An Analysis of Translation Techniques and Translation ...

perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id

commit to user

i

An Analysis of Translation Techniques and

Translation Quality of Flight Attendant Manual

THESIS

Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of Requirement

For Sarjana Degree in English Department

By:

GERRY AGUSTINO

C0307028

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LETTERS AND FINE ARTS

SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY

SURAKARTA

2011


commit to user

ii


commit to user

iii


commit to user

iv

PRONOUNCEMENT

Name : Gerry Agustino

NIM : C0307028

In the name of God, the author states whole-heartedly that the thesis entitled “An

Analysis of Translation Techniques and Translation Quality of Flight Attendant

Manual” is originally made by the author. It is neither a plagiarism, nor made by

others. The things related to other people’s work are written in quotation and

included within bibliography.

If it is then proved that the author cheated, the researcher is ready to take the

responsibility.

Surakarta, Desember 2011

Gerry Agustino


commit to user

v

MOTTO

“It’s nice to be important, but it’s more important to be nice.”

(Cassis, John)

“Start today with pray, hope, and smile. Close today with pray

and give thanks for HIS grace for our life.”

(unknown)

“I can do all things through HIM who strengthens me.”

(Philippians 4:13)

“Do what you love, love what you do.”

(unknown)


commit to user

vi

DEDICATION

This thesis is dedicated to:

JESUS CHRIST

My beloved parents

My beloved brother and sister

My sweetheart


commit to user

vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Praise GOD for His blessing, love and guidance so that this thesis can be

completed as a partial fulfillment of graduating requirement of the Sarjana

Degree.

I realize that in accomplishing this thesis, I have acquired guidances,

helps, supports and encouragements from many parties. Therefore, I would like to

give my gratitude to all of them who have given contributions.

1. The Dean of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts, Drs. Riyadi Santosa, M.Ed.,

Ph.D., for approving this thesis

2. The Head of Regular English Department, Prof. Dr. Djatmika, M.A., for

giving me permission to write this thesis.

3. Prof. Drs. M.R. Nababan, M.Ed., M.A., Ph.D., my thesis supervisor, thank

you for your advices, guidance, and helps. I would like to give my special

thanks also for always giving me times to share my problems.

4. Ida Kusuma Dewi S.S., M.A., as my academic supervisor for her assistance

during my study. Thank you also for always supporting me.

5. The Head of Academic of IIAM Surakarta, Dwi Liestyaningrum, S.T., thank

you for helping me to get the Flight Attendant Manual and also thank you for

your prayer.

6. All great lecturers in English Department who have taught and provided me

valuable knowledge. Thank you very much for the amazing experiences you

shared with me.


commit to user

viii

7. My beloved parents. Thank you for always giving me support and praying for

me during my study. Thank you for the love that you always give to me.

8. My beloved brother and sister. Thank you for always supporting me and

praying for me.

9. My sweetheart. Thank you for always giving me support and spirit to finish

my study and also for being the one who always loves and cares for me.

10. All of the informants. Thank you for helping me during my research.

11. Lois Rosiana, Heigy Lingga, and Aditya Mewengkang. Thank you for helping

me during my research and also praying for me.

12. All Members of Gerakan Pemuda GPIB Penabur Solo. Thank you for always

supporting and praying for me during my research.

13. All Members of ED 07. Thank you for every beautiful moment we’ve shared.

Thank you for always supporting me.

Gerry Agustino


commit to user

ix

TABLE OF CONTENT

Approval of The Thesis Supervisor ………………………………………... ii

Approval of The Board of Examiners ……………………………………... iii

Pronouncement …………………………………………………………….. iv

Motto ……………………………………………………………………….. v

Dedication ………………………………………………………………….. vi

Acknowledgement …………………………………………………………. vii

Table of Content …………………………………………………………… ix

List of Tables ………………………………………………………………. xii

Abstract …………………………………………………………………….. xiii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Research Background ...................................................... 1

B. Research Limitation ......................................................... 6

C. Problems Statements......................................................... 6

D. Research Objectives ........................................................ 6

E. Research Benefits ............................................................ 7

F. Thesis Organization ......................................................... 7

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW

A. Definition of Translation ................................................. 9

B. Problems in Translation ……………………………… 9

C. Translation Techniques .................................................... 12

D. Translation Quality Assessment ...................................... 17


commit to user

x

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Research Type and Design .............................................. 20

B. Data and Sources of Data ................................................ 20

1. Documents ................................................................. 21

2. Informants .................................................................. 21

C. Sampling Technique ........................................................ 22

D. Method of Data Collection .............................................. 23

E. Technique of Data Analysis ............................................ 25

F. Research Procedures ........................................................ 26

CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS

A. Introduction……. ............................................................ 28

B. Analysis ………………………………………………. 29

1. Translation Techniques ………................................. 29

1.1 Addition. .............................................................. 29

1.2 Deletion.. ............................................................. 32

1.3 Borrowing……………. ...................................... 34

1.4 Amplification....................................................... 36

1.5 Modulation........................................................... 38

1.6 Established equivalence ...................................... 39

1.7 Reduction ............................................................ 42

1.8 Transposition……............................................... 44

1.9 Literal Translation ............................................... 51

2. Translation Quality ………. ..................................... 53

2.1 Accuracy ............................................................. 54

2.1.1 Accurate Translation .................................. 54

2.1.2 Less Accurate Translation ......................... 57

2.2 Acceptability ....................................................... 59

2.2.1 Acceptable Translation ............................. 59

2.2.2 Less Acceptable Translation .................... 61


commit to user

xi

2.3 Readability ........................................................... 62

2.3.1 Readable Translation .................................. 63

2.3.2 Less Readable Translation .......................... 64

C. Discussion ........................................................................ 66

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

A. Conclusions ..................................................................... 74

B. Recommendations ........................................................... 74

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDICES


commit to user

xii

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Scale for Scoring Accuracy ………………………………………………… 24

Table 2: Scale for Scoring Acceptability …………………………………………….. 24

Table 3: Scale for Scoring Readability ………………………………………………. 24

Table 4: Addition Technique ………………………………………………………… 30

Table 5: Deletion Technique …………………………………………………………. 32

Table 6: Borrowing Technique ……………………………………………………… 34

Table 7: Amplification Technique …………………………………………………… 36

Table 8: Modulation Technique ………………………………………….................... 38

Table 9: Established Equivalence Technique ……………………………................... 40

Table 10: Reduction Technique ……………………………………………………… 42

Table 11: Transposition Technique ………………………………………………….. 45

Table 12: Literal Translation Technique …………………………………………….. 52

Table 13: Translation Techniques ……………………………………………………. 53

Table 14: The Result of Accuracy Assessment ……………………………………… 54

Table 15: The Result of Acceptability Assessment ………………………………….. 59

Table 16: The Result of Readability Assessment ……………………………………. 62

Table 17: The Impact of Translation Techniques toward the Translation Quality …... 67


commit to user

xiii

ABSTRACT

Gerry Agustino C0307028. 2011. An Analysis of Translation Techniques and

Translation Quality of Flight Attendant Manual. Thesis: English

Department. Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts. Sebelas Maret University.

This research focuses on the analysis of translation techniques and translation

quality of Flight Attendant Manual in terms of accuracy, acceptability, and

readability. The source of data in this research is the Flight Attendant Manual

entitled Operation Directorate Announcement Book. The objectives of this

research are to find out the translation techniques applied by the translator in

translating the Flight Attendant Manual and to know the impact of translation

techniques applied by the translator toward the translation quality of the Flight

Attendant Manual.

This research applied descriptive-qualitative method. The data were obtained by

using content analysis and questionnaire. This research also used purposive

sampling technique. This reseach only selected the emergency announcement as

the data since this announcement is more important and influential compared to

the other announcement in Flight Attendant Manual. The other data were the

results of the translation quality assessments done by the informants. The

translation techniques were analyzed in the level of micro unit, i.e. words,

phrases, clauses, and sentences. Meanwhile, the translation quality was identified

in the level of text.

The research findings show that the translator applies 9 types of translation

techniques. They are: (1) addition, (2) deletion, (3) borrowing, (4) established

equivalence, (5) literal translation, (6) reduction, (7) modulation, (8) amplification

and (9) transposition. The results of the questionnaires show that the translation of

Flight Attendant Manual is less accurate, less acceptable, and less readable.

According to the analysis, it can be concluded that the translation techniques

applied by the translator affect the quality of the translation. It is found out that

the Flight Attendant Manual should not use too much aviation term in order to

produce an accurate, acceptable, and readable translation. The researcher

recommends that the translator should reduce the use of borrowing technique and

pay more attention in choosing the right diction to produce a qualified translation

product.


commit to user

An Analysis of Translation Techniques and

Translation Quality of Flight Attendant Manual

Gerry Agustino1

Prof. Drs. M.R. Nababan, M.Ed., M.A., Ph.D.2

ABSTRACT

2011. Thesis: English Department. Faculty of Letters and Fine

Arts. Sebelas Maret University.

This research focuses on the analysis of translation techniques and

translation quality of Flight Attendant Manual in terms of

accuracy, acceptability, and readability. The source of data in this

research is the Flight Attendant Manual entitled Operation

Directorate Announcement Book. The objectives of this research

are to find out the translation techniques applied by the translator

in translating the Flight Attendant Manual and to know the impact

of translation techniques applied by the translator toward the

translation quality of the Flight Attendant Manual.

This research applied descriptive-qualitative method. The data

were obtained by using content analysis and questionnaire. This

research also used purposive sampling technique. This reseach

only selected the emergency announcement as the data since this

announcement is more important and influential compared to the

other announcement in Flight Attendant Manual. The other data

were the results of the translation quality assessments done by the

informants. The translation techniques were analyzed in the level

of micro unit, i.e. words, phrases, clauses, and sentences.

Meanwhile, the translation quality was identified in the level of

text.

