}uw _jc} d` Oaybjajkwcwodk

Adgjb Uyjeoòecwodk

Eloechd WCY!Edkw}db

Go``j}jkejUwckgc}g

J}}d}J``jewUo~j


Mjkelac}f 5+8 =+5 9+37 3"838

Edpc}ocwjuUjyc}cwj y}jwjuw j``jew m h}cgj 7+= =+? 9+3: 3"838Y}jwjuw uszc}jg ckg ezmjg 5+< =+7 9+37 3"838Daow }jcgokh y}jwjuw 7+8. =+7 9+38 3"8=5Kd y}jwjuw :+7. 5+3 9+=9 3"<98Y}jwjuw dkb ,kd dwlj} edpc}ocwju/ 5+= =+7 9+3= 3"838Ued}ju uwckgc}go~jg xowlo k h}cgj ,~! ued}j/ 9+39 9+9? 9+30 3"838

Cbwj}kcwopj pc}ockej juwoacwodk ajwldg]ckgda j``jewu ,]J/ =+< =+: 9+39 3"83 8]J xowl uelddb elc}cewj}ouwoeu 5+= =+< 9+33 3"838

Ajcuz}jajkw j}}d} ed}}jewodkOkuw}zajkwcb pc}ocmbju 7+8. =+7 9+38 3"838J}}d}u! ok! pc}ocmbju adgjb" }jbocmobow 1 +? 7+8. =+: 9+=: 3"8=5J}}d}u! ok! pc}ocmbju adgjb" }jbocmobow 1 +< ! =+9 =+7 ! 9+9< 3"8=5

Kdwj> @o}uw! jc} dzwedaju ajcuz}jg ok Ac}el+

. Eloechd WCY! edkw}db go`` j}jkej ou uwcwouwoecbb uohko òeckw cw wlj 39 yj}ejkw bjpjb+.. Eloechd WCY! edkw}db go`` j}jkej ou uwcwouwoecbb uohko òeckw cw wlj : yj}ejkw bjpjb+



79

Wlj òkgokhu cmdpj ,Wcmbju OP+3 wl}dzhl OP+:/ `dezujg dk =99< ckg =939 dkb mjeczuj wlduj xj}j wlj dkb jc}u gz}okh xloel c }ckgdao~jg edkw}db h}dzy xcu kdw oaybjajkwokh Eloechd WCY+Mjeczuj uwckgc}go~jg wjuwokh wcfju ybcej ok Ac}el d` jcel jc}" ujpjk adkwlu okwd wlj kokj!adkwluelddb jc}" wlj ckcbuou kjejuuc}ob `dezuju dk nzuw wlj ò}uw ujpjk adkwlu d` wlj ò}uw jc} d` oaybjajkwcwodk" c yj}odg gz}okh xloel wlj uelddbu aohlw kdw lcpj lcg c elckej wd `zbb oaybjajkwckg mjedaj ceezuwdajg wd wlj y}dh}ca+

Wd zkgj}uwckg wlj bdkhj}!wj}a j``jewu d` Eloechd WCY" ow xcu oayd}wckw wd j|caokj }juzbwu`}da uelddbu wlcw lcg mjjk oaybjajkwokh Eloechd WCY `d} c bdkhj} yj}odg+ Wlj }ckgdacuuohkajkw edaydkjkw d` wlj uwzg gjuohk gdju kdw cbbdx `d} edayc}oudku d` Eloechd WCY wd kdk!Eloechd WCY uelddbu `d} bdkhj} yj}odgu d` oaybjajkwcwodk mjeczuj wlj edkw}db h}dzyu mjhckoaybjajkwokh Eloechd WCY ok wlj ujedkg uelddb jc} c`wj} wljo} okowocb cuuohkajkw+

Ldxjpj}" xj gog y}dgzej j|yj}oajkwcb edayc}oudku d` uelddbu wlcw lcg go``j}jkw cadzkwu d` j|yj}ojkej oaybjajkwokh Eloechd WCY cw ck ydokw ok woaj+ Xj edayc}jg uelddbu xowl dkj pj}uzuwxd jc}u d` oaybjajkwcwodk ,edld}w 3 pj}uzu edld}w = ok =99? ckg edld}w 5 pj}uzu edld}w 7 ok=933/" xowl wxd pj}uzu wl}jj jc}u d` oaybjajkwcwodk ,edld}w 3 pj}uzu edld}w = ok =939/" ckg xowlwl}jj pj}uzu `dz} jc}u ,edld}w 3 pj}uzu edld}w = ok =933/+ Wlj }juzbwu" uldxk ok Wcmbj OP+0" uzhhjuwwlcw wlj}j xcu kd cgpckwchj cuudeocwjg xowl lcpokh uyjkw dkj j|w}c jc} oaybjajkwokh Eloechd WCYok ck d` wlj wl}jj uzmnjewu wjuwjg+ Wlj dkb uwcwouwoecbb uohkoòeckw òkgokh xcu wlcw acwl ued}ju xj}jbdxj} `d} Eloechd WCY uelddbu ok wljo} ujedkg jc} d` oaybjajkwcwodk wlck ued}ju d` Eloechd WCYuelddbu uwobb ok wljo} ò}uw jc}" c go``j}jkej d` 3+0 OUCW ydokwu+

Wcmbj OP+0+ J``jew d` Dkj Cggowodkcb _jc} d` Eloechd WCY Oaybjajkwcwodk dk Ac}el OUCW Ued}ju

Oaybjajkwcwodk_jc}u ckg Uzmnjew

Ad}jEloechd

WCY Ajckc

BjuuEloechd

WCY Ajckc Go``j}jkejUwckgc}g

J}}d}J``jewUo~j Ucaybj Uo~j

Ujedkg jc} pu+ò}uw jc}m

]jcgokh ==9+0 ==3+9 ! 9+: 9+0 ! 9+9= 80?:Acwl =57+7 =50+9 ! 3+0. 9+? ! 9+9: 80<9Ueojkej =95+3 =97+9 ! 9+? 3+0 ! 9+95 38=5

Wlo}g jc} pu+ ujedkgjc}e

]jcgokh ==9+< ==9+: 9+5 3+3 9+93 5"3=5Acwl =57+8 =5:+: ! 9+< 3+: ! 9+95 5"353Ueojkej =99+3 3??+7 9+8 5+9 9+95 3"==8

@dz}wl jc} pu+ wlo}gjc}g

]jcgokh ===+7 ==5+: ! 3+= 3+3 ! 9+97 ="?9<Acwl =50+8 =5<+8 ! =+9 3+: ! 9+98 ="?9?Ueojkej =95+< =9:+7 ! 3+0 =+7 ! 9+90 3"397

Kdwj> Dzwedaju ajcuz}jg ok Ac}el d` jcel jc}+

c Ajcku c}j }jh}juuodk cgnzuwjg+m ‒Ad}j Eloechd WCY‑ ajcku yj}wcok wd edld}w 3 ok =99? ckg edld}w 5 ok =933+ ‒Bjuu Eloechd WCY‑ ajckuyj}wcok wd edld}w = ok =99? ckg edld}w 7 ok =933+ e ‒Ad}j‑ ckg ‒bjuu‑ Eloechd WCY ajcku }j`j} w d edld}w u 3 ckg =" }juyjewopjb" ok =9 39+g ‒Ad}j‑ ckg ‒bjuu‑ Eloechd WCY ajcku }j`j} w d edld}w u 3 ckg =" }juyjewopjb" ok =9 33+

. Eloechd WCY! edkw}db go`` j}jkej ou uwcwouwoecbb uohkoòeckw cw w lj 39 y j}ejkw bjpjb+.. Eloechd WCY! edkw}db go`` j}jkej ou uwcwouwoecbb uohkoòeckw cw w lj : yj}ejkw bjpjb+

.. . Eloechd WCY! edkw}db go`` j}jkej ou uwcwouwoecbb uohkoò eckw cw wlj 3 yj}ejkw b jpjb+


73

M+ Szcuo! J|yj}oajkwcb Jpogjkej

Cbb d` wlj y}jpodzu }juzbwu c}j j|yj}oajkwcb" ajckokh wlcw wlj `dezu dk uelddbu wlcw lcg mjjk}ckgdab cuuohkjg wd wljo} Eloechd WCY edld}w uwcwzu+ Aduw d` wlj }juzbwu c}j `dezujg dk wlj yj}odgoaajgocwjb `dbbdxokh }ckgda cuuohkajkw" jpjk wldzhl wlj uelddbu edkwokzjg oaybjajkwokh Eloechd WCY zkwob =939―=933+ Xj cbud edkgzewjg szcuo!j|yj}oajkwcb ckcbuju wlcw edayc}jgEloechd WCY uelddbu wd acweljg edayc}oudk uelddbu wlcw lcg kdw mjjk cuuohkjg wd oaybjajkwEloechd WCY cw cbb+ Uzel ck ckcbwoe cyy}dcel cbbdxjg zu mdwl wd wcfj cgpckwchj d` wlj ad}j wlck599 cggowodkcb uelddbu ok Eloechd wlcw edzbg uj}pj cu ydwjkwocb ydokwu d` edayc}oudk" ckg wd acfjzuj d` ujpj}cb jc}u d` gcwc" }cwlj} wlck mjokh edkuw}cokjg wd wlj ò}uw jc} d` Eloechd WCYoaybjajkwcwodk+ Ok d}gj} wd ceedzkw `d} wlj zkgj}bokh go``j}jkeju mjwxjjk uelddbu wlcw eldduj wdcgdyw Eloechd WCY ckg wlduj wlcw gd kdw" xj zujg y}dyjkuow ued}j acwelokh ,ujj Elcywj} OO ckg Cyyjkgo| C `d} ad}j gjwcobjg ok`d}acwodk dk wlj ajwldgdbdh/+

Zuokh c bdkhowzgokcb gcwc ujw xowl wjuw ued}ju `}da =998―=99< wd =939―=933" xj edayc}jg wjuwued}ju d` uwzgjkwu ok jcel Eloechd WCY uelddb ok jcel jc} wd wjuw ued}ju d` uwzgjkwu ok acweljgedayc}oudk uelddbu+ Wlou cuyjew d` wlj uwzg gjuohk ou uldxk ok @ohz}j OP+=+ Wlj }juzbwu c}j uldxkok Wcmbj OP+8+

@ohz}j OP+=+ Szcuo! J|yj}oajkwcb Gjuohk

Kdwj> Ulcgokh okgoecwju jc}u d` j|yj}ojkej oaybjajkwokh Eloechd WCY" }ckhokh `}da dkj jc},bohlwjuw ulcgokh/ wd `dz} jc}u ,gc}fjuw ulcgokh /+

Edld}w 3

Eloechd

WCY

_jc} 3

Eloechd

WCY

_jc} 3

Eloechd

WCY

_jc} =

Eloechd

WCY

_jc} =

Eloechd

WCY

_jc} 5

Eloechd

WCY

_jc} 5

Eloechd

WCY

_jc} 7

98―9<

9<―9?

39―33

9?―39

Uelddb _jc}

Eloechd

WCY

_jc} 3

Eloechd

WCY

_jc} 3

Eloechd

WCY

_jc} =

Edld}w 5

Acweljg

Edayc}oudk

AcweljgEdayc}oudk

Acweljg

Edayc}oudk

AcweljgEdayc}oudk

Kdk!WCY

Edld}w =

Edld}w 7


7=

Wcmbj OP+8+ Uzaac} d` Szcuo! J|yj}oajkwcb @okgokhu> Oaycewu dk Ac}el OUCW Ued}ju

Adgjb

]jcgokh Acwl Ueojkej

OaycewUwckgc}g

J}}d} OaycewUwckgc}g


J}}d}

3+ Dpj}cbb Eloechd WCY j``jew ! 9+3 9+5 9+3 9+7 3+3 9+<

=+ Eloechd WCY j`` jewu m jc}d` oa ybjajkwcwodk ,uelddbj|yj}ojkej/

@o}uw jc} ,cbb `dz} edld}wu/ ! 9+= 9+7 9+7 9+: 3+5 3+=Ujedkg jc} ,edld}wu 3―5/ ! 9+3 9+: ! 9+3 9+0 9+3 3+9Wlo}g jc} ,edld}wu 3 & =/ 9+7 9+0 9+= 9+< 3+? 3+8@dz}wl jc} ,edld}w 3/ ! 9+8 9+? ! 3+5 3+7 =+3 5+0

5+ Eloechd WCY j``jewu m uelddb jc},gouw}oew j|yj}ojkej/

_jc} 3> =998―=99< ,edld}w3/

! 9+0 9+< 9+= 3+3 KC KC

_jc} => =99<―99? ,edld}wu 3& =/

! 9+7 9+0 9+5 9+? ! 9+7 3+8

_jc} 5> =99?―=939 ,edld}wu3―5/

3+5. 9+8 3+9 9+? 3+0 3+?

