An Anthropometric Analysis of Korean Male Helicopter Pilots for …edt.postech.ac.kr/.../13_KHP_Anthropometry.pdf · 2015-02-16 · An Anthropometric Analysis of Korean Male Helicopter

An Anthropometric Analysis of Korean Male Helicopter Pilots for Helicopter

Cockpit Design

Wonsup Lee, Kihyo Jung, Jeongrim Jeong, Jangwoon Park, Jayoung Cho, Heeeun Kim,

Seikwon Park, and Heecheon You*

* Corresponding author

Wonsup Lee; Pohang University of Science and Technology; San 31 Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu,

Pohang, Kyungbuk, 790-784, Republic of Korea; Tel. +82-54-279-8247, Fax: +82-54-279-

2870, [email protected]

Kihyo Jung; University of Ulsan; 93 Daehak-ro, Nam-gu, Ulsan, 680-749, Republic of Korea;

Tel. +82-52-259-2709, Fax: +82-52-259-1683, [email protected]

Jeongrim Jeong, Loughborough University, Address: James France bldg, Loughborough Design

School, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK; Tel.: +44 7716


Jangwoon Park; Pohang University of Science and Technology; San 31 Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu,



Jayoung Cho; Korea Research Institute for Fashion Industry; 1561-4 Bongmu-dong, Dong-gu,

Daegu, 701-170, Republic of Korea; Tel: +82-53-721-7465, Fax: +82-53-986-

mailto:[email protected]





Heeeun Kim; Kyungpook National University; 1370 Sankyunk-dong, Buk-gu, Daegu, 702-701,

Republic of Korea; Tel. +82-53-950-6224, Fax: +82-53-950-6219, [email protected]

Seikwon Park; Korea Air Force Academy; PO Box 335-2, Cheongwon, Choongbuk, 363-849,

Republic of Korea; Tel. +82-43-290-6494, Fax: +82-54-279-2870, [email protected]

Heecheon You; Pohang University of Science and Technology; San 31 Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu,







An Anthropometric Analysis of Korean Male Helicopter Pilots for Helicopter

Cockpit Design

Anthropometric Analysis of Pilots

Abstract

The present study measured 21 anthropometric dimensions (ADs) of 94 Korean male

helicopter pilots in their 20s to 40s and compared them with corresponding

measurements of Korean male civilians and the US Army male personnel. The ADs and

the sample size of the anthropometric survey were determined by a four-step process:

(1) selection of ADs related to helicopter cockpit design, (2) evaluation of the

importance of each AD, (3) calculation of required sample sizes for selected precision

levels, and (4) determination of an appropriate sample size by considering both the AD

importance evaluation results and the sample size requirements. The anthropometric

comparison reveals that the Korean helicopter pilots are larger (ratio of means = 1.01 ~

1.08) and less dispersed (ratio of SDs = 0.71 ~ 0.93) than the civilians and that they are

shorter in stature (0.99), upper limbs (0.89 ~ 0.96), and lower limbs (0.93 ~ 0.97), but

taller in sitting height, sitting eye height, and acromial height (1.01 ~ 1.03), and less

dispersed (0.68 to 0.97) than the US Army personnel.

Keywords: anthropometric measurement, Korean male helicopter pilots, helicopter

cockpit design, sample size determination

Practitioner Summary

The anthropometric characteristics of Korean male helicopter pilots were compared

with those of Korean male civilians and US Army male personnel. The sample size

determination process and the anthropometric comparison results presented in this study

are useful to design an anthropometric survey and a helicopter cockpit layout,

respectively.

1. Introduction

Anthropometric data of pilots have been utilized for the design of an aircraft cockpit for

comfort of pilots and effectiveness of mission fulfillment. Roebuck et al. (1975) and

Roskam (2002) provided a method to design a cockpit layout using anthropometric data

and recommended values on selected design dimensions such as the locations of the

design eye point and the cyclic control in a helicopter cockpit. Military standards such

as MIL-STD-1333B (Department of Defense, 1987) also specified ergonomics design

requirements of a helicopter cockpit for the aircrew personnel of the US Army to help

pilots accomplish operations with efficiency, safety, and comfort.