The research findings show that the translator applies 9 types of

translation techniques. They are: (1) addition, (2) deletion, (3)

borrowing, (4) established equivalence, (5) literal translation, (6)

reduction, (7) modulation, (8) amplification and (9) transposition.

1 Mahasiswa Jurusan Sastra Inggris dengan NIM C0307028

2 Dosen Pembimbing

The results of the questionnaires show that the translation of Flight

Attendant Manual is less accurate, less acceptable, and less

readable.

According to the analysis, it can be concluded that the translation

techniques applied by the translator affect the quality of the

translation. It is found out that the Flight Attendant Manual should

not use too much aviation term in order to produce an accurate,

acceptable, and readable translation. The researcher recommends

that the translator should reduce the use of borrowing technique

and pay more attention in choosing the right diction to produce a

qualified translation product.


commit to user

1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Research Background

In human’s life, it is certain that language is a very important thing for

human to live. It has a function as communication media for human beings. It is

impossible for people to communicate without language because they will get

problems in expressing their feelings, ideas, and thought. Samsuri in his book

Analisa Bahasa concerns this fact by saying that “Bahasa tidak terpisahkan dari

manusia dan mengikuti dalam setiap pekerjaannya.” (1985:4). The statement

describes that language is very useful and important for human’s life because

people always use it every time and everywhere.

People must be able to use language as their communication media

properly and correctly in order to communicate well. Along with the development

of science and technology, people also try to develop themselves in many things.

One of the evidences is the development of language. Language develops from

time to time due to the development of human’s life.

In this globalization era, English has developed into international language

not only in education and social life, but also in job. For instance, Indonesian

people have started to teach English to children since they are in kindergarten or

even playgroup. They realize that it is important to teach English to children

because they will need it when they are adult and ready to work. The development

1


commit to user

2

of language also gives a great impact to some jobs in Indonesia. Some jobs in

Indonesia are becoming internationally based, such as in aviation.

In aviation, a flight attendant should be able to communicate with the

passengers both in English and Indonesia very well. Being a flight attendant is

quite difficult because the job requires the best service which means no mistakes

that can make inconvenience for the passengers. However, it is not easy for a

flight attendant to do the entire job perfectly at anytime due to the human

imperfection factors.

In order to minimize the mistake that might be conducted by a flight

attendant, IIAM (Inti Ilmu Aviasi dan Manajemen), one of the best flight

attendant school in Solo, has used Flight Attendant Manual, an announcement

book for flight attendant when serving passengers on board. The book contains

announcements that have to be explained by flight attendant to the passengers.

The announcements are both written in English and Indonesia, considering that

the passengers are not only Indonesian people but also some foreigners.

Therefore, translation activities are badly needed. Translation does not only deal

with the transfer of words from source language into target language, but also deal

with the transfer of message from source language into target language. In this

case, a translator has a great role as the bridge that link the author to the readers in

transferring the message.

The quality of a translation product depends on the translator. It means that

if the translator does not do the translation process well, the quality of the

translation product will decline. Therefore, a translator is also responsible for the

content of the translation product.


commit to user

3

In the process of translation, a translator will find some problems in

transferring the message from source language into target language accurately.

Translator should apply translation techniques in order to overcome these

problems. Lorscher in Maharani (2006:2) defines translation technique as a global

procedure that consists of a series of minimal problem–solving steps which the

translator employs in making certain consideration about the text. It is necessary

for a translator to decide which translation technique should be applied in

transferring the message in order to produce an accurate, acceptable, and readable

translation product.

The following examples show some translation qualities that are

influenced by translation technique used by the translator.

Example 1:

ST: We have just executed an emergency descent caused by a rapid

decompression in the cabin.

TT: Baru saja kita melakukan penurunan ketinggian secara darurat karena

terjadi dekompresi yang mendadak pada tekanan kabin pesawat ini.

The sentence is a part of emergency announcement taken from the Flight

Attendant Manual. This text announces the passengers that the plane has just

executed an emergency descent caused by a rapid decompression in the cabin. It

can be seen from the example above that some words are being naturalized, such

as decompression and cabin. The translator uses naturalized borrowing technique


commit to user

4

in order to make the translation more accurate because these words are quite

common for the passengers and they can easily understand it.

Example 2:

ST: The fog coming out from the conditioning system is caused by

condensation process the cabin airconditioning.

TT: Kalau saat ini anda melihat banyak kabut di dalam kabin pesawat ini, hal

ini disebabkan oleh proses kondensasi udara.

The example above is an emergency announcement telling the passengers

that the fog coming out from the conditioning system is caused by condensation

process of the cabin air conditioning. The source text in the example consists of

one sentence, but the translator then transposes the sentence into two clauses. It

can be seen that the translator wants to make the translation more readable and

easy to understand by transposing the source text into two clauses and the

message are still the same. This example is accurate because the messages are

transferred well, but there are some mistakes in the source text. The word

airconditioning in the source text should be given a space, likes air conditioning.

The other mistake in the source text is about the grammar. The words

condensation process the cabin airconditioning should be revised into

condensation process of the cabin air conditioning. This translation product is

accurate, although there are little mistakes in the source text which is made by the

author, not the translator.


commit to user

5

According to the phenomena, the researcher is interested in examining the

translation techniques and the translation quality of the Flight Attendant Manual

in terms of accuracy, acceptability, and readability because almost all of airlines

have an international standard today, which mean that they apply English in

everything and it requires them to provide the information both in English and

Indonesian very well. The researcher chooses to examine both translation quality

and translation techniques because those two things are related each other. It

means that the translation techniques influence the translation quality of the

product. The use of precise techniques will produce a high quality of translation

product. The Flight Attendant Manual contains announcements about flight

operations and instructions in serving the passengers on the plane. The researcher

chooses the Flight Attendant Manual as the data because the announcements and

instructions in the manual text are very important for the flight attendant. The

flight attendant must be able to explain all of the announcements and instructions

to the passengers very well. This condition requires the translator of the Flight

Attendant Manual to be able to transfer the message accurately due to the content

of the Flight Attendant Manual is very important for the flight attendant.

In this case, the role of message transfer ability is very important. The

original message should be transferred accurately to the target language in terms

of generating the same reader’s response of source language. It means that the

translator should be able to deliver the message from source language into target

language in a correct manner.


commit to user

6

B. Research Limitation

The researcher only analyzed the translation techniques and translation

quality of the Flight Attendant Manual. The analysis of translation quality dealt

with readability, acceptability, and accuracy of the translation product.

C. Problem Statements

According to the research background, the researcher raised two problems.

The problems are these below:

1. What translation techniques are used by the translator to translate the

Flight Attendant Manual?

2. How is the impact of the translation techniques applied by the translator

toward the translation quality of the Flight Attendant Manual in terms of

accuracy, acceptability, and readability?

D. Research Objectives

The research was aimed:

1. To find out the translation techniques used by the translator to translate the

Flight Attendant Manual.

2. To find out the impact of the translation techniques applied by the

translator toward the translation quality of the Flight Attendant Manual in

terms of accuracy, acceptability, and readability.


commit to user

7

E Research Benefits

This thesis was expected to have some benefits for:

1. English Department Students

The results of the research can be used as additional reference for the

English Department students, especially students who take translation subject.

2. Lecturers

The results of the research can give more information about the application

of English in aviation, especially in flight attendant, for the lecturers and also can

be used as additional reference in order to increase the quality of a translation.

3. Students of IIAM (Ilmu Inti Aviasi dan Manajemen)

The results of the research can be used as additional reference for the

students of IIAM.

4. Translator of Flight Attendant Manual

The results of this research can help the translator to evaluate the quality of

the product in terms of accuracy, acceptability, and readability.

F. Thesis Organization

The thesis consists of five chapters organized as follows:

Chapter I is INTRODUCTION. It consists of Research Background,

Research Limitation, Problem Statements, Research Objectives, Research

Benefits, and Thesis Organization.


commit to user

8

Chapter II is LITERATURE REVIEW. It consists of Definitions of

Translation, Problems in Translation, Translation Techniques, and Translation

Quality Assessment.

Chapter III is RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. It consists of Research

Type and Design, Data and Sources of Data, Sampling Technique, Method of

Data Collection, Technique of Data Analysis, and Research Procedures.

Chapter IV is RESEARCH FINDINGS. It consists of Introduction,

Analysis, and Discussion.

Chapter V is CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. It consists

of Conclusions and Recommendations of the research.


commit to user

9

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

A. Definitions of Translation

Translation has so many definitions which are described by the experts.

Newmark (1988: 28) states “Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into

another language in the way that the author intended the text”. Simplify, Larson

defines that, “Translation consists of transferring the meaning of the source

language in the receptor language.” (1984:3). Catford in his book Linguistic

Theory of Translation says, “Translation is the replacement of textual material in

one language by equivalent textual material in another language.” (1965:20). Bell

(1991:6) states, “Translation is the replacement of a representation of a text in one

language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language.” All of

the definitions about translation are correct and they are completing each other.

According to all of the definitions, it can be concluded that translation is about

transferring message from source language into target language.

B. Problems in Translation

In translating a text, a translator often meets problems dealing with

transferring the message or meaning from source language into target language.

Nababan (1999:54-55) in his book Teori Menerjemahkan Bahasa Inggris states,

“…kesulitan-kesulitan yang kerap timbul dalam praktek menerjemahkan, yang

9


commit to user

10

disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor, seperti perbedaan sistem bahasa sumber

dengan sistem bahasa sasaran, kompleksitas semantik dan stilistik bahasa

sumber dan bahasa sasaran, perbedaan tingkat kemampuan penerjemah dan

tingkat kualitas tulisan bahasa sumber.” It can be seen that the problems in

translation have something to do with the different system of the source language

and target language, the semantics and stylistics complexity, quality of the source

text, and the translator’s competence. The following are some explanations about

the factors above:

1. The different systems of the source language and target language

The different systems between the source language and target language are

one of the factors that cause problems of translation. It cannot be denied that every

language in the world has a different system, either in terms of syntactical, lexical,

or morphological structure. A further explanation about the different systems of

the source language and target language is given by Nababan, “…kenyataan

bahwa tidak ada satu pun bahasa yang mempunyai sistem yang sama, baik

ditinjau dari sudut struktur sintaksis, leksikal, dan morfem.” (1999:55). One of

the examples is the English system of language. English has an agreement to refer

plural noun by adding “s” such as books, but there is no agreement like that in

Indonesian language.

