Slide 1
An African Green Revolution: Finding ways to boost productivity
on small farmsKeijiro Otsuka and Donald LarsonWorld BankJanuary 11,
20121Research supported by the Knowledge for Change Program,
Research Support Budget (World Bank); FASID/GRIPS (Japan) An
African Green Revolution: Finding ways to boost
productivityResearch project focused on the usefulness of the Asian
Green Revolution strategy as a model for Africa--Characterize key
elements of the strategy, initial conditions and outcomes-- Explore
whether a similar set of policies are appropriate for Sub-Saharan
AfricaIdentify key components for successful outcomes-- Jointly
managed by Kei and myself-- Involved a number of rural development
researchers from Africa, Australia, Europe, Japan and the US--
Material is presented as a series of 13 chapters in a forthcoming
bookSome chapters already available as working papers-- Funded by
the Knowledge for Change Program, Research Support Budget (World
Bank); FASID/GRIPS (Japan) 2Asias Green Revolution Policy ModelKey
Focus AreasSmall farmsNew varieties of key staple cropsOften input
intensiveMarket-based distribution systemsInputs and outputsVarying
degrees of supportCore component of most current rural development
strategies in Africabut not only component3The Asian policy model
is a central pillar in most African rural development
strategiesEighty-six per cent of staples in poor areas come from
local sources, so support for country-led efforts to bolster
smallholder agriculture is critical. Robert Zoellik, President of
the World Bank, Financial Times January 5, 2011
Sustainable intensification of smallholder crop production is
one of FAOs strategic objectives. Jacques Diouf, Director-General,
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Foreword
to Save and Grow. FAO (2011).
G20 Ministers of Agriculture must focus on smallholder farmers
to achieve food security and prevent food price volatility Shenggen
Fan, Director General, International Food Policy Research
Institute. Press Statement June 15, 2011.
AGRA works to achieve a food secure and prosperous Africa
through the promotion of rapid, sustainable agricultural growth
based on smallholder farmers. What is the Alliance for a Green
Revolution in Africa, www.agra-alliance.org, downloaded June 16,
2011.4Key messagesA strategy based on small farms and staple crops
should be a crucial and central component of most rural development
strategies in Sub-Saharan AfricaImplementation of the strategy in
SSA is much different than in AsiaSuccess in SSA is arriving as a
collection of technological breakthroughs rather than a wave of
successes based on a handful of new cropsIn Asia, the concentration
of diets and land-constrained production in rice and wheat created
special circumstances that allowed high-yielding varieties and rice
and wheat to set off a powerful virtuous cycleIn Sub-Saharan
Africa, heterogeneity of circumstances requires a larger portfolio
of technologiesIncluding technologies that focus on non-land
inputsThere is greater scope in Africa for complementary
contributions from other pillars
5Why Asia as a starting point?Source: von Braun (2005)6Why Asia
as a starting point?Source: FAOSTAT (2011)7Small farms as a
long-term fixture of African and Asian agriculture and not an
obstacle to productivity increases
Source: Nagayets (2005)8
Agriculture as a catalyst to poverty reductionVirtuous
cycleAgricultural productivity gainsHigher rural incomesReductions
in rural povertyInvestments in human and physical capital in rural
economyDeclining food pricesReductions in urban poverty9Key
differencesDiet and production more varied
Source FAOSTAT10Some key differencesAvailable landSource:
FAOSTAT11Key differenceRural population densitySource: FAOSTAT12Key
difference in irrigated areas
Source: FAOSTAT13Key differenceFertilizer use
Source: FAO, average 2003-200714Regional average masks very
different performance outcomes
15Commonly Asked QuestionWhy hasnt Green Revolution taken place
in SSA?16What is the Green Revolution in Asia?Development and
diffusion of a series of fertilizer-responsive, high-yielding
modern varieties (MVs) in irrigated and favorable rainfed areas.
The Asian Green Revolution entailed a long-term process spanning
more than three decades since the mid-1960s.The Asian Green
Revolution was technology-led and sustained by subsequent changes
in policies and institutions, i.e., the development and adoption of
early generation MVs led to an increase in yield, which induced
increased investments in irrigation, development of fertilizer
markets, adaptive research and extension, subsidy programs for
purchased inputs, and further research to improve MVs.
17MV Adoption and Irrigation Ratio in the Philippines: which
caused which?
18Data source: World Rice Statistics, onlineMV Adoption and
Irrigation Ratio in Bangladesh
19Data source: World Rice Statistics, onlineFertilizer Use and
Yield Growth in the Philippines
20Data source: World Rice Statistics, onlineFertilizer Use and
YieldGrowth in Bangladesh
21Data source: World Rice Statistics, onlineRice Green
Revolution in Senegal
22NERICA Revolution in Uganda
23Rice farmers and a tall local variety in Mozambique
Low yield (1 ton/ha)2425
Maize Revolution in Uganda?
26Our answer: Green Revolution has been taking place in some
areas of SSA but not in others.
Questions: How can we scale up the success in limited
areas?27IntroductionAgriculture in SSA is characterized by:Low and
stagnant crop yieldsIncreasing population pressure on landDominance
of small farmsDeclining soil fertilityDeteriorating climateFear of
widespread famineIs contemporary SSA very different form tropical
Asia before the eve of Green Revolution in the early 1960s?28There
are similarities but also differences at starting pointsA broader
portfolio of crops and more diverse diets in SSA Need for diverse
innovationsHigher real fertilizer price and lower fertilizer use in
SSA Need for efficient marketingLower irrigation ratio, and
comparable farm size and arable land-rural population ratio Greater
need for investments in land improvement including
irrigation29Research QuestionsSmall vs. Large Farms: Do small
farmers in SSA respond to new opportunities?Promising vs.
non-promising crops: Is Asian Green Revolution technology
transferable to SSA?Low-Input vs. High-Input Agriculture: How can
we achieve high yield sustainably in SSA?Markets vs. Government:
Where do markets function and fail in SSA?
30 ContentsAsian Green Revolution in RiceIrrigated Rice Farming
in SSAClimate and Crop Yields in India and SSAUpland NERICA Rice in
East and West AfricaSoil Fertility, Fertilizer Use, and Maize Green
Revolutions in SSAChemical Fertilizer and Organic Fertilizer in
Upland Farming in IndiaExperiments on Improved Maize Technology
Adoption in Uganda
311. Small vs. Large FarmsSmall farmers adopt improved maize
varieties equally fast and achieve higher yields than large farmers
in Kenya and Uganda.Small rice farmers achieved higher yields than
large farmers in irrigated areas in Uganda and Mozambique.There is
no difference in NERICA adoption and yield between small and large
farms in Uganda.Small farmers apply larger amount of inorganic
fertilizer per ha than large farmers in Ethiopia.Conclusion:
African small farmers are at least as entrepreneurial and
innovative as large farmers, as in the case of Asia. The inverse
correlation between farm size and productivity (e.g., yield) has
been emerging in SSA, like South Asia.
32
WheatRiceMaizeSorghumMilletYield (Ton/ha)Yield
(Ton/ha)WheatRiceMaizeSorghuMilletIndiaSub-Saharan AfricaCereal
Yields by Crop: India vs. SSA2. Transferability of Asian
Technology
wheatricemaizesorghummillet33What crops are promising?Sorghum
and millet: Unpromising as Green Revolution did not take place even
in Asia, and yields are comparable between India and SSA.Wheat:
Promising as yield tripled in SSA but production area is limited in
this region.Maize: Fairly promising as yield increased from 1.0
t/ha to 1.5 t/ha in SSA but the yield gap is not so large.Rice:
Promising as yield increased from 1.2 t/ha to 1.8 t/ha and the
yield gap is still substantial.
34Promising Crop (1): Lowland RiceUsing Asian MVs, rice yields
per ha are:5.3 t/ha in irrigated areas of Senegal River Basin3-4
t/ha in irrigated areas in Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger3-4 t/ha in
irrigated area in Uganda without any chemical fertilizer4 t/ha in
irrigated area in TanzaniaBut only1-2 t/ha in rainfed area of
Tanzania, Ghana, and Mozambique.Rice Green Revolution, using MVs
developed in Asia, has been taking place in irrigated areas in SSA.
But yields under rainfed conditions are deplorably low. Why?35Our
field observations: No Bunding!
36
No bundless and uneven water weed / uneven plant growthRainfed
parcel without bundRainfed parcel without bundRainfed parcel with
bundIrrigated parcel with bund36Our field observations: Leveling
and Straight-Row Plantingto avoid uneven growth / facilitate
weeding
37
Before levelingThe same place after levelingImpact of leveling
(Mbarali)Straight-row planting Weeding 3738
Lowland rice yields in Tanzania,
2009RegionMorogoroMbeyaRainfedIrrigatedRainfedIrrigatedWithout
BundWith BundWithout BundWith BundPaddy Yield
(t/ha)2.03.13.91.32.83.8Share of leveled plots
(%)20.547.169.833.370.677.1Share of Asian-type MVs
(%)13.567.290.70.00.01.7Chemical fertilizer use
(kg/ha)12.064.343.810.145.637.339Promising Crop (2): Upland NERICA
riceIn Uganda, NERICA yields are 2 t/ha (dropouts) and 3 t/ha
(continuous adopters) in 2004, and 1.5 t/ha (new adopters) and 2.5
t/ha (continuous adopters) in 2009, which are far higher than the
average upland rice yield of 1 t/ha in SSA.In Benin, NERICA yield
is 2.6 t/ha, which is significantly higher than average yield of
other rice varieties, which is 1.6 t/ha.In Cote dIvoire, Gambia,
and Guinea, however, no yield advantage of NERICA is found.