A customized survey and an in-depth analysis of anthropometric data are

needed to develop an ergonomics helicopter cockpit design which properly

accommodates a designated user population. The South Korean government launched

the Korean helicopter program (KHP) in 2006 to develop a utility helicopter that would

be operationalized in the Korean Army by 2013 (Defense Acquisition Program

Administrator, 2010). Although an anthropometric database of Korean civilians (n =

21,295) compiled at the nation-wide Size Korea 2004 project (Korean Agency for

Technology and Standards, 2004) is available, its applicability to helicopter cockpit

design for the Korean Army may be limited because the anthropometric characteristics

of the Korean civilian population can be significantly different from those of the Korean

helicopter pilot population due to occupational factors (Roebuck, 1995, Sanders and

McCormick, 1998). Moreover, there is a need to understand the differences in

anthropometric features between the Korean helicopter pilots and the US Army

personnel (Gordon et al., 1988) for the design of a helicopter cockpit for the KHP (Jung

et al., 2008). Although the Korean utility helicopter is being developed primarily for

Korean helicopter pilots, the KHP includes a plan to export helicopters to overseas

markets. The anthropometric data of the US Army personnel was utilized in the present

study for its data accessibility and ethnic diversity of the US population.

The present study is intended to examine the anthropometric characteristics of

Korean helicopter pilots to develop an ergonomics design of a utility helicopter cockpit.

Anthropometric measurements were collected from 94 Korean male helicopter pilots

and compared with those of Korean male civilians and the US Army male personnel.

2. Anthropometric Survey Method

2.1. Anthropometric Dimension Selection and Importance Evaluation

Twenty-one anthropometric dimensions (ADs; see Table 1 and Figure 1) were selected

as those related to the design of a cockpit layout. A panel of five experts (two

ergonomists, two mechanical engineers, and one fighter pilot) reviewed literature and

evaluated the importance of each AD in designing a cockpit layout. The literature

review included studies of ergonomics workstation layout designs such as Bittner

(2000), Kim and Whang (1997), Lee and Song (2002), You et al. (1997), and Zehner et

al. (1999). For example, sitting height (AD3) and sitting eye height (AD4) were

selected because they are related to head clearance and design eye point position,

respectively, in a cockpit layout design. Next, the importance of an individual AD in

designing a cockpit layout was assessed using a 3-categorical scale (high, medium, and

low). For example, the importance of buttock-to-popliteal length (AD16) was rated as

high because it strongly affects the seat length in a cockpit, while that of chest depth

(AD8) was determined as low because it weakly affects the design of a cockpit layout.

The AD importance evaluation results were applied in the present study to situations

where a trade-off between precision and practical constraints needed to be compromised

in sample size determination.

[Table 1 about here]

[Figure 1 about here]

2.2. Sample Size Determination

The sample size of the anthropometric survey was determined in two steps: (1)

statistical sample size requirement analysis and (2) sample size selection by considering

the AD importance evaluation results and practical constraints. First, the sample sizes of

the ADs required for the confidence level (1-α) of 95% and four precision levels (k =

2%, 3%, 4%, and 5%) were calculated as displayed in Figure 2 by Equation 1 of sample

size formula (ISO, 2006):


22 534.1)96.1( ××=k

CVn (Equation 1)

where: CV = coefficient of variation,

k = precision level

The precision level (k) refers to the ratio of a sampling error to the corresponding

sample mean. For example, 2% of precision level when the sample mean of stature =

170 cm means 3.4 cm (= 170 × 0.02) of sampling error in estimating the corresponding

population mean with a selected confidence level. Coefficient of variance (CV) is

calculated by dividing SD with mean. The mean and SD of each AD of the Korean male

helicopter pilot population in their 20s to 40s were estimated using Equations 2 and 3

(derived in the present study) and corresponding descriptive statistics reported for each

age group (20 ~ 24, 25 ~ 29, 30 ~ 34, 35 ~ 39, 40 ~ 44, and 45 ~ 49) in the 2004 Size

Korea survey results:

∑

∑

=

=

×= j

ii

j

iii

n

nXX

1

1 (Equation 2)

where: X = sample mean of a composite population,

iX = sample mean of population i,

in = sample size of population i

j = the number of populations

[ ]

1

)1(

1

2

11

22

−

×−×−+×=

∑

∑∑

=

==j

ii

j

ii

j

iiiii

n

XnsnXns (Equation 3)