2. The semantics and stylistics complexity

The next factors are semantics and stylistics complexity. Semantics

complexity has strong relation to socio-cultural background of the speaker of the

language (Nababan, 1999:58). Many words of a language do not have the


commit to user

11

equivalence with another language, such as Sekaten in Javanese. This word is a

social cultural terms and it will be difficult for the translator to translate it into

English since there is no such social culture in the England.

Stylistics complexity is also one of the factors that make the translator

difficult in transferring the message. A brief explanation about stylistics

complexity is given by Nababan, “Karena budaya bahasa sumber dan budaya

sasaran berbeda satu sama lain, gaya bahasa yang digunakan oleh kedua bahasa

itu tentu saja berbeda.” (1999:59). One of the examples is literature texts, such as

prose, poem, and drama which are expressed in their own style. They are different

from the style of scientific texts.

3. The quality of the source text

The low quality of the source text could also make a problem in

translation. The quality of the source text defines as low due to many mistakes

like wrong grammar, ambiguous sentences, poor coherency within sentences or

paragraph, miss punctuation, and etc. Nababan explains, “Pesan yang terkandung

dalam bahasa sumber akan sulit ditangkap atau dipahami apabila kualitas teks

tersebut tidak baik, seperti gramatikalnya tidak benar, kalimatnya taksa,

pengungkapan idenya tidak runtut, banyak kesalahan ejaan dan fungtuasi, dan

lain sebagainya.” (1999:60).

4. The translator’s competence

The last factor is the competence of the translator in translating the text.

The competence in translating text between a translator and the other translator is


commit to user

12

different. Nababan describes, “…si penerjemah adalah pelaku utama dalam

proses penerjemahan, tingkat kemampuannya menjadi faktor penentu berhasil

tidaknya penerjemahan itu dilakukan.” (1999:59-60). The more higher the

competence mastered by a translator, the more easier the translator solves the

problems in translation. In contrast, a beginner translator, which has limited

competence and experience, will get many problems in translating a text. A good

translator requires more than just able or have knowledge of languages. A good

translator should have language competence, cultural competence, subject

competence, textual competence, transfer competence and sufficient experiences

in translating practice.

C. Translation Techniques

Nababan in his paper Teknik-Teknik Penerjemahan Teks defines

translation techniques by saying, “Tehnik penerjemahan merupakan prosedur

untuk menganalisa dan mengklasifikasikan bagaimana kesepadanan terjemahan

berlangsung dan dapat diterapkan pada berbagai satuan lingual, misalnya,

kalimat, klausa, frasa dan/atau kata.” Molina and Albir (as cited in Ikke, 2011)

defines translation techniques as procedures to analyse and classify how

translation equivalence works. There are many translation techniques explained

by experts. Nababan (2010:6-10) in his paper Tehnik-Tehnik Penerjemahan Teks

explains translation techniques as follows:


commit to user

13

1. Borrowing

In this technique, the translator borrows some words or idiom from source

language. There are two kind of borrowing, pure borrowing and

naturalized borrowing.

For example:

- Pure borrowing - Naturalized borrowing

SL: Flashdisk SL: Computer

TL: Flashdisk TL: Komputer

2. Calque

In this technique, the translator translates the phrase in source language

literally.

For example:

SL: Secretariat general

TL: Sekretaris jendral

3. Literal translation

In this technique, the translator translates the source language word by

word.

For example:

SL: I go to airport.

TL: Saya pergi ke bandara.

4. Transposition

In this technique, the translator adjusts the word structures or shifts the

word classes.


commit to user

14

For example:

SL: Observable

TL: Yang dapat diamati

In this research, the researcher only emphasizes on transposition which is

explained by Catford (cited in Venutti, 2002:143) since the discussion of

transposition theory are very wide. Catford calls it as “category shift”. It

includes class shift (shift of word classes), unit or rank shift (shift of

units), and intra system shift (shifting from singular to plural and vice

versa). Meanwhile, the researcher does not include structural shift, which

is actually also one type of category shift, because the difference of

language structures between English and Indonesian would automatically

cause structural adjustments in translation.

5. Adaptation

In this technique, the translator replaces the element of source language

culture with the same element in the target language culture, and the target

language is familiar to the target readers.

For example:

SL: As white as snow

TL: Seputih kapas

6. Amplification

In this technique, the translator paraphrases implicit information in source

language.

For example:

SL: Ramadhan


commit to user

15

TL: Month of fasting for Moslem

7. Established equivalent

In this technique, the translator uses a specific terms or idiom that is

familiar for people in a society.

For example:

SL: Cabin

TL: Kabin

In the example, the word kabin is understandable than ruangan pesawat

because people in aviation are familiar with the word kabin.

8. Generalization

In this technique, the translator uses a neutral or general terminology in

target language (from subordinate to super ordinate).

For example:

SL: Penthouse

TL: Tempat tinggal

9. Particularization

In this technique, the translator uses more concrete or precision terms. This

technique is the opposite of generalization technique.

For example:

SL: Air transportation

TL: Helikopter

10. Modulation

In this technique, the translator changes the point of view, focus or

cognitive category in relevance with the source language.


commit to user

16

For example:

SL: I cut my finger

TL: Jariku tersayat

11. Reduction

This technique is the opposite of amplification technique. In this

technique, the information in source text is partially omitted in target text.

For example:

SL: He is very smart

TL: Dia itu pandai

12. Deletion

In this technique, the translator deletes the word or information in the

source language. Both deletion and reduction techniques are omitting

some words, but there is a difference between deletion and reduction.

Deletion technique omits the whole information, while the reduction only

omits the information partially.

For example:

SL: He is very smart and handsome.

TL: Laki-laki itu sangat pintar

13. Addition

In this technique, the translator adds more information to clarify the

concept in source language to the target readers.

For example:

SL: He came late to the party

TL: Lelaki tua itu datang terlambat ke pesta karena mobilnya mogok.


commit to user

17

14. Variation

In this technique, the translator changes the linguistic or paralinguistic

elements which affect the linguistic variation such as dialect, language

style, etc.

For example:

SL: I don’t care what you are talking about

TL: Gue nggak peduli elu ngomong apa

D. Translation Quality Assessment

A good translation has to transfer the message from source language to

target language very well. The readers sometimes only read the translation

product without paying attention to the translation quality. Translation quality

assessment is very important for translation product. Translation quality

assessment is an activity to give value to a translation product whether the product

is having good quality or not. Assessing or criticizing a translation is not an easy

matter because it needs an extraordinary ability (Nababan, 2003). The translation

product is not always good. Sometimes there are many mistakes in the translation

product when it is compared to the original one. Assessment towards translation

quality focuses in three things namely accuracy, acceptability, and readability.

1. Accuracy

Accuracy is one of the factors in determining the translation quality. It

becomes one of the most important aspects in translation. It deals with the transfer

of the content from source language into target language. It means that the


commit to user

18

message in source language should be conveyed to the target language correctly

and also easy to be understood by the readers.

Sadtono (1985: 9) also explains that a translator should maintain the

meaning of a text. He states that a translator should attempt to produce translation

which has the same meaning as the source text. He explains further that the most

important thing in translating a text is how the message is expressed in target

language, not how to maintain source text’s original form.

Based on the statement above, it can be seen that the maintenance of

meaning is a very important aspect in translation. Therefore, a translator must be

able to maintain the meaning or message of the source text. The translator has to

transfer the message in a thorough and faithful manner, giving consideration to

linguistic variations in both languages. Besides, the translator has to make sure

that the readers understand what is meant by the original writer.

The translators also must have ability to provide accurate information

because the accuracy aspect also related to the readers understanding and affect to

readers expectation.

2. Acceptability

Acceptability covers the natural feeling of the text as an original of the

target reader. It deals with the target language system and culture. A translation

also has to be acceptable for the readers. In order to produce an acceptable

translation which sounds natural, a translator should apply appropriate techniques,

use appropriate expressions in the target language, and also adapt the culture with

target language. A translator is allowed to reconstruct, adapt or rewrite what is

stated in source text as long as the message is still the same.


commit to user

19

3. Readability

A translation is produced to be read by the target reader. Readability deals

with how natural and easy a translation can be read by the target readers. Nababan

(1999: 61) states that readability is important in translation because translation

cannot be separated from reading activity. Therefore, a translator should consider

this aspect in translating a text. Readability influences the readers’ understanding

of the content of a translation.

There are four main factors that influence the readability of a text. The

first factor is the diction used in a text which is included the use of new words,

foreign words and ambiguous words. The second factor is related to sentences

which a translator writes. This factor includes the use of foreign sentences,

ambiguous sentences and incomplete sentences, the length of the sentences and

the complexity of the sentences. The next factor is how the translator arranges the

idea of his or her translation. The last factor includes other factors that have been

mentioned. They are the content of a text, the appearance of a text and the ability

of both the translator and the reader (Nababan, 1999: 64-78).


commit to user

20

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Research Type and Design

In the research, the researcher uses a descriptive qualitative method. It

means that the researcher only collected, classified, and analyzed the data and

then drew conclusion according to the analysis without making generalization.

Sutopo explains about descriptive qualitative research by saying that “Penelitian

kualitatif melibatkan kegiatan ontologis. Data yang dikumpulkan berupa kata-

kata, kalimat atau gambar yang memiliki arti lebih daripada sekedar angka atau

frekuensi.” (2002:35). According to the explanation, it can be seen that the data

are collected in the form of words or sentences.

