AmYw{ZH$ OJmMm B{Vhmg - prashantpublications.com Jagacha Itiha… · OmhraZm‘m à{gÕ n ZdrZ amÁ`KQ>ZoMr {Z{‘Vr n Xe^a EH$M àemgZì`dñWm n Ý`m`XmZnÕVrV n[adVZ n AWì`dñWMr

AmYw{ZH$OJmMm B{Vhmg(History of Modern World)

1453 - 2000

¶w.Or.gr.À¶m ‘mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdmZwgma ‘hmamï>mVrb gd© {dÚmnrR>m§À¶m nXdr,nXì¶wÎma Aä¶mgH«$‘m§gmR>r Cn w³V g§X^© nwñVH$.VgoM goQ>, ZoQ> d ñnYm© narjm ¶m§Zmhr Cn¶w³V.

AmYw{ZH$OJmMm B{Vhmg(History of Modern World)

1453 - 2000

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S>m°. A{Zb H$R>maoE‘.E. (gwdU©nXH$) E‘.{’$c., nrEM.S>r.àmܶmnH$, {d^mJ à‘wI d g§MmcH$nXì¶wÎma B{Vhmg {d^mJ d g§emoYZ H|$Ðlr {edmOr H$m°coO, H§$YmaVm. H§$Yma {O. Zm§XoS> - 431714.

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AmYw{ZH$ OJmMm B{Vhmg (1453-2000)

S>m°. A{Zb H$R>mao

àH$meH$ d _wÐH$lr. a§Jamd nmQ>rcàem§V npãbHo$eÝg3, àVmnZJa, lr g§V kmZoída ‘§{Xa amoS>,ZyVZ ‘amR>m ‘hm{dÚmb`mOdi,OiJmd-425001.% (0257) 2235520,2232800Website : www.prashantpublications.com

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àW‘ Amd¥Îmr : 15 OmZodmar 2015(‘H$ag§H«$mV)

ISBN : 978-93-85021-20-6

© boIH$mYrZ

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àem§V npãbHo$eÝg

_yë` : 695/-

`m nwñVH$mMo gd© A{YH$ma boIH$mYrZ AgyZ, `m nwñVH$mVrb H$moUVmhr _OHy$a,VŠVm qH$dm VËg_ g§H$ënZm `m§Mr H$moUË`mhr àH$mao ZŠH$b H$aUo qH$dm `m§{ÌH$sgmYZm§Zr \$moQ>moH$m°nr, aoH$m°{S>ªJ H$aUo H$m`ÚmZo JwÝhm AgyZ, Ago AmT>iyZ Amë`mgVËH$mi H$madmB© H$aÊ`mV `oB©b.

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A‘o[aH$Z, ’«|$M, Am¡Úmo{JH$ d a{e`Z H«$m§Vrcm OJmÀ`m

B{VhmgmV ‘hÎdnyU© ñWmZ Amho. A‘o[aH$m d ’«|$M H«$m§VrZo gd©àW‘

cmoH$emhrMm nwañH$ma Ho$cm. Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§VrZo ‘mZdr OrdZmV

Am‘ycmJ« ~Xc KS>dyZ AmUcm, Va a{e`Z H«$m§VrZo gmå`dmXmMm

nwañH$ma Ho$cm. A‘o[aHo$cm mXdr wÕmÀ`m g§H$Q>mVwZ A~«mh‘ qcH$ZZo

gwIê$n ~mhoa H$mT>co; nU Ë`m‘wio Ë`m§Zm Amncm àmU J‘dmdm

cmJcm. EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mV wamonmV amï>dmXr MiditZm Omo‘

Amcm. ‘°{PZr, H$mìhÿa, J°[a~mëS>r d pìhŠQ>a B‘°Ý wAc Xwgam m§À`m

Xoe^º$s‘YyZ BQ>mcrMo Am{U {~ñ‘mH©$À¶m ‘hÎdm§H$mjoVyZ O‘©ZrMo

EH$sH$aU nyU© Pmco.

{~ñ‘mH©$Zo `wamonmV Jwá amOH$maU d JQ>~mOrMo YmoaU

ñdrH$maë`m‘wio wamo{n`Z Xoem§Mr XmoZ JQ>m§V {d^mJUr Pmcr. Ë`mMo

n ©dgmZ n{hë`m ‘hm wÕmV Pmco. `m ‘hm wÕmMo ‘mZdr OrdZmda

AË §V dmB©Q> n[aUm‘ Pmco. Am§Vaamï>r` àíZ {dMma{d{Z‘` H$ê$Z

gm‘monMmamZo gmoS>dmdoV Am{U OJmV em§VVm amImdr åhUyZ amï>g§K

ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amcm; na§Vw ~S>çm Xoem§Zr amï>g§KmMm ’$m`Xm Ho$di

ñdmWm©gmR>rM H$ê$Z KoVcm. `m{edm` ‘wgmo{cZr d {hQ>ca `m

hþHy$‘ehm§Zr amï>g§Kmda AmKmV Ho$cm. Ë`m§À`m AmH«$‘H$ YmoaUm‘wio

Xwgao ‘hm wÕ KSy>Z Amco. `mZ§Va OmJ{VH$ em§§VVogmR>r nwÝhm g§ wº$

amï>g§KQ>Zm ApñVËdmV Amcr. Xwgè`m ‘hm wÕmZ§Va ñdmV§Í` MiditZm

Omoa Amcm. B{Oá d B§S>moZo{e`m ho XmoÝhr Xoe AZwH«$‘o {~«{Q>e Am{U

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S>Mm§À`m amOH$s` Jwcm‘{JarVyZ ‘wº$ Pmco. m gd© KQ>Zm§Mm g{dñVa

B{Vhmg àñVwV nwñVH$mV XoÊ`mV Amcm Amho.