[ ] 2

1

22 )( XsXpj

iiii −+×≅ ∑

=

where: s = sample SD of a composite population,

X = sample mean of a composite population,

iX = sample mean of population i,

is = sample standard deviation of population i,

in = sample size of population i

ip = proportion of population i

j = the number of populations

For example, the mean and SD of shoulder-to-elbow length (AD13) of the Korean

helicopter pilot population were estimated as 33.8 cm and 1.5 cm, respectively, using

the corresponding means and sample SDs of the Korean male civilian data in their 20s

to 40s. As shown in Figure 2, a sample size requirement geometrically increases as the

level of precision becomes high; for example, the sample size requirements of thumb-tip

reach (AD14) are 9 for k = 5%, 14 for k = 4%, 24 for k = 3%, and 54 for k = 2%.

The present study determined 94 as the sample size for the Korean helicopter

pilot anthropometric survey by accommodating the AD importance evaluation results,

sample size requirement analysis results, and practical considerations. Out of the sample

size requirement analysis results, the AD importance analysis results were further

considered. Then, the sampling errors of the ADs having high importance for the three

precision levels were calculated and k = 2% (maximum sampling error = 1.9 cm in

popliteal height) was found acceptable in the cockpit design process. Finally, of the

sample size requirement results for k = 2% (high importance) and k = 5% (medium and

low importance), the largest value was used to determine the sample size of the

helicopter pilot anthropometric survey.

Lastly, the present study reports the anthropometric data of Korean male

helicopter pilots due to a very small number of Korean female helicopter pilots (n < 10)

commissioned in the Army (Jung et al., 2008). We measured six female pilots, but their

measurements are not reported in this paper due to their small sample size.

2.3. Measurement Protocol

Anthropometric measurements of the selected ADs were collected by following

corresponding standard measurement protocols. Measurement locations and landmarks

for the ADs were identified as illustrated in Figure 1 by referring to Gordon et al. (1988)

and Korean Standard Association (2005). A Martin-type anthropometer (Takei Co.,

Japan) and aids such as a chair, a foot-rest, and a grid board were utilized during

measurement. Two measurements were collected for each AD, but additional

measurements were made until the difference between two measurements < 2 mm (Jung

et al., 2008). Then, the average of each pair of measurements was entered into a

computer program coded in the present study; the computer program checks the validity

of an input value (x) by classifying it into one of three categories based on

corresponding mean and SD from the Size Korea 2004 data: normal, |x – mean| ≤ 3 ×

SD; cautionary, 3 × SD < |x- mean| ≤ 5 × SD; abnormal, |x- mean| > 5 × SD (Jung et al.,

2008). Proper actions such as checking the validity of data and correcting typos were

taken if a validity level of measurement was cautionary or abnormal.

2.4. Statistical Testing

The population of Korean male helicopter pilots was compared with those of Korean

male civilians and US Army male personnel by a two-sample t test for comparison of

means and an F test for comparison of variances using MINITAB v. 12. The Size Korea

data of Korean male civilians (Korean Agency for Technology and Standards, 2004) and

the 1988 anthropometric survey of US Army personnel (Gordon et al., 1988) were

utilized in the present study for comparison purposes.

3. Results

Anthropometric measurements were collected from 94 Korean male helicopter pilots

and their descriptive statistics (mean, SD, min, max, and percentiles) on the

anthropometric measurements summarized in Table 2. For example, the average of eye

height (AD4; unit: cm) of the Korean male helicopter pilots is 81.3 (SD = 3.0), ranging

from 74.0 to 89.0 with p.01 = 74.2, p.05 = 76.8, p.95 = 86.7, and p.99 = 88.1.

The sample size (n = 94) measured for the Korean helicopter pilot was found to

be sufficient. Post-hoc analysis on the sample size revealed that the required sample

sizes of ADs at the designated level of confidence (95%) and precision (2% for high

importance ADs; 5% for medium and low importance ADs) were 66 or less.


A comparison in mean and SD between the Korean male helicopter pilots and

Korean male civilians (Table 3) revealed that the helicopter pilots were larger (ratio of

means = 1.01 ~ 1.08) and less dispersed (ratio of SDs = 0.71 ~ 0.93) overall. Out of the

21 ADs, 19 ADs were available in the Size Korea data for comparison. The helicopter

pilots were found statistically larger at α = .05 in all of the ADs and a relatively large

mean difference (ratio of means > 1.07) was observed in hip breadth and thigh clearance.