This research only focused on certain characteristics of the data that was

the analysis of translation techniques and translation quality of the Flight

Attendant Manual. In this case, it can be seen that the researcher also employed a

single-embedded case study. Sutopo adds an explanation about single-embedded

case study by saying that “Suatu penelitian disebut sebagai studi kasus tunggal,

bilamana penelitian tersebut terarah pada satu karakteristik.” (2002:112).

B. Data and Source of Data

Source of data is a subject that is used in the research to obtain the data.

Afterwards, the data are analyzed in order to draw conclusion. The language units

20


commit to user

21

in this research are texts. As stated by Sutopo (2002:50-54) that source of the data

in qualitative research can be informant, event, place, and document, the

researcher uses various sources of data in this research. The sources of the data in

this research are these below:

1. Document

In this research, the researcher uses documents as a written source of data.

Documents contain notes and records that are related to the problems of the

research. The documents used in this research as source of data are the Flight

Attendant Manual. From the Flight Attendant Manual, then the researcher collects

the data. The data are the emergency announcements.

2. Informants

In this research, the researcher involves informants in order to assess the

quality of translation product. The informants consist of three raters and three

respondents who have an important role in providing data about translation

qualities; in terms of accuracy, acceptability, and readability.

The researcher involves three raters in this research. The three raters are

asked to assess the accuracy and acceptability of the translation. In this case, they

must be people who experts in translation because they have an important role in

determining the equivalence between source language and target language.

Dealing with this, Sutopo states, “Dalam penelitian kualitatif posisi sumber data

manusia (nara sumber) sangat penting perannya sebagai individu yang memiliki

informasi.” (2002:50). It can be seen that the researcher and the raters have the

same role in determining the source text and target text.

The raters used in this research were those who meet the criteria as follow:


commit to user

22

Mastering both languages, English and Indonesian.

Having knowledge of translation.

Having practical experiences in translation.

Understanding the announcements in aviation.

Willing to participate in this research.

In this research, the researcher also uses three respondents. Unlike raters,

the respondents are the people who do not have access to the source text. The

respondents have a role in determining the quality of the translation product in

terms of readability. The respondents used in this research were people who have

an experience in travelling by using plane, mastering Indonesian language and

willing to take part in this research.

C. Sampling Technique

In this research, the researcher used purposive sampling technique. The

researcher has a consideration in sampling the source of data. The researcher

selects the source of data that could give the information about the problems of

the research. The other consideration in sampling the source of data is that

because the researcher only chooses the most influential and important source of

data. In this case, the researcher only chooses source of data which is about the

emergency announcement in Flight Attendant Manual because this announcement

is more important and influential compared to the other announcement in Flight

Attendant Manual since the emergency announcement is dealing with life and

death. Sutopo states “Tehnik cuplikannya cenderung bersifat “purposive” karena


commit to user

23

dipandang lebih mampu menangkap kelengkapan dan kedalaman data di dalam

menghadapai realitas yang tidak tunggal.” (2002:36). In purposive sampling

technique, the researcher also tends to choose informants who have experience

with the central phenomenon and knows the information about the problems

deeply. The informants must also be reliable as the valid source of data.

D. Method of Data Collection

In collecting the data, the researcher applied two methods. The methods

were content analysis and questionnaire. Content analysis helped the researcher

findings the translation techniques. The researcher analyzed the translation

techniques used in the Flight Attendant Manual and then gave numbers for each

datum. The researcher classified all of the translation techniques and finally drew

conclusions.

The other method used in this research is questionnaire. In this method, the

researcher obtained the data of translation qualities. The informants were given

questionnaire about the accuracy, acceptability, and readability of the translation,

and then they may give comments on the translation. The level of translation

which is being checked was in the context of macro-unit or text because the

objects of the research are plentiful. The informants would not need longer time to

assess the quality of the translation if they had to assess the object of the research

in the level of text. It can be seen that assessing translation qualities in the level of

macro-unit or text is more effective because it consumes less time. In this method,

the informants were required to complete the questionnaire in order to rate the


commit to user

24

acceptability, accuracy, and readability of the translation based on the scales

determined by the researcher. The following scales are the scoring scales of the

quality assessment.

Table 1: Scale for Scoring Accuracy

(Adapted from Nababan, 2010)

Scale Definition Description

3 Accurate The meaning of words, phrases, clauses, or sentences

in the source text is conveyed accurately in the target

text. There are no distortions in meaning.

2 Less Accurate The meaning of words, phrases, clauses, or sentences

in the source text is mostly conveyed accurately in the

target text. However, there are still distortions in

meaning (ambiguity or deletion that distracts the

meaning).

1 Inaccurate The meaning of words, phrases, clauses, or sentences

in the source text is not conveyed accurately in the

target text.

Table 2: Scale for Scoring Acceptability

(Adapted from Nababan, 2010)


3 Acceptable The translation sounds natural; the words, phrases,

clauses, and sentences of the source text are

appropriate with the target language’s principles.

2 Less Acceptable The translation sounds natural; but there are still

problems with the dictions or grammar.

1 Not Acceptable The translation sounds unnatural; the words, phrases,

clauses, and sentences used are inappropriate with the

target language’s principles.

Table 3: Scale for Scoring Readability

(Nababan, 2010)


3 Readable The translation is very easy to understand.

2 Less Readable The translation is quite easy to understand; the

readers need to read some parts more than once in

order to understand the translation.

1 Not Readable The translation is difficult to understand.


commit to user

25

After gathering data from the informants, the researcher calculated the

results and categorized it into three types for each criterion. The categories of

translation quality are composed as follows:

1. Accuracy

Category A = accurate (with mean score 2,66 - 3,0)

Category B = less accurate (with range mean score 1,34 – 2,65)

Category C = inaccurate (with mean score 1,0 – 1,33)

2. Acceptability

Category A = acceptable (with mean score 2,66 - 3,0)

Category B = less acceptable (with range mean score 1,34 – 2,65)

Category C = not acceptable (with mean score 1,0 – 1,33)

3. Readability

Category A = readable (with mean score 2,66 - 3,0)

Category B = less readable (with range mean score 1,34 – 2,65)

Category C = not readable (with mean score 1,0 – 1,33)

E. Technique of Data Analysis

The obtained data were analyzed as follows:

1) First, the researcher observed the Flight Attendant manual text both

written in source language and target language. Then, the researcher

analyzed the translation techniques used by the translator in translating the


commit to user

26

Flight Attendant manual. After the analysis was done, the researcher made

classification based on translation techniques.

2) Second, the collected data were observed and compared between the

original messages with the translation version. Then, the researcher asked

the informants to analyze the quality of the translation in terms of

accuracy, readability, and acceptability. After the analysis was

accomplished, the researcher made classification based on the quality

assessment of the translation.

3) After the researcher had finished analyzing all the data, the next step was

counting the percentage of each classification.

4) Finally, the researcher drew the conclusion of the results of the analysis.

Before the researcher made a conclusion based on what have been found

in analyzing the data, the researcher asked the thesis advisor to check the

conclusion which has been made.

F. Research Procedures

This research was conducted in the following procedures below:

1) Determining the manual text wanted to be analyzed.

2) Reading the manual text that has been decided and its translation.

3) Collecting the data from the Flight Attendant Manual.

4) Numbering the data obtained from the Flight Attendant Manual. The code

of the data is composed as follows:

01/ODAB/T01/ST6.1/TT6.2


commit to user

27

01 : data number 1

ODAB : Operation Directorate Announcement Book (The name of

the book from which the data are taken.)

T01 : text number (announcement text number 1)

ST6.1 : the text is taken from the source text, page 6.1

TT6.2 : the text is taken from the target text, page 6.2

5) Distributing the questionnaire to the informants in order to assess the

quality of translation in terms of accuracy, acceptability, and readability.

6) Analyzing the translation techniques which occurred in the translation of

the manual text.

7) Classifying the results of the data analysis into some classifications. The

data was calculated in order to get the percentage and then the results were

put in tables.

8) Drawing conclusion in order to find the answer of the problem statements

based on the analyzed data and providing the suggestions.


commit to user

28

CHAPTER IV

RESEARCH FINDINGS

A. Introduction

This research is conducted to analyze the translation quality and

translation techniques of Flight Attendant Manual. This chapter consists of three

main parts. The first part is introduction, which provides description of what

would be analyzed. The second one is analysis, which provides the analysis of

both translation techniques applied by the translator and the quality of the

translation in terms of accuracy, acceptability, and readability. The last part is

discussion, which discusses about the impact of translation techniques toward the

quality of translation. Based on the problem statements in chapter I, there are two

questions that this research attempts to answer.

1. What translation techniques are used by the translator to translate the

Flight Attendant Manual?

2. How is the impact of the translation techniques applied by the translator

toward the translation quality of the Flight Attendant Manual in terms of

accuracy, acceptability, and readability?

First, the analysis deals with the techniques used by the translator in

translating the Flight Attendant Manual. Then, the last analysis will be about the

quality of the translation in terms of accuracy, acceptability, and readability. The

quality of translation will describe the data finding based on the questionnaires

distributed to informants.

28


commit to user

29

B. Analysis

1. Translation Techniques

In transferring the message of a text from source language into target

language, a translator needs some translation techniques in order to produce a

good quality of translation. In this research, the researcher uses the theory of

translation technique stated by Nababan in his paper Teknik-Teknik Penerjemahan

Teks to analyze the data. The researcher decides to use this theory because the

researcher considers that the theory is very appropriate for analyzing the data

since the data are in the level of macro-unit or text. After analyzing the data, the

researcher finds nine translation techniques used by the translator in translating

the source text. They are addition, deletion, borrowing, established equivalence,

literal translation, reduction, modulation, amplification and transposition or

category shift (Catford’s term). In this analysis, one datum could use one or more

translation techniques.