40Promising Crop (3): MaizeYield in Kenya: 2.2 t/ha with hybrid vs.
1.7 t/ ha with local and recycled hybrid varietiesYield in Uganda:
1.7 t/ha with hybrid vs. 1.5 t/ ha with local and recycled
varietiesExperiment in Uganda:-- Distributed free hybrid seeds and
chemical fertilizer to randomly chosen 500 HHs and none to 300 HHs
in early 2009-- Sold seeds and chemical fertilizer to all HH and
some neighbors at market prices and discounted prices with and
without credit before the crop season in 2010-- Yields improved but
not impressively (see Figure)41Results of Experiments42Maize
YieldMelinda Smale, Derek Byerlee, and Thom Jayne argueWell-adapted
germplasm is highly specific to location. progress achieved in one
tropical environment cannot be easily replicated in another.Whether
farmers grow improved open-pollinated varieties or hybrids, they
are reliant on seed industry to a much greater than growers of
improved rice or wheat. .. investment in maize research is required
to produce a new generation of improved varieties that are
drought-tolerant, pest-resistant, and nutrient-efficient. 433.
Low-Input vs. High-Input AgricultureSince prices of inorganic
fertilizer are high and grain prices at the farm gate are low,
Asian-type high-input farming is inappropriate for SSA.At the same
time, it is obvious that high grain yields cannot be achieved
without applying fertilizer.We found that manure is applied to
upland fields not only in India but also in East Africa where dairy
cows are kept in stalls and that it is complementary to inorganic
fertilizer.Conclusion: Mixed crop-livestock farming system with the
use of moderate amount of both organic and inorganic fertilizer is
appropriate for SSA. Careful crop rotation and the use of nitrogen
fixing agroforestry should be also considered.
44Water and ClimateThe impacts of climate (i.e., temperature and
rainfall) on crop yields have been lessened over time in the case
of the Green Revolution crops in India (i.e., rice, wheat, and
maize), due presumably to shorter growth duration of modern
varieties.Weaker but similar changes, i.e., reduced impacts of
climate on yields of rice, maize, and wheat, have been observed in
SSA, suggesting the emerging impacts of Green Revolution
technologies in SSA.
454. Markets vs. GovernmentDistance and road conditions are
major determinants of output and input prices (e.g., maize, rice,
milk, and inorganic fertilizer prices) in Kenya, Uganda, and
Ethiopia, suggesting that unfavorable relative prices for farmers
are due to poor infrastructure, not due to the malfunctioning of
markets. NERICA farmers said that lack of rice millers in nearby
towns was a major constraint on NERICA adoption in 2004, but rice
millers mushroomed since then, which promoted NERICA
adoption.Tentative Conclusion: Although the evidence is not as
concrete as we may wish, it seems that output and input markets
have developed responding to increased demand for inputs and
increased supply of outputs. Similar changes seem to have taken
place in the process of Green Revolution in Asia.464. Markets vs.
Government (continued)Credit market is not working and, thus, lack
of credit is commonly a major constraint on the use of
fertilizer.-- Why dont fertilizer dealers/traders/millers provide
fertilizer on credit, as in Asia?-- Does micro finance work in
agriculture in SSA?Weak extension system is another major
constraint on the Green Revolution in SSA. -- No bunding and
leveling in lowland rice production in many areas in SSA-- Absence
of knowledge on hybrid maize and fertilizer in Uganda--
Deterioration of self-produced NERICA rice seeds in Uganda,
resulting in more than 50% discontinued adopters in 2004-06.
47
Successes in African Agriculture (S. Haggblade and P.
Hazell)
Success: cassava and cotton due to sustained collaboration
between national agricultural research institutions and advanced
institutions that has generated a steady stream of new productive
technology.Some success: dairy-cows in Kenya and maize in Eastern
and Southern Africa, but improvement took place basically one
time.48Concluding Remarks (I)1.Support smallholders as small farm
size is not obstacle to productivity growth in SSA. As in Asia,
smallholder farmers adopt new technologies as fast as or even
faster than large farmers and achieve higher yields in SSA .2.Focus
on lowland rice, upland rice, and maize as core strategic crops
(possibly cassava and sweat potatoes could be other promising
crops). In particular, lowland rice has advantage, as the useful
technology and production practices can be directly transferable
from Asia to SSA.
49Concluding Remarks (II)3.Invest in research not only on new
crop varieties but also on the search for the optimum farming
systems based on integrated dairy and maize production with crop
rotation, manure/compost and fertilizer application, and the use of
agroforestry.4.Strengthen extension system to boost grain
production in the short run.5.Strengthen research systems
(particularly sustained collaborations between CG centers and
national agricultural research institutions) and increase
investments in transportation infrastructure to improve marketing
systems and irrigation to realize Green Revolution in the longer
run.
50Thank you very much for your
attention51Graph21.02738430110.58346047951.2912042440.75510156750.65980853770.9951467960.59379724631.33192097580.74830218270.69581418160.95922469140.59321468811.34447485830.71780495360.70257007190.94269324520.56437387871.33942879040.70260713650.69903777641.08061338510.55976231091.3520563150.69453552630.71066257931.10106540330.56217424161.37046707330.67482292550.76336800141.12122464840.59751255461.40457262770.64559902870.80630122511.03208592280.59838986541.40797856060.64710903980.79354482741.12494488720.59598999781.4184470130.67150461230.81242869591.21057260650.58006120051.41160440150.6982235640.83945828931.18571840520.57719344111.41815685810.6761126440.88565924811.2236179090.62596257321.45047498920.72576271650.90301551851.23492721370.65867709711.469115120.77273014320.95310040631.33819109670.67492961941.47285635510.78307158481.03436948621.35769278690.64103472871.44077735430.75606677441.10673762871.39147135160.65216715641.42383122770.73231628651.09976837521.39804988160.66293704411.40560435980.79646770181.09293532561.40385812470.66776358671.41836588740.84706858281.07199665011.51687028350.68941926711.42197301210.92422486161.19126759521.53583040360.72230075131.44333655940.95950912611.22556862971.3920124290.76304171751.46404283960.96079670471.25478096091.15407558180.74199785811.50021682060.91740335751.20838461921.16153701610.77434851281.55103004690.88254685161.13308332551.26596254760.77253670411.58576828890.86935542861.17114313341.3229283040.77579450671.62901482130.87921082771.3237170561.32606165590.74759983911.63996306320.88749357811.54251798541.40295336390.75074833581.67194087560.86636232671.53621408841.44132393690.7444132251.68049180210.82460579681.4152265561.41867666550.71581219551.69456189230.80089308041.37588236151.21638800340.68636887131.66928567350.78473946891.50394927541.2366484120.67248521011.66760471740.82002854641.6639973631.28884438140.66604221931.61229182460.82024053611.6793148991.38426652110.67469741771.59534377860.8572415531.62328575191.43353481110.69162485181.59789374140.88304450691.6262702041.41519237660.69871822091.63179652860.90627366761.642425161.43385728950.71789681251.64255504630.91146501821.81070006631.38537654250.73177654181.63000339630.90654527761.79761397041.39557197980.7333818861.63932568210.90884092571.86263431571.43554253550.74607410681.64380776280.89932548861.85793206351.44397110920.74947194341.63615848170.89987862571.93755374781.4457396350.79062383461.6526899710.91521661911.89430711311.47596521310.79186795661.6515773310.9397991251.81672905311.51961157840.82788371951.67726630980.97167585931.75517335621.55166251910.84757708271.69036818371.00040947581.87469993911.57074420970.8606708341.79061915681.04053626282.0561704715
MaizeMilletRiceSorghumWheat
rawArea
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+Wheat1276512888123901404513842133861318013480130971331013630136481312515420142101282013100127351280012900136501405018060223605978373038776624325053922667435577034368171151822826123280073053355080600966104062106604536202867200683847493588600--Southern
Asia
+Maize59842466102282608878161171026366432665293672294627293819749145474819157330523747201376661797512383770939376784347385694746953274438437800017767201975179667677534766550876568177797690748892878589287898740788529978253727920868804474882567098233140842749784586418404591860959787164208684026878035097067489866265101434331023251110140116--Southern
Asia
+Millet1969068419276951191351881999801020295278202090512109543520038782209104862119135919691187192910502187356119044308197881511886092019200630194263251802287718820691190031851754123718926445171603261711319617497337144768541794585616796537159312871490103115328909140073931467244013549499140579551370533813411457126462521374223613238680110484751434812412561990129554531254286811555665--Southern
Asia +Rice,
paddy4648404147720844482576884924772648367151480415765001604450578481519183235151207050974001501871875224244351992655540645245268897754895995553348905426734855174269559454365351431755706267562645735630587956667246539201585694103457589581582433305797390256751989576913825789425258065454588277385901972960451911615672956097218960616011573013505901422357778831600756366065444760861735--Southern
Asia
+Sorghum1876428118902372188452751864295418275449186142911900842919206118190972091793395217285811160147981730779416639050165747581622280716840503166178901709908116204761169933411676755816824511163364011647159816349145163208071503206115279494147755831274340913445149130753741195280311744501117702961126937710177920106095101021097010153680963912996933899639399934779489603558752016--Southern
Asia
+Wheat2356755724559680245437542473866625945719257275002516170028793055296445153070917532025561336751383381071933269761325897743515989335623410361698743747113137889677385228913844653539853714405410573985194539358858403487623974425640871402403971504152395940821374432356674319757543720240431319304380699744881180440552844457580442662062437983254333729544613754452766724473569246202864A