_jc} 7> =939―=933 ,cbb ` dz}edld}wu/

! 9+8 9+: ! 9+: 9+8 9+5 3+=

7+ Eloechd WCY j``jewu medld}w

Edld}w 3 ,cbb `dz} jc}u/ ! 9+7 9+7 ! 9+7 9+0 3+8 3+0Edld}w = ,=99?! =933/ 9+: 9+: 3+=. 9+0 9+8 3+9Edld}w 5 ,=939! =933/ 9+5 9+0 ! 9+7 9+8 3+5 3+7Edld}w 7 ,=933 dkb/ ! 3+0... 9+0 ! 9+3 3+9 9+9 3+<

Ucaybj uo~j ,uwzgjkw ! jc}edamokcwodku/

<5"=37 <5"3=: =?"507

Ucaybj uo~j ,uelddb ! h}cgj! jc}edamokcwodku/

="9?= ="9?= 807

Kdwj> Ckcbuju zuj kjc}juw! òpj! kjohlmd}u acwelokh+ KC 1 gcwc kdw cpcobcmbj+

. Eloechd WCY! edkw}db go`` j}jkej ou uwcwouwoecbb uohko` oeckw cw wlj 3 9 y j}ejkw bjpjb+.. Eloechd WCY! edkw}db g o``j}jkej ou uwcwouwoecbb uohkoòeckw cw wlj : yj}ejkw bjpjb+

... Eloechd WCY! edkw}db g o``j}jkej ou uwcwouwoecbb uohkoòeckw cw wlj 3 yj}ejkw b jpjb+

Wlj wdy }dx d` Wcmbj OP+8 y}dpogju wlj uzaac} }juzbwu ckg uzhhjuwu wlcw wlj dpj}cbbgo``j}jkeju mjwxjjk Eloechd WCY ckg kdk!WCY uelddbu c}j uwcwouwoecbb okuohkoòeckw `d} }jcgokh"acwl" ckg ueojkej+ Xj cbud juwoacwjg wlj }jbcwodkuloy mjwxjjk Eloechd WCY oaybjajkwcwodk ckgwjuw ued}ju m jc} d` oaybjajkwcwodk ,adgjb =/" wd wjuw wlj lydwljuou wlcw cu uelddbu uyjkg ad}jwoaj oaybjajkwokh Eloechd WCY wlj xobb mj ad}j uzeejuu`zb+ Wljuj }juzbwu gd kdw uzyyd}w uzel clydwljuou+ Wlj oaycew dk }jcgokh" `d} j|caybj" ou bjuu wlck dkj OUCW ydokw ckg uwcwouwoecbb okgouwokhzoulcmbj `}da ~j}d xljwlj} wlj uelddb lcg mjjk oaybjajkwokh Eloechd WCY `d} dkj" wxd"wl}jj" d} `dz} jc}u+ @d} acwl ckg ueojkej" wlj oaycew juwoacwju xj}j cbud uwcwouwoecbb okuohkoòeckw`d} ck bjpjb d` uelddb j|yj}ojkej xowl Eloechd WCY+ Wlj ydokw juwoacwju c}j bc}hj} ,yduowopj ckgkjhcwopj/ `d} ad}j jc}u d` oaybjajkwcwodk" mzw wljuj j``jewu c}j mcujg dk dkj d} wxd edld}wu d` uelddbu ckg c}j bofjb gzj wd elckej mjeczuj wlj c}j kdw uwcwouwoecbb uohkoòeckw+

Xj cbud wjuwjg wlj lydwljuou wlcw Eloechd WCY mjedaju ad}j j``jewopj cu wlj gouw}oew dpj}cbblcu ad}j j|yj}ojkej oaybjajkwokh ow ,Wcmbj OP+8" adgjb 5/+ Ok =998" wlj gouw}oew lcg nzuw lo}jg kjx uwc`` wd oaybjajkw Eloechd WCY ok wlj ò}uw 39 uelddbu+ M =933" wlj y}dh}ca lcg mjjkoaybjajkwjg ok ad}j wlck 79 uelddbu ok wlj gouw}oew+ O` wlj y}dh}ca lcg mjedaj ad}j j``jewopj dpj}woaj" wlj oaycewu xdzbg mjedaj uw}dkhj} ok bcwj} jc}u+ Wlj }juzbwu uldx wlcw oaycewu xj}j bc}hjuw ok


75

wlj wlo}g jc}" =99?― =939" xowl wlj juwoacwj mjokh uohkoòeckw `d} }jcgokh ,3+5 OUCW ydokwu" xloel oujszopcbjkw wd : yj}ejkw d` c uwckgc}g gjpocwodk/ ckg okuohkoòeckw `d} acwl ckg ueojkej+ Wljjuwoacwjg ueojkej j``jew xcu 3+8 OUCW ydokwu" mzw mjeczuj ueojkej wjuwu xj}j wcfjk dkb m `dz}wl!ckg ujpjkwl!h}cgj uwzgjkwu ckg wlj ued}ju xj}j cpcobcmbj dkb ok =99? ckg bcwj}" wlj juwoacwj xcumcujg dk c uacbbj} ucaybj" xloel acfju ow ad}j go`òezbw wd gjwjew ck oaycew zkbjuu ow ou pj} bc}hj+ Cuwckgc}g j}}d} d` 3+? ydokwu uzhhjuwu wlcw wlj oaycew juwoacwj xdzbg lcpj wd lcpj mjjk bc}hj} wlckwl}jj ydokwu `d} ow wd mj edkuogj}jg uwcwouwoecbb uohkoòeckw cw wlj 39 yj}ejkw bjpjb+

Mj`d}j lcpokh ujjk wlj gcwc" xj y}jgoewjg wlcw wjuw ued}j oaycewu d` Eloechd WCY xdzbg h}dx dpj} woaj `d} uelddbu ckg `d} wlj gouw}oew cu c xldbj ,Hbc~j}ack jw cb+ =998/" mzw xj uldxjg cmdpjwlcw uelddbu xowl ad}j jc}u oaybjajkwokh Eloechd WCY gog kdw gjadkuw}cwj lohlj} wjuw ued}juwlck wlduj xowl `jxj} jc}u d` j|yj}ojkej" ckg wlcw oaycew juwoacwju `d} wlj `dz}wl jc} d` }dbbdzw`d} wlj gouw}oew ,=939―=933/ xj}j bdxj} wlck `d} wlj wlo}g jc} ,=99?―=939/+ C yduuombj j|ybckcwodk`d} wljuj }juzbwu aohlw mj wlj uw}jkhwlu d} xjcfkjuuju d` wlj yc}woezbc} uelddbu wlcw lcyyjkjg wd mjyc}w d` jcel edld}w oaybjajkwokh wlj y}dh}ca+ Wd wjuw wlou j|ybckcwodk" xj juwoacwjg oaycewuujyc}cwjb m edld}w" wcfokh okwd ceedzkw jpj} jc} `d} xloel c hopjk edld}w xcu oaybjajkwokh Eloechd WCY+ Wljuj }juzbwu c}j cbud y}jujkwjg ok Wcmbj OP+8 ,adgjb 7/" xloel uzhhjuwu wlcw wljEloechd WCY j``jew xcu kdw uwcwouwoecbb uohkoòeckw `d} 39 d` wlj 3= lydwljuou wjuwu edkgzewjg+ Wljwxd j|ejywodku xj}j wlj juwoacwjg oaycew dk }jcgokh ued}ju `d} edld}w 7" xloel xcu kjhcwopj ,!3+0ydokwu/" ckg dk acwl ued}ju `d} edld}w =" xloel xcu yduowopj ,3+= ydokwu/+ Wlj bcef d` c ebjc} ycwwj}kuzhhjuwu wlcw gjuyowj wljuj wxd j|ejywodku" wlj}j xcu kd dmpodzu edld}w j``jew wlcw g}opju wlj }juzbwu+

Wcmbju OP+< wl}dzhl OP+39 gjadkuw}cwj wlj gjh}jj wd xloel wlj szcuo!j|yj}oajkwcb òkgokhu c}j}dmzuw wd cbwj}kcwopj acwelokh ajwldgu+ Xj zujg ujpj}cb ajwldgu" mzw y}jujkw }juzbwu `d} wxdcbwj}kcwopju" gouezuujg ok Elcywj} OO+ Dkj cbwj}kcwopj" ecbbjg ecboyj} acwelokh" ujbjewu cbb ydwjkwocbedayc}oudk uelddbu xlduj y}jgoewjg y}dmcmobow d` mjokh c Eloechd WCY uelddb ,y}dyjkuow ued}j/ou xowlok c ej}wcok gouwckej ,}cgozu/ d` ck cewzcb Eloechd WCY uelddb‟u y}dyjkuow ued}j+ Xj }jyd}w}juzbwu `d} dkj yc}woezbc} ecboyj} uo~j ,}cgozu/" kcajb 9+9=:+ ]juzbwu `d} dwlj} }cgoo c}j cpcobcmbj `}dawlj czwld}u+ Wlj dwlj} ajwldg" ecbbjg fj}kjb gjkuow juwoacwodk" ujbjewu jpj} ydwjkwocb acwelokh uelddb" mzw cuuohku xjohlwu wd jcel uelddb ceed}gokh wd wlj gouwckeju mjwxjjk wlcw uelddb ckg jcelEloechd WCY uelddb ok wj}au d` wljo} y}dyjkuow ued}j+


77

Wcmbj OP+<+ Ujkuowopow d` Szcuo! J|yj}oajkwcb @okgokhu wd Acwelokh Ajwldg> Oaycewu dk OUCW ]jcgokhUed}ju

KK: ,mjkelac}f/ Ecboyj} ,} 1 +9=: / Fj}kjb

Adgjb OaycewUwckgc}g



J}}d}

3+ Dpj}cbb Eloechd WCY j``jew ! 9+3 9+5 ! 9+3 9+5 ! 9+= 9+5

=+ Eloechd WCY j``jewu m jc} dòaybjajkwcwodk,uelddb j|yj}ojkej/

@o}uw jc} ,cbb `dz} edld}wu/ ! 9+= 9+7 ! 9+= 9+7 ! 9+5 9+7Ujedkg jc} ,edld}wu 3―5/ ! 9+3 9+: ! 9+= 9+: ! 9+5 9+:Wlo}g jc} ,edld}wu 3& =/ 9+7 9+0 9+7 9+0 9+5 9+0@dz}wl jc} ,edld}w 3/ ! 9+8 9+? ! 9+8 9+? ! 9+8 9+?

5+ Eloechd WCY j``jewu m uelddbjc} ,gouw}oew j|yj}ojkej/

_jc} 3> =998―=99<,edld}w 3 /

! 9+0 9+< ! 9+0 9+8 ! 9+7 9+8

_jc} => =99<―=99?,edld}wu 3 & = /

! 9+7 9+0 ! 9+0 9+0 ! 9+< 9+0

_jc} 5> =99?―=939,edld}wu 3―5/

3+5. 9+8 3+7.. 9+0 3+7.. 9+0

_jc} 7> =939―=933,cbb `d z} edld}wu/

! 9+8 9+: ! 9+8. 9+7 ! 9+<. 9+7

7+ Eloechd WCY j``jewu medld}w

Edld}w 3 ,cbb `dz} jc}u/ ! 9+7 9+7 ! 9+7 9+7 ! 9+: 9+7Edld}w = ,=99?―=933/ 9+: 9+: 9+: 9+: 9+7 9+:Edld}w 5 ,=939―=933/ 9+5 9+0 9+5 9+0 9+5 9+0Edld}w 7 ,=933 dkb/ ! 3+0... 9+0 ! 3+0... 9+0 ! 3+8... 9+0


<5"=37 73:"39: 738"<:8

Ucaybj uo~j ,uelddb! h}cgj!jc} edamokcwodku/

="9?= 8"<57 8"<?5

Kdwj> KK: 1 kjc}juw òpj kjohlmd}u+



Ok wj}au d` dpj}cbb j``jewu d` Eloechd WCY ce}duu cbb jc}u ckg edld}wu ,adgjb 3 ok jcel wcmbj/"wlj cbwj}kcwopj acwelokh ajwldgu y}dgzejg wlj ucaj òkgokhu `d} acwl ckg }jcgokh‗kd uohkoòeckwoaycewu d` Eloechd WCY+ Wlj dpj}cbb oaycew d` Eloechd WCY dk ueojkej ued}ju" ldxjpj}" xcuyduowopj ckg uohkoòeckw `d} dkj d` wlj acwelokh ajwldgu6 `d} ecboyj} acwelokh" wlj oaycew xcu 3+:OUCW ydokwu" jszcb wd cmdzw : yj}ejkw d` c uwckgc}g gjpocwodk" d} wxd yj}ejkwobj ydokwu `}da wljajgock ued}j ,j+h+" wlj go``j}jkej mjwxjjk wlj :9wl ckg :=kg yj}ejkwobj/+ @d} wlj dwlj} acwelokh ajwldg ,fj}kjb gjkuow juwoacwodk/" wlj oaycew juwoacwj xcu ubohlwb uacbbj} ckg kdw uohkoòeckw+

Mdwl wlj ecboyj} ckg fj}kjb gjkuow juwoacwd}u cyyjc} wd zuj ad}j gcwc ,bc}hj} ucaybj/ wlck wljd}ohokcb acwelokh ajwldg" mzw wlj w}cgjd`` ou wlcw wlj ac zuj uelddbu wlcw c}j kdw cu ebdujb acweljg+ Xljk xj zujg c uacbbj} }cgozu d` ecboyj} wd acwel uelddbu‗ok dwlj} xd}gu" }juw}oewjg wljckcbuou wd mjwwj} acwelju‗wlj }juzbwu xj}j uoaobc} wd wlj bc}hj!}cgozu }juzbwu" xowl kdkuohkoòeckwacwl ckg }jcgokh oaycewu" mzw c uohkoòeckw ueojkej oaycew d` 3+8 OUCW ydokwu d} 3+< ydokwu" mdwluohkoòeckw cw wlj 39 yj}ejkw bjpjb+ Wlj uacbbj}!}cgozu ecboyj} acwelju y}dgzejg ebduj} acwelju" mzwwd zuj wljuj cyy}dcelju xj lcg wd g}dy udaj Eloechd WCY uelddbu `}da wlj ckcbuou cbwdhjwlj}mjeczuj kd kdk!WCY uelddbu acweljg wd wlja+ @d} uycej }jcudku" wljuj cggowodkcb }juzbwu c}j kdw


7:

uldxk ok wlj wcmbj+ Xj mcujg dz} eldoej d` wlj kjc}juw!òpj!kjohlmd}u ajwldg dk wlj szcbow d` acwel dmuj}pjg y}od} wd j|caokokh ck dzwedaju+ Ujj elcywj} OO ckg Cyyjkgo| C `d} ad}j gjwcob+

Ok wj}au d` wlj uelddb j|yj}ojkej ,adgjb =/" gouw}oew j|yj}ojkej ,adgjb 5/" ckg edld}w!uyjeoòej``jewu ,adgjb 7/" wlj ok`j}jkeju g}cxk ok wj}au d` wlj j``jewu‟ uohk ,yduowopj d} kjhcwopj/ ckguwcwouwoecb uohkoòeckej xj}j cbb wlj ucaj }jhc}gbjuu d` acwelokh ajwldg zujg" xowl nzuw wlj wxdj|ejywodku ajkwodkjg cmdpj+

@d} }jcgokh ued}ju ,Wcmbj OP+</" wlj juwoacwjg oaycew ok jc} 7 xcu ubohlwb ad}j y}jeoujb juwoacwjg zuokh wlj ecboyj} acwelokh ajwldg" ckg wlj ydokw juwoacwj xcu ubohlwb lohlj} zuokh wljfj}kjb gjkuow acwelokh ajwldg6 wlj oaycew wlj}j`d}j mjedaju uwcwouwoecbb uohkoòeckw cw wlj 39yj}ejkw bjpjb `d} mdwl ,oaycew 1 !9+8 ckg !9+<" }juyjewopjb/+

