Sasaki 1 Anna Sasaki Dr. Eijun Senaha Scholar and Scholarship II February 2019 An Annotated Bibliography: Marriage, Love Relationship and Gender in Wuthering Heights Introduction This annotated bibliography is a collection of references which refer to marriage, gender and/or sexuality in Wuthering Heights . The aim of this project is to consider the relationship among Catherine Earnshaw, Heathcliff and Edger Linton. Historical books on marriage and women in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries are included in this annotated bibliography for socio-cultural approach to the novel. This annotated bibliography adopts chronological order to follow the change of tone of argument about Wuthering Heights . The collection contains study from 1848, where Wuthering Heights published. The incipient reviews often show puzzlement about its violence and extraordinariness. There have been little review and critique which refer marriage, love, or gender in the novel to the early twentieth century. Particularly, there were often longtime blank period in the
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Sasaki 1
An n a S a s a k i
D r. E i ju n S e n a ha
S c h o l a r a n d S c h o la r s h i p I I
Fe b r u a r y 2 0 1 9
An Annota t ed Bib l iograph y:
Marr ia ge, Love R ela t ionsh ip and Gend er in Wuther ing Heigh ts
I n t ro d u c t i on
T h i s a n n o t a t e d b i b l i o gr a p h y i s a c o l l ec t i o n o f r e f e re n ce s w h i c h
re f e r t o m a r r i a ge , ge n d e r a n d /o r se x u a l i t y i n Wu t h e r i n g H e i g h t s . T h e
a i m o f t h i s p r o j e c t i s t o c o n s i de r t h e re l a t i on s h i p am o n g C a t h e r i n e
Ea r n s h a w, He a t h c l i f f a n d E d ge r Li n t o n . Hi s t o r i c a l bo o k s o n ma r r i a ge
a nd w o m e n i n t he e i gh t e e n t h a n d n i ne t e e n th c e n tu r i e s a re i n c l ud e d i n
t h i s a n n o ta t e d b i b l i o gr a p h y f o r s o c i o -c u l t u r a l a p p r oa c h t o t h e n o ve l .
T h i s a n n o ta t e d b i b l i o gr a p h y a d o p t s c h r o n o l o g i c a l o r de r t o f o l l o w t he
c ha n ge o f t o n e o f a rgu m e nt a b o u t Wu t h e r i n g H e i g h t s . T h e c o l l ec t i on
c on t a i n s s t u d y f r o m 1 8 4 8 , w h e r e Wu t he r i n g H e i g h t s p u b l i s h e d .
Th e i nc i p i e n t r e v i e w s o f t e n s h o w p u zz l e m e nt a b o u t i t s v i o l e n ce
a nd ex t r ao r d i na r i ne s s . T h e r e h a ve b ee n l i t t l e r e v i e w an d c r i t i q u e w h ic h
re f e r ma r r i a ge , l o ve , o r ge n d e r i n t he n o ve l t o t he e a r l y t w e n t i e t h
ce n t u r y. P a r t i c u l a r l y, t h e r e w e re o f t e n l on g t i m e b l a n k p e r i o d i n t he
Sasaki 2
n in e t e e n t h ce n t u r y, f o r Wu t h e r i n g H e i g h t s w a s u n de r e s t i m a t e d a t t ha t
t i me d u e t o i t s c om p l i c a t e d s t ru c t u r e o f n a r ra t i ve a n d He a t h c l i f f ’s
r e b e l l i o u s c ha r ac t e r. Ho w e ve r , i n t he e a r l y t w e n t i e t h c e n t u r y, s o m e
re s e a rc h e s f oc u s o n t he re l a t i o n s h i p b e t we e n Ca t he r i ne a n d H ea t hc l i f f
i n r e l a t i on t o t he i s s u e o f i n ce s t , c l a s s , a n d r ac e . T h r o u gh C a t h e r i ne a n d
He a t h c l i f f ’s a n t i s o c i a l na t u re , t h e y o f t e n a rgu e t h a t Wu t h e r i n g H e i g h t s
t h r o w s d o u b t o n t h e p r o b l em s i n n o r ma t i ve s o c i e t y i n Vi c t o r i a n E n g l a n d .