`m nwñVH$ coIZmgmR>r gm¡. a‘m H$R>mao (E‘. E. B{Vhmg) m§Mo

‘moR>o ghH$m © {‘imco. àñVwV J«§W {b{hʶmMm IQ>mQ>mon åhUOo Ag§»¶

{dÚm϶mªH$Sy>Z, àmܶmnH$m§H$Sy>Z gVV hmoUmar ‘mJUr d "àem§V

npãbHo$eÝg'Mo g§MmbH$ a§Jamd nmQ>rb ¶m§À¶mH$Sy>Z {‘imbobo CÎmoOZ

¶m§‘wio H$aʶmV Ambobm Amho. VgoM "àem§V ~wH$ hmD$g'H$Sy>Z

g§X^©J«§W {‘imbo. ¶m ˶m§À¶m ghH$m¶m©~Ôb ‘r ˶m§Mm G$Ur AgyZ,

˶m§Mo Am^ma ‘mZVmo. ˶mZ§Va gXahÿ J«§WmMo gw~H$ AjaOwiUrMo H$m¶©

ñZohb nmQ>rb ¶m§Zr WmoS>³¶mV nyU© H$ê$Z Vo Mm§Jë¶m àH$mao nma nmS>bo.VgoM àXrn nmQ>rb, gwZrb nm§T>ao ¶m§À¶m nmR>nwamì¶m‘wioM ho nwñVH$

bdH$aM àH$m{eV hmody eH$bo, ˶m~Ôb ˶m§Mo Am^ma!

S>m°. A{Zc H$R>mao

‘hmË‘m ’w$co hmCqgJ gmogm`Q>r,

{O. H§$Yma,Zm§XoS>-431714^«‘UÜdZr … 9420537214.

AZwH«$‘{UH$m

1. à~moYZ wJ 17

n à~moYZ åhUOo H$m`? n à~moYZmMr nmíd© y‘r - H$maUo n wamonmVrc

Y‘© wÕ n Y‘© wÕmMo n[aUm‘ n H$m°ÝñQ>±{Q>ZmoncMm nmS>md n Zì`m OJmMm emoY

n n§Yamì`m eVH$mVrc wamonmVrc pñWVr n nmoVw©Jmc n {~«Q>Z n ZoXac±S

n ’«$mÝg- H°$ZS>mMm emoY n ñnoZ-A‘o[aHo$Mm emoY n H$moc§~gÀ`m BVa g’$ar

n ‘Ü` Am{U X{jU A‘o[aHo$Mm emoY n à~moYZmMr gmYZo n à~moYZmMo ñdê$n

n H$coMo à~moYZ ñWmnË` d {eënH$cm n {MÌH$cm n ‘y{V©H$cm n g§JrVH$cm

n ‘wÐUH$cm n gm{hË`mMm {dH$mg n H$mJXmMm emoY n Xmê$Jmoim-Vmo’$ d

~§XwH$m§Mm emoY n emór` à~moYZ n ^yJmocemó n IJmocemó n nXmW©-{dkmZ

n agm`Zemó n d¡ÚH$emó n J{UVemó n à~moYZmMo n[aUm‘.

2. ’«|$M amÁ`H«$m§Vr 49

n ’«|$M amÁ`H«$m§VrMr H$maUo n Mm¡Xmì`m cwB©Mo gm‘«mÁ`dmXr YmoaU n Mm¡Xmì`m

cwB©Mo H$V¥©ËdhrZ dmag n «ï> emgZì`dñWm n amOm§Mr CYinÅ>r n gádfu`

wÕmVrc ZwH$gmZ n ‘oar A±Q>mB©ZoQ>Mm ñd^md n A{YH$mè`m§Mr XS>nemhr d Xm§S>JmB©nUm

n {df‘ Ý`m`nÕV n H$m`ÚmVrc {df‘Vm n gm‘m{OH$ {df‘Vm n ga§Om‘Xma

n Y‘©Jwê$ n l‘Ordr cmoH$ n Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr n gXmof qH$dm {df‘ H$anÕVr

n ì`pŠVñdmV§Í`mda {Z~ªY n cmoH$g§ñWm§Mm A^md n A‘o[aH$Z ñdmV§Í` wÕmMm

à^md n ’«|$M VÎddoÎ`m§Mo H$m © n ‘m±Q>oñŠ y n ìhm°ëQ>oAa n égmo n {S>S>oam± n ’«|$M

amÁ`H«$m§VrMr dmQ>Mmc n Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr gwYmaÊ`mMm AW©‘§Í`m§Mm à`ËZ n ~°ñQ>rcMm

gmV

nmS>md -14 Owc¡ 1789 n amOm-amUrcm H¡$X n amï>r` g^m Am{U amï´>r`

H$ÝìhoÝeZ n Q>o{Zg H$moQ>©Mr enW n ’«|$M amÁ`H«$m§Vr d amï´>r` g^m n amï>r` g^oMr