@d} acwl ued}ju ,Wcmbj OP+?/" wlj jc} 5 Eloechd WCY j``jew" xloel xcu kdw uohkoòeckw zkgj}wlj mjkelac}f adgjb xowl kjc}juw!òpj!kjohlmd}u acwelokh" mjedaju yduowopj ckg uwcwouwoecbb uohkoòeckw ,oaycew 1 3+</ zuokh c ecboyj} d` 9+9=:+ Cbb d` wlj dwlj} edkebzuodku ok wj}au d` uohk ckguwcwouwoecb uohkoòeckej c}j wlj ucaj+

Wcmbj OP+?+ Ujkuowopow d` Szcuo! J|yj}oajkwcb @okgokhu wd Acwelokh Ajwldg> Oaycewu dk OUCW AcwlUed}ju

KK: ,mjkelac}f/ Ecboy j} ,} 1 +9=: / Fj}kjb




J}}d}

3+ Dpj}cbb Eloechd WCY j``jew 9+3 9+7 9+3 9+5 9+9 9+7


@o}uw jc} ,cbb `dz} edld}wu/ 9+7 9+: 9+5 9+: 9+= 9+:Ujedkg jc} ,edld}wu 3―5/ ! 9+3 9+0 9+9 9+0 ! 9+3 9+0Wlo}g jc} ,edld}wu 3 & =/ 9+= 9+< 9+7 9+< 9+5 9+<@dz}wl jc} ,edld}w 3/ ! 3+5 3+7 ! 3+5 3+7 ! 3+5 3+7


_jc} 3> =998―=99< ,edld}w 3/ 9+= 3+39 ! 9+8 3+9 ! 9+< 3+9_jc} => =99<―=99? ,edld}wu 3 & =/ 9+5 9+<: ! 9+= 9+< ! 9+3 9+<_jc} 5> =99?―=939 ,edld}wu 3―5/ 3+9 9+?5 3+<.. 9+< 3+7 9+?_jc} 7> =939―=933 ,cbb ` dz}edld}wu/

! 9+: 9+00 ! 9+8 9+0 ! 9+0 9+0

7+ WCY j``jewu m edld} w

Edld}w 3 ,cbb `dz} jc}u/ ! 9+7 9+0 ! 9+: 9+: ! 9+0 9+:Edld}w = ,=99?―=933/ 3+=. 9+0 3+5.. 9+0 3+3. 9+0Edld}w 5 ,=939―=933/ ! 9+7 9+8 ! 9+= 9+8 ! 9+5 9+8Edld}w 7 ,=933 dkb/ ! 9+3 3+9 ! 9+= 9+? ! 9+= 9+?


<5"3=: 737"75< 738"3?9


="9?= 8"<53 8"<?9

Kdwj> KK: 1 kjc}juw òpj kjohlmd}u+




70

@d} ueojkej ued}ju" wlj dpj}cbb Eloechd WCY j``jew xcu uwcwouwoecbb uohkoòeckw xljk xj zujg wljecboyj} acwelokh ajwldgu" cu gouezuujg cmdpj" mzw wlj ad}j gjwcobjg òkgokhu gog kdw elckhj+ Kdkjd` wlj uelddb j|yj}ojkej j``jewu" gouw}oew j|yj}ojkej j``jewu" d} edld}w j``jewu xcu uwcwouwoecbb uohkoòeckw zuokh ck d` wlj acwelokh ajwldgu+ @dbbdxokh wlj ucaj `d}acw cu wlcw d` wlj y}jpodzuwxd wcmbju" Wcmbj OP+39 uldxu }juzbwu `d} wl}jj d` wlduj acwelokh ajwldgu" okebzgokh wljmjkelac}f adgjb ,òpj kjc}juw kjohlmd}u/" ecboyj} acwelokh xowl c }cgozu d` 9+9=:" ckg fj}kjbgjkuow acwelokh+

Wcmbj OP+39+ Ujkuowopow d` Szcuo! J|yj}oajkwcb @okgokhu wd Acwelokh Ajwldg> Oaycewu dk OUCWUeojkej Ued}ju

KK: ,mjkelac}f/ Ecboyj} ,} 1 +9=: / Fj}kjb




J}}d}

3+ Dpj}cbb Eloechd WCY j``jew 3+3 9+< 3+:. . 9+8 3+3 9+8


@o}uw jc} ,cbb `dz} edld}wu/ 3+5 3+= 3+8 3+3 3+5 3+3Ujedkg jc} ,edld}wu 3―5/ 9+3 3+9 9+: 9+? 9+3 9+?Wlo}g jc} ,edld}wu 3 & =/ 3+? 3+8 =+7 3+0 3+? 3+0@dz}wl jc} ,edld}w 3/ =+3 5+0 =+: 5+0 =+3 5+0


_jc} 3> =99 8―=99< ,edld}w 3/ KC KC KC KC KC KC_jc} => =99<―=99? ,edld}wu 3 & =/ ! 9+7 3+8 ! 9+5 3+: 9+9 3+:_jc} 5> =99?―=939 ,edld}wu 3―5/ 3+0 3 +? 3+0 3+0 3+7 3+8_jc} 7> =939―=933 ,cbb `dz} edld}wu/ 9+5 3+= 9+8 3+3 9+7 3+3

7+ Eloechd WCY j``jewu m edld}w

Edld}w 3 ,cbb `dz} jc}u/ 3+8 3+0 =+= 3+0 3+< 3+0Edld}w = ,=99?―=933/ 9+8 3+9 3+3 9+? 9+8 3+9Edld}w 5 ,=939―=933/ 3+5 3+7 3+0 3+5 3+= 3+5Edld}w 7 ,=933 dkb/ 9+9 3+< 9+7 3+< 9+9 3+<

Ucaybj uo~j ,uwzgjkw! jc} edamokcwodku/ =?"507 3=:"53: 3=:"?<7


807 ="580 ="5?9

Kdwj> KK: 1 kjc}juw òpj kjohlmd}u+ KC 1 gcwc kdw cpcobcmbj+

. Eloechd WCY! edkw}db go``j}jkej ou uwcwouwoecbb uohkoò eckw cw wlj 3 9 y j}ejkw bjpjb+.. Eloechd WCY! edkw}db go``j}jkej ou uwcwouwoecbb uohko` oeckw cw w lj : y j}ejkw bjpjb+

... Eloechd WCY! edkw}db go``j}jkej ou uwcwouwoecbb uohkoò eckw cw wlj 3 yj}ejkw bjpjb+

@okcbb" xj wjuwjg wlj ujkuowopow d` dz} òkgokhu wd eldoej d` c yc}woezbc} }jh}juuodk adgjb+ Xj}jjuwoacwjg wlj dpj}cbb szcuo!j|yj}oajkwcb Eloechd WCY j``jewu zuokh c pc}ojw d` go``j}jkw}jh}juuodk adgjbu" jcel d` xloel acfju ubohlwb go``j}jkw cuuzaywodku cmdzw wlj edkw}db pc}ocmbju"d} gjòkju wlj uwzg ucaybj c mow go``j}jkwb+ Wljuj c}j wlj ucaj }dmzuwkjuu wjuwu zujg `d} wljj|yj}oajkwcb òkgokhu y}jujkwjg ok Wcmbju OP+5―OP+:+ Wlj }juzbwu" y}jujkwjg ok Wcmbj OP+33" uldx wlcw wlj òkgokhu }jyd}wjg ok wlj uzaac} wcmbj c}j }dmzuw+ Wlcw ou" xj edkò}ajg wlj bcef d` gjwjewcmbj oaycewu dk }jcgokh" acwl" ckg ueojkej ued}ju+

7 8

Wcmbj OP+33+ Ujkuowopow d` Szcuo! J|yj}oajkwcb ]juzbwu wd Adgjb Uyjeoòecwodk> Oaycewu dk OUCW Ued}ju m Uzmnjew



J}}d}Ucaybj

Uo~j OaycewUwckgc}g

J}}d}Ucaybj

Uo~j OaycewUwckgc}g

J}}d}Ucaybj

Uo~j

Mjkelac}f ! 9+3 9+5 <5"=37 9+3 9+7 <5"3=: 3+3 9+< =?"507

Edpc}ocwjuUjyc}cwj y}jwjuw j``jew m h}cgj ! 9+= 9+5 <5"=37 9+9 9+7 <5"3=: 9+0 3+9 =?"507Ujyc}cwj y}jwjuw j``jew m jc} 9+9 9+5 <5"=3 7 9+5 9+7 <5"3= : 3+9 9+< =?"507Ujyc}cwj y}jwjuw j`` jew m jc}ckg h}cgj

! 9+3 9+: <5"=37 9+3 9+0 <5"3=: 9 +: 3+9 =?"507

Y}jwjuw uszc}jg ckg ezmjg ! 9+3 9+5 <5"=37 9+9 9+7 <5"3=: 3+9 9+< =?"5:7Ued}ju uwckgc}go~jg xowlok h}cgj 9+9 9+9 <5"=37 9+9 9+9 :=3"=57 9+9 9+9 3:?"=:9Kd dyyduowj uzmnjew y}jwjuw 9+9 9+5 <5"=37 9+9 9+7 <5"7=? 9+< 9+< =?"707Kd y}jwjuw" h}cgju 7―< 9+9 9+7 <?"989 9+= 9+0 <?"393 9+0 3+9 53"=0=Kd y}jwjuw" h}cgju 5―< ! 9+7 9+7 39<"895 ! 9+= 9+0 39<"833 KC KC KCKd edpc}ocwju ! 9+3 9+5 <5"=37 9+9 9+7 <5"3=: 3+9 9+< =?"507

Cbwj}kcwopj pc}ockej juwoacwodkajwldg

]ckgda j``jewu ,]J/ 9+9 9+5 <5"=3 7 9+9 9+5 <5"3= : 3+= 9+8 =?"507]J xowl uelddb elc}cewj}ouwoeu ! 9+3 9+5 <5"=37 9+9 9+5 <5"3=: 3+3 9+8 =?"507

Ajcuz}jajkw j}}d} ed}}jewodkOkuw}zajkwcb pc}ocmbju 9+9 9+5 <5"=37 9+9 9+7 <5"3=: 9+< 9+< =?"507J}}d} u ok pc}ocmbju adgjb"}jbocmobow 1 +?

9+9 9+5 <5"7?? 9+9 9+7 <5"7=? kdw juwoacwjg

J}}d} u ok pc}ocmbju adgjb"}jbocmobow 1 +<

9+= 9+8 <5"037 kdw juwoacwjg kdw juwoacwjg

Kdwj> Ckcbuju zuj kjc}juw! òpj! kjohlmd} u acwelokh + Ucaybj uo~ju c}j hopjk ok uwzgjkw! jc}u+ KC 1 gcwc kdw cpcobcmbj+

Go``j}jkeju c}j kdw uwcwouwoecbb uohkoòeckw cw wlj 39 yj}ejkw bjpjb+


7<

E+ ]jedkeobokh wlj J|yj}oajkwcb ckg Szcuo! J|yj}oajkwcb Jpogjkej

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Wcmbj OP+3= uldxu wlj }juzbwu d` juwoacwokh wlj }jh}juuodk!cgnzuwjg go``j}jkej ok dzwedajumjwxjjk wlj edkw}db h}dzy ckg wlj ed}}juydkgokh edayc}oudk h}dzy" jcel d` xloel ou mjokh zujg wdjuwoacwj wlj ucaj edzkwj}`cewzcb dzwedaju‗wlduj wlcw xdzbg lcpj mjjk celojpjg lcg wlj Eloechd WCY uelddbu kdw oaybjajkwjg wlj y}dh}ca+ ,Wlj w}jcwajkw h}dzy ok mdwl ecuju ou wlj ucaj/+ Wlj}juzbwu uzhhjuw wlcw wlj go``j}jkeju mjwxjjk wlj wxd edzkwj}`cewzcb juwoacwju xj}j uacbb ,bjuu wlck

@ohz}j OP+5+ Edayc}okh J|yj}oajkwcb Edkw}db H}dzy wd wlj Szcuo! J|yj}oajkwcb Edayc}oudk H}dzy

EDLD]WU 3 & =

90―98

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Eloechd

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Eloechd

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Eloechd

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9<―9?

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Uelddb _jc}

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:3

P+ OAYCEWU DK WJCELJ] ]JWJKWODK

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P> Oaycewu dk Wjcelj} ]jwjkwodk Acwljacwoec Ydboe ]jujc}el

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@ohz}j P+3+ ]jwjkwodk Dzwedaju m _jc}" Gz}cwodk" ckg Edld}w

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:5

Wcmbj P+3+ Oaycewu dk Uelddb ]jwjkwodk ]cwju ,yj}ejkwchj/

]jwjkwo dk Yj}odgEloechd WCY

Ajckc Edayc}oudk

Ajckc Go``j}jkejUwckgc}g

J}}d}Ucaybj Uo~j,wjcelj}u/

Dkj! _jc} ]cwju@cbb =998―`cbb =99<,edld}w 3/ <:+= 88+= 8+?... 5+93 3"39=@cbb =99<―`cbb =99?,edld}wu 3 & =/ <=+< 8?+0 5+=. 3+<5 3"0<0@cbb =99?―`cbb =939,edld}wu 3" =" & 5/ <3+= <9+? 9+5 3+<3 ="0?7

Wxd! _jc} ]cwju@cbb =998―`cbb =99?,edld}w 3/ 88+< :?+: 3<+5... 7+<8 <<3@cbb =99<―`cbb =939,edld}wu 3 & =/ 83+= 08+? 5+5 =+80 3"<8?