O n t he o th e r ha n d , t h e y w e r e a p t t o o ve r l o o k o r b e l i t t l e t h e s i gn i f i c a nc e
o f E d ge r. Fr o m t h e 1 9 6 0 s o n , w h i c h o ve r l a p pe d t h e s e c o n d w a ve
fe m i n i s m , s o me re s e a rc h e s a r gu e C a t h e r i n e ’s d e s i re o p p re s s e d b y s o c i a l
c od e . S o m e o f t h em p o i n t o u t t h a t C a t h e r in e w a n t s t o b o t h m ar r y E d ge r
a nd m a i n t a i n r e l a t i o n s h i p t o H ea t hc l i f f a n d Ca t h e r i n e ’s d e a t h r e s u l t s
f r om r ep r e s s i o n b y a s o c i a l c o de w h ic h n e ve r pe r mi t s Ca t h e r i n e ’s
i nc o m pa t i b l e de s i r e . C a t h e r i n e ’s r e b e l l i o u s n a t u re i s r e ga r d e d a s E mi l y
Br o n t ë ’s o b j ec t i o n a ga i n s t ge n de r r o l e s . Th e s t ud y o f Wu t he r i n g
H e i g h t s ha s p r o ve d t h a t t he l o v e t r i a n g l e a mo n g C a t he r i n e , H e a t h c l i f f ,
a nd E d ge r p r o p o s e s t h e p r ac t i c e o f l o ve f r e e f r o m t h e o b s e s s i o n w i t h
ge n d e r r o l e s a n d m o n o ga m o u s n o rm a t i v i t y.
Sasaki 3
L i s t o f a b bre v i a t i on s
WH = Wu t h e r i n g H e i g h t s ( t he t i t l e o f t h e no ve l )
E B = Em i l y Br o n t ë
M LA = M o d e r n La n gu a ge As s o c ia t i o n o f Am e r i c a
P M LA = Pu b l i c a t i o n s o f t he M o d e r n L a n g u a ge A s s o c i a t i o n o f A m e r ic a
ATE B WH = A p p ro a c he s t o Te a c h i ng E m i l y B ro n t ë ’s Wu t h e r i n g H e i g h t s
Sasaki 4
B i bl i og r a ph i e s
Hi s t or y
[ 1 ] D a vi d o f f , Le o n o r e a n d C a t h e r i n e Ha l l . Fa m i l y F o r t u ne s : Me n a n d
Wo m e n o f t h e E n g l i s h M i d d le C la s s 1 7 8 0 - 1 8 5 0 . Hu t c h i n s o n
E du c a t i o n , 19 8 7 .
T he a u t h o r s ma i n l y e x p l a i n f am i l y c u l t u re o f t h e m i d d l e c l a s s i n
E n g l a n d d u r i n g 1 7 8 0 t o 1 8 5 0 ; r o l e s i n f a mi l y, e d u c a t i o n b y ge n d e r ,
s e x ua l d i v i s i o n , e t c . Wo m e n p l a ye d a r o l e t o t ak e c a re o f t h e i r f a mi l y
t h r o u gh t h e l i ve s . M a r r i a ge w a s a n ec o n o mi c a l l y e s s e n t i a l e v e n t f o r
w o me n o f t h e mi d d le c l a s s b e c a u se t h e y h a d n ’ t i n h e r i t a nc e r i gh t s o r
p r o pe r t y r i gh t s . T h e re w e re s o me w o me n i n 1 8 3 0 s w h o d e s i re d / c h o s e
e n j o yi n g s i n g l e l i f e r a t h e r t h a n o b l i ge d m a r r i a ge f o r f i na n c i a l r e a s o n .
T he a u t h o r s r e fe r l oc a l e x am p le s a l t h o u gh t h e re w a s n o Yo r k s h i r e w he r e
E B w a s b o r n a n d WH h a s i t s s e t t i n g .
[ 2 ] S t o ne , La u r e n c e . R o a d t o D i v o rce : E n g l a n d 1 53 0 - 1 9 8 7 . O x f o r d U P,
1 9 9 0 .
S t o ne d e s c r i b e s t he h i s t o r y o f ma r r i a ge s ys t e m a n d ma r r i a ge a s a
s o c i a l c u s t o m . S t o n e e x p l a in s t h a t t h e re w er e o n l y l a x an d a m b i gu o u s
p re s c r i p t i o n s o f ma r r i a ge i n E n g l a n d u n t i l 1 75 3 w h i l e i t wa s h a r d t o
ac ce p t se p a ra t i o n a n d d i vo r c e b e f o r e 1 8 57 . O n e p l ac e s g r e a t i m p o r t a nc e
o n a f f ec t i ve b o u n d i n c ho o s i n g ma r r i a ge p a r t ne r d u r i n g 1 6 6 0 t o 1 8 0 0 .