H$m‘{Jar n {df‘Vm Zï> Ho$cr n C‘amd d Y‘©Jwê§$Mo A{YH$ma Zï> n ‘mZdr h¸$mMm

OmhraZm‘m à{gÕ n ZdrZ amÁ`KQ>ZoMr {Z{‘©Vr n Xoe^a EH$M àemgZì`dñWm

n Ý`m`XmZnÕVrV n[adV©Z n AW©ì`dñWoMr nwZa©MZm n ‘R>dmgr dJ© ‘moS>co

n MM©~m~V Ho$coë`m Cnm``moOZm n amï>r` g^oÀ`m H$m`m©Mo ‘yë`‘mnZ n gmoimì`m

cwB©Mm niyZ OmÊ`mMm à`ËZ n ZdrZ H$m`Xo‘§S>i n amOmcm {Xcocm ZH$mam{YH$ma

S>moHo$XwIr ~Zcm n H«$m§{VH$mimV CX`mg Amcoco ‘hÎdmMo nj n H«$m§{VH$mimVrc

‘hÎdmÀ`m ì`º$s n H$m`Xo‘§S>imVrc amOH$s` nj n ’«$mÝgMo wamonr` Xoem§er wÕ

n XoemVrc A§VJ©V ~§Smù`m n amï>r` H$ÝìhoÝeZ n amï>r` H$ÝìhoÝeZMr H$m‘{Jar

n A§VJ©V ~§S>mù`m§Mm ~r‘moS n XheVrMo à`ËZ n amï>r`ËdmMr ^mdZm dmT>rg

cmdcr n {ejUmMr ^mfm n amï>r` H$m`Úm§Mo EH$ÌrH$aU n Ym{‘©H$ joÌ{df`H$

YmoaU n XoemVrc n§Mm§JmV n[adV©Z Ho$co n g‘VoMm à`ËZ n amÁ`KQ>ZoMr {Z{‘©Vr

n {ejUjoÌmVrc H$m © n H$ÝìhoÝeZMr {dXoeZrVr n g§MmcH$ ‘§S>imMo H$m ©

n ’«|$M amÁ`H«$m§VrMo n[aUm‘ d ‘hÎd n OwÝ`m amOdQ>rMm eodQ> n ga§Om‘emhr d

Y‘©Jwê$Mm eodQ> n cmoH$emhrMm nm`m KmVcm n ñdmV§Í`, g‘Vm d ~§YwËd `m

VÎdm§Mm àgma n ’«$mÝg à~i ~Zcm n g‘mZVoMm àma§ n ’«$mÝg‘Ü o gwYmaUm

n ‘mZdVmdmXr H$m`m©g MmcZm n EH$amï>r`ËdmÀ`m ^mdZoMm CX` n ‘mZdrh¸$m§Mm

OmhraZm‘m n gm{hË`mMr {Z{‘©Vr n Zonmo{c`Z ~moZmnmQ>©Mm CX`.

3. Zonmo{c`Z ~moZmnmQ>© 99

n OÝ‘ d {ejU n Zonmo{c`ZÀ`m CX`mMr H$maUo n Zonmo{c`ZMo A§VJ©V

YmoaU qH$dm H$m‘{Jar n {d{Y{Z`‘m§Mo g§{hVrH$aU n Am{W©H$ gwYmaUm n ~±H$ Am°’$

’«$mÝgMr ñWmnZm n gm‘m{OH$ gwYmaUm n Ym{‘©H$ gwYmaUm n Ym{‘©H$ H$ama

n e¡j{UH$ gwYmaUm n gmd©O{ZH$ ~m§YH$m‘ n ñWm{ZH$ g§ñWm§Mo H|$ÐrH$aU

n ~oH$mar {ZdmaU d O‘rZ gwYmaUm n A§VJ©V VS>OmoS>rMo YmoaU n H$cmjoÌmVrc

gwYmaUm n dgmhVr {‘i{dÊ`mMm n«`ËZ n Zonmo{c`ZMo naamîQ> YmoaU n Zonmo{c`ZÀ`m

nmS>mdmMr H$maUo n Zonmo{c`ZMr `mo½`Vm n Omogo’$mB©Z.

AmR>

4. pìhEÞm H$m±J«og Am{U g§ wº$ wamon 129

n pìhEÞm H$m±J«og 1815 n Zonmo{c`ZMr Eë~m ~oQ>mdê$Z gwQ>H$m n pìhEÞm

n[afXoMr C{Ôïo n pìhEÞm n[afXoVrc amï> n {ìhEÞm n[afXoda ‘oQ>a{ZH$Mo dM©ñd

n pìhEÞm n[afXoMo (H$m±J«og) ñdê$n n n[afXoZo ñdrH$macocr VÎdo n pìhEÞm

H$m±J«ogMr H$m‘{Jar qH$dm VaVwXr n pìhEÞm H$amamVrc Xmof n wamonMr g§ wº$

ì`dñWm n n{dÌ g§K n MVw:g§K n ‘oQ>a{ZH$ wJ n EŠñcmemnocMr H$m±J«og

n Q>monmD$Mr n[afX n co~oH$ n[afX n ìhoamoZm n[afX n g§ wº$ wamonÀ`m H$m`m©Mo

‘yë`‘mnZ n g§ wº$ wamonÀ`m èhmgmMr H$maUo.