Wl}jj! _jc} ]cwju@cbb =998―`cbb =939,edld}w 3/ 08+9 ::+: 33+:... 7+=3 8<3

Kdwj> Uelddb }jwjkwodk }cwj ou gjòkjg cu wlj yj}ejkwchj d` ebcuu}dda wjcelj}u ok `cbb d` wlj mcujjc} xld xd}f jg cw wlj ucaj uelddb ok `cbb d` w lj `dbbdx! zy jc}+


. Eloechd WCY! edayc}oudk go ``j}jkej ou uwcwouwoecbb uohko` oeckw cw wlj 39 yj}ejkw bjpjb+.. Eloechd WCY! edayc}oudk go ``j}jkej ou uwcwouwoecbb uohko` oeckw cw wlj : yj}ejkw bjpjb+

.. . Eloechd WCY! edayc}oudk go ``j}jkej ou uwcwouwoecbb uohko` oeckw cw wlj 3 yj}ejkw bjpjb+

Wd y}dpogj ckdwlj} yj}uyjewopj dk }jwjkwodk" xj cbud edayc}jg wlj wxd!jc} ckg wl}jj!jc}wjcelj} }jwjkwodk }cwju d` Eloechd WCY ckg kdk!WCY uelddbu ,Wcmbj P+3/+ Xj `dzkg wlcw `d}wjcelj}u y}jujkw cw wlj uwc}w d` }dbbdzw ok wlj gouw}oew" Eloechd WCY lcg c yduowopj" uwcwouwoecbb uohkoòeckw oaycew dk wxd!jc} uelddb }jwjkwodk" gjòkjg cu wlj yj}ejkwchj d` wjcelj}u }jwz}kokh ok`cbb =99? wd wlj uelddbu xlj}j wlj wczhlw ok `cbb =998+ Wlj cpj}chj wxd!jc} }jwjkwodk }cwj `d}wjcelj}u ok Eloechd WCY uelddbu j|ejjgjg wlcw d` wjcelj}u ok edayc}oudk uelddbu m 3< yj}ejkwchjydokwu ,8< yj}ejkw pj}uzu 09 yj}ejkw/+ Xljk ajcuz}jg `}da `cbb =99<" ldxjpj}" wlj juwoacwjgoaycew dk wxd!jc} }jwjkwodk }cwju‗wl}jj ydokwu‗xcu kdw uwcwouwoecbb uohkoòeckw+ Uoaobc} wd wljwxd!jc} }jwjkwodk òkgokh `d} wjcelj}u y}jujkw `d} gouw}oew }dbbdzw d` wlj y}dh}ca" xj `dzkg cuwcwouwoecbb uohkoòeckw oaycew d` Eloechd WCY dk wlj wl}jj!jc} }jwjkwodk }cwj6 08 yj}ejkw d` `cbb=998 wjcelj}u ok Eloechd WCY uelddbu wczhlw ok wlj ucaj uelddb wl}jj jc}u bcwj} edayc}jg wd :0yj}ejkw d` wjcelj}u ok kdk!WCY uelddbu+ Ok dwlj} xd}gu" wjcelj}u ok Eloechd WCY uelddbu ok `cbb=998 xj}j cmdzw =9* ad}j bofjb wlck wjcelj}u ok edayc}oudk uelddbu wd mj ok wlduj ucaj uelddbuwl}jj jc}u bcwj}+

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:7

Wcmbj P+=+ Oaycewu dk Uelddb ]jwjkwodk ]cwju" m Wjcelokh Cuuohkajkw ,yj}ejkwchj/

Wjcelokh CuuohkajkwEloechd WCY

Ajckc Edayc}oudk


J}}d}

Ucaybj Uo~j,wjcelj}u/

Dkj! _jc} ]cwju

@cbb =998―`cbb =99< ,edld}w 3/

Cbb wjcelj}u <:+= 88+= 8+?... 5+93 3"39=Cecgjaoe uzm njewu"wjuwjg h }cgju$ uzmnjewu <?+= <7+= :+9. =+<: 5=5Cecgjaoe uzmnjewu" kdkwjuwjgh}cgju$ uzmnjewu ?9+? 8?+8 33+=... 5+=: 7?8Dwlj} ?=+< <=+0 39+=.. 7+38 307

@cbb =99<―`cbb =99? ,edld}wu 3 & =/Cbb wjcelj}u <=+< 8?+0 5+=. 3+<5 3"0<0Cecgjaoe uzm njewu"wjuwjg h }cgju$ uzmnjewu <0+: <=+5 7+= 5+37 ::3Cecgjaoe uzmnjewu" kdkwjuwjgh}cgju$ uzmnjewu <<+3 <5+< 7+5. =+=7 888Dwlj} <5+9 <9+5 =+8 5+<? =5?

@cbb =99?―`cbb =939 ,edld}wu 3" =" & 5/Cbb wjcelj}u <3+= <9+? 9+5 3+<3 ="0?7Cecgjaoe uzm njewu"wjuwjg h }cgju$ uzmnjewu <9+0 <5+9 ! =+7 5+3< ?95Cecgjaoe uzmnjewu" kdkwjuwjgh}cgju$ uzmnjewu <0+: <5+0 5+9 =+30 3"=?9Dwlj} 8:+= 80+5 ! 3+3 7+89 5<:

Wxd! _jc} ]cwju @cbb =998―`cbb =99? ,edld}w 3/

Cbb wjcelj}u 88+< :?+: 3<+5... 7+<8 <<3Cecgjaoe uzm njewu"wjuwjg h }cgju$ uzmnjewu <=+9 89+5 33+0. 0+9: =8<Cecgjaoe uzmnjewu" kdkwjuwjgh}cgju$ uzmnjewu <<+< 8<+9 39+<.. :+=? 5??Dwlj} 8<+< :=+5 =0+:.. 3=+<? 337

@cbb =99<―`cbb =939 ,edld}wu 3 & =/

Cbb wjcelj}u 83+= 08+? 5+5 =+80 3"<8?Cecgjaoe uzm njewu"wjuwjg h }cgju$ uzmnjewu 8:+? 8=+< 5+3 7+75 :<8Cecgjaoe uzmnjewu" kdkwjuwjgh}cgju$ uzmnjewu 8?+8 85+< 0+9. 5+38 <<<Dwlj} :8+8 :?+5 ! 3+0 0+7< =07

Wl}jj! _jc} ]cwju @cbb =998―`cbb =939 ,edld}w 3/

Cbb wjcelj}u 08+9 ::+: 33+:... 7+=3 8<3Cecgjaoe uzm njewu"wjuwjg h }cgju$ uzmnjewu 88+? :0+9 =3+<... :+<: ==3Cecgjaoe uzmnjewu" kdkwjuwjgh}cgju$ uzmnjewu 85+= 0:+< 8+7 7+8: 500Dwlj} =?+7 ::+0 ! =0+5.. 39+<9 390

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@cbb =998―`cbb =99< ,edld}w 3/

Cbb wjcelj}u <:+= 88+= 8+?... 5+93 3"39=2 : jc}u 80+7 08+0 <+<. 7+<7 583:―=7 jc}u <?+5 <=+7 0+?.. . =+7< 057; =7 jc}u 399+9 ?:+< 7+3 5+09 ?8

@cbb =99<―`cbb =99? ,edld}wu 3 & =/Cbb wjcelj}u <=+< 8?+0 5+=. 3+<5 3"0<02 : jc}u ?0+< ?:+9 3+8 3+=< :5<:―=7 jc}u <0+0 <:+5 3+5 =+50 3"939; =7 jc}u <3+9 <5+0 ! =+0 :+0< 35<

@cbb =99?―`cbb =939 ,edld}wu 3" =" & 5/Cbb wjcelj}u <3+= < 9+? 9+5 3+<3 ="0?72 : jc}u 85+5 89+: =+< 7+75 853:―=7 jc}u <:+? <0+9 ! 9+3 3+8< 3873; =7 jc}u 03+0 80+< ! 3:+=. ?+30 ===


Cbb wjcelj}u 88+< :?+: 3<+5... 7+<8 <<32 : jc}u 88+< 07+9 35+<.. 0+05 593:―=7 jc}u <0+3 89+? 3:+=. . 0+30 7?:; =7 jc}u ?9+< 07+= =0+0... ?+05 <:

@cbb =99<―`cbb =939 ,edld}wu 3 & =/Cbb wjcelj}u 83+= 0 8+? 5+5 =+80 3"<8?2 : jc}u 0<+5 :?+5 ?+9 0+90 :79:―=7 jc}u 80+5 87+7 3+? 5+:9 3"30:; =7 jc}u :7+< :9+< 7+9 3=+=0 387


Cbb wjcelj}u 08+9 ::+: 33+:... 7+=3 8<32 : jc}u 0:+7 7<+< 30+0. <+?7 =78:―=7 jc}u 83+= 09+9 33+5. . 7+:: 70?; =7 jc}u 07+9 79+5 =5+8 55+3= 0:

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Dkj! _jc} ]cwju @cbb =998―`cbb =99< ,edld}w 3/

Kjc}juw kjohlmd} <7+9 <:+: ! 3+: =+<5 7??Kjc}juw : kjohlmd}u <:+= 88+= 8+?.. . 5+93 3"39=Ecboyj} acwel,} 1 9+99:/ <0+? <9+8 0+5... =+75 ="?77Ecboyj} acwel,}cgozu 1 9+9=:/ <:+8 <9+? 7+<.. 3+?9 33"85?Fj}kjb gjkuow <0+0 <=+7 7+=... 3+0= 3="979

@cbb =99<―`cbb =99? ,edld}wu 3 & =/Kjc}juw kjohlmd} <=+5 8?+7 =+? =+<7 003

Kjc}juw : kjohlmd}u <=+< 8?+0 5+=. 3+<5 3"0<0Ecboyj} acwel,} 1 9+99:/

<5+: <9+5 5+5.. 3+:? ="08<

Ecboyj} acwel,} 1 9+9=:/

<5+7 <3+: 3+? 3+70 :"<=5

Fj}kjb gjkuow <7+9 <3+< =+= 3+58 33"7==

@cbb =99?―`cbb =939 ,edld}wu 3" =" & 5/Kjc}juw kjohlmd} <3+? <=+8 ! 9+< 5+:0 ?87

Kjc}juw : kjohlmd}u <3+= <9+? 9+5 3+<3 ="0?7Ecboyj} acwel,} 1 9+99:/

<3+3 <3+= ! 9+3 =+93 5"=?9


<3+7 <9+8 9+8 3+0= 33"5=9

Fj}kjb gjkuow <3+7 <3+3 9+5 3+0? 33"579


Kjc}juw kjohlmd} <?+9 59+7 :<+0.. . 0+=? 5==

Kjc}juw : kjohlmd}u 8<+7 09+0 38+<.. . :+30 <83Ecboyj} acwel,}cgozu 1 9 +99:/

8<+: 0:+: 3=+?... 7+79 3"0?8

Ecboyj} acwel,}cgozu 1 9 +9=:/

8<+3 00+8 33+7... 5+58 :"88:

Fj}kjb gjkuow 8<+< 08+5 33+:.. . 5+98 33"735

@cbb =99<―`cbb =939 ,edld}wu 3 & =/Kjc}juw kjohlmd} 83+7 89+7 3+9 =+03 053Kjc}juw : kjohlmd}u 83+= 08+? 5+5 =+80 3"<8?Ecboyj} acwel,} 1 9+99:/

83+0 00+: :+=. =+85 ="5:=


83+= 0<+0 =+0 3+<7 39"<3?

Fj}kjb gjkuow 83+= 0<+< =+7 3+?7 33"585


Kjc}juw kjohlmd} 09+9 07+9 ! 5+? 5+:9 =0:

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@cbb =99<―`cbb =99 ? ,edld}wu 3 & =/Uwcjg cw ucaj uelddb <3+9 88+3 5+?Adpjg wd c Eloechd WCY uelddb 3+5 9+< 9+:Adpjg wd c edayc}oudk uelddb 3+5 3+: ! 9+=Adpjg wd dwlj} EYU jbjajkwc} uelddb 5+0 7+8 ! 3+3Adpjg wd c EYU lohl uelddb 9+: 9+7 9+=Adpjg wd c eowxogj d} ejkw}cb d`òej yduowodk 3+< 5+8 ! 3+?Bj`w EYU 39+: 33+< ! 3+5

@cbb =99?―`cbb =93 9 ,edld}wu 3" =" & 5/.Uwcjg cw ucaj uelddb 8?+0 8?+5 9+5Adpjg wd c Eloechd WCY uelddb 3+9 9+0 9+7Adpjg wd c edayc}oudk uelddb 9+= 3+5 ! 3+=Adpjg wd dwlj} EYU jbjajkwc} uelddb =+3 5+3 ! 3+9Adpjg wd c EYU lohl uelddb 9+= 9+7 ! 9+=Adpjg wd c eowxogj d} ejkw}cb d`òej yduowodk 3+: 3+3 9+7Bj`w EYU 3:+: 37+= 3+7

Wxd! _jc} Admobowy @cbb =998―`cbb =99? ,edld}w 3 /...

Uwcjg cw ucaj uelddb 85+5 03+8 33+:Adpjg wd c Eloechd WCY uelddb =+8 =+= 9+:Adpjg wd c edayc}oudk uelddb 9+9 =+0 ! =+0Adpjg wd dwlj} EYU jbjajkwc} uelddb 7+5 ?+= ! 7+?Adpjg wd c EYU lohl uelddb 3+3 3+7 ! 9+5Adpjg wd c eowxogj d} ejkw}cb d`òej yduowodk =+3 5+8 ! 3+:Bj`w EYU 30+0 3?+5 ! =+8

@cbb =99<―`cbb =93 9 ,edld}wu 3 & =/.Uwcjg cw ucaj uelddb 0<+? 08+: 3+:Adpjg wd c Eloechd WCY uelddb =+= 3+9 3+=Adpjg wd c edayc}oudk uelddb 9+< =+3 ! 3+5Adpjg wd dwlj} EYU jbjajkwc} uelddb 5+: 0+7 ! =+?Adpjg wd c EYU lohl uelddb 9+< 9+8 9+3Adpjg wd c eowxogj d} ejkw}cb d`òej yduowodk 3+? 3+9 9+?Bj`w EYU =3+? =3+5 9+0

Wl}jj! _jc} Admobowy @cbb =998―`cbb =93 9 ,edld}w 3 /.