= May include official, semi-official or estimated
datatotal1564134520000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000FAOSTAT
| FAO Statistics Division 2008 | 04 December
200819611962196319641965196619671968196919701971197219731974197519761977197819791980198119821983198419851986198719881989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007SSAMaize1432388214525026146951131522569515484389154610851604093516278164164439801626277216577349170338631636536417318740173971521788609516946129168827821652489216773479167114201716492918125685183357341918867921489205223681512289839623258277239547382360250423969821248600682570138224200282245290762550229125134014257687032581803824483186252187562627837526310801275397502711073127792002Millet110817751143380111544346110871841184558611257460117847921168555412796190127192711269089111094127130363261234142711620867120195421155726010420890106350511104187798660789575357966590199531861105918812743413124434311341528913864774150987451502721515308486162367411705074816880990168694781621259617419046177159581749755116307122173049861801080517281456182428691917116219727117Rice,
paddy25424382742043263247227751042769135287293330869383148826313042932964453425470335804535463453606893381555738314044027365407379343050684278574438581444998304411320445316045683314738656479005752429646086523559712461226836169503609171563154576403593645011667967307010329692985769884736947104698753973309597720373813052587992188705364Sorghum114213861151129312137650121641761272807411761794127849981189931415394763130910251291207810934041116689221176011210033031122375221093767210925997990029510986931975564597220049899447120199261285817613738245137325171383602514082171135268441478250815189422151236311613035716392729167297311703581316836770165823921678295717695801177222191836335318418226191340121976067019797816Wheat25531622527599270228625061992601032240368226020303028082323932233648303482664352468831393372997751291029428154222675714271522827195942459812263669629867962826213283827130096053081903280840830483482907795259483823890541662901201364121452182527039263870926144412042127215625724186122581743234559623475522725573283853727662012455445SAMaize59842466102282608878161171026366432665293672294627293819749145474819157330523747201376661797512383770939376784347385694746953274438437800017767201975179667677534766550876568177797690748892878589287898740788529978253727920868804474882567098233140842749784586418404591860959787164208684026878035097067489866265101434331023251110140116Millet1969068419276951191351881999801020295278202090512109543520038782209104862119135919691187192910502187356119044308197881511886092019200630194263251802287718820691190031851754123718926445171603261711319617497337144768541794585616796537159312871490103115328909140073931467244013549499140579551370533813411457126462521374223613238680110484751434812412561990129554531254286811555665Rice,
paddy4648404147720844482576884924772648367151480415765001604450578481519183235151207050974001501871875224244351992655540645245268897754895995553348905426734855174269559454365351431755706267562645735630587956667246539201585694103457589581582433305797390256751989576913825789425258065454588277385901972960451911615672956097218960616011573013505901422357778831600756366065444760861735Sorghum1876428118902372188452751864295418275449186142911900842919206118190972091793395217285811160147981730779416639050165747581622280716840503166178901709908116204761169933411676755816824511163364011647159816349145163208071503206115279494147755831274340913445149130753741195280311744501117702961126937710177920106095101021097010153680963912996933899639399934779489603558752016Wheat235675572455968024543754247386662594571925727500251617002879305529644515307091753202556133675138338107193326976132589774351598933562341036169874374711313788967738522891384465353985371440541057398519453935885840348762397442564087140240397150415239594082137443235667431975754372024043131930438069974488118044055284445758044266206243798325433372954461375445276672447356924620286441922643Production
Quantitytonyearcountryitem19611962196319641965196619671968196919701971197219731974197519761977197819791980198119821983198419851986198719881989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007--Eastern
Africa
+Maize568983457418475736347598141663146796571392775846270678867858678660728082303799353871812049892614469680528115927611117258510486589957610496489201086627510591102101553299654463123678421276502811280865143715121451670813007348118469649000738133359611220468313006934162222961443489813280737157681221541404115635304136934131520849616553760165271221974314420070028--Eastern
Africa
+Millet11070701185469117724411473521249311123130312298261386480151482115338501350852138608713384641198488141849715719211442377154814814432761326617119367411555441266323100416314091261130896113305013701151291991117869512249021172015121705814015381214350123602812947481421558148337212758971332961132025413265411457263141590716706981679307--Eastern
Africa +Rice,
paddy16841341777551187647319371031796378186625719534612029712212298722618622277251232454524672252488799249049126210282630796255866925135352614577242911825190772713684272941728424573041054307411530399143436005348380932955733107607354294533159563430368374323135935433775422389076037883744001244410427945055504505128497144953808635529997--Eastern
Africa
+Sorghum19839252088769207195920787392063524224207223680382065189244701525782842597484260417522274652244673232048726290542435651240642428434123341379307747429061852907326276017824873512912027285111826183662696468265703624583322044980242860524950583143110384887938105033134003340291430608103763069379560536690663966907462203948541574721900--Eastern
Africa
+Wheat781065772963821822835699921323918155969866107197511198201166591122043712347319741621028434107684096813210350169078439711051073917114600812466771408400103317712510981402068135941714319901510823157130115047611314370155339615500311632103192353817833351958542190084919055882418017211359523836572893972312321835458383687713--Middle
Africa
+Maize11994001169400111400011638001169800114362011637301245140142681613627581355032136890014082201454275168782015025491405649137502613708111452954141984815160411528633142548614293471630878166528516867811674734166711419540992084220206734021703072010567244116025154452818333263565325192532583075279352729653092927001327259628871363007200--Middle
Africa
+Millet491000470000583000506000440790471440454755455000481000458700455100375500368200433300444000419700421900444800409400392100287300307500297300217678402240424591343244516076348237337829393510460763351994471578444975522819418183550911560224458450648915623524704471535637832637838004799000--Middle
Africa +Rice,
paddy1336681370511384231440961316471864622030812710912533022745262894312793932941972985043124783470403188753421313314923542573686153795214007393863264463734358164292744958355572285265345621275784994956535843465109975127135021675668025862275228725331895285515307105003725743375138021698700--Middle
Africa
+Sorghum70100067600082600072600065102170186364335161674869400063240064120053770052300060910065790058350062290068890061540064920048110052010052276146556172500193974157035677022166429167810170941579300065878785753093361983185285914210478157698628512041048687107136111874981106561115533911928391289300--Middle
Africa
+Wheat23627243702559218784265003050038956353062526522121212822493519851275852150022970182871960018448176181621814000178007918120591170010381118409920117501321112510124061433218860183051934221592178851647316097168401578012940165931490518700--Southern
Africa
+Maize545360761962106295751447229747732765343528999812955469975573800633320988622959738591440713411382696935890377542281005209610488497869739711285953151247808960695454757150596448718352881309580928667988856127569219496134878788234447601020109613559354511510510522166104878857949856821725711691659804540210298996988687798973971191619171484367509538--Southern
Africa
+Millet30145277362475825290306743250540400465454680441270480004240044400470004900048500500004950050000520005188052450554355771559850613006536573700769807465062300255005132475691520507210813435756607593608947277054681466426086495600207112070125--Southern
Africa +Rice,
paddy67137944852382147942856883597625998393489111863975376614741880738000800080008000600046144593557460006000600060006000600060006000400040004000326534113105300031703370337033703370337033703370--Southern
Africa
+Sorghum470022258164348000328000482831391740845559265183283477450619696435605721282583848683483763398696520509727613457901807167636576339348264173547171707067547520735767807156603825423238357143156068612614628810341072640016489436393473274370514185275223318310310852414395306928140596216800--Southern
Africa
+Wheat929532760882936000111600070710060705011280501301833137706714547181729892177234719096481655484183912922942041943081175260621235291503594237729324632621804110236892717177342352231317980736461462046378174888721566441339770199839718601351995607275019124694831925104175288724830842548329249368415900791709112192726521262081778225--Western
Africa
+Maize201948320008262126736217652921797192243597224940923163222410128281032026440191803266206543019057112602474217960618487862000667195835121341652358494234788024469193435085409042256676116663205791774976705868254032875525286630519556692102216951021088191328429018920887269298860768073254874117495797241044910810625616116026741255762813260028--Western
Africa
+Millet47313434864904518557350278375042460408808052404324868394593325455173945392369458084658762257173636591699655783125200473532570051818305186641608398158076565652708577616876600717900960740099284672678769016897280087099498567658906353195114651000330510125969939464511061210111916231039338010816674111506481270382911630014135384761430535413876030--Western
Africa +Rice,
paddy13168821595169154396816784421720794178846921432832023648212882620885222244461216188422863292631336282793125284992712447290401330967303210764350175736041103534583376426240079484158288451856850116786399283550781063833506380352629243956174006183688673322468394726969707706908871282126768597684865773273457530254844093092916819525004--Western
Africa