5. ’«$mÝg‘Yrc 1830 d 1848 Mr H«$m§Vr 147

n AR>amdm cwB© n KQ>ZmnÌH$mMr KmofUm n KQ>ZmnÌH$mZo H$m` {‘imco?

n AR>amì`m cwB©À`m H$mimV CX` nmdcoco amOH$s` nj n ’«$mÝg‘Yrc ApñWaVm d

qhgmMma n Xhmdm Mmëg© n pìhcocoMo à{VJm‘r YmoaU n ‘m{Q>ªJZ°JMo ‘§{Ì‘§S>i

n nm°[cJZ°H$Mo XS>nemhr YmoaU n Owc¡ dQ>hþHy$‘ 1830 n Owc¡ 1930 Mr H«$m§Vr

n Owc¡ H«$m§VrMo ‘hÎd n 1830 À`m H«$m§VrMo n[aUm‘ n 1848 Mr H«$m§Vr n cwB©

{’$[cnr n A§VJ©V YmoaU n dmagmh¸$ g‘W©H$m§Mm nj n nwamU‘VdmXr nj

n gwYmaUmdmXr nj n ~moZmnm{Q©ñQ> nj n àOmgÎmmH$ nj n CÚmoJY§Úm§Mm {dH$mg

n {’${cnrMo H$m‘Jma{df`H$ YmoaU n {ejU{df`H$ YmoaU n Ym{‘©H$ YmoaU

n H$cmjoÌmMm {dH$mg n g‘mOdmXr {dMmam§Mm CX` d {dH$mg n cwB© {’$[cnrMo

naamï> YmoaU n 1848 À`m H«$m§VrMr H$maUo n 1848 Mr H«$m§Vr n 1848 À`m

H«$m§VrMo ‘hÎd n 1848 À`m H«$m§VrMo n[aUm‘.

6. nydu` g‘ñ`m 167

n VwH©$ñVmZÀ`m gm‘«mÁ`mMm B{Vhmg n VwH©$ñVmZÀ`m gm‘«mÁ`mMo ñdê$n

n nydu` g‘ñ oVrc ‘hÎdmMo KQ>H$ n ~mëH$Z Xoem{df`rMo ~S>çm amï>m§Mo {^Þ

Ñ{ï>H$moZ n g{~© mVrc ñdmV§Í` wÕ n J«rH$ ñdmV§Í` wÕ n c§S>ZMm Vh 1827 d

‘wH©$ñVmZ{déÕ g§ wº$ H¥$Vr n a{e`mMo VwH©$ñVmZer wÕ n J«rg ñdmV§Í`mg ‘mÝ`Vm d

A±{S>`m-ZmoncMm Vh n VwH©$ñVmZ-B{Oá `wÕ n A§{H$`ma ñHo$cogrMm Vh

n c§S>ZMm Vh n {H«${‘`Z wÕ n {H«${‘`Z wÕmMr H$maUo n wÕmMr dmQ>Mmc

ZD$

n n°[agMm Vh n {H«${‘`Z wÕmMo n[aUm‘ n VwH$m©Mo ~mëH$Z XoemVrc AË`mMma-

a{e`mMo VwH©$ñVmZer wÕ n g°pÝñQ>’°$ZmoMm Vh n ~{c©Z n[afX n ~{c©Z n[afXoVrc

{ZU© n ~{c©Z n[afXoÀ`m H$m‘{JarMo qH$dm ~{c©Z VhmMo ‘yë`‘mnZ n 1878 Vo

1912 ‘Yrc ~mëH$Z àXoem§Vrc KS>m‘moS>r n Am‘}{Z`mMm àíZ n J«rg

n VwH©$ñVmZ‘Ü o O‘©ZrMm à^md n VéU VwH$mªMr H«$m§Vr n VéU VwH$mªMr amOdQ>

n VéU VwH$mªÀ`m H«$m§VrMo n[aUm‘ n BQ>cr- VwH©$ñVmZ wÕ n ~mopñZ`m d hO}JmopìhZmMr

g‘ñ`m n n{hco ~mëH$Z wÕ n Xwgao ~mëH$Z wÕ n ~wImaoñQ>Mm Vh n ~mëH$Z wÕmMo

n[aUm‘.

7. BQ>mcrMo EH$sH$aU 211

n Zonmo{c`ZMm EH$sH$aUmg hmV^ma n pìhEÞm n[afX d BQ>crMr {Ma’$mS>

n H$m~m}Zar Midi n Zonëg‘Yrc H«$m§Vr n {nS>‘m±Q>‘Yrc CR>md n 1830 d

1848 À`m H«$m§VrMo n[aUm‘ n Omogo’$ ‘°{PZr Bgdr gZ 1805-1872 n H$mD§$Q>

H°${‘cmo S>r. H$mìhya n {nS>‘m±Q>Mm ‘w»`‘§Ìr d A§VJ©V {dH$mg n H$mìhÿa d g‘«mQ>

Zonmo{c`Z {Vgam n H$mìhÿaMo Ü o YmoaU d amOZrVr n H$mìhÿaÀ`m H$m‘{JarMo

‘yë`‘mnZ n J°[a~mëS>r (1807-1882) n pìhŠQ>a B‘°Ý wAc Xwgam (1820-

1878) n EH$sH$aUmVrc {d{dY KQ>Zm.

8. O‘©ZrMo EH$sH$aU 235

n pìhEÞm n[afX d O‘©ZrMr {Ma’$mS n amï>dmXr CR>md n O‘©ZrMo

Am{W©H$ g§KQ>Z n 1830 d 1848 À`m H«$m§VrMo O‘©Zrdarc n[aUm‘ n ’«°$H$’$moQ>©

nmc©‘|Q> (1848 Vo 1849) n ’«o${S>H$ {dë`‘ Mm¡Wm `mMo EH$sH$aUmMo à`ËZ

n {dë`‘ n{hcm (1861-1888) n n«{e`mMm ‘w»`‘§Ìr {~ñ‘mH© n {~ñ‘mH©$Mo

Ü o YmoaU n O‘©ZrÀ`m EH$sH$aUmVrc {d{dY KQ>Zm.

9. {~ñ‘mH©$ 252

n {~ñ‘mH©$Mo M[aÌ n {~ñ‘mH©$Mo A§VJ©V YmoaU n {~ñ‘mH©$Mo naamï> YmoaU.