1.1. Addition

Addition is used by a translator in order to make the translation clear

by adding some information. This technique becomes one of translator efforts in

making the text of translation look naturally and understand easily by the target

readers. The data numbers of this technique are in the table below:


commit to user

30

Table 4: Addition Technique

Technique Data numbers Total

Addition

01/ODAB/EMGC/T01/ST6.1/TT6.1

19



















The examples of addition technique are as follows:

Example 1: 01/ODAB/EMGC/T01/ST6.1/TT6.1

ST: Diversion

TT: Pengalihan Penerbangan

From the example above, it can be seen that there is an addition in the

target text. It is Penerbangan. The translator adds Penerbangan to make the

translation clear. If the translator does not add this word, it will be confusing for

the target readers because they do not know what is being diverted.


ST: Everything is under control and we kindly request you to remain calm.


commit to user

31

TT: Segala sesuatu dalam keadaan aman dan terkendali, kami mohon anda

untuk tetap tenang.

This example shows that the word aman in the target text was added

by the translator in order to emphasize that the condition is already safe and

nothing to be worried. This addition information also has a purpose to help the

flight attendant as the target reader to make the passengers stay calm and not

getting panic although the situation is in emergency.


ST: This is quite normal and harmless; the fog will disappear in a shortwhile.

TT: Keadaan ini normal dan tidak berbahaya, dalam beberapa saat lagi kabut

tsb akan hilang dengan sendirinya.

Based on the example above, it can be analyzed that the translator adds

dengan sendirinya in order to make the target readers easy to understand that the

passengers do not have to be worried or do something to make the fog disappear

because it will automatically disappear by itself. This additional information has a

purpose to minimize questions about the fog that might be come both from the

flight attendant as the target reader and the passengers as the listener.


commit to user

32

1.2. Deletion

In translating text, translators are allowed to delete some words in

order to make the translation obvious. If the meaning conveyed in the source text

is not very crucial and confuse the reader, translators can delete it as long as the

message is still accurate. The data numbers of this technique are in the table

below:

Table 5: Deletion Technique


Deletion


6






The examples of deletion technique are as follows:






From the example above, it can be seen that the translator does not

translate the words conditioning system in the target text. In this case, the

translator deletes the words conditioning system because these words are quite

difficult to understand by the reader. Although the translator deletes the words

conditioning system, the content of text 4 is still transferred quite clear.


commit to user

33


ST: If you need any assistance please do not hesitate to call our flight

attendant.

TT: Bagi penumpang yang membutuhkan bantuan silahkan menghubungi

awak kabin.

The datum above uses deletion technique since there are some words

that are deleted from the source text. The translator deletes the words do not

hesitate that can be translated into jangan ragu-ragu. However, the deletion of the

words do not hesitate does not make the message of the source text becomes

incomplete. The words do not hesitate are not too influential for the readers

because the keywords of the information are call our flight attendant. The words

do not hesitate only give such explanation that the passengers are allowed to call

the flight attendant directly when they need any assistance.


ST: To improve your safety during evacuation, we kindly request you to stay

calm and not to panic. In the meantime, please follow closely instructions

given by your flight attendant.

TT: Demi keselamatan anda dan penumpang-penumpang lain, kami harap

anda tetap tenang dan tidak panik serta ikutilah petunjuk-petunjuk

keselamatan yang diberikan oleh awak kabin.


commit to user

34

The datum above shows that the translator uses deletion technique.

The decision of the translator in deleting the words during evacuation is not

appropriate. The words during evacuation are influential to the message of the

text because it contains message that shows the condition when the passengers

have to follow the instruction. The deletion of the words during evacuation makes

the translation becomes less accurate. It will be much better if the translator

translates the words during evacuation to the target text to clarify the target

readers that the instructions should be followed by the passengers during

evacuation.

1.3. Borrowing

Borrowing is a technique used by the translator in translating a text if

there are no words that can define the source language. Borrowing can be pure

and naturalized. The data numbers of this technique can be seen in the table

below:

Table 6: Borrowing Technique


Borrowing


13














commit to user

35

The examples of borrowing technique are as follows:


ST: We have a very ill passenger onboard who needs emergency medical care,

therefore we have to divert our flight to …. the (International) airport of

…. to get immediate assistance.

TT: Karena adanya seorang penumpang yang sakit dan memerlukan

perawatan darurat, kami harus mengalihkan penerbangan ini ke bandar

udara (Internasional) …. di …. untuk mendapatkan pertolongan.

From the datum above, it can be seen that the translator uses

borrowing (naturalized) in order to find the equivalence of meaning between the

text in source language and target language. In the datum above, the word

International is absorbed into Indonesian as Internasional. The Indonesian

absorbs this word by changing the middle consonant –t- into –s-.






The datum above shows that the translator uses borrowing

(naturalized) technique. The word decompression is absorbed into Indonesian as


commit to user

36

dekompresi. The translator decides to borrow the term because the translator

cannot find the equivalence of meaning of the word.






The word cabin in the datum above also shows that the translator uses

borrowing (naturalized) technique. In Indonesian, there is no term that refers to

the word cabin. In order to solve this problem, the word cabin is absorbed into

Indonesian as kabin. The decision of the translator in applying this technique is

very appropriate because the word kabin is familiar for the people in aviation,

both the flight attendant and the passengers, so people can understand it very well.

1.4. Amplification

In this technique, the translator paraphrases implicit information in

source language. The data numbers of this technique can be seen in the table

below:

Table 7: Amplification Technique


Amplification 03/ODAB/EMGC/T01/ST6.1/TT6.1

2 08/ODAB/EMGC/T08/ST8.7/TT8.7


commit to user

37

The examples of amplification technique are as follows:


ST: Illness

TT: Penumpang Sakit Selama Penerbangan

The datum above shows that the translator applies amplification

technique. The word illness is being paraphrased into penumpang sakit selama

penerbangan. Actually, the meaning of illness is sakit but the translator tries to

see the implicit information from the word illness and then the translator

paraphrases it by considering the context (during the flight).


ST: At the moment, emergency equipments are being prepared near the

runway just in case we need them.

TT: Saat ini alat-alat darurat telah disiapkan di landasan untuk mencegah

segala kemungkinan.

In the datum above, the translator prefers to paraphrase the words just

in case we need them into untuk mencegah segala kemungkinan instead of hanya

jika kita membutuhkannya. It can be seen that the translator uses amplification

technique in order to make the target readers able to understand the information as

easy as possible without having some questions in their mind. The translator

paraphrases the implicit information without reducing the message of the source

text.


commit to user

38

1.5. Modulation

Modulation is a translation technique where the translator changes the

point of view, focus or cognitive category in relevance with the source language.

The data numbers of this technique are in the table below:

Table 8: Modulation Technique


Modulation




The examples of modulation technique are as follows:


ST: You are kindly requested to stay calm and seated with your seatbelt

fastened.

TT: Kami berharap anda tetap tenang dan duduk ditempat masing-masing

dengan mengenakan sabuk pengaman.

The datum above uses modulation technique since the translator

changes the focus or point of view between the source text and the target text. It

can be seen from the words You are kindly requested, the focus is you (the

passenger). Meanwhile, the translator translates and changes the focus or point of

view of the target text into Kami berharap anda. In the source text the focus is the

passenger, but the translator changes the focus of the target text into the flight

attendant. In the datum above, the translator changes the focus or point of view

without reducing the message of the source text. The translation is still accurate.


commit to user

39


ST: (Due to oxygen contamination in the cabin you are kindly requested not

to smoke until we have landed.)

TT: (Karena banyaknya oksigen di dalam kabin, kami harap anda jangan

merokok sampai pesawat ini mendarat nanti.)

The datum above also uses modulation technique. It is similar to the

datum number 08/ODAB/EMGC/T02/ST6.2/TT6.2. The translator changes the

focus of the text from you (the passenger) into kami (the flight attendant). The

translation is more acceptable and readable because the translator changes the

focus of the source text rather than translates it into anda diharap jangan

merokok. In other words, the decision of the translator in applying this technique

is very appropriate.

1.6. Established equivalence

Established equivalence is a technique of translation that uses familiar

terms or idiom. In this case, the terms or idiom are about aviation since the

object of the research is flight attendant manual. It means that most of the

data are using this technique because there are many terms or idiom that are

quite familiar for the people working in airlines or the passengers but it might

sound strange for common people, especially for those who never travel to

some places by using plane. The data numbers of this technique are in the

table below:


commit to user

40

Table 9: Established Equivalence Technique


Established

equivalence


36




































The examples of established equivalence technique are as follows:


ST: Ladies and Gentlemen,

TT: Penumpang kami yang terhormat,


commit to user

41

The datum above applies established equivalence technique. It can be

seen from the target text that the translator tends to translate idiom in the source

text into Penumpang kami yang terhormat because these words are commonly

used by the flight attendant when she wants to announce information to the

passengers in the plane.


ST: Please accept our apology for this inconvenience.

TT: Kami mohon maaf atas ketidaknyamanan ini.

From the datum above, it can be seen that the translator uses

established equivalence technique. The translator tends to translate the source text

into Kami mohon maaf atas ketidaknyamanan ini instead of Terimalah

permohonan maaf kami atas ketidanyamanan ini because the first version is

commonly used by the flight attendant in aviation. It has become such an idiom in

aviation. If the translator translates the source text into the second version, the

translation will not be acceptable for the passengers.


ST: We have a technical abnormality in our …. system, therefore we have to

take a precautionary preparation on landing.

TT: Karena kelainan tekhnis pada sistem …. pesawat ini, kita harus

mengambil langkah-langkah pencegahan pada waktu mendarat nanti.


commit to user

42

The datum above also uses established equivalence technique. It can

be seen from the target text that the translator tends to translate the words We have

a technical abnormality in our ...system into Karena kelainan tekhnis pada sistem

...pesawat ini. The translator does not translate those words literally into Kita

mengalami kelainan teknis pada system pesawat ini because this translation

version is not commonly used by the flight attendant on the plane. The flight

attendant usually uses the first translation version. It is more acceptable and

readable for the passengers on the plane.