+Sorghum53683506079058559445056967445702212469472051135784669292573663755832485274527363548144332186437212472620845984914965384431571346304155453024532984656566745580130639807971978097927835786892281107387778417639316985718428936188925098292285561027719210300640997957910779972107919201060334710546577111306891212238412142226133612161412122215105913--Western
Africa
+Wheat208502072619912230202260722881236022263022453216302249022570179222180021950212502420024242251802721030000300103032037330121844141513146945536456465065626745614916439210406025577253559775691175801216549055466953625216952680342803058786183050--Southern
Asia
+Maize6421214670986267289556849137702547871140608681185797413380372389818133734800887390678265873804597597504498897971844260486747987969285958242494231729067409105383371106297492192401028978183983111107764312614632120638941115693313037729127883891258198613522639147033651497777315572874163486311642550717685986163115352051074621252485223378922240555224198975--Southern
Asia
+Millet82560788449272844520891113337239396818457996021617833199973033612775752979312279554791216635775379701101896610218535102294831122181285963109777371106283879035210128050441034895179534108911547728929711865182112677491096706786104301282494390038941089786491665861147089410975432108331009235795106059991179181770220151525796511377329110814441112807111171723--Southern
Asia +Rice,
paddy73597704691185877759386081358637680232026653205480099887846691098734203288739244880738958246773893153170858872951020957209049159810869396811133774093128181112197467112333925103279287123684345121472163130373170126262567120622622142049852149595357151583691152494791148676088162009408161169589156918371165986137167031854175439084186028952181583527191123990162347134189037458178500162196471788202058479203688679--Southern
Asia
+Sorghum827932710001489943816099778337857408950301710340833100667651000532984353598035231727061694768991068422697915071078940012351187116913601189890110662302122881011097660512142501116346011041726794224251237812310419691131618431192097183240761304504511627867922895995824731115388477599728643917890644077490207779450727365072547006869016740267078138257606216--Southern
Asia
+Wheat201316312131446419548622190459222294265720912182220257002998195732156080341060663623494940641761398876353728302140589769471297984695208649356667550634175235749657489063593103996523346666615484664916727210702368040106698014537819553275576639820634268503440487986570900124529816933093719043101302516102651668103331781110032132102595579108997449104719267111259243111252839110635526119502639A
= May include official, semi-official or estimated dataFAOSTAT |
FAO Statistics Division 2008 | 04 December
200819611962196319641965196619671968196919701971197219731974197519761977197819791980198119821983198419851986198719881989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007SSAMaize1436232415108283152728341379404214437474153021372116973016176345172694221711356721091725222646281600128224004128233297252302914424479116243507792160266324521992297693972341571818678452195746782660596328876612277022213196489836618949324246283134419723192769351610893815603930343487383184643645714832921618365071083769820735004955363656603850979040003774433185834233634443846794Millet6359558654810969705756706479676323558233286965413675641979758797551214724632163848337627289885242478284937618433711475073681487084506695735876168357323150727176670557249531287951774789426511042715810486224105639741039066110225936106839071146027211714680119569241124193313090286132945791221719912875604131625721479910113709409158470401688517616424462Rice,
paddy3141397351771535673873767855365676138497564308184433207645150984634258482025447744615055288542525356383185504640567011858128135949757618759863054906507322665359968855797302778764115880279578553427103985169524153102470501007245810335037952170210129053109924331093859311315036115490751144262811306400114848571236697512539124139900861518971616757071Sorghum8523297910199188404098829483889958880303958970526761641291611299244551920964673830777466266101396688188358820974185444448138650854712810250770952499694223079274390101709891111722812327123120261631230648111743001101515441209673211930236129509881320995414694993156213871513866015355263152390661502954615633556163159651728980017630089194455222030881421333913Wheat17550741578941180332619935031677530157858621604742431744254460526650602994101305458329215832733303295941933065563020584270429131382622622339356951937539493260630344735231027353907512469655051436213631771339756437491772715814360340934651003702342474559343497294022818379327544956995049396468664040590424696366514738157748125567688SAMaize6421214670986267289556849137702547871140608681185797413380372389818133734800887390678265873804597597504498897971844260486747987969285958242494231729067409105383371106297492192401028978183983111107764312614632120638941115693313037729127883891258198613522639147033651497777315572874163486311642550717685986163115352051074621252485223378922240555224198975Millet82560788449272844520891113337239396818457996021617833199973033612775752979312279554791216635775379701101896610218535102294831122181285963109777371106283879035210128050441034895179534108911547728929711865182112677491096706786104301282494390038941089786491665861147089410975432108331009235795106059991179181770220151525796511377329110814441112807111171723Rice,
paddy73597704691185877759386081358637680232026653205480099887846691098734203288739244880738958246773893153170858872951020957209049159810869396811133774093128181112197467112333925103279287123684345121472163130373170126262567120622622142049852149595357151583691152494791148676088162009408161169589156918371165986137167031854175439084186028952181583527191123990162347134189037458178500162196471788202058479203688679Sorghum827932710001489943816099778337857408950301710340833100667651000532984353598035231727061694768991068422697915071078940012351187116913601189890110662302122881011097660512142501116346011041726794224251237812310419691131618431192097183240761304504511627867922895995824731115388477599728643917890644077490207779450727365072547006869016740267078138257606216Wheat201316312131446419548622190459222294265720912182220257002998195732156080341060663623494940641761398876353728302140589769471297984695208649356667550634175235749657489063593103996523346666615484664916727210702368040106698014537819553275576639820634268503440487986570900124529816933093719043101302516102651668103331781110032132102595579108997449104719267111259243111252839110635526119502639
FAOSTATArea
Harvestedhayearcountryitem19611962196319641965196619671968196919701971197219731974197519761977197819791980198119821983198419851986198719881989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007--Eastern
Africa
+Maize56585835758390596002060555956630997674172567400936935821724550968916597037804753976975541498095696780303582944767851215808819374022357678139764970777909088061771797579187486559223790910935796228029948976961324393425958963439901365793535669629615106019811147653811822916126630091277940811881440116532211244483012606055133330621390829813235566--Eastern
Africa
+Millet16106001658790163990016368991648135166820017004001798100184350017183121849630177801016997761451127149261716616631708604178943315731751484970140812611373241154450116721012536771338033126940213837221316712115241412850831260334147563216169711441526152291814927791601383157423914512581437748142817614585181580729151337417397841623903--Eastern
Africa +Rice,
paddy977927102509710532131054357993422120205212052141244861122615512836101307411133142613316671383729143929515011171592304158512416034861625978163499816604531588137162496016026261654685164401616565701760750178755517570401722763184269817483611814729195760619496672202342205562420962041964783192374121583102216689225030123904242428090--Eastern
Africa
+Sorghum26352002624836261700026884092668940294570031251492945453338126431918143245404315527426920802867934296079331916983102943303948529066593287011323878528358272952076310401029244833259397324703830307382843196273890226849662578212261826433499733317186371045639801163347066341352933771163792959376662040005204311749444263245875634261200--Eastern
Africa
+Wheat10437551047051107748610836941133828115845911890251233706125742513086251340988136512510064061019283981195764665767832736383742701767646769900917140935024829449912850102967694007295074495462391022784729685101589619910361531104451128028911667531202167135133413807791512628131401514937281793888193988218997591708305--Middle
Africa
+Maize15912701576770158077015049441463770152695215618001594800169204516376101700016172792518478401954117195407819597671980784197328020323991995675197526320250302038860176706018552162152632218407323406592377220221412723994152681055302665229254072461861254664326434852806785272516126748752794700297603830363153327894345742533358523416300--Middle
Africa
+Millet79000081300080200078400076368570016769300069400067500066490071200068290064620064190070750074950076390078500072290069080044980048490054874242026167558971269264606379175474761072457982504083978577554487445095755910560389364791082445109256611038901207508112931810879581064695146559214845501477000--Middle
Africa +Rice,
paddy151302153618145035139246175574187936197737313040297315342038358784361245367087361653364173382896360355392267388037381261389584405684394121397983441248446755461162492911523792545792560394636363659162681716588300556083544443595462596238577991559818580476576537581197606090568557568900--Middle
Africa
+Sorghum101400010790001070000104700010260009470009302639030009270008793009519008994008670008417009500009680009992001057200994900963800684800773900847751762189968160109796685657297126710244599300851049191104840910320801130346125684211686821225650120212694152510581251268853114020712888551194976138296815093591557500--Middle
Africa
+Wheat223502210022800188502295226047278352760622900245432224221551186692040019800223002400627400246862201419614170122322512849153021126111371128001080012117133551240212239123151431012427125211424112804117791149911257117009350117871128913500--Southern
Africa