10. ’«$mÝgMo {Vgao àOmgÎmmH$ 268

n A§VJ©V YmoaU n {Vgè`m àOmgÎmmH$nwT>rc AS>MUr n {Vgè`m

àOmgÎmmH$mMo naamï> YmoaU n ’«$mÝg-O‘©Zr g§~§Y.

Xhm

11. AmYw{ZH$ gm‘«mÁ`dmX 300

n gm‘«mÁ`dmX åhUOo H$m`? n wamonMm ‘Ü`H$mcrZ gm‘«mÁ`dmX n AmYw{ZH$

gm‘«mÁ`dmX n `wamo{n`Z gm‘«mÁ`dmXmÀ`m CX`mMr, gm‘«mÁ`ñnY}Mr qH$dm

gm‘«mÁ`{dñVmamMr H$maUo n gm‘«mÁ`dmXmMo ñdê$n- `wamonMm gm‘«mÁ`{dñVma

n {~«Q>ZMm gm‘«mÁ`{dñVma n ^maVmV `wamo{n`Z ì`mnmamMm àma§ d {dH$mg

n {~«{Q>e gÎmoMr ñWmnZm d {dñVma (1756-1818)- ~§Jmcda Vm~m n ßcmgrMr

cT>mB© n ~ŠgmaMr cT>mB© n a{e`mMm gm‘«mÁ`{dñVma n Am¾o Am{e`mVrc

gm‘«mÁ`{dñVma n npíM‘ Am{e`mVrc gm‘«mÁ`{dñVma n MrZ‘Yrc wamo{n`Z

gm‘«mÁ` n wamo{n`Zm§Mm MrZ‘Ü`o àdoe n A’y$Mr `wÕo n ZmZqH$JMm Vh

n ZmZqH$J VhmMo n[aUm‘ n A’y$Mo Xwgao wÕ n {Q>EÝñQ>rZMm Vh n noqH$JMm H$ama

n dm§{K`mMm Vh n ìhmånmoAm Vh n ìhmånmoAm VhmMo n[aUm‘ n wamo{n`Zm§Mo

MrZda à^wËd n OnmZ‘Yrc wamo{n`Z gm‘«mÁ`dmX n H$mZmJmdmMm H$ama n h°arg

H$ama n OnmZMm gm‘«mÁ`dmX n Am{’«$Ho$Mo {d^mOZ n ~opëO`‘Mm gm‘«mÁ`{dñVma

n gm‘«mÁ`dmXmMo n[aUm‘.

12. n{hco ‘hm wÕ 361

n n{hë`m ‘hm wÕmMr H$maUo n n{hë`m ‘hm wÕmMr dmQ>Mmc n n{hë`m

‘hm wÕmMo n[aUm‘.

13. ìhgm©¶Mm Vh 390

n n°[ag g§gX n[afX n VhmMm _gwXm V`ma n n°[ag n[afXog_mo[ac

AS>MUr n JwáVm ~miJUo H$R>rU n {deof Vkm§À`m g{_Vr n OJmMr nwZa©MZm

n {dO`r amï>mVrc _V^oX n n°[agMo JTw>i dmVmdaU n n[afXoVrc à_wI ì`º$s

n n[afX A{YH$ H$mi Mmccr n em§VVm {Z_m©U H$aUo H$R>rU n ìhgm© Mm Vh

n Aëgog d cm°aoÝg n S>m§qPJ ~§Xa n èhmB©Zc±S> àXoemMo {Zc©îH$arH$aU n gma

Imoè`mVrc H$moiemÀ`m ImUr n Am°pñQ>`mMo gmd© m¡_Ëd n O_©ZrÀ`m Vmã`mVrc

àXoe n ~wImaoñQ>Mm Vh aÔ n O_©ZrZo BVa h¸$ _moS>c n O_©ZrMo cîH$ar

IƒrH$aU n O_©ZrÀ`m Zm¡Xcmda {Z §ÌU n O_©ZrÀ`m g_«mQ>mda Amamon

n ZwH$gmZ ^anmB© g{_Vr n n{hë`m _hm wÕmg O_©Zr O~m~Xma n O_©ZrZo

AH$am

\«$mÝgÀ`m Xþ{_©i dñVw naV H$aUo n XiUdiUmgmR>r ZÚm Iwë`m n O_©ZrÀ`m

àXoemda XmoñV amï>m§Mo g¡Ý` n amï>g§KmMr ñWmnZm n n°[ag em§VVm n[afXoVrc BVa

Vh n g|Q> O_©ZMm Vh n Ý wcrMm Vh n Q>m° Zm°ZMm Vh n {gìhg©Mm Vh

n ìhgm© À`m VhmMo _yë`_mnZ n AÝ`m`r d Owc_r Vh n OZVoMm Vh ZìhVm

n j{UH$ ^mdZmda AmYmacocm Vh n wÕnyd© ñdmWu VËdmda AmYm[aV Vh

n ñdm{^_mZmg Y¸$m XoUmam Vh n ^cË m {R>H$mUr H$S>H$ Am{U ZH$mo Ë m {R>H$mUr g¡c

n VhmMo nmcZ n ZoV¥Ëd-ñnYm© n VS>OmoS>rMo EH$ H$S>~moio n O_©ZrV

cmoH$emhr~Ôc {VañH$ma n ìhgm© Mm Vh åhUOo {dídmgKmV n Vhm_wio wamonMo

"~mëH$Zm`PoeZ'' KSy>Z Amco n Vhm_wio O_©ZrMm AmH$ma H$_r Pmcm n wÕ

g§n{dÊ`mgmR>r Vhmda O_©ZrMr ghr n gwS>~wÕrVyZ Ho$cocm Vh n nmoc§S>cm

O_©ZrV ""H$m°arS>m°a''- O_©Zr ZmamO n O_©Z {h>amocrO d `wJmoñcmìhm àOm

BQ>mcrÀ`m Jwcm_{JarV n O_©ZrÀ`m {_Ìm§Zm dmB©Q> dmJdUyH$ n ìhgm© À`m VhmV

Am_}{Z`Z {¼íMZ cmoH$m§Zm dmB©Q> dmJUwH$ n ZwH$gmZ anmB©À`m VaVwXr n {dO`r

amï>m§Mm R>m|JrnUm n BQ>mcrMr {Zamem n ìhgm© À`m Vhmcm An`e H$m Amco?