Uwcjg cw ucaj uelddb 07+: :0+7 <+3Adpjg wd c Eloechd WCY uelddb 3+< 3+< 9+9Adpjg wd c edayc}oudk uelddb 9+9 =+= ! =+=Adpjg wd dwlj} EYU jbjajkwc} uelddb 7+= <+= ! 5+?Adpjg wd c EYU lohl uelddb 3+= =+3 ! 9+?Adpjg wd c eowxogj d} ejkw}cb d`òej yduowodk 3+= 3+5 ! 9+3Bj`w EYU =8+3 =<+3 ! 3+9

Kdwj> K 1 =5: Eloechd WCY ckg <08 edayc}oudk wjcelj}u `d} `cbb =998―`cbb =99< 6 5?9 Eloechd WCY ckg 3"=?0edayc}oudk wjcelj}u `d} `cbb =99<―`cbb =99?6 03= Eloechd WCY ckg ="9<= edayc}oudk wjcelj}u `d} `cbb=99?―`cbb =939 6 3<8 Eloechd WCY ckg 0?7 edayc}oudk wjcelj}u `d} `cbb =998―`cbb =9 9?6 58 9 Eloechd WCYckg 3":9? edayc}oudk wjcelj}u `d} `cbb =99<―`cbb =9396 ckg 300 Eloechd WCY ckg 03: edayc}oudkwjcelj}u `d} ` cbb =99 8―`cbb =9 39+ Xj edkgzewjg c elo! uszc}j wjuw w d gjwj}aokj w lj uwcwouwoecb uohko` oeckejd` wlj go` `j}jkej ok wlj gouw}o mzwodk u `d} jcel }jwjkwodk dzwedaj+

. Eloechd WCY! edayc}oudk g o`` j}jkej ou uwcwo uwoecbb uohko` oeckw cw wlj 39 yj}ejkw bjpjb+.. Eloechd WCY! edayc}o udk go`` j}jkej ou uwcwo uwoecbb uohko` oeckw cw wlj : yj}ejkw bjpjb+

... Eloechd WCY! edayc}oudk go`` j}jkej ou uwcwouwoecbb uohko` oeckw cw wlj 3 yj}ejkw bjpjb+


09

M+ Gjue}oywopj Ckcbuou d` Ufobbu" Fkdxbjghj" ckg ]juydkuomobowoju ,UF]/Ued}ju m Admobow Uwcwzu

Ydboeacfj}u ec}j kdw dkb cmdzw wlj wjcelj} }jwjkwodk }cwj" mzw cbud cmdzw wlj szcbow d` wjcelj}u }jwcokjg+ O` Eloechd WCY ou uzeejuu`zb ok }jxc}gokh j``jewopj wjcelj}u" wljk okj``jewopjwjcelj}u aohlw y}j`j} wd bjcpj wlj uelddb ckg ad}j j``jewopj wjcelj}u aohlw y}j`j} wd uwc dk bdkhj}wlck wlj xdzbg dwlj}xouj+ Cbb jbuj jszcb" dkj xdzbg j|yjew uzel ck oay}dpjajkw ok wlj ao| d` wjcelj}u wd }juzbw ok ad}j!j``jewopj wjcelj}u ceedzkwokh `d} c lohlj} y}dyd}wodk d` wlj wjcelj} xd}f`d}ej }jacokokh ok Eloechd WCY uelddbu wlck xdzbg lcpj }jacokjg ok wlj cmujkej d` Eloechd WCY+ Zk`d}wzkcwjb" xj edzbg kdw edayc}j wlj j``jewopjkjuu d` wjcelj}u ok Eloechd WCY uelddbu wdwlcw d` wjcelj}u ok kdk!WCY uelddbu mjeczuj xj bcef }jbocmbj ajcuz}ju d` wjcelj} j``jewopjkjuu wlcweck mj zujg ok mdwl Eloechd WCY ckg kdk!WCY uelddbu+

Ldxjpj}" xj gog j|caokj ued}ju dmwcokjg m wjcelj}u ok Eloechd WCY uelddbu dk c ebcuu}ddadmuj}pcwodk }zm}oe fkdxk cu Ufobbu" Fkdxbjghj" ckg ]juydkuomobowoju ,UF]/+ Cu yc}w d` juwcmboulokh okuw}zewodkcbb `dezujg ceedzkwcmobow" wlj Eloechd WCY adgjb ecbbu `d} dmuj}pcwodku d` wjcelj}u m wlj y}okeoycb" bjcg wjcelj}u" ckg ajkwd} wjcelj}u" cbb d` xlda zkgj}hd w}cokokh ckg ej}woòecwodk okzuokh wlj UF] }zm}oe+ UF] ued}ju c}j cuuohkjg mcujg dk dmuj}pjg ebcuu}dda yj}`d}ackej ok `dz}gdacoku> gjuohkokh ckg ybckkokh okuw}zewodk" bjc}kokh jkpo}dkajkw" okuw}zewodk" ckg }juydkuomobowoju+Jcel gdacok ou }cwjg dk c òpj!ydokw uecbj" xowl 3 okgoecwokh ‒kjjgu oay}dpjajkw"‑ 5 okgoecwokh ‒y}dòeojkw"‑ ckg : okgoecwokh ‒j|jaybc}+‑ Wlj edayduowj UF] ued}ju c}j zujg ok gjwj}aokokh yj}`d}ackej!mcujg edayjkucwodk+

Wcmbj P+0 }jyd}wu cpj}chj UF] ued}ju cadkh wl}jj h}dzyu d` wjcelj}u mcujg dk wljo}adpjajkw mjwxjjk c mcujbokj ckg `dbbdx!zy yj}odg> uwcj}u" xld }jacokjg ok wlj ucaj uelddb6adpj}u" xld adpjg wd ckdwlj} EYU uelddb d} wd c eowxogj d} ejkw}cb d`òej yduowodk xowlok EYU6ckg bjcpj}u" xld bj`w EYU+ Wlj cpj}chj UF] ued}j ce}duu cbb wjcelj}u ok Eloechd WCY uelddbu dk còpj!ydokw uecbj }ckhjg `}da 5+9 wd 5+7 gjyjkgokh dk wlj yj}odg j|caokjg+ @d} cbb yj}odgu" wljuwckgc}g gjpocwodk d` wlj cpj}chj UF] ued}j xcu wyoecbb cmdzw 9+0 ydokwu" oaybokh wlcw cmdzw lcb` wlj ydyzbcwodk ued}jg xowlok 9+7 ydokwu d` wlj cpj}chj+

Xj gog kdw òkg jpogjkej wlcw admobow c``jewjg wlj edayduowodk d` wjcelj}u xld }jacok okEloechd WCY uelddbu+ @d} wl}jj d` wlj uo| yj}odgu j|caokjg" wlj go``j}jkeju ok cpj}chj UF] ued}juce}duu h}dzyu xj}j kdw uwcwouwoecbb uohkoòeckw+=3

Xj jaylcuo~j wlcw wlou gjue}oywopj ckcbuou gdju kdw y}dpogj eczucb jpogjkej d` Eloechd WCY‟uoaycew dk wjcelj} szcbow+ Mjeczuj UF] ued}ju xj}j kdw cpcobcmbj `d} kdk!WCY uelddbu" xj eckkdw

@d} wlj wl}jj yj}odgu `d} xj xloel xj gjwjewjguwcwouwoecbb uohkoòeckw go``j}jkeju" wlj}j xcu kdw c edkuouwjkw ycwwj}k d` cpj}chj UF] ued}ju ce}duuh}dzyu+ Gz}okh wlj dkj!jc} yj}odg `}da `cbb =99? wd `cbb =939 ckg wlj wxd!jc} yj}odg `}da `cbb=998 wd `cbb =99?" wjcelj}u xld bj`w wljo} uelddb mzw }jacokjg ok EYU ,adpj}u/ lcg lohlj} cpj}chjued}ju wlck uwcj}u d} bjcpj}u+ @}da `cbb =99< wd `cbb =939" ldxjpj}" uwcj}u ckg adpj}u lcg wlj ucajcpj}chj ued}j6 wljo} cpj}chj ued}j j|ejjgjg wlcw `d} bjcpj}u+ Jcel h}dzy lcg ck cpj}chj ued}j xowlok9+7 ydokwu d` wlj dwlj} wxd h}dzyu ok cbb uo| yj}odgu+

=3 Xj edkgzewjg ck @!wjuw zuokh ckcbuou d` pc}ockej ckg `cobjg wd }jnjew wlj lydwljuou wlcw wlj wl}jj cpj}chj UF] ued}ju xj}j wlj ucaj+


03

juwoacwj xlcw wlj UF] ued}ju d` uwcj}u" adpj}u" ckg bjcpj}u xdzbg lcpj mjjk ok wlj cmujkej d` Eloechd WCY+

Wcmbj P+0+ UF] Ued}ju m Admobow Uwcwzu ,ydokwu/

Admob ow Yj}odg Uwcj}u Adpj}u Bjcpj}uUcaybj Uo~j,wjcelj}u/

Dkj! _jc} Admobowy @cbb =998―`cbb =99< ,edld}w 3/ 5+7 5+= 5+= ==3@cbb =99<―`cbb =99? ,edld}w u 3 & =/ 5+3 =+? 5+9 5:8@cbb =99?―`cbb =939 ,edld}wu 3" =" & 5/... 5+9 5+3 =+< :09

Wxd! _jc} Admobowy @cbb =998―`cbb =99? ,edld}w 3/ 5+5 5+: 5+3 380@cbb =99<―`cbb =939 ,edld}wu 3 & =/.. 5+3 5+3 =+? 55<

Wl}jj! _jc} Admobowy @cbb =998―`cbb =939 ,edld}w 3/ 5+= 5+7 5+3 3:<

Kdwj> Admobow uwcwzu ou gjòkjg m wlj adpjajkw d` ebcuu}dda wjcelj}u `}da wlj mcuj yj}odg wd wlj`dbbdx! zy y j}odg> uwcj}u }jacokjg ok w lj ucaj uelddb6 adpj}u adpjg wd ckdwlj} EYU uelddbd} wd c eowxogj d} ejkw}cb d`òej yduowodk xowlok EYU6 bjcpj}u bj`w EYU+ UF] ued}ju c}j dk c òpj!ydokw uecbj" xowl : mjokh wlj lohljuw ued}j+ @d} jcel admobow yj}odg" xj edkgzewjg ckckcbuou d` pc}ockej @! wjuw d` wlj lydwljuou wlcw wlj w l}jj cpj}chj UF] ued}ju ce}duu admo bowh}dzy u xj}j wlj ucaj+

. Xj }jnjew wlj jszcbow d` ajck UF] ued}ju ce}duu admob ow h }dzyu cw wlj 39 yj}ejkw b jpjb+.. Xj }jnjew wlj jszcbow d ` a jck UF] ued}ju ce}duu admob ow h }dzyu cw wlj : yj}ejkw bjpjb+

.. . Xj }jnjew wlj jszcbow d` a jck UF] ued}ju ce}duu admob ow h }dzyu cw wlj 3 yj}ejkw bjpjb+


05

PO+ UZAAC]_ CKG GOUEZUUODK D@ @OKGOKHU

Wlj òkgokhu d` wlj uwzg eck mj uzaajg zy ok wj}au d` owu wl}jj acok szjuwodku> ,3/ Ldx xcuEloechd WCY oaybjajkwjg4 ,=/ Xlcw xcu owu oaycew dk uwzgjkw celojpjajkw4 ,5/ Xlcw xcu owuoaycew dk wjcelj} }jwjkwodk4 Xj uzaac}o~j wlj òkgokhu `d} jcel d` wljuj ok wz}k ckg y}dpogj udajedkebzgokh wldzhlwu+

C+ Oaybjajkwcwodk

Wlj ez}}jkw uwzg xcu coajg cw juwoacwokh wlj oaycewu d` Eloechd WCY dk uwzgjkw ckg wjcelj}dzwedaju" mzw wlj oaycew juwoacwju azuw mj okwj}y}jwjg ok bohlw d` xlcw xcu oaybjajkwjg+ Mcujg dkjpogjkej `}da ujpj}cb gcwc udz}eju" xj edkebzgj wlcw Eloechd WCY elckhjg wlj xc wjcelj}u xj}jjpcbzcwjg ckg edayjkucwjg" wljo} ajkwd}okh" ckg wlj ec}jj} cgpckejajkw dyyd}wzkowoju ok wljuelddbu wlcw cgdywjg wlj y}dh}ca+ Xj edkgzewjg wxd uz}pju d` wjcelj}u yc}woeoycwokh ok Eloechd WCY cu xjbb cu wjcelj}u xld lcg kdw jw mjhzk yc}woeoycwokh ok wlj y}dh}ca ckg wjcelj}u ok uelddbuwlcw xj}j kdw ok wlj y}dh}ca cw cbb+ Xj `dzkg wlcw ok wj}au d` ajkwd}okh" xjjfb ajjwokhu" ec}jj}dyyd}wzkowoju" ckg edayjkucwodk" wjcelj} }jyd}wu xj}j edkuouwjkw xowl wlj hdcbu d` wlj y}dh}ca" ckgwlcw Eloechd WCY wjcelj}u‟ j|yj}ojkeju xj}j uz`òeojkwb go``j}jkw `}da wlduj d` wjcelj}u ok kdk! WCY uelddbu wd edkebzgj wlcw }jcb elckhj deez}}jg+

Y}dh}ca }jpojx ued}ju y}dpogj jpogjkej dk wlj j|wjkw wd xloel Eloechd WCY uelddbuoaybjajkwjg wlj y}dh}ca xowl ògjbow wd wlj kcwodkcb WCY adgjb+ Wlj cpj}chj y}dh}ca }jpojx ued}j xcu c}dzkg 5 dzw d` : `d} jcel edld}w d` uelddbu ok jcel d` wlj ò}uw wl}jj jc}u d` }dbbdzw+KOJW edkebzgjg wlcw jbjajkwu d` WCY lcg mjjk okw}dgzejg" mzw WCY oaybjajkwcwodk lcg kdw mjjk‒}ohd}dzu+‑ C`wj} wlj wlo}g jc} d` }dbbdzw" KOJW ok`d}ajg EYU wlcw wlj gouw}oew lcg kdwoaybjajkwjg wlj WCY uuwja+ Ok wlj òkcb jc} d` }dbbdzw" xljk EYU edkgzewjg wlj y}dh}ca }jpojxuokuwjcg d` KOJW" wlj cpj}chj ued}ju xj}j lohlj} wlck 7 dzw d` :+

Wxd c}jcu xlj}j y}dh}ca oaybjajkwcwodk gog kdw deez} cu okowocbb ybckkjg xj}j wlj uacbb uo~jd` wlj cpj}chj yj}`d}ackej!mcujg ycdzwu ckg wlj cmujkej d` c wjcelj}!bjpjb pcbzj!cggjgedaydkjkw wd wlj wjcelj} jpcbzcwodk `d}azbc+ Wlj cpj}chj wjcelj} ycdzwu ok dz} gcwc xj}j kjpj}lohlj} wlck '3":99 ok wlj ò}uw jc} d` oaybjajkwcwodk ckg kjpj} lohlj} wlck '="899 ok uzmujszjkwjc}u d` oaybjajkwcwodk+ Wlj lohljuw yj}`d}ackej!mcujg ycdzw ckdkj jpj} }jejopjg xcu '0"799+@d} c wjcelj} jc}kokh ':9"999 ckkzcbb" wljuj cpj}chj ycdzwu xdzbg }jy}jujkw 5 ckg : yj}ejkw d` ucbc}" }juyjewopjb" xowl wlj ac|oaza nzuw zkgj} 35 yj}ejkw+ Hopjk wlcw c EYU wjcelj} xowl cmceljbd}‟u gjh}jj ckg kd j|yj}ojkej aohlw jc}k ':9"999 wd uwc}w" wlj Eloechd WCY yj}`d}ackejokejkwopju ok yj}ejkwchj wj}au xdzbg mj azel uacbbj} `d} wjcelj}u xowl ad}j jgzecwodk ckgj|yj}ojkej" ckg edkujszjkwb lohlj} ucbc}+==