+Maize43463404585043457160046601374540716451523648616865030150469355046974595041440517661142375905116474502773052431524929238463658547935084817002475376648871184875272506959247249615047748529986750627194689317446289640445574372487459608449983993711590410673143492903764131384504043654713470213381554038770733466192347427422853502804300--Southern
Africa
+Millet83324803008030086324103296111193136013139087142382150092171137152000157000157000162000162000167000167000170000176300174700170400178300180300181700182100177500191100198500191000161300178000179200293400297400290100325200253275272948279700254400219615273400276200258100267800259050--Southern
Africa +Rice,
paddy35383904371236673500351835993647412937063671299926282406291331643200320032003200250018031759159517001700170017001700170017001700150015001500135713801315133013501450145014501450145014501450--Southern
Africa
+Sorghum618000399000626000494000592507596194909186420895460076573271649723471116369554526027437228386065453492442287373842487021432984333512360461461140545887570929619809680902504663419250309491301197383018516150288762418782291989192347197311290534232690163724160917206692167135118150142600--Southern
Africa
+Wheat147429214455601589610138961014304101205790137199017532901945900201835221058042124364210113719426481895089201563718707761938710193940716572521833532203859418499041973613202167019679281779303204155418884501605751147263376511610880881078522138215513179861404634770639732023965014995510959871780096855135818484780218645040--Western
Africa
+Maize27276892604823258272330050192848906267717228773562717393281287630360442798089258955827257852152453261230923887002184892218472422967502282663233268424618733149782352329138598475065035577485458722166242764766447278159377952840822367584240108397216727372170329786740182653549359982846336833677395769201576910660727498975812318335836--Western
Africa
+Millet8597851888171190221468579961933047087779009255379905436710135308101859679958124848121710533350100914009258750944637989177567679457816897686898077833452778273377844098185415894822210510588103504661104871311601952130307521275579213030367138063651426592714184505140004221345813814481943147762051466270313407466145278771519092914359832150058031567902816367164--Western
Africa +Rice,
paddy14096711559424143051215778341596639147942716803881587278160283016670911755604166237518449631859105200917619442272071506209320223103452268135235873224318902427303242862225227572635516268317930917833800281326207738035493808677358835538838803999064393507043012404211210427666543129284421053448187245946624921037527268458387875706924--Western
Africa
+Sorghum71541867408457782465079347678440627727290078204007629966106264238446640806505164082517740288752445156850107691759638203763870255624894624909953990765778765573915976925878419646880995390090989153118970985394386071073886011261604110902691113388811529939114318111153805812095231120300271205718212401299126516681291306112704809131412771354559813836516--Western
Africa
+Wheat1276512888123901404513842133861318013480130971331013630136481312515420142101282013100127351280012900136501405018060223605978373038776624325053922667435577034368171151822826123280073053355080600966104062106604536202867200683847493588600--Southern
Asia
+Maize59842466102282608878161171026366432665293672294627293819749145474819157330523747201376661797512383770939376784347385694746953274438437800017767201975179667677534766550876568177797690748892878589287898740788529978253727920868804474882567098233140842749784586418404591860959787164208684026878035097067489866265101434331023251110140116--Southern
Asia
+Millet1969068419276951191351881999801020295278202090512109543520038782209104862119135919691187192910502187356119044308197881511886092019200630194263251802287718820691190031851754123718926445171603261711319617497337144768541794585616796537159312871490103115328909140073931467244013549499140579551370533813411457126462521374223613238680110484751434812412561990129554531254286811555665--Southern
Asia +Rice,
paddy4648404147720844482576884924772648367151480415765001604450578481519183235151207050974001501871875224244351992655540645245268897754895995553348905426734855174269559454365351431755706267562645735630587956667246539201585694103457589581582433305797390256751989576913825789425258065454588277385901972960451911615672956097218960616011573013505901422357778831600756366065444760861735--Southern
Asia
+Sorghum1876428118902372188452751864295418275449186142911900842919206118190972091793395217285811160147981730779416639050165747581622280716840503166178901709908116204761169933411676755816824511163364011647159816349145163208071503206115279494147755831274340913445149130753741195280311744501117702961126937710177920106095101021097010153680963912996933899639399934779489603558752016--Southern
Asia
+Wheat2356755724559680245437542473866625945719257275002516170028793055296445153070917532025561336751383381071933269761325897743515989335623410361698743747113137889677385228913844653539853714405410573985194539358858403487623974425640871402403971504152395940821374432356674319757543720240431319304380699744881180440552844457580442662062437983254333729544613754452766724473569246202864A
= May include official, semi-official or estimated
datatotal156413452159301891160582553162502816164678245163002308168810763171950195180066671177562814176395535172584950180656990176483080176503501179401016180090372180037201178389180181430088181492525177736529183917037185568142188083414193461698188698073195963157198635294198004938196891637196568422200380360203316941201717467203432526204421953205769345206641105207723250203369415200146725208430823206916668213684681214733855215990140FAOSTAT
| FAO Statistics Division 2008 | 04 December 2008Area
Harvestedha19611962196319641965196619671968196919701971197219731974197519761977197819791980198119821983198419851986198719881989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007SSAMaize1432388214525026146951131522569515484389154610851604093516278164164439801626277216577349170338631636536417318740173971521788609516946129168827821652489216773479167114201716492918125685183357341918867921489205223681512289839623258277239547382360250423969821248600682570138224200282245290762550229125134014257687032581803824483186252187562627837526310801275397502711073127792002Millet110817751143380111544346110871841184558611257460117847921168555412796190127192711269089111094127130363261234142711620867120195421155726010420890106350511104187798660789575357966590199531861105918812743413124434311341528913864774150987451502721515308486162367411705074816880990168694781621259617419046177159581749755116307122173049861801080517281456182428691917116219727117Rice,
paddy25424382742043263247227751042769135287293330869383148826313042932964453425470335804535463453606893381555738314044027365407379343050684278574438581444998304411320445316045683314738656479005752429646086523559712461226836169503609171563154576403593645011667967307010329692985769884736947104698753973309597720373813052587992188705364Sorghum114213861151129312137650121641761272807411761794127849981189931415394763130910251291207810934041116689221176011210033031122375221093767210925997990029510986931975564597220049899447120199261285817613738245137325171383602514082171135268441478250815189422151236311613035716392729167297311703581316836770165823921678295717695801177222191836335318418226191340121976067019797816Wheat25531622527599270228625061992601032240368226020303028082323932233648303482664352468831393372997751291029428154222675714271522827195942459812263669629867962826213283827130096053081903280840830483482907795259483823890541662901201364121452182527039263870926144412042127215625724186122581743234559623475522725573283853727662012455445SAMaize59842466102282608878161171026366432665293672294627293819749145474819157330523747201376661797512383770939376784347385694746953274438437800017767201975179667677534766550876568177797690748892878589287898740788529978253727920868804474882567098233140842749784586418404591860959787164208684026878035097067489866265101434331023251110140116Millet1969068419276951191351881999801020295278202090512109543520038782209104862119135919691187192910502187356119044308197881511886092019200630194263251802287718820691190031851754123718926445171603261711319617497337144768541794585616796537159312871490103115328909140073931467244013549499140579551370533813411457126462521374223613238680110484751434812412561990129554531254286811555665Rice,
paddy4648404147720844482576884924772648367151480415765001604450578481519183235151207050974001501871875224244351992655540645245268897754895995553348905426734855174269559454365351431755706267562645735630587956667246539201585694103457589581582433305797390256751989576913825789425258065454588277385901972960451911615672956097218960616011573013505901422357778831600756366065444760861735Sorghum1876428118902372188452751864295418275449186142911900842919206118190972091793395217285811160147981730779416639050165747581622280716840503166178901709908116204761169933411676755816824511163364011647159816349145163208071503206115279494147755831274340913445149130753741195280311744501117702961126937710177920106095101021097010153680963912996933899639399934779489603558752016Wheat2356755724559680245437542473866625945719257275002516170028793055296445153070917532025561336751383381071933269761325897743515989335623410361698743747113137889677385228913844653539853714405410573985194539358858403487623974425640871402403971504152395940821374432356674319757543720240431319304380699744881180440552844457580442662062437983254333729544613754452766724473569246202864156413452159301891160582553162502816164678245163002308168810763171950195180066671177562814176395535172584950180656990176483080176503501179401016180090372180037201178389180181430088181492525177736529183917037185568142188083414193461698188698073195963157198635294198004938196891637196568422200380360203316941201717467203432526204421953205769345206641105207723250203369415200146725208430823206916668213684681214733855215990140Production
Quantitytonyearcountryitem19611962196319641965196619671968196919701971197219731974197519761977197819791980198119821983198419851986198719881989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007--Eastern
Africa