n Vh VS>OmoS>rMo H$S>~moio n {dO`r d nam yV amï>m§À`m _Zmo w{_H$m {^Þ n VhmMr

A§_c~OmdUr Zmhr n A_o[aHo$Zo Vh ZmH$macm

14. amï´>g§K 410

n amï>g§KmMr gZX n amï>g§KmMr C{Ôï>o n amï>g§KmMo gXñ` n amï>g§KmMr

aMZm n Am§Vaamï>r` Ý`m`mc` n Am§Vaamï>r` H$m‘Jma g§KQ>Zm n amï>g§KmMr

H$m‘{Jar n amï>g§KmÀ`m An`emMr H$maUo.

15. a{e`Z amÁ`H«$m§Vr 432

n a{e`Z amÁ`H«$m§VrMr H$maUo n ‘mM© 1917 Mr H«$m§Vr n {àÝg Om°O©

cm°ìh n ‘oÝeopìhH$ gaH$ma n ~moëeo{dH$ H«$m§Vr n co{ZZ (1870 Vo 1924)

n Omogo’$ ñQ>°{cZ n a{e`Z amÁ`H«$m§VrMo n[aUm‘.

16. ’°${gñQ> BQ>mcr 449

n BQ>mcrMr {Zamem n n{hë`m ‘hm wÕmVrc Am{W©H$ ZwH$gmZ n cmoH$emhrMr

nrN>ohmQ n A{VaoH$s amï>dmXmMm CX` n ’°${gñQ> VÎdkmZ n g‘mOdmÚm§Mm nam^d

~mam

d ^m§S>dcXmam§Mr ‘XV n cmoH$emhrMo An`e n ~o{ZQ>mo ‘wgmo{cZr n ’°${gñQ>

VÎdkmZ n ‘wgmo{cZrMo A§VJ©V YmoaU n ‘wgmo{cZrZo naamï> YmoaU.

17. ZmPr O‘©Zr 463

n {hQ>caÀ`m qH$dm ZmPrdmXmÀ`m CX`mMr H$maUo n A°S>më’$ {hQ>caMo

nyd©M[aÌ n {hQ>ca O‘©ZrMm gd©gÎmmYre n {hQ>caMo A§VJ©V YmoaU n {hQ>caMo

naamï> YmoaU n {hQ>caÀ`m H$m`m©Mo ‘yë`‘mnZ.

18. Xwgao ‘hm wÕ 483

n Xwgè`m ‘hm wÕmMr H$maUo n Xwgè`m ‘hm wÕmMr dmQ>Mmc n Xwgè`m

‘hm wÕmMo n[aUm‘.

19. g§ wº$ amï>-g§KQ>Zm 504

n g§ wº$ amï>-g§KQ>ZoMr gZX d gXñ`Ëd n g§ wº$ amï>-g§KQ>ZoMr C{Ôï>o

n g§ wº$ amï>-g§KQ>ZoMo à‘wI KQ>H$ n wZmoÀ`m H$mhr Img g{‘Ë`m n g§ wº$ amï>-

g§KQ>ZoMr H$m‘{Jar n g§ wº$ amï>-g§KQ>ZoÀ`m An`emMr H$maUo.

20. erV`wÕ 521

n erV wÕmMr H$maUo n erV wÕmMr nÕV Am{U gmYZo n erV wÕmMm àma§

n VwH©$ñVmZ‘Yrc noMàg§J n BamU‘Yrc noMàg§J n Q®>‘ZMo gmå`dmXr{damoYr

YmoaU n gmå`dmX amoIÊ`mgmR>r Qw>‘ZZo Adc§{~coco ‘mJ© n Q®>‘Z {gÕm§V n >Q®>‘Z

{gÕm§VmMo n[aUm‘ d ‘hÎd n ‘me©c `moOZm n ‘me©c `moOZoMo n[aUm‘ d ‘hÎd

n ey‘Z `moOZm n g§ajH$ `moOZm n S>§H$H©$Mm Vh n ~«wgoëgMm Vh n [aAmo

H$ama n A‘o[aH$Z amÁ` g§KQ>Zm n CÎma A°Q>cm§{Q>H$ g§ajU H$ama g§KQ>Zm (ZmQ>mo)

n ZmQ>moMr H$m‘{Jar n wamo{n`Z g§ajU g§K n wamonMr ‘hmg{‘Vr n npíM‘

wamo{n`Z g§K n Am¾o Am{e`m H$ama g§KQ>Zm n A°ÝÂ yg H$ama g§KQ>Zm n Aa~

g§K n Aa~ g§KmMo H$m © n dm°gm© H$ama n dm°gm© H$amamVrc VaVwXr n ~JXmX H$ama

g§KQ>Zm-‘Ü`dVu H$ama g§KQ>Zm- g|Q>mo n g|Q>mo H$amamVrc H$c‘o n g|Q>moMr H$m‘{Jar

n Am`goZhm°da {gÕm§V n erV wÕmMo n[aUm‘.