1.7. Reduction

In this technique, the information in source text is partially omitted in

target text. The data numbers of this technique are in the table below:

Table 10: Reduction Technique


Reduction


17


















commit to user

43

The examples of reduction technique are as follows:








The datum above shows that the translator uses reduction technique. It

can be seen from the word very in the source text. This word is actually explaining

the words ill passenger. The complete information is a very ill passenger, but the

translator reduces the information by omitting very. It means that the translator

deletes the information partially.


ST: This is quite normal and harmless; the fog will disappear in a shortwhile.

TT: Keadaan ini normal dan tidak berbahaya, dalam beberapa saat lagi kabut

tsb akan hilang dengan sendirinya.

In the datum above, the word quite is omitted by the translator. In this

case, the translator does not delete the whole information because the word quite

is only explaining the word normal. It means that the translator only reduces the

information by omitting the word quite.


commit to user

44








It can be seen from the datum above that the translator uses reduction

technique. The word kindly in the source text is omitted in the target text. In this

case, the translator does not delete the whole information because the word kindly

is explaining the word request, so the translator is only omitting the information

partially.

1.8. Transposition

Transposition is a translation technique involving a change in the

grammar from source language into target language. As stated in chapter II, the

researcher only emphasizes on transposition which is explained by Catford (cited

in Venutti, 2002:143) since the discussion of transposition theory are very wide.

Catford calls this technique as category shift. It includes class shift (shift of word

classes), unit or rank shift (shift of units), and intra system shift (shifting from

singular to plural and vice versa). The researcher does not include structural shift,

which is actually also one type of category shift, because the difference of


commit to user

45

language structures between English and Indonesian would automatically cause

structural adjustments in translation. In this analysis, the researcher finds that the

translator also uses this technique in order to make a qualified translation. The

data numbers of this technique can be seen as follows:

Table 11: Transposition Technique

Technique Types Data numbers Total

Transposition

or

Category

Shift

Intra system shift


6






Class shift




Rank shift


13













Total data 22


commit to user

46

The examples of intra system shift are as follows:


ST: Meanwhile please avoid touching or lifting anything until this aircraft has

been completely inspected by security officers.

TT: Sementara itu kami mohon anda tidak menyentuh atau mengangkat

barang apapun sampai pesawat ini selesai diperiksa oleh petugas

keamanan.


ST: We shall be landing in …. minute(s).

TT: Kita akan mendarat kira-kira dalam waktu …. menit.

In the two examples above, it can be seen that the translator uses intra

system shift. The translator changes the plural forms into the singular forms. In

the first example, the word officers (plural) is translated into petugas (singular). It

also happens in the second example. The word minute(s) (plural) is rendered into

menit (singular).


ST: We have a technical abnormality in our …. system, therefore we have to

take a precautionary preparation on landing.

TT: Karena kelainan tekhnis pada sistem …. pesawat ini, kita harus

mengambil langkah-langkah pencegahan pada waktu mendarat nanti.


commit to user

47

In the third example, it can be seen that the translator also applies intra

system shift. The words a precautionary preparation in the source text are

singular, but the translator decides to translate those words into langkah-langkah

pencegahan. The words langkah-langkah pencegahan in the target text are plural.

In this case, the translator transposes some words in the source text from singular

into plural while in the first and second examples the translator transposes from

plural into singular.

The examples of class shift are as follows:


ST: Emergency Descent

TT: Menurunkan Ketinggian Secara Darurat


ST: Our flight attendant would be very happy to serve your needs.

TT: Awak kabin akan senang hati membantu apabila anda memerlukan

bantuan.

In the two examples above, it can be seen that the translator changes

the word class from noun into verb. In the first example, the word descent (noun)

is translated into menurunkan (verb). It also happens in the second example. The

word needs (noun) is rendered into memerlukan (verb). In the two examples, the

translator shifts the words in source text from noun into verb.


commit to user

48


ST: We have just been informed that an explosive may have been placed on

this aircraft.

TT: Baru saja kami mendapat informasi bahwa kemungkinan didalam

pesawat ini telah dipasang bahan peledak.

In the third example, the word informed in the source text is a verb.

The translator tends to translate this word into informasi (noun) rather than

translate it into diinformasikan (verb). It can be seen that the translator decides to

choose the word informasi (noun) because the translator wants to make the

translation more readable. The decision of the translator in applying this technique

is very appropriate. In this datum, the translator shifts the word in source text from

verb into noun.

The examples of rank or unit shift are as follows:


ST: Illness

TT: Penumpang Sakit Selama Penerbangan


ST: We apologize for this inconvenience.

TT: Kami mohon maaf atas kejadian yang tidak menyenangkan ini.


commit to user

49

In the datum number 03/ODAB/EMGC/T01/ST6.1/TT6.1, the word

Illness is translated by the translator into a phrase Penumpang Sakit Selama

Penerbangan. The word Illness in the source text is a noun. In the target text, it

can be seen that the translator shifts the word Illness into noun phrase. In the

datum number 16/ODAB/EMGC/T02/ST6.2/TT6.2, the translator also transposes

word into phrase. The word inconvenience in the source text is a noun. In the

target text, the translator shifts the word inconvenience (noun) into kejadian yang

tidak menyenangkan (noun phrase). From the two examples, it can be seen that

the translator applies this technique in order to make an accurate, readable, and

acceptable translation. The researcher considers that the decision of the translator

in applying this technique is very precise. In the two examples, it can be seen that

the translator applies rank or unit shift from word into phrase.


ST: We regret to announce that due to technical malfunction in our …. system,

we are forced to make an emergency landing on (the runway/land/water).

TT: Dengan sangat menyesal kami beritahukan bahwa karena adanya

kerusakan tekhnis pada sistem …. pesawat ini, kita terpaksa melakukan

pendaratan darurat di (landasan/daratan/air).

The datum above shows that the words are forced belongs to a verb

phrase and it is translated by the translator into the word terpaksa. In this case, the

translator transposes the words are forced (verb phrase) into terpaksa (verb). In


commit to user

50

this example, the researcher finds that the translator applies unit shift from phrase

into word.


ST: Now everything is under control and we request you to stay calm and

remain seated then follow the instruction from our flight attendant.

TT: Pada saat ini keadaan sudah dapat dikendalikan. Kami mohon kepada

anda untuk tetap tenang dan tetap duduk serta mengikuti arahan awak

kabin kami.

The datum above also shows that the translator applies rank or unit

shift. It can be seen that the source text is a compound sentence which contains

two independent clauses joined by a coordinator “and”. The first clause is the

words Now everything is under control. The second clause is the words we

request you to stay calm and remain seated then follow the instruction from our

flight attendant. In the target text, the translator shifts the compound sentence in

the source text into two simple sentences. A simple sentence, also called as

independent clause, contains a subject and a verb, and it also expresses a complete

thought. The first simple sentence is Pada saat ini keadaan sudah dapat

dikendalikan. The second simple sentence is Kami mohon kepada anda untuk

tetap tenang dan tetap duduk serta mengikuti arahan awak kabin kami. Although

the second sentence in the target text contains a compound verb, it is considered

as a simple sentence because it expresses a complete thought. In this example, the


commit to user

51

researcher finds that the translator uses rank shift from compound sentence into

simple sentence.








In the datum above, the source text consists of two simple sentences,

but in the target text the translator transposes those two simple sentences into a

compound sentence. In this case, the translator applies rank shift from simple

sentence into compound sentence.

1.9. Literal Translation

In this technique, the translator translates the source language word by

word. This technique is similar to calque. In literal translation, one word in the

source text is not always translated into one word in the target text. The data

numbers of this technique can be seen as follows:


commit to user

52

Table 12: Literal Translation Technique


Literal

Translation


7







The examples of literal translation technique are as follows:


ST: We shall be landing in …. minute(s)/hour(s).

TT: Kita akan mendarat dalam waktu …. menit/jam.


ST: We apologize for this inconvenience.

TT: Kami mohon maaf atas kejadian yang tidak menyenangkan ini.

It can be seen from the two examples above that the translator also uses literal

translation technique in translating the Flight Attendant Manual. In the first

example, the word We shall be landing in is literally translated into Kita akan

mendarat dalam waktu. In the second example, the translator translates the words

We apologize for this inconvenience literally into Kami mohon maaf atas kejadian

yang tidak menyenangkan ini.

Based on all of the analysis above, the researcher draws the percentage of the

translation techniques used in the Flight Attendant Manual. The amounts of each

translation technique are presented in the following table:


commit to user

53

Table 13: Translation Techniques

No Techniques Amounts Percentage

1 Addition 19 15,2%

2 Deletion 6 4,8%

3 Borrowing 13 10,4%

4 Amplification 2 1,6%

5 Modulation 3 2,4%

6 Established equivalence 36 28,8%

7 Reduction 17 13,6%

8 Transposition 22 17,6%

9 Literal Translation 7 5,6%

Total 125 100%

2. Translation Quality

A good translation has to transfer the message from source language to

target language very well. In order to produce a qualified translation, a translator

has to pay attention to the translation quality assessment. Translation quality

assessment is very important for translation product because the translator can see

whether the product is qualified or not.

In this research, the researcher asked three raters and three respondents

to assess translation quality of the Flight Attendant Manual. All of the informants

were asked to assess the translation quality in the level of text. In assessing the

translation quality, the raters were given questionnaire about the accuracy and

acceptability. Meanwhile, the respondents were given questionnaire about the

readability. After that, the researcher made the calculation of the mean score given

by the raters and respondents in a table. After making the statistical calculation of

the data, then the data were classified into three categories based on its average

scores.


commit to user

54

2.1. Accuracy

According to the results of the translation quality assessment, the

researcher finds that the translator makes 4 accurate translations (50%) and 4 less

accurate translations (50%). The researcher does not find any inaccurate

translations because the data are in the level of macro-unit or text. The table

below shows the result of accuracy assessment, and then the examples of each

category will be followed.