+Maize568983457418475736347598141663146796571392775846270678867858678660728082303799353871812049892614469680528115927611117258510486589957610496489201086627510591102101553299654463123678421276502811280865143715121451670813007348118469649000738133359611220468313006934162222961443489813280737157681221541404115635304136934131520849616553760165271221974314420070028--Eastern
Africa
+Millet11070701185469117724411473521249311123130312298261386480151482115338501350852138608713384641198488141849715719211442377154814814432761326617119367411555441266323100416314091261130896113305013701151291991117869512249021172015121705814015381214350123602812947481421558148337212758971332961132025413265411457263141590716706981679307--Eastern
Africa +Rice,
paddy16841341777551187647319371031796378186625719534612029712212298722618622277251232454524672252488799249049126210282630796255866925135352614577242911825190772713684272941728424573041054307411530399143436005348380932955733107607354294533159563430368374323135935433775422389076037883744001244410427945055504505128497144953808635529997--Eastern
Africa
+Sorghum19839252088769207195920787392063524224207223680382065189244701525782842597484260417522274652244673232048726290542435651240642428434123341379307747429061852907326276017824873512912027285111826183662696468265703624583322044980242860524950583143110384887938105033134003340291430608103763069379560536690663966907462203948541574721900--Eastern
Africa
+Wheat781065772963821822835699921323918155969866107197511198201166591122043712347319741621028434107684096813210350169078439711051073917114600812466771408400103317712510981402068135941714319901510823157130115047611314370155339615500311632103192353817833351958542190084919055882418017211359523836572893972312321835458383687713--Middle
Africa
+Maize11994001169400111400011638001169800114362011637301245140142681613627581355032136890014082201454275168782015025491405649137502613708111452954141984815160411528633142548614293471630878166528516867811674734166711419540992084220206734021703072010567244116025154452818333263565325192532583075279352729653092927001327259628871363007200--Middle
Africa
+Millet491000470000583000506000440790471440454755455000481000458700455100375500368200433300444000419700421900444800409400392100287300307500297300217678402240424591343244516076348237337829393510460763351994471578444975522819418183550911560224458450648915623524704471535637832637838004799000--Middle
Africa +Rice,
paddy1336681370511384231440961316471864622030812710912533022745262894312793932941972985043124783470403188753421313314923542573686153795214007393863264463734358164292744958355572285265345621275784994956535843465109975127135021675668025862275228725331895285515307105003725743375138021698700--Middle
Africa
+Sorghum70100067600082600072600065102170186364335161674869400063240064120053770052300060910065790058350062290068890061540064920048110052010052276146556172500193974157035677022166429167810170941579300065878785753093361983185285914210478157698628512041048687107136111874981106561115533911928391289300--Middle
Africa
+Wheat23627243702559218784265003050038956353062526522121212822493519851275852150022970182871960018448176181621814000178007918120591170010381118409920117501321112510124061433218860183051934221592178851647316097168401578012940165931490518700--Southern
Africa
+Maize545360761962106295751447229747732765343528999812955469975573800633320988622959738591440713411382696935890377542281005209610488497869739711285953151247808960695454757150596448718352881309580928667988856127569219496134878788234447601020109613559354511510510522166104878857949856821725711691659804540210298996988687798973971191619171484367509538--Southern
Africa
+Millet30145277362475825290306743250540400465454680441270480004240044400470004900048500500004950050000520005188052450554355771559850613006536573700769807465062300255005132475691520507210813435756607593608947277054681466426086495600207112070125--Southern
Africa +Rice,
paddy67137944852382147942856883597625998393489111863975376614741880738000800080008000600046144593557460006000600060006000600060006000400040004000326534113105300031703370337033703370337033703370--Southern
Africa
+Sorghum470022258164348000328000482831391740845559265183283477450619696435605721282583848683483763398696520509727613457901807167636576339348264173547171707067547520735767807156603825423238357143156068612614628810341072640016489436393473274370514185275223318310310852414395306928140596216800--Southern
Africa
+Wheat929532760882936000111600070710060705011280501301833137706714547181729892177234719096481655484183912922942041943081175260621235291503594237729324632621804110236892717177342352231317980736461462046378174888721566441339770199839718601351995607275019124694831925104175288724830842548329249368415900791709112192726521262081778225--Western
Africa
+Maize201948320008262126736217652921797192243597224940923163222410128281032026440191803266206543019057112602474217960618487862000667195835121341652358494234788024469193435085409042256676116663205791774976705868254032875525286630519556692102216951021088191328429018920887269298860768073254874117495797241044910810625616116026741255762813260028--Western
Africa
+Millet47313434864904518557350278375042460408808052404324868394593325455173945392369458084658762257173636591699655783125200473532570051818305186641608398158076565652708577616876600717900960740099284672678769016897280087099498567658906353195114651000330510125969939464511061210111916231039338010816674111506481270382911630014135384761430535413876030--Western
Africa +Rice,
paddy13168821595169154396816784421720794178846921432832023648212882620885222244461216188422863292631336282793125284992712447290401330967303210764350175736041103534583376426240079484158288451856850116786399283550781063833506380352629243956174006183688673322468394726969707706908871282126768597684865773273457530254844093092916819525004--Western
Africa
+Sorghum53683506079058559445056967445702212469472051135784669292573663755832485274527363548144332186437212472620845984914965384431571346304155453024532984656566745580130639807971978097927835786892281107387778417639316985718428936188925098292285561027719210300640997957910779972107919201060334710546577111306891212238412142226133612161412122215105913--Western
Africa
+Wheat208502072619912230202260722881236022263022453216302249022570179222180021950212502420024242251802721030000300103032037330121844141513146945536456465065626745614916439210406025577253559775691175801216549055466953625216952680342803058786183050--Southern
Asia
+Maize6421214670986267289556849137702547871140608681185797413380372389818133734800887390678265873804597597504498897971844260486747987969285958242494231729067409105383371106297492192401028978183983111107764312614632120638941115693313037729127883891258198613522639147033651497777315572874163486311642550717685986163115352051074621252485223378922240555224198975--Southern
Asia
+Millet82560788449272844520891113337239396818457996021617833199973033612775752979312279554791216635775379701101896610218535102294831122181285963109777371106283879035210128050441034895179534108911547728929711865182112677491096706786104301282494390038941089786491665861147089410975432108331009235795106059991179181770220151525796511377329110814441112807111171723--Southern
Asia +Rice,
paddy73597704691185877759386081358637680232026653205480099887846691098734203288739244880738958246773893153170858872951020957209049159810869396811133774093128181112197467112333925103279287123684345121472163130373170126262567120622622142049852149595357151583691152494791148676088162009408161169589156918371165986137167031854175439084186028952181583527191123990162347134189037458178500162196471788202058479203688679--Southern
Asia
+Sorghum827932710001489943816099778337857408950301710340833100667651000532984353598035231727061694768991068422697915071078940012351187116913601189890110662302122881011097660512142501116346011041726794224251237812310419691131618431192097183240761304504511627867922895995824731115388477599728643917890644077490207779450727365072547006869016740267078138257606216--Southern
Asia
+Wheat201316312131446419548622190459222294265720912182220257002998195732156080341060663623494940641761398876353728302140589769471297984695208649356667550634175235749657489063593103996523346666615484664916727210702368040106698014537819553275576639820634268503440487986570900124529816933093719043101302516102651668103331781110032132102595579108997449104719267111259243111252839110635526119502639A
= May include official, semi-official or estimated
data150827604151448713158209336161434224148522729146830094174324093177838159188737148195083204194847252190936243202021642200593263221190724215195816235498340240657058222978410245117117258948885242091356269542530268268495282114750289263495278124001313609406337713574328174125330477473330755422356150558359703917357943954378668124380173610389845664404234702407279464410846733383967477423804844417836997446295245454536315470098160FAOSTAT
| FAO Statistics Division 2008 | 04 December 2008Production
Quantityton19611962196319641965196619671968196919701971197219731974197519761977197819791980198119821983198419851986198719881989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007SSAMaize1436232415108283152728341379404214437474153021372116973016176345172694221711356721091725222646281600128224004128233297252302914424479116243507792160266324521992297693972341571818678452195746782660596328876612277022213196489836618949324246283134419723192769351610893815603930343487383184643645714832921618365071083769820735004955363656603850979040003774433185834233634443846794Millet6359558654810969705756706479676323558233286965413675641979758797551214724632163848337627289885242478284937618433711475073681487084506695735876168357323150727176670557249531287951774789426511042715810486224105639741039066110225936106839071146027211714680119569241124193313090286132945791221719912875604131625721479910113709409158470401688517616424462Rice,