Voam

21. Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§Vr 577

n Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§VrMr H$maUo n Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§VrMr dmQ>Mmc n Am¡Úmo{JH$

H«$m§VrMo n[aUm‘.

22. A‘o[aH$Z ñdmV§Í` wÕ 588

n A‘o[aHo$Mm emoY n A‘o[aHo$V dgmhVtMr ñWmnZm n A‘o[aH$Z

ñdmV§Í` wÕmMr H$maUo n A‘o[aH$Z ñdmV§Í`mMm OmhraZm‘m n A‘o[aHo$Mo ñdmV§Í` wÕ

n ñdmV§Í` wÕmV A‘o[aHo$Mm {dO` H$m Pmcm? n A‘o[aH$Z ñdmV§Í` wÕmMo n[aUm‘.

23. A‘o[aH$Z `mXdr wÕ 609

n A~«mhZ qcH$Z n 1860 Mr AÜ`jr` {ZdS>UyH$ n qcH$ZMo AmdmhZ

d I§~ra ^y{‘H$m n `mXdr wÕmMr H$maUo n CÎmaoVrc CÚmoJàYmZ OrdZnÕVr

n X{jUoVrc H¥$fr OrdZnÕVr n amOH$s` gÎmmñnYm© n H|$Ðr` d amÁ`r` gÎmmg§Kf©

n Am{W©H$ {hVg§~§Y n `mXdr `wÕmMr dmQ>Mmc n nyd}H$S>rc AmKmS>r

n npíM‘oH$S>rc AmKmS>r n g‘wX«{H$Zmè`mdarc AmKmS>r n mXdr wÕ AQ>i hmoVo

H$m`? n X{jUoÀ`m nam^dmMr H$maUo n `mXdr wÕmMo n[aUm‘.

24. ‘oB©Or H«$m§Vr 634

n ‘oB©Or H«$m§Vr- g‘«mQ>mMo nwZé‚mrdZ n OnmZMo AmYw{ZH$sH$aU

n ga§Om‘emhrMm eodQ n ga§Om‘emhrMm A§V Ho$ë`mMo n[aUm‘ n emgZ

gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r Am§XmocZ n emgZì`dñWoV Ho$coë`m gwYmaUm n 1889 Mr amÁ`KQ>Zm

n g§gXoMr ñWmnZm n nmíMmÎ` Xoem§~amo~a Ho$coë`m H$amamMo g§emoYZ

n {ejUì`dñWoV gwYmaUm n Ý`m`XmZ joÌmV àJVr n Ym{‘©H$ n[apñWVr

n Am{W©H$ {dH$mg n CÚmoJY§Úm§Mm {dH$mg n XiUdiU gmYZm§Vrc {dH$mg

n eoVrMm {dH$mg n McZnÕVrV gwYmaUm n eoVH$è`m§gmR>r gwYmaUm n d¥ÎmnÌm§Mm

{dH$mg n OnmZMm gm‘«mÁ`dmX.

25. Xwgao MrZ-OnmZ wÕ 658

n Xwgè`m MrZ-OnmZ wÕmMr H$maUo n Xwgè`m MrZ-OnmZ wÕmMr dmQ>Mmb

qH$dm wÕH$mimVrb KS>m‘moS>r n Xwgè`m MrZ-OnmZ wÕmMo n[aUm‘ qH$dm ‘hÎd.

Mm¡Xm

26. [MZr gmå`dmXmMm CX` d {dH$mg 682

n gmå`dmXr (H$å w{ZñQ>>) njmÀ`m ñWmnZoMr H$maUo n H$å w{ZñQ>> H$mo{‘§Q>m§J

wVr- ghH$m ©dmXr YmoaU n M±JMo H$å w{ZñQ>m§da hëbo n gmå`dmXr njmMo A{YdoeZ

n H±$Q>Z `oWrb H$å w{ZñQ>m§Moo n{hbo H$å yZ n [MZr gmå`dmXr njmMo ghmdo

A{YdoeZ n br-br-gmZÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImbrb gmå`dmXr Midi n gmå`dmXr

H«$m§VrMm gyÌYma-‘mAmo-Ëgo-Vw§J n M±J-H$mB©- eoH$À`m H$å w{ZñQ>{damoYr ‘mo{h‘m

n n{hbr ‘mohr‘ n Xwgar ‘mohr‘ n {Vgar ‘mohr‘ n H$å w{ZñQ>m§‘Ü o wÕZrVr~Ôb

‘V^oX n Mm¡Wr ‘mohr‘ n nmMdr ‘mohr‘ n H$å w{ZñQ>m§Mm bm±J ‘mM© n gmå`dmXr

njmVrb ‘V^oX n ËgwÝ`r n[afX n OnmZMo MrZda AmH«$‘U-H$å w{ZñQ>>-H$mooq‘Q>m§J

wVr n H$å w{ZñQ>-H$moq‘Q>m§J wVrbm VS>m n H$moq‘Q>m§J-H$å w{ZñQ>m§Zm-A‘o[aH$m-

a{e`mMr ‘XV n H$mo{‘§Q>m§JMm nam^d- gmå`dmXr H«$m§Vr n M±JÀ`m (H$moq‘Q>m§JÀ`m)

nam^dmMr H$maUo.