Sasaki 5
[ 3 ] S t re t t on , Ti m a n d Kr i s t a J . Ke s s e l r i n g , e d i t o r s . M a r r i e d Wo m e n a n d
t he L a w : C o v e r t u re in E n g l a n d a n d t h e C o m m o n L a w Wo r l d .
M c Gi l l -Q u e e n ’s U P, 2 0 1 3 .
A c o l l ec t i o n o f h i s t o r i c a l r e s e a rc h a b o u t c o ve r t u r e a n d r e l e va n t
l a w s i n E n g l a n d i n t h e s e ve n te e n t h th r o u gh t h e n i ne t e e n t h ce n tu r i e s .
T hi s b o o k s t a t e s i n de t a i l s h o w ma r r i a ge a n d l a w l i m i t e d w o me n ’s
r i gh t s p h ys i c a l l y, m e n t a l l y a n d s o c i a l l y. M a r r i e d w o m e n w e r e r e qu i r ed
t o t h i nk t he m s e l ve s i n fe r i o r t o t h e i r h u s b a n d s w h o w e r e a l l o w e d t o
p o s s e s s w i ve s ’ p r o pe r t y a n d f re e d o m o f b o d y. Wi ve s h a d t o ob e y
h u s b a n d s a n d t a k e c a re o f c h i l d re n . Wo m e n w e re r e s t r i c t e d .
S t u dy of W H
1 8 4 7
N o t f o un d
1 8 4 8
[ 4 ] “ D o u gl a s J e r r o l d ’s We e k l y N e w s p a pe r .” 1 5 J a n . 1 8 4 8 . E m i l y
B ro n t ë : Wu t he r i n g H e i g h t s , ed i t e d b y M i r i a m Al l o t t ,
M ac m i l l a n , 1 9 7 0 , p p . 4 3 -4 4 .
T h i s r e v i e w c o m me n t s t h a t W H i s “ a s t r an ge s o r t o f b o o k ” b ec a u s e
o f i t s u n id e n t i f i a b l e p o w e r. T h i s r e v i e w c r i t i c i ze s c r u e l t y a n d
i nh u m a ni t y b u t a dm i re s t he de m o ni c p o w e r o f l o ve i n W H . I t gu a r a n te e s
t ha t WH i s a p ee r l e s s n o ve l .
Sasaki 6
[ 5 ] “ An U n i d e n t i f i e d R e v i e w o f 1 8 4 7 -8 . ” R e p r o du c e d , f r o m t h e cu t t i n g
p re s e r ve d a t Ha w o r t P a r s o n a ge M u s e u m b y C h a r l e s S i m p s o n i n
h i s E m i l y B ro n të , 1 92 9 . E m i l y B ro n t ë : Wu t h e r i n g H e i gh t s ,
e d i t e d b y M i r i a m Al l o t t , M ac mi l l a n , 19 7 0 , p p . 4 7 -4 8 .
T hi s r e v i e w a d mi r e s t he q u a l i t y o f WH a n d E B ’s u n c o m m o n t a l e n t .
I t i n t r o d u ce s WH a s a d o m e s t i c n o ve l w h ic h c o n t a i n s m ys te r i o u s
c ha r ac t e r s , t h e i r s t r a n ge r e l a t i o n s h i p s an d t h e i r l i f e e ve n t s s u c h a s
ma r r i a ge i n d e s o l a t e h o u s e .
1 8 4 9
N o t f o un d
1 8 5 0
[ 6 ] D o b e l l , S i d ne y. “ C u r r e r Be l l . ” P al l a d i u m , 1 8 5 0 . L i f e a n d L e t t e r s o f
S yd n e y D o be l l , e d i t e d b y E . J o l l y, 1 8 7 8 . E m i l y B ro n të :
Wu t h e r in g H e i g h t s , e d i t e d b y M i r i am Al l o t t , M a c mi l l a n , 1 9 7 0 ,
p p . 5 9 -6 2 .
D o b e l l p o i n t s o u t t h a t t w o s im u l t a ne o u s l o ve s c oe x i s t i n
C a t h e r i n e ’s m i n d . D o be l l a rgu e s t h a t C a t he r i ne ’s t w o pa s s i o n s a re
re s p e c t i ve l y d u e t o t h e t w o e l e me n t s i n he r m i n d , a l t h o u gh D o b e l l d oe s
n o t s t a t e c l ea r l y a n y m o r e .
[ 7 ] Le w e s , G. H. . “ S o m b re , R u de , Br u t a l , ye t Tr u e . ” Le a d e r , 28 D ec
1 8 5 0 . E m i l y B ro n të : Wu t he r i n g He i g h t s , e d i t ed b y M i r i a m
Al l o t t , Ma c mi l l a n , 1 9 7 0 , p p . 6 8 -6 9 .