== Ceed}gokh wd wlj EYU xjmuowj ,

Ok jcel jc} d` wlj y}dh}ca" okgopogzcb wjcelj}yj}`d}ackej xcu ajcuz}jg zuokh wlj UF] }zm}oe+ Pcbzj!cggjg ajcuz}ju‗wlduj wlcw zuj wjuw ued}jh}dxwl edkw}dbbokh `d} go``j}jkeju ok uwzgjkw mcefh}dzkg‗xj}j ecbezbcwjg cw wlj uelddb bjpjb dkb zkwob wlj òkcb wxd jc}u d` Eloechd WCY" xljk uelddb!h}cgj bjpjb juwoacwju xj}j cbud zujg+ Ok dwlj} xd}gu" wlj y}dh}ca gog kdw zuj wjcelj}!bjpjb pcbzj!cggjg ajcuz}ju ok ck d` owu ycdzw `d}azbcu+

xxx+eyu!lzack}judz}eju+d}h$ec}jj}u$ucbc}+lwa" ceejuujg Nckzc} :" =93=/" wljuwc}wokh 5<+0 xjjf ucbc} `d} c wjcelj} xowl c mceljbd}‟u gjh}jj xcu ':9":88 ok =939―=933+

http://www.cps-humanresources.org/careers/salary.htm






PO> Uzaac} d` Gouezuuodk ckg @okgokhu Acwljacwoec Ydboe ]jujc}el

07

M+ Oaycewu dk Wjuw Ued}ju

Wlj elckhju wlcw deez}}jg ok Eloechd WCY uelddbu gog kdw w}ckubcwj okwd yduowopj oaycewu dkwjuw ued}ju ok ck edkuouwjkw xc+ Xj `dzkg jpogjkej d` mdwl yduowopj ckg kjhcwopj wjuw ued}joaycewu ok ujbjewjg uzmnjewu" jc}u" ckg edld}wu d` uelddbu" mzw dpj}cbb wlj}j xcu kd gjwjewcmbjoaycew dk acwl" }jcgokh" d} ueojkej celojpjajkw wlcw xcu }dmzuw wd go``j}jkw ajwldgu d` juwoacwodk+@d} j|caybj" oaycewu dk ueojkej ued}ju dpj}cbb ,ce}duu jc}u ckg edld}wu/ xj}j yduowopj" mzw kdwuwcwouwoecbb uohkoòeckw zkbjuu xj zujg dkj yc}woezbc} acwelokh ajwldg wlcw j|ebzgjg udaj Eloechd WCY uelddbu `}da wlj ckcbuou+

3+ Gouw}oew Bjc}kokh

Xj wjuwjg wlj lydwljuou wlcw oaycewu dk wjuw ued}ju aohlw mj uacbb okowocbb" mzw xdzbg h}dx cuwlj uelddb gouw}oew mjecaj ad}j `caoboc} ckg j|yj}ojkejg xowl Eloechd WCY+ Ceed}gokh wd wloulydwljuou" wlj uwc`` dyj}cwokh wlj y}dh}ca xdzbg h}dx ckg }jòkj wljo} cmobow wd uzyyd}w uelddby}okeoycbu ckg wjcelj}u dpj} woaj+ Ldxjpj}" wlj jpogjkej gog kdw uzhhjuw wlcw oaycewu h}jx dpj} wlj`dz} jc}u ok xloel wlj y}dh}ca xcu }dbbjg dzw ok Eloechd+ Wlj oaycewu dk ued}ju ok cbb wl}jjuzmnjewu ,}jcgokh" acwl" ckg ueojkej/ xj}j bc}hjuw ok wlj wlo}g jc} ,ckg uwcwouwoecbb uohkoòeckw ok}jcgokh/" mzw `jbb ok wlj `dz}wl jc} wd ~j}d d} kjhcwopj ckg kdw uwcwouwoecbb uohkoòeckw+

=+ Uelddb Bjc}kokh

Xj wjuwjg ckdwlj} lydwljuou cmdzw uwc}w!zy j``jewu" xloel ou wlcw oaycewu dk wjuw ued}ju xdzbgh}dx cu okgopogzcb uelddbu mjecaj ad}j ceezuwdajg wd wlj y}dh}ca+ Chcok" xj `dzkg kd edkuouwjkwjpogjkej d` c bjc}kokh j``jew `}da jowlj} wlj j|yj}oajkwcb d} szcuo!j|yj}oajkwcb ckcbuju+ Xjdmuj}pjg uelddbu xowl dkj" wxd" wl}jj" ckg `dz} jc}u d` j|yj}ojkej oaybjajkwokh Eloechd WCY mzwwlj jc}u d` j|yj}ojkej lcg kd }jbcwodkuloy wd uo~j d` wlj oaycew juwoacwj+

5+ Dwlj} J|ybckcwodku

Xj edkuogj}jg dwlj} j|ybckcwodku ckg `dzkg kdwlokh wd uzhhjuw wlcw wlj}j xcu c loggjkyduowopj oaycew d` Eloechd WCY dk uwzgjkw celojpjajkw+ @d} j|caybj" xj edkuogj}jg wlj yduuomobow wlcw ej}wcok h}dzyu d` uelddbu" }jhc}gbjuu d` xljk wlj uwc}wjg d} ldx azel j|yj}ojkej wlj lcg" xj}j uoayb ad}j uzeejuu`zb xowl Eloechd WCY wlck dwlj}u" mzw xj `dzkg kd oaycew `d} ck d` wlj`dz} edld}wu j|caokjg dk wljo} dxk+ Wlj}j xcu jpogjkej d` c uohkoòeckw kjhcwopj oaycew dk }jcgokh ued}ju `d} edld}w 7 ckg c uohkoòeckw yduowopj oaycew dk acwl ued}ju `d} edld}w =" mzw xj uldzbgj|j}eouj eczwodk ok okwj}y}jwokh uzel }juzbwu+ Wlj y}dmcmobow d` j}}dkjdzub bcmjbokh ck juwoacwj cuuohkoòeckw }ouju cu wlj kzamj} d` lydwljuou wjuwu oke}jcuju+ Ok wlou ecuj" xj edkgzewjg 3=lydwljuou wjuwu ,wl}jj uzmnjewu `d} `dz} edld}wu/+

E+ Oaycewu dk ]jwjkwodk

Wlj dwlj} acnd} dzwedaj mjuogju uwzgjkw celojpjajkw xcu wjcelj} }jwjkwodk+ Y}jpjkwokh bc}hjbduuju d` wjcelj}u ou oayd}wckw mjeczuj ow ljbyu c uelddb acokwcok owu ezbwz}j ckg cpdog gou}zywodk+ Xj lydwljuo~jg wlcw wjcelj}u xdzbg òkg cuyjewu d` Eloechd WCY cyyjcbokh ckg xdzbg xckw wdedkwokzj wjcelokh ok wljo} uelddbu cw c lohlj} }cwj wlck wlj xdzbg lcpj o` wljo} uelddb lcg kdwyc}woeoycwjg ok Eloechd WCY+

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0:

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=5 Wlj @jgj}cb ]jhouwj} kdwoej , lwwy>$$jgdefjw+ceejuu+hyd+hdp$=939$yg`$=939!3==3<+yg`" ceejuujg Nckzc} :" =93=/y}dpogju ck j|caybj d` c ajckokh`zb ckg go``j}jkwocwjg edayjkucwodk uuwja cu dkj xowl ck cpj}chj ycdzw d` : yj}ejkwd` cpj}chj wjcelj} ucbc} xowl c yduuombj ycdzw d` 3: yj}ejkw `d} wdy!yj}`d}aokh wjcelj}u ckg y}okeoycbu" d} cw bjcuwbjpjbu wlcw c}j ‒lohl jkdzhl wd e}jcwj elckhj ok wlj mjlcpod} d` ez}}jkw ckg y}duyjewopj wjcelj}u ckg y}okeoycbu+‑

http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/2010/pdf/2010-12218.pdf





08

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Clajg" C~ca+ ‒EYU Wjcelj} Edayjkucwodk @cobu wd Yc D``+‑ Nzkj 3" =939+ Cpcobcmbj cwV lwwy>$$c}elopj+eloechdm}jcfokhkjxu+eda$=939$90$eyu!wjcelj}!edayjkucwodk!`cobu!wd!yc!d``+lwab Q+ Ceejuujg Gjejamj} =<" =933+

Eloechd Mdc}g d` Jgzecwodk ckg Eloechd Wjcelj}u Zkodk+ ‒Ajad}ckgza d` Zkgj}uwckgokh Mjwxjjk wlj Eloechd Mdc}g d` Jgzecwodk ckg Eloechd Wjcelj}u Zkodk" Bdecb Kd+ 3" C@W" C@B!EOD+‑ Nzb =998+ Cpcobcmbj cw V lwwy>$$xxx+eyj`+d}h$ewcy$òbju$EYUTEWZTADZ+yg` Q+ Ceejuujg Nckzc} 3?" =99?+

Eloechd Yzmboe Jgzecwodk @zkg+ ‒@CSu+‑ Cpcobcmbj cw V lwwy>$$xxx+eyj`+d}h$ewcy$`csu+yly

Q+ Ceejuujg Gjejamj} 3?" =99<+

Eloechd WCY+ ‒Eloechd WCY> ]jedhko~okh J|ejbbjkej ok Cecgjaoe Bjcgj}uloy+‑ =99?+ Cpcobcmbj cwV lwwy>$$xxx+eloechdwcyuelddbu+d}h$ Q+ Ceejuujg Ac}el 5" =939+

E}dxk" Bcz}jb+ ‒Okwj}oa ]jyd}w `d} wlj _jc} 5 Okwj}kcb Jpcbzcwodk d` Eloechd WCY> @okgokhu `}dawlj @cbb" =99? Eloechd WCY Wjcelj} Uz}pj+‑ Eloechd> Eloechd Yzmboe Uelddbu" Ac}el =939+ Cpcobcmbj cwV lwwyu>$$}jujc}el+eyu+f3=+ob+zu$}juxjm$GdxkBdcgj}Cgp4go}1y}dh}caTjpcbzcwodk&òbj1@cbb9? WCYUz}pjT}jyd}wT@OKCB+yg` Q+ Ceejuujg @jm}zc} =?" =93=+

Gcbj" Hbjkk" ckg Bgoc Foa+ ‒C Wjcelj} Jpcbzcwodk Uuwja Wlcw Xd}fu+‑ Xd}fokh ycyj}+ UckwcAdkoec" EC> Kcwodkcb Okuwowzwj `d} J|ejbbjkej ok Wjcelokh" Czhzuw =939+

@duwj}" Njuuoec+ ‒Oaybjajkwcwodk @okgokhu `d} wlj Eloechd WCY Y}dh}ca> =998―9<+‑ Eloechd>Eloechd Yzmboe Uelddbu" @jm}zc} =99?+ Cpcobcmbj cwVlwwyu>$$}jujc}el+eyu+f3=+ob+zu$}juxjm$GdxkBdcgj}Cgp4go}1y}dh}caTjpcbzcwodk&òbj1Eloech dTWCYT_jc}T3T]jyd}wT98!9<+yg`Q+ Ceejuujg @jm}zc} =?" =93=+

Hbc~j}ack" Uwjpjk" Gck Bjp" ckg Gcpog Aj}u+ ‒Kdkj|yj}oajkwcb Pj}uzu J|yj}oajkwcb Juwoacwjud` Jc}kokhu Oaycewu+‑ Wlj Ckkcbu d` wlj Caj}oeck Cecgja d` Ydbowoecb ckg Udeocb Ueojkej" Cy}ob =995"yy+ 5!7=+

Hbc~j}ack" Uwjpjk" Cbboudk AeFoj" Kcke Ec}j" ckg Gdaokoe Lc}}ou+ ‒Ck Jpcbzcwodk d` wlj Wjcelj} Cgpckejajkw Y}dh}ca ,WCY/ ok wlj Eloechd Yzmboe Uelddbu> Uwzg Gjuohk ]jyd}w+‑ Xculokhwdk" GE> Acwljacwoec Ydboe ]jujc}el" Kdpjamj} =998+

Hbc~j}ack" Uwjpjk" Cbboudk AeFoj" ckg Kcke Ec}j+ ‒Ck Jpcbzcwodk d` wlj Wjcelj} CgpckejajkwY}dh}ca ,WCY/ ok Eloechd> _jc} Dkj Oaycew ]jyd}w+‑ Xculokhwdk" GE> Acwljacwoec Ydboe ]jujc}el" Cy}ob =99?+

Hbc~j}ack" Uwjpjk" ckg Cbboudk Ujo`zbbcl+ ‒Ck Jpcbzcwodk d` wlj Wjcelj} Cgpckejajkw Y}dh}ca,WCY/ ok Eloechd> _jc} Wxd Oaycew ]jyd}w+‑ Xculokhwdk" GE> Acwljacwoec Ydboe ]jujc}el" Nzkj =939+

Hbc~j}ack" Uwjpjk" Uc}cl Ujkjuf" Kjob Uj`wd}" ckg Ca Ndlkudk+ ‒Gjuohk d` ck Oaycew Jpcbzcwodkd` Wjcelj} Okgzewodk Y}dh}cau+‑ Xculokhwdk" GE> Acwljacwoec Ydboe ]jujc}el" Nckzc} =990+

http://archive.chicagobreakingnews.com/2010/06/cps-teacher-compensation-fails-to-pay-off.html








http://www.cpef.org/ctap/files/CPS_CTU_MOU.pdf






http://www.cpef.org/ctap/faqs.php






http://www.chicagotapschools.org/






https://research.cps.k12.il.us/resweb/DownLoaderAdv?dir=program_evaluation&file=Fall09TAPSurvey_report_FINAL.pdf








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Obbokdou Uwcwj Mdc}g d` Jgzecwodk+ ‒Okwj}y}jwcwopj Hzogj =939 Obbokdou Uwckgc}gu Celojpjajkw Wjuw>]jcgokh Acwljacwoeu Ueojkej X}owokh+‑ =939+ Cpcobcmbj cwV lwwy>$$xxx+oumj+uwcwj+ob+zu$cuujuuajkw$ygù$OUCWTOkwj}y}THzogjT=939+yg` + Q Ceejuujg Nckzc} 0" =933+