paddy3141397351771535673873767855365676138497564308184433207645150984634258482025447744615055288542525356383185504640567011858128135949757618759863054906507322665359968855797302778764115880279578553427103985169524153102470501007245810335037952170210129053109924331093859311315036115490751144262811306400114848571236697512539124139900861518971616757071Sorghum8523297910199188404098829483889958880303958970526761641291611299244551920964673830777466266101396688188358820974185444448138650854712810250770952499694223079274390101709891111722812327123120261631230648111743001101515441209673211930236129509881320995414694993156213871513866015355263152390661502954615633556163159651728980017630089194455222030881421333913Wheat17550741578941180332619935031677530157858621604742431744254460526650602994101305458329215832733303295941933065563020584270429131382622622339356951937539493260630344735231027353907512469655051436213631771339756437491772715814360340934651003702342474559343497294022818379327544956995049396468664040590424696366514738157748125567688SAMaize6421214670986267289556849137702547871140608681185797413380372389818133734800887390678265873804597597504498897971844260486747987969285958242494231729067409105383371106297492192401028978183983111107764312614632120638941115693313037729127883891258198613522639147033651497777315572874163486311642550717685986163115352051074621252485223378922240555224198975Millet82560788449272844520891113337239396818457996021617833199973033612775752979312279554791216635775379701101896610218535102294831122181285963109777371106283879035210128050441034895179534108911547728929711865182112677491096706786104301282494390038941089786491665861147089410975432108331009235795106059991179181770220151525796511377329110814441112807111171723Rice,
paddy73597704691185877759386081358637680232026653205480099887846691098734203288739244880738958246773893153170858872951020957209049159810869396811133774093128181112197467112333925103279287123684345121472163130373170126262567120622622142049852149595357151583691152494791148676088162009408161169589156918371165986137167031854175439084186028952181583527191123990162347134189037458178500162196471788202058479203688679Sorghum827932710001489943816099778337857408950301710340833100667651000532984353598035231727061694768991068422697915071078940012351187116913601189890110662302122881011097660512142501116346011041726794224251237812310419691131618431192097183240761304504511627867922895995824731115388477599728643917890644077490207779450727365072547006869016740267078138257606216Wheat201316312131446419548622190459222294265720912182220257002998195732156080341060663623494940641761398876353728302140589769471297984695208649356667550634175235749657489063593103996523346666615484664916727210702368040106698014537819553275576639820634268503440487986570900124529816933093719043101302516102651668103331781110032132102595579108997449104719267111259243111252839110635526119502639150827604151448713158209336161434224148522729146830094174324093177838159188737148195083204194847252190936243202021642200593263221190724215195816235498340240657058222978410245117117258948885242091356269542530268268495282114750289263495278124001313609406337713574328174125330477473330755422356150558359703917357943954378668124380173610389845664404234702407279464410846733383967477423804844417836997446295245454536315470098160Yieldton/ha1961196219631964196519661967196819691970197119721973197419751976197719781979198019811982198319841985198619871988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200761-07
(times)Africa ex
NorthMaize1.01.01.00.90.91.01.31.01.11.11.31.31.01.41.31.31.41.41.31.51.81.41.01.11.41.31.21.41.61.41.31.01.41.51.31.61.41.31.41.51.41.41.51.51.61.61.61.6Millet0.60.60.60.60.60.50.60.60.60.60.60.60.60.70.70.60.60.70.70.60.80.80.80.70.90.70.70.80.80.70.70.70.70.70.70.70.70.80.80.70.80.80.80.80.90.90.81.5Rice1.21.31.41.41.31.31.41.41.41.41.41.41.41.51.51.41.41.41.41.41.41.41.51.51.61.61.71.61.71.71.71.61.71.51.61.71.61.61.71.61.61.61.71.61.71.71.91.6Sorghum0.70.80.70.70.70.70.70.60.60.70.70.70.60.90.80.70.80.70.90.91.01.00.90.80.90.90.90.90.80.80.80.80.90.80.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.91.01.01.01.11.4Wheat0.70.60.70.80.60.70.80.80.80.80.90.90.90.91.01.21.11.01.21.11.41.31.21.21.01.31.71.71.21.31.61.61.81.61.51.81.72.01.81.92.02.01.71.71.82.12.33.3ton/ha19611962196319641965196619671968196919701971197219731974197519761977197819791980198119821983198419851986198719881989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007South
AsiaMaize1.11.11.11.11.11.11.21.11.11.31.01.21.11.11.31.21.11.21.11.21.21.21.41.41.21.31.11.41.61.51.41.61.61.51.61.71.81.91.91.92.01.92.12.22.22.22.42.2Millet0.40.40.40.50.40.40.50.40.50.60.50.40.60.40.60.50.50.60.50.50.60.50.70.60.50.50.50.70.70.70.60.80.60.70.70.80.80.80.70.80.90.61.10.90.90.91.02.3Rice1.61.41.61.71.41.41.61.71.71.71.71.61.81.71.91.72.02.01.72.02.01.92.22.22.32.22.22.52.62.62.62.62.82.82.72.82.82.93.03.03.22.83.23.13.33.33.32.1Sorghum0.40.50.50.50.40.50.50.50.50.50.50.50.50.60.60.70.70.70.70.70.70.70.70.70.60.60.80.70.90.80.71.00.90.80.80.90.70.80.80.80.80.80.70.70.80.90.92.0Wheat0.90.90.80.80.90.80.91.01.11.11.11.21.21.11.21.31.31.41.51.41.51.51.61.61.71.81.71.81.91.92.02.12.02.12.22.22.32.32.32.52.42.52.42.52.52.52.63.03-year
MAton/ha1963196419651966196719681969197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005200620076383830763909007Africa
ex
NorthMaize1.01.01.00.91.11.11.11.01.11.21.21.21.21.31.41.41.41.41.51.51.41.21.21.31.31.31.41.41.41.21.21.31.41.41.41.41.41.41.41.41.41.51.51.61.61.51.351.131.401.09MaizeMillet0.60.60.60.60.60.60.60.60.60.60.60.60.70.70.60.70.70.70.70.70.80.70.80.80.80.70.80.70.70.70.70.70.70.70.70.70.70.70.70.70.80.80.80.80.91.51.311.131.281.16MilletRice1.31.31.31.31.41.41.41.41.41.41.41.51.51.51.41.41.41.41.41.41.51.51.61.61.61.61.71.71.71.71.71.61.61.61.61.61.61.61.61.61.71.71.71.71.81.41.131.221.301.07RiceSorghum0.80.70.70.70.70.70.60.60.70.70.70.70.80.80.80.70.80.80.91.01.00.90.90.90.90.90.90.80.80.80.80.80.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.91.01.01.01.41.271.081.091.26SorghumWheat0.70.70.70.70.70.80.80.80.80.80.90.91.01.01.11.11.11.11.21.21.31.21.11.21.31.51.51.41.41.51.71.71.61.61.61.81.81.91.91.91.91.81.81.92.13.11.901.642.141.45Wheatton/ha196319641965196619671968196919701971197219731974197519761977197819791980198119821983198419851986198719881989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007South
AsiaMaize1.11.11.11.11.11.11.11.21.11.21.11.11.11.21.21.21.11.21.21.21.31.31.31.31.21.31.41.51.51.51.61.61.61.61.71.81.81.91.91.92.02.02.22.22.32.11.161.781.381.49MaizeMillet0.40.40.40.40.40.40.40.50.50.50.50.50.50.50.50.60.50.50.50.50.60.60.60.50.50.60.60.70.60.70.70.70.70.70.80.80.80.80.80.80.90.90.90.90.92.11.351.551.561.34MilletRice1.51.61.61.51.51.61.71.71.71.71.71.71.81.81.91.91.91.91.92.02.12.12.22.22.32.32.42.62.62.62.72.72.82.82.82.92.93.03.13.03.13.03.23.23.32.11.331.621.661.29RiceSorghum0.50.50.50.50.50.50.50.50.50.50.50.50.60.60.70.70.70.70.70.70.70.70.70.60.70.70.80.80.80.80.80.90.80.80.80.80.80.80.80.80.80.70.80.80.81.71.431.211.611.07SorghumWheat0.80.80.80.80.90.91.01.11.11.11.21.21.21.21.31.31.41.41.41.51.61.61.61.71.71.81.81.81.92.02.02.12.12.22.22.32.32.42.42.52.42.52.52.52.53.01.851.612.201.36Wheat
FAOSTAT
MaizeMilletRiceSorghumWheat
SSATable1
MaizeMilletRiceSorghumWheat
MaizeMilletRiceSorghumWheat
Crop Yield (Ton/ha)Growth (times)1961-1963 Average2005-2007
Average1963 to
2007SSAWheat0.72.13.1Rice1.31.81.4Maize1.01.61.5Sorghum0.81.01.4Millet0.60.91.5South
AsiaWheat0.82.53.0Rice1.53.32.1Maize1.12.32.1Sorghum0.50.81.7Millet0.40.92.1South
Asian Yield/SSA
YieldWheat1.31.2Rice1.21.9Maize1.11.4Sorghum0.60.8Millet0.71.0
Graph60.98146573680.42685323141.49585648040.48996437610.84441516670.99920808770.43887677771.52091850030.52206667930.80415044461.00345963750.41017824441.48682427670.48854462370.81201470220.9931487590.39720369191.40195475690.49200046410.82328866631.03077718310.39709788061.3790485470.49505211320.87580120231.02825289630.40908642851.48565649760.52657537750.93900235721.0294072210.42981325731.59040723190.53043709911.05301165161.08148740780.4810408281.63591593620.50412627031.16005812921.04899135060.51818207111.66843169610.48308746581.22797977611.09112011550.49937462451.66680336340.45863906391.29835365310.98634907970.48288709121.68048188340.48454261381.31909720691.00240780450.44721547141.6349495890.54554717161.27421728021.03867794840.49783826941.71948461710.59270050191.26037054811.07046903020.49259239721.68992319960.63372609731.30687087361.10480952320.5403936351.81889741690.66574075281.37842959831.0624999780.54785163591.86324357290.70496935391.42555928021.03559272540.52532447441.85432157680.7153978431.47821539881.07140455150.52043853241.86730184660.68888873091.49455110621.10005442370.51414467041.85767333980.69501099561.544604891.15517355080.52700907891.93740218450.68103655171.5855952831.21968512640.58177852291.99842733030.70288842971.71232680041.31749957550.5967302462.05338489270.69911806081.78342863281.3179116260.57914047772.21323904890.69139273181.84304516681.29450777140.52085499782.22052785450.64159606831.91976272481.15225310790.48528960632.24449408170.65724413041.94407237491.23540533050.55434526972.31762722690.67829881861.98800707761.35198578680.6105822982.45458783220.77607363642.05414962891.51497969990.67553179172.59237930210.79316364072.12246016211.50859401960.64450200472.61853541650.77937122722.21561959321.52332276170.70260208352.61626779710.81693538612.26549717221.55121451490.68487575132.68889302110.84511684412.33402384581.57509543220.74382716392.76802408780.88623632272.36675497311.54801447690.68795405712.79734125380.8334108342.42176199211.58396908630.74835171112.79475349570.85374786192.47380862851.6716892570.76828603512.78847689040.82487992732.573598191.73914349890.81377348032.84959282950.8367834572.54898207831.76675059130.78347185662.90146884120.79948132012.58474034621.80357952470.77254587442.9026998970.82344672432.61791269721.87112312660.80064993582.98112284310.79420201622.69221270391.83346663030.76713383882.86049689390.76520156872.7495482891.90643466720.87122516432.94993510350.76191089452.69339350831.87567639270.87531887792.90318890140.74343612552.69508857731.96210324480.95390689133.08231339820.75561480662.64158276291.91749756150.89134638273.10641681150.79769361082.6445063312.00159370090.91478507433.18375567730.85096596962.6305476756
MaizeMilletRiceSorghumWheat
Analysis1Area planted to HYV of crop x (000