Sasaki 7
Le w e s a n a l yze s C a t h e r i n e ’s l o ve f o r He a t hc l i f f . Le w e s a rgu e s t h a t
C a t h e r i n e l o ve s m o re He a t hc l i f f t h a n E d ge r , e ve n i f s h e i s a s h am e d o f
He a t h c l i f f w h e n s h e c o me s t o be c lo s e t o t h e Li n t o n . E d ge r l o ve s
C a t h e r i n e wi t h h i s c u l t u r e d go o d n e s s , b u t He a t hc l i f f ’s pa s s i o n
s u r p a s s e s a t E d ge r.
1 8 5 1 - 5 6
N o t f o un d
1 8 5 7
[ 8 ] M o n té gu t , É m i l e . “ A D a r k P o e t i c Im a gi n a t i o n . ” Tra n s l a t e d f r om
C h a r l o t t e B ro n t ë , IV: L e s Œ u v re s ’ , 1 8 5 7 . E m i ly B ro n t ë :
Wu t h e r in g H e i g h t s , e d i t e d b y M i r i am Al l o t t , M a c mi l l a n , 1 9 7 0 ,
p p . 7 9 -8 0 .
M o n té gu t a na l yze s C a t he r i n e ’s a f f ec t i on f o r He a t h c l i f f .
Ac c o r d i n g t o M o nt é gu t , C a t h e r i ne re ga r d s He a t hc l i f f a s t he s o u rc e o f
h e r e n e rg i e s . S h e w i l l o b t a i n t w o s e x e s , i de n t i t i e s , a n d s o u l s w i t h
He a t h c l i f f . C o m pa r e d w i t h He a t hc l i f f , Ed ge r h a s t o o w ea k s p i r i t f o r
C a t h e r i n e .
1 8 5 8 - 7 2
N o t f o un d
1 8 7 3
[ 9 ] “T h e Li f e a n d Wi r i n gs o f E m i l y Br o n t ë ” G a l ax y , vo l , 1 5 , 1 8 7 3 .
Sasaki 8
E mi l y B ro n t ë : Wu t h e r i n g H e i g h t s , e d i t ed b y M i r i a m Al l o t t ,
M ac m i l l a n , 1 9 7 0 , p p . 8 5 -8 6 .
T h i s r e v i e w e x p r e s s e s He a t hc l i f f ’s p a s s i o n f o r C a t he r i ne a s “ s o u l
f o r s o u l . ” I t i n d i c a t e s t ha t t h e i r r e l a t i o n s h i p i s n o t s e x ua l , f o r t he
re v i e w p o i n t s o u t t ha t E B ’s w o r k co n t a i n s “ c h i l d l i k e s im p l i c i t y a n d
i nn o c en c e . ”
1 8 7 4 - 1 92 3
N o t f o un d
1 9 2 4
[ 1 0 ] Ab e r c r o m bi e , La s c e l l e s . “T h e U n q ue s t i o na b l e S u p r e ma c y o f
Em i l y. ” B ro n të S oc ie t y Tr a n s a c t o n s , 1 9 24 . E mi l y B ro n t ë :
Wu t h e r in g H e i g h t s , e d i t e d b y M i r i am Al l o t t , M a c mi l l a n , 1 9 7 0 ,
p p . 11 8 -2 1 .
Ab e r c r o m bi e p r o p o s e s t ha t l o v e i s t h e c o he r e n t p u r p o s e o f W H .
Ab e r c r o m bi e s t a t e s t h a t E B ’s p oe m , “ T he P r e s o n e r , ” g i ve s a c l u e t o
u n de r s t a n d C a t he r i ne a n d He a t h c l i f f ’s e t e r n a l p a s s i o n o f l o ve , a l t h o u g h
Ab e r c r o m bi e d oe s n o t c l a r i f y t h e a n s w e r.
1 9 2 5 - 3 3
N o t f o un d
1 9 3 4
[ 1 1 ] C ec i l , D a v i d . “ E mi l y Br o n t ë a nd ‘ Wu t h e r i n g H e i g h t s . ’ ” E a r ly
Sasaki 9
Vic t o r i a n N o ve l i s t s : E s s a y s i n R ev a l u a t i o n , 1 9 3 4 . P e n gu i n
Bo o k s , 1 9 4 8 , p p . 11 5 -5 1 .