Next, the helicopter pilots were found less dispersed in all of the ADs but a statistically

significant difference in SD at α = .05 (ratio of SDs < 0.84) was observed in 14 ADs

(stature, weight, sitting height, biacromial breadth, chest circumference, waist

circumference, elbow-to-fingertip length, forearm-to-forearm breadth, shoulder-to-

elbow length, buttock-to-popliteal length, foot length, knee height, popliteal height,

thigh circumference, and thigh clearance).


Lastly, a comparison in mean and SD between the Korean male helicopter

pilots and the US Army male personnel (Table 3) showed that the Korean helicopter

pilots were shorter in stature (ratio of means = 0.99), upper limbs (0.89 ~ 0.96), and

lower limbs (0.93 ~ 0.97), but longer in head and trunk (1.01 ~ 1.03), leaner (0.93 ~

0.98 in weight and circumference dimensions), and less dispersed in all of the ADs

(ratio of SDs = 0.68 ~ 0.97). Out of the 21 ADs, 20 ADs were available in the US Army

data for comparison. Table 3 shows that the Korean helicopter pilots had shorter body

sizes (ratio of means = 0.93 ~ 0.99) than the US Army personnel except for the head and

trunk related ADs (sitting height, sitting eye height, and sitting acromial height) and the

dispersions of the body sizes of the Korean helicopter pilots were considerably smaller

(ratio of SDs = 0.68 ~ 0.97) than those of the US Army personnel overall.

4. Discussion

The present study collected anthropometric data of Korean helicopter pilots to design a

helicopter cockpit layout. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to select

ADs in four body categories (whole body, head & trunk, upper limbs, and lower limbs)

which are applicable to the design of a helicopter cockpit layout. The anthropometric

data of helicopter pilots compiled in the study was effectively used together with the US

Army data in the design and evaluation phases of helicopter cockpit development for

Korean helicopter pilots, which were conducted as a follow-up study by the authors as

illustrated in Figure 3.


Human errors which may occur in reading or recording measurements could be

systematically prevented by checking the difference between repeated measurements

and comparing a key entry with corresponding statistical data obtained from a national

anthropometric survey. Repeated measurements were collected until their difference

reached less than 2 mm to avoid an error in measurement due to misreading and/or

application of an inconsistent measurement protocol. Then, the validity of each key

entry was checked using its standardized score—a recheck of an input value was made

if the standardized score > 3.

The sample size of the anthropometric survey for Korean helicopter pilots was

determined as 94 in the present study by incorporating statistical and practical

considerations. First, a statistical analysis was conducted to identify a sample size

requirement for each of the ADs for a designated level of confidence and various levels

of precision using the corresponding sample mean and sample SD. The sample SD

formula for a composite population was derived in the present study to estimate a

pooled sample SD using SDs of subpopulations. Next, out of the sample size

requirement analysis results, ADs identified as high importance were considered for

effective utilization of limited resources in the study. Then, the acceptable level of

precision in helicopter cockpit layout design was identified by evaluating sampling

errors at different precision levels. Finally, the sample size of the helicopter pilot

anthropometric survey was determined for the selected precision level (k = 0.02 for high

importance ADs, k = 0.05 for medium and low importance ADs) among the sample size

requirements of the ADs. The aforementioned sample size determination process is

applicable to identify a proper sample size by considering statistical and practical

requirements.

The Korean male helicopter pilots showed a higher level of homogeneity in

all the ADs than Korean male civilians and the US Army male personnel. Demographic

factors such as occupation, age, and race significantly affect the variability of an AD

(Roebuck, 1995). The difference in SD (ratio of SDs = 0.71 ~ 0.93) between the Korean

pilots and Korean civilians can be mainly explained by occupational diversity, while

that (ratio of SDs = 0.68 ~ 0.97) between the Korean pilots and the US Army personnel

by racial diversity. It is also noticeable that Korean civilians are more homogenous than

the US Army overall. The higher the homogeneity indicates the lower the adjustability

required for a cockpit layout design, the smaller the space required for a cockpit, the

lighter the weight of the helicopter, and the higher the air combat performance of the

helicopter.