ha)19561957195819591960196119621963196419651966196719681969197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987Wheat0000000000293211737855204601074849646102201041412507142501419214805140031504615910167771818817816179781769918170Rice00000000007021447207735414591602065588362903710605109631318913928135791474715998155361794018642190141943816770Sorghum000000000094317687553778694862122512731842231329142925309134763988429251124937591153345268Pearl
Millet0000000000523506871030172114172157316524302752210324872929286235344330453652174970482750803370Maize00000000008921228630638638834566892791988510371086113112941282144316241666144918041546Area
planted to crop x (000
ha)19561957195819591960196119621963196419651966196719681969197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987Wheat1295111125119641272512259128901294412821128081200212112140681477515801169851787718317177041661618855195211980821160205442111320909219362326422023214372113621244Rice2878328693294323007730315308253167831787323023124730911318143141132607326043294232117333183298634233334993532835701344713515335677323833587835672354393545733273Sorghum1649717247178951764518412181691817418284179631754918127179831754016925167981644416670170051612315966157561603815924169011616516581164031613215492155941544915654Pearl
Millet113861110811358106451148211189109211102611646116001240412687122541245313262117751229413969113961129010716109241123211334115801161810821116751040910489109938587Maize33523680378338823925400841314106409342494594506951025200529351605176548051995314523151115080511153635244498951054988513150894792Proportion
of Area planted to
HYV19561957195819591960196119621963196419651966196719681969197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987Wheat0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.020.150.260.330.350.420.530.580.630.660.730.720.700.680.710.760.760.780.810.840.840.86Rice0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.020.050.070.110.140.180.200.250.270.310.330.370.390.390.420.450.480.500.520.540.550.50Sorghum0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.010.020.040.030.050.040.050.070.080.120.150.180.180.180.220.240.260.320.320.380.350.34Pearl
Millet0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.030.060.080.130.120.180.230.210.240.200.230.260.250.310.370.420.450.480.460.460.39Maize0.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.020.040.060.060.070.080.070.120.180.170.170.200.210.220.240.240.290.320.330.280.350.32Production
(000
tons)19561957195819591960196119621963196419651966196719681969197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987Wheat8995734494139790105291153410349937611740991610717155851714919060222272417022625198242197226280268622948332923286493346434770401274354741592440114271742606Rice2550921605270092768730395314332899532368346152621025800310963090732250351243509433573377953328541044358574571046226357304759447434395045243350327555065273148659Sorghum7631859789858516983579759446917696547585877997109254893177037215729093551033794021047511718110201166510696119551078511932111259972869311903Pearl
Millet28863617383934653254360839173845448836614461516936335257811450203989696231995430581445265472463652765325503875305968353442983267Maize27102803299236033595375340484029410941824452559144474752655645065251483346205966497749735174495457905737558967977135562661974820Yield
(Ton/ha)19561957195819591960196119621963196419651966196719681969197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987Wheat0.690.660.790.770.860.890.800.730.920.830.881.111.161.211.311.351.241.121.321.391.381.491.561.391.591.661.831.871.892.052.022.012.9Rice0.890.750.920.921.001.020.921.021.070.840.830.980.980.991.081.071.051.131.011.201.071.291.291.041.351.331.221.461.411.571.491.461.7Sorghum0.460.500.500.480.530.440.520.500.540.430.480.540.530.530.460.440.440.550.640.590.660.730.690.690.660.720.660.740.720.640.560.761.6Pearl
Millet0.250.330.340.330.280.320.360.350.390.320.360.410.300.420.610.430.320.500.280.480.540.410.490.410.460.460.470.640.570.340.390.381.5Maize0.810.760.790.930.920.940.980.981.000.980.971.100.870.911.240.871.010.880.891.120.950.971.020.971.081.091.121.331.431.101.221.011.2Area
Planted (K
ha)19561957195819591960196119621963196419651966196719681969197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987Other
Pulses50865170518652045156536753495437537950445054530054115408544252555139558850276364630662956630935896739732885798150000Tobacco356321337364354374370398366333391398415410401426423433315338433526383352364367458469344320305261Finger
Millet211235263269278269253254250277291346334331334287294404353419444460460433514456437448388411394348Jute581547562497490762700721697611647722412633606657554638503453586633705659749656568596674939644539Potato231258272291291288331336348397385403421386392412403431476495490506637552585641593660737737714758Barley35213170334433933220337631122894280327742966343928982812262924972459266728332836231424972058159016161567135813161157127811331057Soy0000000000000000000000000106667331074117712661498Sesami16431587173216571456157017631603166917492116198817241675175717821524165415471469142515051564150815881651172917541734185916641548Sunflower0000000000000000000000001122254266616808089811708Sugarcane20212021190820792353239121982178252127412209196824652691249623142433277829162848277030312949241924702967315529602866273129313142Tur30643100314431403122310331163143311231213102314731273141312330683107309330853084305930723080308330963111312431423119313631523206Rapeseed&Mustard8809949668458411030110910498979251033110272787610151257116312901502117195613251268117414411884182420062941282627003256Maize33523680378338823925400841314106409342494594506951025200529351605176548051995314523151115080511153635244498951054988513150894792Gram9655910010071103379229962491899281868779127845790067147433768978526732752268657944715971816966662760587259705468926756754466425679Cotton79447933786772207537789576808086822777667604757274617714773682608084780176747516685776707655776674747697739673107136726567966161Groundnut56756414624064506449686371826858728476087476767473676987754179257411719973017298717070987352645359706463719276087497704669956588Pearl
Millet113861110811358106451148211189109211102611646116001240412687122541245313262117751229413969113961129010716109241123211334115801161810821116751040910489109938587Sorghum1649717247178951764518412181691817418284179631754918127179831754016925167981644416670170051612315966157561603815924169011616516581164031613215492155941544915654Wheat1295111125119641272512259128901294412821128081200212112140681477515801169851787718317177041661618855195211980821160205442111320909219362326422023214372113621244Rice2878328693294323007730315308253167831787323023124730911318143141132607326043294232117333183298634233334993532835701344713515335677323833587835672354393545733273Total1157931146601182821186791191291219541221621222251230161198701212331255471225261254521280731281611262721309471246911298681266681309851327821323141330641366961333511404071276711281521264271212861956198719561987195619872000-2004
AvgIndiaIndiaIndiaIndiaIndiaIndiaAsiaSSAOther
Pulses50860Tobacco356261Finger
Millet211348Jute581539Potato231758Barley35211057Soy01498Sesami16431548Sunflower01708Sugarcane20213142Tur30643206Rapeseed&Mustard8803256195619872000-2004
AvgMaize33524792IndiaIndiaSSAAsiaGram96555679Others320503434429Others29296Cotton79446161Maize335247923Maize41419872000-2004
AvgGroundnut56756588Barley3521105715Barley1233IndiaSSAAsiaPearl
Millet113868587Wheat129512124412Wheat1826Wheat, Maize, Barley and
Others515249Sorghum1649715654Rice287833327326Rice28743Rice28743Wheat1295121244Millet1159789353Millet7214Millet7214Rice2878333273Sorghum164971565411Sorghum13204Sorghum13204Total1087511192991087511192991001001002087100100
Analysis10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
WheatRiceSorghumPearl MilletMaizeMillion haArea Planted to
HYV
variables0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
WheatRiceSorghumPearl MilletMaizeProportion of HYV Planted
Area
FAOSTAT0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
WheatRiceSorghumPearl MilletMaizeYield (Ton/ha)
Sheet251.498336113527.89042657527.489584992313.1216523195272120494344
Wheat, Maize, Barley and OthersRiceMilletSorghum
IDYEARThe agricultural year 1957/58 is denoted by
1957CODEDistrict CodePOPDENPopulation Density was calculated by
dividing the population as per the population censuses by the area
in each district. Like the LITERACY variable, values for the
inter-censal years were linearly interpolatedPRSEEDFarm Harvest
Price (Rs/quintal)HYVWHEATArea planted to HYV of crop x (000
ha)HYVRICEArea planted to HYV of crop x (000 ha)HYVMAIZEArea
planted to HYV of crop x (000 ha)HYVBAJRAArea planted to HYV of
crop x (000 ha)HYVJOWARArea planted to HYV of crop x (000
ha)AGLABORNumber of rural males whose primary job classification is
agricultural laborCULTIVATNumber of rural males whose primary job
classification is cultivation (note: both AGLABOR and CULTIVAT are
stock variables)WAGEWtd. (by month) annual labor cost. Wages of a
male ploughman were recorded; if not available then wages of a male
field laborer or male "Other Agricultural Labor" were selected.
June and August were weighted more heavily than other months
because of the
hNCAGCANIAGIAYWHEATYRICEYSUGARYMAIZEYPOTATOYGNUTYBARLEYYTOBACYGRAMYTURYRAGIYSESAMUMYRMSEEDYBAJRAYCOTTONYJOWARYOPULSYJUTEYSOYYSUNFLWRROADSLITERACYProportion
of rural males who are classified as literate (defined as "the
ability to read and write in any language"). Census enumerators,
beginning with the 1971 census, were required to observe each
individual's ability to read and write before
classifyFEBXTFEBNTDMS01SOIL TYPEnot usedDMS02SOIL
TYPELateriteDMS03SOIL TYPERed and YellowDMS04SOIL TYPEShallow
BlackDMS05SOIL TYPEMedium BlackDMS06SOIL TYPEDeep BlackDMS07SOIL
TYPEMixed Red and BlackDMS08SOIL TYPECoastal AlluvialDMS09SOIL
TYPEDeltaic AlluviumDMS10SOIL TYPECalcerousDMS11SOIL TYPEGray
BrownDMS12SOIL TYPEDesertDMS13SOIL TYPETaraiDMS14SOIL TYPEBlack
(Karail)DMS15SOIL TYPESaline and AlkalineDMS16SOIL TYPEAlluvial
RiverDMS17SOIL TYPESkeletalDMS18SOIL TYPESaline and
DeltaicDMS19SOIL TYPERedDMS20SOIL TYPERed and GravelyDMS21SOIL
TYPEDMAQ31 if aquifer is > 150 meters thickDMAQ21 if aquifer is
100 - 150 meters thickDMAQ11 if aquifer is