A c o l l ec t i o n o f e s s a y a b o u t Vic t o r i a n n o ve l s a n d n o ve l i s t s i n
E n gl a n d . C e c i l p r o p o se s “ s t o r m” a n d “ ca l m” c o nc e p t w h i c h E B’s
u ni ve r s e c o m p r i se s a n d e x p l a i n s t h a t C a t he r i ne l o ve s H ea t hc l i f f
b ec a u se t h e y h a ve s a m e n a t u re o f “ s t o r m ” . C ec i l c o n c l u d e s t ha t
C a t h e r i n e ’s l o ve f o r He a t hc l i f f i s , t he r e f o re , s e x l e s s . C e c i l a l s o re ga r d s
t ha t i t i s o n l y He a t h c l i f f , n o t E d ge r , w h o a cc o m pl i s h e s t o c om b i n e w i t h
C a t h e r i n e a f t e r h i s de a t h .
1 9 3 5 - 4 7
N o t f o un d
1 9 4 8
[ 1 2 ] C ha s e , R ic h a r d . “ T he Br o n t ë s , o r , M yt h D o m e s t i ca t e d . ” F o r m s o f
M o de r n F i c t i o n , e d i t e d b y Wi l l i am va n O ’ c on n o r, T he U of
M i n ne s o t a P, 1 9 4 8 , p p . 10 2 -1 9 .
C ha s e a rgu e s t h a t t h e Br o n t ë s i s t e r s b r o u gh t u p u n d e r p a t r i a rc h y
a nd t he i r n o ve l de s c r i be s w o m e n w h o a r e i l l w i t h n e u r o s e s d u e t o a
ma le -o r i e n t e d s o c i e t y. C h a s e s t a t e s t ha t Ca t he r i ne c an n o t en u n c i a t e t h e
re a s o n w h y s h e r e j e c t s He a t hc l i f f i n s p i t e o f he r m i s s i o n t o m a r r y h i m .
He a t h c l i f f a n d E d ge r s u f f e r f r o m Ca t he r i ne ’s im m o ra l i t y.
1 9 4 9 - 5 7
N o t f o un d
Sasaki 10
1 9 5 8
[ 1 3 ] Vi s i c k , M a r y. T h e G e n e s i s o f Wu t he r i n g H e i g h t s . O x f o r d U P, 1 9 5 8 .
In t h i s b o o k , Vi s i c k c om p a re d WH w i t h E B’s p o e t r i e s t o t r ac e t he
o r i g i n o f WH ’s i d e a . Vi s i c k p o i n t s o u t t ha t C a t h e r i n e ’s l o ve f o r E d ge r
w h ic h i s c o m pa r e d t o mo r t a l t r e e s i s a n o r d i na r y s e x u a l l o v e w h o le
C a t h e r i n e a n d He a t h c l i f f t r a n s c e n d ge n e r a l s e x ua l o r r om a nt i c l o ve . WH
i s a t r a ge d y o f a s oc i a l w o r ld w he r e Ca t he r i ne ’s t w o t yp e s o f l o ve s
ca n n o t c o e x i s t u n l i k e p o e t i c w o r ld .
1 9 5 9 - 6 1
N o t f o un d
1 9 6 2
[ 1 4 ] M o s e r, T h o m a s . “ Wh a t i s t h e M a t t e r w i t h E mi l y J a ne ? : C o n f l i c t i n g
Im p u l s e s i n Wu t h e r i n g H e i g h t s . ” Ni n e t ee n t h - Ce n t u r y F i c t i o n ,
vo l . 1 7 , no . 1 , J u n . 1 9 6 2 , p p . 1 -1 9 . J S TO R ,
w w w. j s t o r. o rg / s t a b l e /2 9 3 2 8 1 3 . Ac c e s s e d 4 Au g . 2 0 1 7 .
M o s e r a rgu e s t h a t i t i s He a t h c l i f f w h o h a s m a s c u l i n i t y m o s t i n W H .
M o s e r g i ve s a n i n s t a n c e t he f i g h t s ce n e o f He a t hc l i f f vs E d ge r i n t h e
p a r l o r i n T h r u s h c r o s s Gr a n ge , w h ic h p r o ve s t ha t He a t h c l i f f o ve r w h e l m s
E d ge r i n t e r m s o f h i s ma s c u l i n i t y. M o s e r p r o p o s e s t h a t He a t hc l i f f c a n
b e s a i d , a t l e a s t , a s ym b o l i ca l f a t h e r o f s e c o n d C a t h e r i n e , ac c o r d i n g t o
t he t i me o f h i s r e t u r n a f t e r t h e d i s a p pe a ra n ce a nd C a t h e r i n e ’s