AeJkwjhc}w" Gcaock N+ ‒Wlj Yz}uzow d` Mcbckej Zuokh Uw}cwoòjg ckg Gkcaoe ]ckgdao~cwodk Wjelkoszju> Ck Dpj}pojx+‑ G}zh Ok`d}acwodk Ndz}kcb " Pdb+ 58" =995" yy+ =?5―59<+

KOJW ,Kcwodkcb Okuwowzwj `d} J|ejbbjkej ok Wjcelokh/+ ‒Wjcelj} Cgpckejajkw Y}dh}caOaybjajkwcwodk Ackzcb> Ezuwdao~jg `d} Eloechd Yzmboe Uelddbu+‑ Ac}el =99<+ Cpcobcmbj cwV lwwy>$$xxx+eyj`+d}h$ewcy$òbju$OaybjajkwcwodkTAckzcb+yg` Q+ Ceejuujg Kdpjamj} 30" =939+

Uelcewj}" Ndlk" Wcac}c Uelo``" _jdx Ajkh Wlza" Elj}b @chkckd" Aoeljbokj Mjkgdwwo" Bjx Udbadk" Foamj}b @o}jwch" ckg Bdxjbb Aobfjk+ ‒Wlj Oaycew d` wlj Wjcelj} CgpckejajkwY}dh}ca dk Uwzgjkw Celojpjajkw" Wjcelj} Cwwowzgju" ckg Ndm Ucwou`cewodk+‑ Uckwc Adkoec" EC>Aobfjk @caob @dzkgcwodk" Kdpjamj} =99=+

Uelcewj}" Ndlk" _jdx Ajkh Wlza" Gc}jk ]joùkjogj}" ckg Wcac}c Uelo``+ ‒Wlj Wjcelj} Cgpckejajkw Y}dh}ca ]jyd}w Wxd> _jc} Wl}jj ]juzbwu `}da C}o~dkc ckg _jc} Dkj ]juzbwu`}da Udzwl Ec}dbokc WCY Uelddbu+‑ Uckwc Adkoec" EC> Aobfjk @caob @dzkgcwodk" Ac}el=997+

Udbadk" Bjxou" N+ Wdgg Xlowj" Gdkkc Edljk" ckg Gjmd}cl Xdd+ ‒Wlj J``jewopjkjuu d` wlj Wjcelj} Cgpckejajkw Y}dh}ca+‑ Uckwc Adkoec" EC> Kcwodkcb Okuwowzwj dk J|ejbbjkej ok Wjcelokh" Cy}ob =998+

Uy}okhj}" Acwwljx" Gcbj Mcbbdz" ckg C}w ,\ocd/ Yjkh+ ‒Oaycew d` wlj Wjcelj} CgpckejajkwY}dh}ca dk Uwzgjkw Wjuw Ued}j Hcoku> @okgokhu `}da ck Okgjyjkgjkw Cyy}coucb+‑ KcwodkcbEjkwj} dk Yj}`d}ackej Okejkwopju Xd}fokh Ycyj} =99<!3?+ =99<+ Cpcobcmbj cw lwwy>$$xxx+yj}`d}ackejokejkwopju+d}h$gcwc$òbju$kjxu$Ycyj}uKjxu$Uy}okhj}TjwTcbT=99<+yg` + Q Ceejuujg Ac}el 5" =939+







http://www.cpef.org/ctap/files/Implementation_Manual.pdf






http://www.performanceincentives.org/data/files/news/PapersNews/Springer_et_al_2008.pdf






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0?+9 =0+0 7=+7. =9+?9

Wdwcb edkwcew xowl cbb wjcelj}u ,aokzwju yj} xjjf/ 3?0 +< 87+: 3== +5.. ::+<?

Ajkwd}okh cewopow oju okebzgjg + + + ,yj}ejkwchj/Dmuj}pokh wjcelokh =0+5 3<+0 8+0. 7+7?Ajjwokh xowl wjcelj}u dkj! dk! dkj =8+0 3?+< 8+< :+35Ajjwokh ok uacbb h}dzyu d} ebzuwj}u =5+? 33+= 3=+8... 5+:8Adgjbokh c bjuudk =:+= 3<+? 0+7 7+85Edwjcelokh c bjuudk 3<+= 35+5 7+? 5+85X}ow okh jpcbzcwodku 3?+0 39+? <+8. 7+:8

Gz}okh aduw }jejkw `zbb xjjf" ueljgzbjg woaj uyjkw+ + + ,aokzwju/Dmuj}pokh wjcelokh :3+9 =?+< =3+=.. ?+<9Ajjwokh xowl wjcelj}u dkj! dk! dkj 5<+? 3?+< 3?+=.. ?+=3Ajjwokh ok uacbb h}dzyu d} ebzuwj}u 53+3 33+5 3?+<.. 8+?<Adgjbokh c bjuudk =5+< 30+9 8+? 39+3=Edwjcelokh c bjuudk 30+: <+0 8+? 8+85X}owokh jpcbzcwodku 73+= :+8 5:+7... 33+??

Kdwj> K 1 =?3 wd 53: wjcelj}u yj} dzwedaj+





M!:

Wcmbj M+5+ Dwlj} Bjcgj}uloy ]dbju ckg ]juydkuomobowoju ,wjcelj}u xowl cw bjcuw òpj jc}u d` j|yj}ojkej" acweljg edayc}oudk/

DzwedajEloechd WCY

Ajckc Edkw}dbAjckc Go``j}jkej

Uwckgc}gJ}}d}

Lcg dwlj} bjcgj}uloy }db ju d} }juydkuomobowo ju mjdkgajkwd}okh ,yj}ejkwchj/

58+3 7<+5 ! 33+3. :+?:

Dwlj} bjcgj}uloy }dbju okebzgjg + + + ,yj}ejkwchj/Mjokh c bjcg wjcelj} 37+= 3=+< 3+7 =+::Mjokh c gjyc}wajkw ljcg d} elco} 9+< 3+0 ! 9+<. 9+70Mjokh c h}cgj! bjpjb bjcg wjcelj} ?+= =9+? ! 33+8. 0+35Mjokh dk c uelddb oay}dpjajkw wjca 3:+0 ==+7 ! 0+< :+3:Mjokh dk c uelddbxogj edaaowwjj$ wcuf `d}ej 33+3 30+= ! :+= :+37

Dwlj} bjcgj}uloy }juydkuomob owo ju okebzgjg + + +,yj}ejkwchj/

Ujwwokh uelddb ydboeoju <+< 39 +3 ! 3+5 5+0?Gjpjbdyokh ez}}oezbza 35+7 =9+9 ! 0+8. 5+?0]jpojxokh$ ujbjewokh ez}}oezbza 30+5 ==+< ! 0+0.. 5+=8Y}dpogokh okyzw dk oay}dpokh `ceobowoju$ wjelkdbdh 39+: 30+9 ! :+: 7+08Y}dpogokh y}d` juuodkcb gjpjbdya jkw cewopowoju ==+9 3:+5 0+8. . 5+5=Gjpjbdyokh uwckgc}gu <+5 ?+? ! 3+0 7+3<Jpcbzcwokh wjcelj}u 3+3 9+3 3+9. .. 9+5<

Cuudeocwjg xowl wljuj dwlj} bjcgj}uloy }d bju ckg}juydkuomobow oju" }jejopjg + + + ,yj}ejkwchj/

E}jgow wdxc}g ej}woòecwodk 0+5 8+9 ! 9+8 =+77Yc oke}jcuj 30+5 3+0 37+8. .. 7+9?

Kdwj> K 1 595 wd 533 wjcelj}u yj} dzwedaj+




Wcmbj M+7+ Dmuj}pcwodk ckg @jjgmcef ,acweljg edayc}oudk/

DzwedajEloechd WCY

Ajckc Edayc}oudk


J}}d}

@}jszjke d` dmuj}pcwodk ,kzamj} ok =99?―=939/Dmuj}pcwodk m y}okeoycb d} cuuouwckw y}okeoycb 5+9 =+: 9+: 9+=<Dmuj}pcwodk m ajkwd} " edcel" d} bjcg wjcelj} 5+5 3+? 3+7.. . 9+=?

@}jszjke d` `jjgmcef ,kzamj} ok =99?―=939/@jjgmcef cu yc}w d` c `d}a cb jpcbzcwodk =+: =+3 9+7 9+=5@jjgmcef dzwuogj d` c `d}a cb jpcbzcwodk =+8 =+3 9+0.. 9+=:@jjgmcef dk bjuudk ybcku =+= =+3 9+3 9+5?

Kdwj> K 1 587 wd 58< wjcelj}u yj} dzwedaj+





M!0

Wcmbj M+:+ Y}d`juuodkcb Gjpjbdyajkw ]jejopjg ,acweljg edayc}oudk/

DzwedajEloechd WCY

Ajckc Edayc}oudk


J}}d}

Yc}woeoycwjg ok y}d` juuodkcb gjpjbdyajkw cewopowojuwlcw cgg}juujg + + + ,yj}ejkwchj/

Uw}cwjhoju `d} wjcelokh bowj}ce ?7+9 ?7+3 ! 9+3 =+0=Uw}cwjhoju `d} wjcelokh acwl <=+8 0<+0 37+=... :+79Uw}cwjhoju `d} wjcelokh dwlj} uzmnjewu 0:+< 05+5 =+: 7+9<Oke}jcuokh edkwjkw c}jc fkdxbjghj 399 +9 399 +9 9+9 9+99Ujbjewokh d} cgcywokh ez}}oezbza acwj}ocbu 0<+8 0<+0 9+9 :+:=Wjcelokh d} cbohkokh ez}}oezbza wd ajjw uwcwj d}gouw}oew uwckgc}gu

<9+0 8<+5 =+5 :+<9

Cbohkokh bdecb d} wjcelj}! gjpjbdyjg ez}}oezbzacuujuuajkw wd uwcwj uwckgc}gu

0?+3 89+= ! 3+3 0+8=


88+0 <3+9 ! 5+7 5+:3

Y}jyc}okh uwzgjkwu `d} uwckgc}go~jg wjuwu 8=+0 8=+8 9+9 0+3:Zuokh cuujuuajkwu wd ok`d} a wjcelokh <8+? <<+9 9+9 5+<5Y}jyc}okh bjuudk ybcku d} dwlj} okuw}zewo dkcbcewopowoju

80+0 8:+3 3+: 5+5?


<0+9 <<+7 ! =+7 5+:<

]juydkgjg w lcw y}d `juuodkcb gjpjbdyajkw ok=99? ―=939 + + + ,yj}ejkwchj/

Xcu zuj`zb wd wljo} wjcelokh <7+9 <:+3 ! 3+3 7+00Xcu ad}j ucwou`cewd} wlck ok y}jpodzu jc}u 57+< 58+0 ! =+< 5+09Lcg mjjk oaybjajkwjg ok wljo} wjcelokh 399+9 399+9 9+9 9+99

Ok cuudeocwodk xowl y}d` juuodkcb gjpjbdyajkw"}jejopjg + + + ,yj}ejkwchj/

Ueljgzbjg kdkwjcelokh woa j ok edkw}cew jc} <5+9 0<+0 37+7. .. 7+=9Dwlj} }jbjcuj woaj `}da wjcelokh 7:+3 7<+: ! 5+7 :+35Uwoyjkg 08+: 07+= 5+5 0+:=@jj }joamz}ujajkw 3?+3 =3+5 ! =+= :+70W}cpjb d} j|yjkuj }joamz}ujajkw 0+3 37+3 ! <+3.. 7+9?Edz}uj e}jgowu wdxc}g ej}woòecwodk :9+5 7?+0 9+8 :+07Yc oke}jcuj =0+: ==+3 7+7 7+:<]jedhkowodk d} lo hlj} }cwok hu dk ck ckkzcb wjcelj}jpcbzcwodk

=:+9 =8+< ! =+? 7+77

Kdwj> K 1 508 wd 5<5 wjcelj}u yj} dzwedaj+





M!8

Wcmbj M+0+ Edayjkucwodk ,acweljg edayc}oudk/

DzwedajEloechd WCY

Ajckc Edayc}oudk


J}}d}

Cecgjaoe! jc} mcuj ucbc} ,'/ 03"?:< 03"8?= 300 3"5?< +0:

Mcuj ucbc} okebzgjg bjcgj}uloy edayjkucwodk,yj}ejkwchj/

3=+= 35+5 ! 3+3 =+<?

Cggowodkcb edayjkucwodk `d} bjcgj}uloy xcuj|yjewjg ,yj}ejkwchj/

==+5 8+9 3:+5... 5+58

J|yjewjg cadzkw d` cggowodkcb edayjkucwodk `d}bjcgj}uloy ,'/

3"8?8 3<< 3"09?... 790+:8

Jbohombj `d} cggowodkcb kdkbjcgj}uloy edayjkucwodk,yj}ejkwchj/

<3+: 5?+8 73+<... :+:0

Jbohombj `d} cggowodkcb kdkbjcgj}uloy edayjkucwodkmcujg dk + + + ,yj}ejkwchj/

Okuw}zewodkcb yj}`d}ackej 83+9 0+< 07+=... 0+87Uwzgjkw celojpjajkw h}dxw l 07+9 <+9 :0+9. .. :+07Okuw}zewodkcb yj}`d}ackej d} uwzgjkw celojpjajkwh}dxwl

8<+3 ?+= 0<+?... 0+9=

Uzmnjew acwwj} wczhlw 3?+5 0+: 3=+8... 5+<8Uwzgjkw ydyzbcwodk wczhlw 35+7 8+0 :+< 5+:?Y}d`juuodkcb gjpjbdyajkw 5=+< 53+: 3+= 0+07Zkopj}uow edz}uju wcfjk 35+9 33+8 3+5 5+?9

J|y jewjg d} lcg }jejopjg cggo wodkcb kdkbjcgj}uloyedayjkucwodk ,yj}ejkwchj/

:7+5 =9+7 55+?... :+73

J|y jewjg d} lcg }jejopjg cggo wodkcb kdkbjcgj}uloyedayjkucwodk mcujg dk† ,yj}ejkwchj/

Okuw}zewodkcb yj}`d}ackej 5:+5 9+< 57+:... 0+9<Uwzgjkw celojpjajkw h}dxw l =<+3 3+9 =8+3. .. :+3?Okuw}zewodkcb yj}`d}ackej d} uwzgjkw celojpjajkwh}dxwl

75+9 3+3 73+?... :+<0

Uzmnjew acwwj} wczhlw 9+7 9+9 9+5. 9+3<Uwzgjkw ydyzbcwodk wczhlw 9+9 9+9 9+9 9+99Y}d`juuodkcb gjpjbdyajkw 30+5 3:+= 3+3 7+:9Zkopj}uow edz}uju 9+9 9+9 9+9 9+99

J|y jewjg cadzkw d` cggow odkcb kdkbjcgj}uloyedayjkucwodk ,'/

<<9 =5? 073... 380+9?