The Korean helicopter pilots were found larger than Korean civilians in all the

ADs. The body sizes of a particular population can be influenced by occupational

factors such as selection and training (Wickens et al., 1998). It is likely that Korean

pilots are larger than Korean civilians due to physical requirements (height, weight, and

physical fitness) for pilots, military training, and self-management of pilots for physical

fitness.

The Korean helicopter pilots were found shorter in stature, upper-limbs, and

lower-limbs and smaller in weight, body circumference, and thickness than the US

Army personnel, but longer in upper-body heights such as sitting height, sitting eye

height, and acromial height. The former ADs affect the clearance and reach of a cockpit

layout design, while the latter affect the visibility of the layout design. These distinctive

features of the Korean helicopter pilots compared with the US Army personnel support

the necessity of an anthropometric survey on a target user population to develop an

optimal, customized design.

Lastly, the present study has limitations in terms of availability of female pilot

data and application of secular trend analysis. Due to a small number of Korean female

helicopter pilots (n < 10) when the present anthropometric survey was conducted, their

anthropometric characteristics were not formally reported. An anthropometric survey

can be planned in the future as the number of Korean female pilots becomes sufficiently

large. Next, the anthropometric characteristics of the US Army personnel are likely to

have changed over last 25 years (Tomkinson et al., 2010). Adjustments should have

been made to the US Army anthropometric data based on a secular trend analysis for

better comparison with those of Korean helicopter pilots collected relatively recently.

Acknowledgments

This research was jointly supported by Korea Helicopter Program (KHP) grant funded

by Korea Aerospace Industries (KAI) and Korea Science and Engineering Foundation

(KOSEF) grant funded by the Korea government (MOST) (R01-2007-000-20754-0).

The authors appreciate the assistance of Jeeeun Park in anthropometric measurement.

References

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Defense Acquisition Program Administrator, 2010. Introduction to KHP project (in Korean) [online]. Available from: http://www.dapa.go.kr/internet/business/helper/KHP_ group.jsp [Accessed 26 March 2010].

Department of Defense, 1987. Aircrew Station Geometry for Military Aircraft, MIL-STD-1333B, Washington, DC.

Gordon, C.C., Bradtmiller, B., Churchill, Y., et al., 1988. 1988 Anthropometric Survey of US Army Personnel: Methods and Summary Statistics, NATICK/TR-89/044, Natick, MA: US Army Natick Research Center.

ISO, 2006. General Requirements for Establishing Anthropometric Databases, ISO 15535, Geneva, Switzerland: International Standards Organisation.

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Roebuck, J.A., 1995. Anthropometric Methods: Designing to Fit the Human Body. Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.

Roebuck, J.A., Kroemer, K.H.E. and Thomson, W.G., 1975. Engineering Anthropometry Methods. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.

Roskam, J., 2002. Airplane Design Part III: Layout Design of Cockpit, Fuselage, Wing, and Empennage: Cutaways and Inboard Profiles. Lawrence, KS: DAR Corporation.

Sanders, M.S. and McCormick, E.J., 1998. Human Factors in Engineering and Design, 7th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Tomkinson, G.R., Clark, A.J. and Blanchonette, P., 2010. Secular changes in body dimensions of Royal Australian Air Force aircrew (1971-2005). Ergonomics, 53 (8), 994-1005.

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List of Tables

Table 1. Anthropometric dimensions (ADs) and their importance in helicopter cockpit

layout design

Table 2. Descriptive statistics of Korean male helicopter pilot anthropometric data

Table 3. Comparison of Korean male helicopter pilots, Korean male civilians, and US

Army male personnel

List of Figures

Figure 1. Anthropometric dimensions (ADs) measured for helicopter cockpit layout

design

Figure 2. Sample size requirements by precision

Figure 3. Ergonomics evaluation of a helicopter cockpit for Korean helicopter pilots

Table 1. Anthropometric dimensions (ADs) and their importance in helicopter cockpit layout design

Body part Code Anthropometric dimension Importance (H: high; M:

medium; L: low) Whole body

AD1 Stature M AD2 Weight L

Head & trunk

AD3 Sitting height H AD4 Sitting eye height H AD5 Sitting acromial height H AD6 Biacromial breadth M AD7 Chest circumference L AD8 Chest depth L AD9 Hip breadth H AD10 Waist circumference L