Table 14: The Result of Accuracy Assessment

Accuracy

Text Rater 1 (R1) Rater 2 (R2) Rater 3 (R3) Mean Category

1 2 3 2 2,33 Less accurate

2 3 3 3 3 Accurate

3 2 3 3 2,67 Accurate

4 2 2 2 2 Less accurate


6 3 3 3 3 Accurate


8 2 3 3 2,67 Accurate

Mean 2,54 Less Accurate

2.1.1. Accurate Translation

In this category, all data taken are accurate. Accurate translation means

that the messages in the source text are transferred well in the target text. It also

means that there are no distortions of meaning in the translation. The mean score

of the data for accurate translation is 2,66 – 3. The following are several data

which belong to this category:


commit to user

55

Example 1:

ST: Explosive/Bomb threat

TT: Bahan peledak/ ancaman bom saat penerbangan

The datum above is taken from text 2. All of the raters gave score 3 for

the accuracy aspect in text 2. The raters considered that the messages in the source

text are translated accurately in the target text and there are no distortions of

meaning in text 2. All of the raters also said that the addition of the word saat

penerbangan in the target text is accurate because it does not change the content

of the messages. In this case, the researcher also considered the datum taken from

text 2 as accurate. The decision of the translator in adding the word saat

penerbangan is very appropriate.

Example 2:





Although R2 and R3 gave score 3 in text 3, R1 gave score 2 because

R1 found an inappropriate translation in text 3. R1 assumed that the word tekanan

in the target text should not need to be added because it is unnecessary and it

confuses the reader. R1 suggested that it should be translated into pada kabin

pesawat ini without adding the word tekanan. In this case, the researcher still


commit to user

56

considered text 3 as accurate because the addition of the word tekanan in the

target text is only clarifying the word dekompresion which means penurunan

tekanan and it does not affect the clarity of the text.

Example 3:

ST: At the moment, emergency equipments are being prepared near the

runway just in case we need them.

TT: Saat ini alat-alat darurat telah disiapkan di landasan untuk mencegah

segala kemungkinan.

The same case is also found in text 8. Text 8 is categorized as accurate

translation although R1 considered it as less accurate. R1 criticized the way the

translator translates the words just in case we need them. R1 stated that the

translations of those words are not accurate. There are distortions of meaning in

the example above. R2 also criticized the way the translator translates the example

above. R2 suggested that the translator should translate the source text above into

Saat ini alat-alat darurat telah disiapkan di landasan kalau-kalau kita

membutuhkannya. Nevertheless, R2 still gave score 3 because R2 found that the

completeness of the messages in text 8 are still conveyed well. R3 also considered

text 8 as accurate translations because R3 did not find any distortion of meaning

in text 8. The researcher also considered text 8 as accurate because the researcher

did not find any distortion meaning.


commit to user

57

2.1.2. Less Accurate Translation

The data included to this category are the data which have some

distortions in meaning that affect the completeness of the whole message. The

mean score of the data for less accurate translation is 1,34 – 2,65. The following

are several data which belong to this category:

Example 1:







The datum above is taken from text 1. In text 1, R2 considered this text

as accurate translation since the whole message is still conveyed accurately.

However, R1 and R3 considered text 1 as less accurate translation because R1 and

R3 found some problems related to the accuracy aspect. It can be seen from the

example above that the word immediate is not translated into the target text. In

this case, R1 and R3 stated that the message in the source text is not conveyed

well. R1 and R3 suggested that the translation will be more accurate if the

translator translates the source text into untuk mendapatkan pertolongan pertama

instead of untuk mendapatkan pertolongan.

R1 and R3 also found another word in text 1 which has distortion in

meaning. The source text is We apologize for this inconvenience. The translator


commit to user

58

translates this sentence into Kami mohon maaf atas kejadian ini. In this case, R1

and R3 criticized the way the translator translates the word inconvenience. R1 and

R3 suggested the translator to translate this word into ketidaknyaman instead of

kejadian. In this case, the researcher had the same view with R1 and R3. The

researcher also considered text 1 as less accurate because the message in the

source text is not conveyed well.

Example 2:





In assessing the accuracy aspect, the three raters gave score 2 to the

text 4. The three raters found some data which is not translated in the target text.

From the example above which is taken from text 4, it can be seen that the words

the cabin airconditioning in the source text are not translated in the target text. All

of the raters suggested the translator to translate the source text into Kalau saat ini

anda melihat banyak kabut di dalam kabin pesawat ini, hal ini disebabkan oleh

proses kondensasi udara pada AC di kabin. In this case, the three raters assumed

that the decision of the translator in deleting the words the cabin airconditioning

is inappropriate because it affect the completeness of the message.


commit to user

59

2.2. Acceptability

Based on the results of the translation quality assessment, the

researcher finds that the translator produces 4 acceptable translations (50%) and 4

less acceptable translations (50%). In assessing the acceptability aspect, the

researcher tends to focus on the use of language, especially choice of word. The

information in Flight Attendant Manual is intended for the passengers on the

plane. It means that the translator should pay attention to the choice of word in

order to produce an acceptable translation. If the translator makes some mistakes

in choosing the right word, the passengers will be difficult to accept the

information in the Flight Attendant Manual which is announced by the flight

attendant. The table below shows the result of acceptability assessment, and then

the examples of each category will be followed.

Table 15: The Result of Acceptability Assessment

Acceptability

Text Rater 1 (R1) Rater 2 (R2) Rater 3 (R3) Mean Category

1 2 3 3 2,67 Acceptable

2 2 2 3 2,33 Less acceptable



5 3 2 3 2,67 Acceptable

6 3 3 3 3 Acceptable


8 3 3 3 3 Acceptable

Mean 2,58 Less acceptable

2.2.1. Acceptable Translation

In this category, all data taken are acceptable. Acceptable translation

means that the target text sounds natural and it also precise with the principle of

the target language. The mean score of the data for acceptable translation is 2,66 –

3. The following are several data which belong to this category:


commit to user

60

Example 1:

ST: We just had a technical defect in our …. system, which is causing smoke

to enter the cabin.

TT: Baru saja kami mengalami sedikit gangguan pada sistem …. pesawat ini

yang menyebabkan adanya asap di dalam kabin.

In text 6, all of the raters considered it as acceptable translation

because the translation sounds natural and appropriate with the target language’s

principle. In this case, R2 stated that the way the translator chooses the words

gangguan asap and kabin as the translation of abnormal smoke and cabin is very

appropriate. These words are commonly used in airline. R1 and R3 also assumed

that the choice of words in text 6 is very precise.

Example 2:

ST: We shall be landing in …. minute(s)/hour(s).

TT: Kita akan mendarat dalam waktu …. menit/jam.

Although R2 and R3 gave score 3 to text 1, R1 considered it as less

acceptable because R1 found some problems in assessing acceptability aspect of

text1. R1 stated that the words Kita akan mendarat dalam waktu ....menit/jam in

text 1 sounds unnatural because the translator still maintains the structure of the

source language. R1 suggested that those words are translated into Kita akan

mendarat ... menit/jam lagi. However, the researcher assumed text 1 as acceptable

because the sentences are still appropriate with the target language’s principles.


commit to user

61

2.2.2. Less Acceptable Translation

In this category, the data are texts which sound unnatural and also the diction is

not appropriate. This category has mean score 1,34 – 2,65. The following are

several data which belong to this category:

Example 1:





In text 3, R2 gave score 3 while R1 and R3 considered it as less

acceptable. In this text, R1 and R3 found some data which have inappropriate

diction and also sound unnatural. It can be seen in the datum above that the

translator adds the word tekanan in the target text. In this case, R1 assumed that

this addition makes the translation becomes unnatural because the translator does

some repetition. R1 stated that the word dekompresi has the same meaning with

tekanan. It means that the addition of the word tekanan is unnecessary. R1

suggested the translator to delete the word tekanan in the target text because it

makes the text becomes unnatural. R3 also found another problem in text 3 that

deals with the diction. Therefore, text 3 is considered as less acceptable.

Example 2:

ST: (Due to oxygen contamination in the cabin you are kindly requested not

to smoke until we have landed.)


commit to user

62

TT: (Karena banyaknya oksigen di dalam kabin, kami harap anda jangan

merokok sampai pesawat ini mendarat nanti.)

In text 3, R3 criticized the way the translator translates the words not

to smoke. R3 stated that the translator chooses inappropriate words to represent

the target text. R3 suggested the translator to translate it into tidak merokok

instead of jangan merokok in order to make the translation more acceptable

because tidak merokok is more polite than jangan merokok. R3 assumed that the

translator should pay more attention to the diction.

2.3. Readability

Based on the data given by the respondents in assessing the readability aspects,

the researcher finds that the translator produces 4 readable translations (50%) and

4 less readable translations (50%). The table below shows the result of readability

assessment, and then the examples of each category will be followed.

Table 16: The Result of Readability Assessment

Readability

Text Respondent 1

(Rs1)

Respondent 2

(Rs2)

Respondent 3

(Rs3)

Mean Category

1 2 3 3 2,67 Readable

2 2 3 2 2,33 Less readable



5 3 3 3 3 Readable

6 3 3 3 3 Readable


8 3 3 3 3 Readable

Mean 2,54 Less readable


commit to user

63

2.3.1. Readable Translation

All of the data included in this category are readable. Readable

translation means that the content of the text can be understood easily by the

respondents. In this case, the respondents do not have to read the text more than

once in order to get the content of the text. The mean score for readable

translation is 2,66 – 3. The following are several data which belong to this

category:

Example 1:

ST: The defect has been isolated and the smoke will disappear in shortwhile.

TT: Gangguan tersebut sudah dapat kami atasi dan asap tersebut akan hilang

dengan sendirinya beberapa saat lagi.

The datum above is taken from text 6. In this text, the three

respondents considered the text as readable. They stated that they can understand

the content of the text only by reading it once. It can be seen from the example

that the sentence in text 6 is simple and the terms are also familiar. The

respondents also added that this text is communicative.