J|yjewjg cggowodkcb edayjkucwodk `}da ck dzwuogj ndm ,yj}ejkwchj/

3=+3 37+8 ! =+8 7+79

Kdwj> K 1 557 wd 589 wjcelj}u yj} dzwedaj+





M!<

Wcmbj M+8+ Wjcelj} Cwwowzgju ,acweljg edayc}oudk/

DzwedajEloechd WCY

Ajckc Edayc}oudk


J}}d}

Ucwouòjg xowl + + + ,yj}ejkwchj/Uzyyd} wopj cwaduylj}j$ edbbcmd}cwodk xowledbbjchzju

8?+8 <3+? ! =+= 7+8<

Cgaokouw}cwodk uzyyd}w 80+5 8?+5 ! 5+9 8+::Ydboeoju$ y}cewoeju okyzw 85+? 8:+8 ! 3+< 0+09Ebcuu}dda czwdkda <<+: ?9+? ! =+: 5+83Y}d`juuodkcb gjpjbdyajkw dyyd} wzko woju <<+7 <0+8 3+8 5+9=Ecbomj} d` edbbjchzju 88+8 <7+0 ! 0+? 0+3?Ucbc} ckg mjkjòwu <<+= <9+9 <+=. .. 5+3:Bjcgj}uloy dyyd}wzkow oju 8?+= <3+? ! =+8 7+:9Uelddb ydboeoju 8=+8 87+= ! 3+: 0+33Gouw}oew ydboeoju ::+7 :8+7 ! =+9 8+<?

Ch}jjg wlcw w lj y}okeoycb + + + ,yj}ejkwchj/Xd}fu wd e}jcwj c ujkuj d` edaazkow 87+8 <=+= ! 8+0 8+:<Ou uw}dkhb edaaowwjg wd ulc}jg gjeouodk acfokh 87+5 8?+? ! :+0 0+??Y}dadwju yc}jkw$ edaazkow okpdbpjajkw <0+9 <<+9 ! =+3 7+8=Uzyyd}wu ckg jkedz}chju }ouf wcfokh 83+? 8?+? ! 8+? 0+<3Ou xobbokh wd acfj elckhju <8+0 <7+8 =+? :+50Uw}dkhb uzyyd} wu aduw elckhju <9+< <9+< 9+3 :+<5Jkedz}chju w}okh kjx okuw}zewodkcb ajwldgu <?+0 ?9+3 ! 9+: 7+79

Kdwj> K 1 589 wd 58? wjcelj}u yj} dzwedaj+





M!?

Wcmbj M+<+ Oaycewu dk Gouw}oew ]jwjkwodk ]cwju ,yj}ejkwchj/

]jwjkwo dk Yj}odgEloechd WCY

Ajckc Edayc}oudk



Dkj! _jc} ]cwju@cbb =998―`cbb =99<,edld}w 3/ ?=+5 < ?+0 =+8 =+=0 3"39=@cbb =99<―`cbb =99?,edld}wu 3 & =/ ?3+= <?+8 3+: 3+79 3"0<0@cbb =99?―`cbb =939,edld}wu 3" =" & 5/ <:+< <8+5 ! 3+: 3+09 ="0?7

Wxd! _jc} ]cwju@cbb =998―`cbb =99?,edld}w 3/ <0+0 <3 +? 7+8.. =+9< <<3@cbb =99<―`cbb =939,edld}wu 3 & =/ <3+3 8?+8 3+7 =+78 3"<8?

Wl}jj! _jc} ]cwju@cbb =998―`cbb =939,edld}w 3/ 8:+? 8=+3 5+< =+0= 8<3

Kdwj> Gouw}oew }jwjkwodk }cwj ou gjòkjg cu wlj yj}ejkwchj d` ebcuu}dda wjcelj}u ok `cbb d` wlj mcujjc} xld xd}fjg ok wlj gouw}oew ok ` cbb d` wlj `dbbdx! zy jc}+





M!39

Wcmbj M+?+ Oaycewu dk Gouw}oew ]jwjkwodk ]cwju" m Wjcelokh Cuuohkajkw ,yj}ejkwchj/

Wjcelokh CuuohkajkwEloechd WCY

Ajckc Edayc}oudk


J}}d}



Cbb wjcelj}u ?=+5 <?+0 =+8 =+=0 3"39=Cecgjaoe uzm njewu"wjuwjg h }cgju$ uzmnjewu ?5+7 ?=+: 9+? =+=? 5=5Cecgjaoe uzmnjewu" kdkwjuwjgh}cgju$ uzmnjewu ?0+= ?3+: 7+<... 3+<3 7?8Dwlj} ?<+< ?8+= 3+: 3+<3 307

@cbb =99<―`cbb =99? ,edld}wu 3 & =/Cbb wjcelj}u ?3+= <?+8 3+: 3+79 3"0<0Cecgjaoe uzm njewu"wjuwjg h }cgju$ uzmnjewu ?5+7 ?9+0 =+8 3+?: ::3Cecgjaoe uzmnjewu" kdkwjuwjgh}cgju$ uzmnjewu ?=+? ?=+5 9+0 3+8= 888Dwlj} ?7+? ?7+5 9+0 =+?0 =5?

@cbb =99?―`cbb =939 ,edld}wu 3" =" & 5/Cbb wjcelj}u <:+< <8+5 ! 3+: 3+09 ="0?7Cecgjaoe uzm njewu"wjuwjg h }cgju$ uzmnjewu <5+7 <<+< ! :+7. 5+39 ?95Cecgjaoe uzmnjewu" kdkwjuwjgh}cgju$ uzmnjewu ?9+: <<+: =+9 3+<0 3"=?9Dwlj} <7+3 ?9+? ! 0+<. 5+:: 5<:


Cbb wjcelj}u <0+0 <3+? 7+8.. =+9< <<3Cecgjaoe uzm njewu"wjuwjg h }cgju$ uzmnjewu <:+< <:+: 9+5 5+88 =8<Cecgjaoe uzmnjewu" kdkwjuwjgh}cgju$ uzmnjewu ?=+8 ?9+: =+3 3+<< 5??Dwlj} 399+9 ??+? 9+3 9+53 337

@cbb =99<―`cbb =939 ,edld}wu 3 & =/Cbb wjcelj}u <3+3 8?+8 3+7 =+78 3"<8?Cecgjaoe uzm njewu"wjuwjg h }cgju$ uzmnjewu <5+9 <=+? 9+3 5+<< :<8Cecgjaoe uzmnjewu" kdkwjuwjgh}cgju$ uzmnjewu <:+7 <7+: 9+? =+70 <<<Dwlj} 8<+3 8:+: =+0 0+83 =07


Cbb wjcelj}u 8:+? 8=+3 5+< =+0= 8<3Cecgjaoe uzm njewu"wjuwjg h }cgju$ uzmnjewu <3+9 0<+7 3=+0.. :+39 ==3Cecgjaoe uzmnjewu" kdkwjuwjgh}cgju$ uzmnjewu 8<+< <9+= ! 3+: 5+30 500Dwlj} 8<+8 8?+9 ! 9+5 0+?7 390

Kdwj> Gouw}o ew }jwjkwo dk }cwj ou gjòkjg cu wlj yj}ejkwchj d` ebcuu}dda wjcelj}u ok `cbb d` wlj mcuj jc} xldxd}fjg ok wlj gouw}oew o k `cbb d` w lj `dbbdx! zy jc}+ Wjcelokh cuuohkajkw ecwjhd} ou aouuokh `d} 33<wjcelj}u `d} `cbb =998―`cbb =99<" 33? wjcelj}u `d} `cbb =99<―`cbb =99?" 330 wjcelj}u `d} `cbb =99?―`cbb=939" ?9 wjcelj}u `d} `cbb =998―`cbb =99?" 379 wjcelj}u `d} `cbb =99<―`cbb =939" ckg << wjcelj}u `d} `cbb=998―`cbb =939+





M!33

Wcmbj M+39+ Oaycewu dk Gouw}oew ]jwjkwodk ]cwju" m _jc}u d` Uj}poej ,yj}ejkwchj/

_jc}u d` Uj}poejEloechd WCY

Ajckc Edayc}oudk


J}}d}Ucay bj Uo~j,wjcelj}u/


Cbb wjcelj}u ?=+5 <?+0 =+8 =+=0 3"39=2 : jc}u <?+= <8+3 =+3 5+=< 583:―=7 jc}u ?7+= ?=+< 3+7 3+<? 057; =7 jc}u 399+9 ??+8 9+5 9+05 ?8

@cbb =99<―`cbb =99? ,edld}wu 3 & =/Cbb wjcelj}u ?3+= <?+8 3+: 3+79 3"0<02 : jc}u ?<+? ?<+< 9+3 9+79 :5<:―=7 jc}u ?7+? ?5+< 3+3 3+=3 3"939; =7 jc}u <3+= <0+9 ! 7+< :+?5 35<

@cbb =99?―`cbb =939 ,edld}wu 3" =" & 5/Cbb wjcelj}u <:+< <8+5 ! 3+: 3+09 ="0?72 : jc}u <3+: <=+0 ! 3+9 7+=9 853:―=7 jc}u <?+< ?3+7 ! 3+0 3+:0 3"873; =7 jc}u 08+= 88+7 ! 39+= <+07 ===


Cbb wjcelj}u <0+0 <3+? 7+8.. =+9< <<32 : jc}u ?9+: ?5+: ! 5+9.. 3+=9 593:―=7 jc}u ?8+< ?5+< 7+9. =+=3 7?:; =7 jc}u <<+5 88+= 33+3 ?+<3 <:

@cbb =99<―`cbb =939 ,edld}wu 3 & =/Cbb wjcelj}u <3+3 8?+8 3+7 =+78 3"<8?2 : jc}u <5+8 80+3 8+8.. 5+:7 :79:―=7 jc}u <7+5 <:+: ! 3+5 =+?3 3"30:; =7 jc}u ::+= :3+: 5+< 3=+37 387


Cbb wjcelj}u 8:+? 8=+3 5+< =+0= 8<32 : jc}u 8:+? 83+3 7+< :+55 =78:―=7 jc}u <5+3 80+0 0+: 7+07 70?; =7 jc}u :<+8 :9+8 <+9 5=+37 0:

Kdwj> Gouw}oew }jwjkwodk }cwj ou gjòkjg cu wlj yj}ejkwchj d` ebcuu}dda wjcelj}u ok `cbb d` wlj mcujjc} xld xd}fjg ok wlj gouw}oew ok ` cbb d` wlj `dbbdx! zy jc}+





M!3=

Wcmbj M+33+ Oaycewu dk Gouw}oew ]jwjkwodk ]cwju" Ujkuowopow Ckcbuou m Acwelokh Ajwldg,yj}ejkwchj/

Acwelokh AjwldgEloechd WCY

Ajckc Edayc}oudk


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Kjc}juw kjohlmd} ?5+0 ?7+7 ! 9+? =+78 7??

Kjc}juw : kjohlmd}u ?=+5 <?+0 =+8 =+=0 3"39=Ecboyj} acwel,} 1 9+99:/ ?5+8 ?3+7 =+5 3+?9 ="?77Ecboyj} acwel,}cgozu 1 9+9=:/ ?=+< ?3+< 3+3 3+<: 33"85?Fj}kjb gjkuow ?5+9 ?3+? 3+3 3+0? 3="979

@cbb =99<―`cbb =99? ,edld}wu 3 & =/Kjc}juw kjohlmd} ?=+7 ?9+: 3+? =+70 003

Kjc}juw : kjohlmd}u ?3+= <?+8 3+: 3+79 3"0<0Ecboyj} acwel,} 1 9+99:/ ?3+7 <?+? 3+: 3+53 ="08<Ecboyj} acwel,} 1 9+9=:/ ?3+7 ?9+0 9+< 3+38 :"<=5Fj}kjb gjkuow ?3+: ?9+0 9+? 3+33 33"7==

@cbb =99?―`cbb =939 ,edld}wu 3" =" & 5/Kjc}juw kjohlmd} <8+5 <?+= ! 3+? =+99 ?87

Kjc}juw : kjohlmd}u <:+< <8+5 ! 3+: 3+09 ="0?7Ecboyj} acwel,} 1 9+99:/ <:+8 <<+7 ! =+0 3+0? 5"=?9Ecboyj} acwel,} 1 9+9=:/ <:+? <8+< ! 3+? 3+7: 33"5=9Fj}kjb gjkuow <:+? <8+8 ! 3+< 3+7? 33"579


Kjc}juw kjohlmd} <<+3 8<+= ?+?.. . 5+5= 55=Kjc}juw : kjohlmd}u <0+0 <3+? 7+8.. =+9< <<3Ecboyj} acwel,}cgozu 1 9+99:/ <8+9 <5+= 5+<.. 3+?7 3"898Ecboyj} acwel,}cgozu 1 9+9=:/ <0+< <=+< 5+?... 3+59 :"8<:Fj}kjb gjkuow <8+9 <5+7 5+8... 3+38 33"7=5

@cbb =99<―`cbb =939 ,edld}wu 3 & =/

Kjc}juw kjohlmd} <=+9 8<+3 5+? 5+:3 053

Kjc}juw : kjohlmd}u <3+3 8?+8 3+7 =+78 3"<8?Ecboyj} acwel,} 1 9+99:/ <3+9 8?+7 3+8 =+79 ="5:=Ecboyj} acwel,} 1 9+9=:/ <3+9 <9+= 9+< =+38 39"<3?Fj}kjb gjkuow <3+9 <9+9 3+9 =+3? 33"585


Kjc}juw kjohlmd} 87+= 83+5 =+? 5+8: =0:

Kjc}juw : kjohlmd}u 8:+? 8=+3 5+< =+0= 8<3Ecboyj} acwel,} 1 9+99:/ 80+? 83+= :+8. 5+93 3"3?9Ecboyj} acwel,} 1 9+9=:/ 8:+? 85+0 =+5 3+80 39"99<Fj}kjb gjkuow 8:+3 87+: 9+0 3+<8 33"=8?

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An Evaluation of the ChicagoTeacher Advancement Program(Chicago TAP) After Four Years

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