Upper limbs

AD11 Elbow-to-fingertip length H AD12 Forearm-to-forearm breadth M AD13 Shoulder-to-elbow length H AD14 Thumb-tip reach H

Lower limbs

AD15 Buttock-to-knee length H AD16 Buttock-to-popliteal length H AD17 Foot length L AD18 Knee height H AD19 Popliteal height H AD20 Thigh circumference L AD21 Thigh clearance L

Table 2. Descriptive statistics of Korean male helicopter pilot anthropometric data (unit: cm, kg)

Body part Anthropometric dimension (AD) Mean SD Min Max Percentile

1st 5th 95th 99th

Whole body AD1 Stature 173.0 5.2 163.4 186.0 163.8 164.7 182.0 185.2

AD2 Weight 73.3 8.6 54.5 94.5 55.9 61.4 88.9 92.4

Head & trunk

AD3 Sitting height 93.1 2.9 86.6 100.0 87.3 88.4 98.3 99.3

AD4 Sitting eye height 81.3 3.0 74.0 89.0 74.2 76.8 86.7 88.1

AD5 Sitting acromial height 60.9 2.7 55.6 67.7 55.9 56.3 65.8 67.3

AD6 Biacromial breadth 40.1 1.7 34.2 43.8 36.1 37.4 42.5 43.6

AD7 Chest circumference 100.1 5.0 90.4 113.4 91.1 91.9 108.9 112.8

AD8 Chest depth 19.3 1.6 16.1 23.4 16.5 16.9 22.2 23.2

AD9 Hip breadth 37.6 1.8 31.9 41.6 33.4 35.1 40.7 41.4

AD10 Waist circumference 84.2 6.6 57.7 96.2 70.0 74.0 93.9 95.8

Upper limbs

AD11 Elbow-to-fingertip length 46.1 1.7 42.2 49.5 42.6 43.6 48.6 49.4

AD12 Forearm-to-forearm breadth 48.9 3.9 35.3 60.0 40.0 43.3 55.6 57.3

AD13 Shoulder-to-elbow length 34.9 1.4 31.9 39.0 32.5 32.8 37.2 38.3

AD14 Thumb-tip reach 76.6 3.0 70.1 83.8 71.5 72.1 81.1 83.1

Lower limbs

AD15 Buttock-to-knee length 57.6 2.4 49.4 62.5 52.1 53.5 60.8 62.3

AD16 Buttock-to-popliteal length 47.6 2.1 41.8 52.2 43.1 43.9 50.4 51.8

AD17 Foot length 25.2 1.0 23.1 28.1 23.2 23.7 26.8 27.3

AD18 Knee height 51.9 2.2 47.2 57.6 47.7 48.4 55.2 56.1

AD19 Popliteal height 41.4 1.7 37.7 45.8 38.0 38.5 43.9 45.1

AD20 Thigh circumference 57.2 3.6 48.4 66.0 49.9 51.8 63.4 65.8

AD21 Thigh clearance 16.3 1.2 13.8 19.2 14.5 14.6 18.4 18.7

Table 3. Comparison of Korean male helicopter pilots, Korean male civilians, and US Army male personnel (unit: cm, kg)

MKP SDKP MKC SDKC MKP/MKC MUA SDUA MKP/MUA

AD1 Stature 173.0 5.2 170.0 7.0 3.0 ** 1.02 0.74 ** 175.6 6.7 -2.6 ** 0.99 0.77 **

AD2 Weight 73.3 8.6 69.3 10.5 4.0 ** 1.06 0.81 * 78.5 11.1 -5.1 ** 0.93 0.77 **

AD3 Sitting height 93.1 2.9 91.9 3.6 1.2 ** 1.01 0.80 * 91.4 3.6 1.7 ** 1.02 0.81 **

AD4 Sitting eye height 81.3 3.0 80.4 3.5 0.9 ** 1.01 0.87 79.2 3.4 2.1 ** 1.03 0.88

AD5 Sitting acromial height 60.9 2.7 59.4 2.9 1.4 ** 1.02 0.93 59.8 3.0 1.1 ** 1.02 0.90

AD6 Biacromial breadth 40.1 1.7 39.5 2.4 0.6 ** 1.02 0.72 ** 39.7 1.8 0.4 * 1.01 0.97

AD7 Chest circumference 100.1 5.0 95.6 6.9 4.5 ** 1.05 0.72 ** 102.3 6.5 -2.2 ** 0.98 0.76 **