In this category, text 5 and text 8 also get score 3 from all of the

respondents. In this case, the three respondents gave score 3 since text 5 and text 8

are also simple and communicative. They stated that they can understand the

content of text 5 and text 8 only by reading it once.


commit to user

64

Example 2:







The datum above is taken from text 1 which is also categorized as

readable translation. In this text, Rs2 and Rs3 gave score 3 while Rs1 considered

this text as less readable. In the datum above, Rs1 stated that this datum is

confusing. The sentence is not simple and Rs1 has to read this sentence more than

once in order to understand the meaning. Rs1 also added that this sentence makes

Rs1 becomes difficult to understand the content of text 1. However, the researcher

considered text 1 as readable because the text is easy to understand.

2.3.2. Less Readable Translation

The data in this category are considered as less readable translation

since the respondents had to read it more than once to understand the content. The

mean score of for less readable translation is 1,34 – 2,65. The following are

several data which belong to this category:

Example 1:

ST: Therefore we have to immediately divert our flight to …. airport where

every precaution has been taken.


commit to user

65

TT: Oleh karena itu kami harus segera mengalihkan penerbangan ini

kebanddar udara terdekat yaitu …. dimana segala kemungkinan telah

dipersiapkan.

The datum above is taken from text 2. In this text, Rs2 assumed that

the text is readable and Rs2 can understand the content of the text only by reading

it once. On the other hand, Rs1 and Rs3 considered text 2 as less readable. They

had the same idea about the datum above. In the datum above, Rs1 and Rs3 stated

that they have to read the sentence twice in order to get the meaning. They also

added that the sentence is confusing, especially at the words dimana segala

kemungkinan telah dipersiapkan. They found difficulty to the understand it. In

this case, the researcher also found difficulty in understanding text 2. Therefore,

the researcher considered this text as less readable.

Example 2:





In text 3, Rs2 and Rs3 stated that the text is less readable translation

since they had to read the text twice in order to understand the content. On the

other hand, Rs1 considered text 3 as not readable since Rs1 had to read the text

many times in order to get the content of the text. In this case, Rs1 found some


commit to user

66

problems dealing with specific terms and also the use of language. Rs1 also added

that the sentences used in text 3 are not simple and confusing. There are some

terms which sound unfamiliar. It can be seen in the datum above that the word

dekompresi is a specific term. As explained in the previous chapter, the Flight

Attendant Manual is intended for the passengers who come from various

educational backgrounds. It means that the information should not contain some

specific terms which is not familiar for the passengers. In this case, Rs1 suggested

that the word dekompresi should be changed or added by some explanation.

C. Discussion

In the discussion, the researcher wants to show the impact of the

translation techniques applied by the translator toward the translation quality of

the Flight Attendant Manual. In this case, the decision of the translator in applying

the translation techniques affects the accuracy, acceptability, and readability of the

translation. Based on the analysis of translation techniques and quality, the

researcher finds which techniques are appropriate for translating Flight Attendant

Manual and also which texts are having highest quality and lowest quality in

terms of accuracy, acceptability, and readability. The following table shows the

impact of the translation techniques toward the translation quality of the Flight

Attendant Manual.


commit to user

67

Table 17: The Impact of Translation Techniques toward the Translation Quality

Text/Code Techniques Quality

Accuracy Acceptability Readability

Text 1

01/ODAB/EMGC/T01/ST6.1/TT6.1 –


Addition (1)

Borrowing (1)

Amplification (1)

Established equivalence (3)

Reduction (4)

Transposition (3)

Literal Translation (2)

2,33 2,67 2,67

Text 2



Addition (3)

Modulation (1)


Reduction (1)

Transposition (5)


3 2,33 2,33

Text 3



Addition (2)

Borrowing (5)

Modulation (1)


Reduction (5)

Transposition (6)

2,67 2,33 1,67


commit to user

68

Text 4



Addition (2)

Deletion (2)

Borrowing (2)

Modulation (1)


Reduction (1)

Transposition (1)


2 2,33 2,33

Text 5



Addition (1)

Deletion (2)

Borrowing (1)


Reduction (3)

Transposition (3)

2,33 2,67 3

Text 6



Addition (3)

Deletion (1)

Borrowing (2)



3 3 3


commit to user

69

Text 7



Addition (4)

Deletion (1)

Borrowing (1)


Reduction (3)

Transposition (3)


2,33 2,33 2,33

Text 8



Addition (3)

Borrowing (1)

Amplification (1)


Transposition (1)


2,67 3 3

Mean 2,54 2,58 2,54


commit to user

70

Based on the table above, it can be seen that the translator uses 9

translation techniques. The translation techniques used by the translator are: (1)

addition (2) deletion (3) borrowing (4) amplification (5) modulation (6)

established equivalence (7) reduction (8) transposition (9) literal translation. The

translation techniques applied by the translator in each text affect the quality of

the translation in terms of accuracy, acceptability, and readability. It can be seen

from the mean score of the accuracy, acceptability, and readability in the table

above that the translator produces less accurate, less acceptable, and less readable

translation. It means that most of the texts translated by the translator use

inappropriate techniques because it decreases the quality of the translation in

terms of accuracy, acceptability, and readability.

Based on the analysis of translation techniques and translation quality,

the researcher finds that text 6 has the highest quality in terms of accuracy,

acceptability, and readability. It can be seen from the table above that text 6 gets

score 3 in accuracy, acceptability, and readability. The techniques used in text 6

are addition, deletion, borrowing, and established equivalence. In this case, the

translator has done a very well translation. The techniques applied by the

translator in text 6 are very appropriate and also produce a high quality of

translation.

Example:

ST: The defect has been isolated and the smoke will disappear in shortwhile.

TT: Gangguan tersebut sudah dapat kami atasi dan asap tersebut akan hilang

dengan sendirinya beberapa saat lagi.


commit to user

71

The datum above is taken from text 6. In the datum, it can be seen that

the translator applies addition technique. The way the translator uses this

technique is very appropriate. The translator makes the information become more

obvious by adding the words dengan sendirinya although the source text does not

explain it. In this case, the researcher assumes that the translation technique

applied by the translator increases the accuracy, acceptability, and readability of

the text. The researcher also adds that the application of addition technique makes

the text becomes more communicative.

Based on the analysis of translation techniques and translation quality,

the researcher also finds that text 4 has the lowest quality compared to the other

texts. This text is less accurate, less acceptable and less readable. In text 4, the

translator applies 7 translation techniques. They are addition, deletion, borrowing,

modulation, established equivalence, reduction, and transposition. Considering the

quality of the text which is assessed from the informants, the researcher assumes

that the translation techniques applied by the translator in text 4 are not

appropriate.

Example:





The example above is taken from text 4. Based on the analysis of

translation technique, the researcher criticizes the way the translator applying

deletion technique in the example above. From the example above, it can be seen


commit to user

72

that the words the cabin airconditioning in the source text are not translated in the

target text. Therefore, the researcher suggests the translator to translate the source

text into Kalau saat ini anda melihat banyak kabut di dalam kabin pesawat ini,

hal ini disebabkan oleh proses kondensasi udara pada AC di kabin. In this case,

the researcher assumes that the decision of the translator in deleting the words the

cabin airconditioning is inappropriate because it affect the completeness of the

message. In other words, the application of deletion technique in this text makes

the translation becomes less accurate, less acceptable, and less readable.

Based on the analysis of translation techniques, the most used

technique is established equivalence. This technique is mostly used by the

translator in translating the Flight Attendant Manual because there are particular

terms in the Flight Attendant Manual, for example: Ladies and Gentleman into

Penumpang kami yang terhormat. This technique is also used in translating some

terms which have established equivalence in the target language, for example:

Please accept our apology for this inconvenience into Kami mohon maaf atas

ketidaknyamanan ini. In this case, the researcher considered that the translator

uses this technique in order to produce a communicative translation which is

readable for the target readers. As stated in the previous chapter, the information

in the Flight Attendant Manual is intended to the passengers on the plane who

come from various backgrounds. Therefore, the translator also has to pay attention

to the choice of words in order to produce acceptable translation. The translator

has to use formal language but also less of specific terms which cannot be

accepted by the passengers. The use of inappropriate dictions would affect the

quality of the translation.


commit to user

73

The analysis of translation techniques and quality of translation shows

that the appropriate techniques in translating the Flight Attendant Manual are

addition and established equivalence. It can be seen that these translation

techniques give more positive contributions toward the quality of translation

comparing to the other techniques. These techniques mostly produce qualified

translation. Meanwhile, the techniques which give negative contribution or

produce low quality of translation in terms of accuracy, acceptability, and

readability are deletion and reduction. In this case, the researcher suggests the

translator to pay more attention to the target readers in translating texts in order to

produce a qualified translation because the target readers, the translation

techniques and the quality of translation are interrelated.


commit to user

74

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

A. Conclusions

Based on the analysis of translation techniques and translation quality

of the Flight Attendant Manual, the researcher draws conclusions as follows:

1. There are 9 translation techniques used by the translator in translating the

Flight Attendant Manual. They are addition (15,1%), deletion (4,7%),

borrowing (10,3%), amplification (1,6%), modulation (2,4%), established

equivalence (28,6%), reduction (13,5%), transposition (17,5%), and literal

translation (6,3%).

2. The translation techniques applied by the translator in translating the

Flight Attendant Manual produce less accurate, less acceptable, and less

readable translation.

B. Recommendations

Based on the research findings, the researcher gives some

recommendations for translators, especially translators who deal with manual text

and aviation. The recommendations are composed as follows:

1. In translating a manual text which has some specific terms, translators

have to use the appropriate techniques by considering the target readers in

74


commit to user

75

order to produce qualified translation in terms of accuracy, acceptability,

and readability.

2. The manual text requires a simple sentence but contains complete and

clear information. In this case, translators can apply addition and

established equivalence technique to make the information more obvious

and also to create a communicative text by considering that these

techniques should be able to produce accurate translation. Translators can

also uses the other techniques in translating manual text as long as the

result of the translation is accurate, acceptable, and readable.