27. ‘mAmo-Ëgo-Vw§J 706

n ‘mAmoMo M[aÌ n ‘mAmoMo {ejU n H«$m§{VH$mar H$m`m©Mr gwadmV n noqH$J

{dÚmnrR>mV J§«Wnmb n ‘mAmo Am{U 4 ‘o 1919 Mr Midi n gmå`dmXr

MidirV ‘mAmoMo ñWmZ n [MZr gmå`dmXr njmMr ñWmnZm n H$m‘Jma g§KQ>Zm§Mr

C^maUr n gmå`dmXr Am{U H$mo{‘§Q>m§J wVr n J«m‘rU ^mJmVrb g§KQ>ZmË‘H$ H$m ©

n hþZmZ à~§Y Am{U Ë`mMr d¡{eîQ>ço n eoVH$ar Am§XmobZmMr C^maUr n bmb

goZoMr C^maUr n {H$Am§½gr‘Yrb ‘mAmoMo n{hbo gmopìhEV gaH$ma n H$å w{ZñQ>>-

H$mo{‘§Q>m§J g§Kf©-H$å w{ZñQ>m§Mm bm±J‘mM© n ‘mAmoÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr gmå`dmXr H«$m§Vr

n H$å wÝg gm‘wXm{`H$ ghOrdZmMm EH$ à`moJ n ‘mAmo- Ëgo- Vw§JMr `mo½`Vm.

28. gm§ñH¥${VH$ H«$m§Vr 726

n gm§ñH¥${VH$ H«$m§VrMr H$maUo n gm§ñH¥${VH$ H«$m§VrMr gwadmV-‘hÎdmÀ`m

KQ>Zm n noqH$J {dÚmnrR>mVrb nmoñQ>g©Mr bT>mB© n {bD$ emAmo Mr `mMr ‘mAmo{damoYr

‘mohr‘ n à{V{H«$`mdmÚm§{damoYr ‘mAmoMr OmoaXma ‘mohr‘ n gm§ñH¥${VH$ H«$m§VrMo n[aUm‘

d ‘hÎd n MmD$-EZ-bm`.

n§Yam

16 w AmYw{ZH$ OJmMm B{Vhmg

29. Am{e`mVrc amï>dmXmMm CX` 736

n Am{e`mVrc amï>dmXmÀ`m CX`mMr H$maUo n Am{e`mVrc amï>dmXr Midi

n B§S>moZo{e`mVrc amï>dmXr Midi n ‘ëQ>r S>m`‘oÝeZ A°ñnoŠQ n nmíMmÎ` {ejU

n hm°c§S>‘Yrc {dÚmÏ`mªMo H$m © n amï´>r` Am§XmocZmMo KQ>H$ qH$dm d¡{eîQ>ço

n amï>r` MidirMm B{Vhmg n S>m°. Ah‘X gwH$mUm} n B{Oá n ‘wh§‘X AcrMm

CX` n B{OáMm àmXo{eH$ {dñVma n ‘wh§‘X AcrZo Ho$coë`m gwYmaUm n amï>dmXmMm

CX` n B{Oá‘Yrc à~moYZH$mimVrc à‘wI ì`º$s n B{Oáda {~«{Q>em§Mo dM©ñd

ñWmnZ n gwXmZda {~«{Q>em§Mo dM©ñd n OZOmJ¥Vr d amï>dmXmMm CX` n n{hco

‘hm wÕ Am{U B{Oá n n{hë`m ‘hm wÕmZ§VaMm B{Oá- BJcyc nmem n B{Oá‘Yrc

ñdmV§Í` Am§XmocZ n gadV nmem n Zhg nmem n Zer‘ nmem n B{Oá- {~«Q>Z

H$ama n 1936 Mm H$ama aÔ H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am§XmocZ n amÁ`H«$m§Vr d amOgÎmoMm

eodQ> n àOmgÎmmH$mMr ñWmnZm n B{Oá-{~«Q>Z H$ama n B{OáMm n§VàYmZ Zm{ga

n Zm{gaMo VQ>ñWVoMo YmoaU n B{Oá-a{e`m H$ama n gwdoP H$mcì`mMo amï>r`rH$aU

n {~«Q>Z d ’«$mÝgMo B{Oáda AmH«$‘U n wÕmMo n[aUm‘ n Aa~- BòmB©c wÕ

n B{OáMm Am{W©H$ {dH$mg.

30. A{cá amï>m§Mr Midi 778

n A{cáVoÀ`m YmoaUmMo d¡{eîQ>ço n cîH$ar H$amamnmgyZ A{cá amhUon OmJ{VH$ em§VVogmR>r gH$mamË_H$ n ñdmV§Í` d gmd© m¡_Ëdmcm àmYmÝ` n àg§JrH$m ©dmhr H$aÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í` n {Z^©`VoÀ`m YmoaUmMm Adc§~ n ghH$m © d ghOrdZmMmAdc§~ n A{cáVmdmX Am{U n§M{ec VÎd n ~m§Sy>§J n[afX (B.g. 1955)n ~m§Sw>§JMo n§Merc n A{cáVmdmXr MidirMr dmQ>Mmc n A{cáVmdmXramï>m§À`m {eIa n[afXm n ~ocJ«oS> n[afX (B.g. 1961) n H¡$amo n[afX(B.g.1964) n ë ygmH$m n[afX (1970) n ApëO`g© n[afX (1973)n H$moc§~mo n[afX (B.g. 1976) n h°dmZm n[afX (1979) n {X„r n[afX(1983) n hamao n[afX (1986) n ~ocJ«oS> n[afX (1989) n OmH$mVm© n[afX(1992) n H$mQ>m©OoZm n[afX (1995) n Xm~©Z n[afX (1998) n A{cá amï>Midi H$mc~mø?

� g§X^© J«§WgyMr 799

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