AD8 Chest depth 19.3 1.6 20.9 2.0 N/C N/C N/C 24.3 2.1 N/C N/C N/C

AD9 Hip breadth 37.6 1.8 34.9 2.1 2.7 ** 1.08 0.89 36.7 2.5 1.0 ** 1.03 0.73 **

AD10 Waist circumference 84.2 6.6 81.2 8.5 3.0 ** 1.04 0.78 ** 86.2 8.6 -2.1 ** 0.98 0.76 **

AD11 Elbow-to-fingertip length 46.1 1.7 44.6 2.3 1.5 ** 1.03 0.75 ** 48.4 2.3 -2.3 ** 0.95 0.73 **

AD12 Forearm-to-forearm breadth 48.9 3.9 47.3 4.8 1.6 ** 1.03 0.82 * 54.6 4.4 -5.7 ** 0.89 0.90

AD13 Shoulder-to-elbow length 34.9 1.4 33.5 1.8 1.4 ** 1.04 0.81 * 36.9 1.8 -2.0 ** 0.94 0.80 **

AD14 Thumb-tip reach 76.6 3.0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 80.1 3.9 -3.5 ** 0.96 0.76 **

AD15 Buttock-to-knee length 57.6 2.4 56.8 2.7 0.8 ** 1.01 0.86 61.6 3.0 -4.0 ** 0.93 0.79 **

AD16 Buttock-to-popliteal length 47.6 2.1 46.5 2.7 1.0 ** 1.02 0.77 ** 50.0 2.7 -2.5 ** 0.95 0.79 **

AD17 Foot length 25.2 1.0 24.9 1.3 0.3 ** 1.01 0.74 ** 27.0 1.3 -1.8 ** 0.93 0.73 **

AD18 Knee height 51.9 2.2 50.7 2.6 1.1 ** 1.02 0.84 * 55.9 2.8 -4.0 ** 0.93 0.78 **

AD19 Popliteal height 41.4 1.7 39.7 2.3 1.7 ** 1.04 0.73 ** 43.4 2.5 -2.0 ** 0.95 0.68 **

AD20 Thigh circumference 57.2 3.6 55.9 4.5 1.3 ** 1.02 0.80 ** 59.7 4.9 -2.4 ** 0.96 0.72 **

AD21 Thigh clearance 16.3 1.2 15.2 1.6 1.1 ** 1.07 0.71 16.8 1.3 -0.5 ** 0.97 0.92

* P < .05; ** P < .01; N/C: not comparable due to use of different landmarks; N/A: not available

KP vs. UAKorean civilians(KC; n = 1800)

KP vs. KC

MKP -UA SDKP / SDUAMKP - KC SDKP / SDKC

Whole body

Head & trunk

Upper limbs

Lower limbs

Korean helicopter pilots(KP; n = 94)

US Army(UA; n = 1774)Body part Anthropometric dimension (AD)

(Notes) 1. Landmarks: A: acromion, B: rear olecranon, C: superior patella

2. Refer to Table 1 for the names of AD codes.

Figure 1. Anthropometric dimensions (ADs) measured for helicopter cockpit layout design

AD1

AD6

AD7

AD10

A A

AD14

AD20

AD9

AD12

AD3

AD4

AD5

AD11

AD13

AD15

AD16

AD21

A

AD18

C

AD8

AD17

AD19

B

(Notes) 1. Refer to Table 1 for the names of AD codes. 2. The sample size requirement of AD14 (thumb-tip reach) was estimated using the US Army data due

to its unavailability in the Korean civilian data.

Figure 2. Sample size requirements by precision

0

100

200

300

400

500

k = 0.02

k = 0.03

k = 0.04

k = 0.05

2

High Medium LowLevel of importance

Samplesize

k = .02

k = .03

k = .04

k = .05

(a) Visibility evaluation with a virtual mockup

(b) Head clearance evaluation with a physical mockup

(c) Usability evaluation with a physical mockup

Figure 3. Ergonomic evaluation of a helicopter cockpit for Korean helicopter pilots

An Anthropometric Analysis of Korean Male Helicopter Pilots for …edt.postech.ac.kr/.../13_KHP_Anthropometry.pdf · 2015-02-16 · An Anthropometric Analysis of Korean Male Helicopter

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