Ammonia Plant Project

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COLLEGE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & APPLIED ARTS

OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

GOVERNMENT VOCATIONAL CENTRE

POINT FORTIN

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

OSH 235

LECTURER: MITRA RAMLAKHAN

ASSIGNMENT I

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ON AN

AMMONIA PLANT IN CEDROS

2007.07.31

By

AKO KERN LEWIS

SELVON COARD

MARLON McSWEEN

LEON PHILLIP

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

STAGES OF AMMONIA PRODUCTION.....…………………….................3

AMMONIA OPERATIONAL PHASE IMPACTS..........................................6

AFFECTED FLORA & FAUNA..........................………………………….10

THE SOCIAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT...................………………..15

THE RELOCATION PLAN.....……………....…………………………......17

THE PROJECT MAPS...........………………………………………………23

REFERENCES...…………………………………………………………....25

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(1) STAGES OF AMMONIA PRODUCTION

Figure 1: Typical Process Scheme for Production of Ammonia

Ammonia is produced by the reaction of nitrogen and hydrogen at elevated temperature and pressures

in the presence of a catalyst. In the case of the CNC plant, the feed stock is natural gas, with the other

basic raw materials being air and water.

The process of manufacturing anhydrous ammonia can be divided into eight basic steps

Desulphurization

The natural gas feed stock is preheated and passed over a catalyst in a Desulphurizer to remove any

traces of sulphur which would poison other catalysts downstream in the process.

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Primary Reforming

Steam is mixed with the natural gas and the combined stream further heated and routed through tubes

in a reforming furnace containing nickel oxide catalyst. Here a reforming reaction occurs in which

methane in the natural gas is partially converted into hydrogen, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide.

Secondary Reforming

The process gas leaving the primary reformer is routed to the secondary reformer which is a refractory

– lined vessel filled with nickel oxide catalyst. A controlled proportion of air is also introduced to pre-

heated air causing partial combustion of the process gas raising its temperature high enough to

virtually complete the conversion of the residual methane into additional hydrogen, carbon dioxide and

carbon monoxide.

Shift Conversion

In shift conversion, carbon monoxide formed in the primary and secondary reforming steps is further

reacted in a two stage process. This gas is first passed over an iron – chromium catalyst followed by

further cooling and heat recovery, and then over a copper -zinc catalyst. During this stage the carbon

monoxide and water is almost completely converted to hydrogen and carbon dioxide.

Carbon Dioxide Removal

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is removed from the process gas by absorption in a solution of potassium

carbonate known as Benfield. The gas is contacted with the Benfield solution in an Absorber and

leaves at the top. The solution itself is regenerated by heating in a stripper column and the released

CO2 is either vented to atmosphere or used as a feedstock in the production of methanol.

Methanation

The gas stream leaving the Absorber consists primarily of hydrogen and nitrogen in addition to small

quantities of unabsorbed carbon oxides. Since these would poison the ammonia synthesis catalyst the

concentration must be reduced to less than 10 ppm. In the Methanator the carbon oxide is converted

back to methane over a nickel catalyst in a reaction which is reversed to that of steam reforming.

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Ammonia Synthesis

The process gas leaving the Methanator is compressed and sent to the ammonia synthesis reactor which

is a vessel containing four beds of catalyst. The first bed is iron oxide i.e. magnetite while the other three

contain a ruthenium based catalyst. This latter catalyst allows conversion of hydrogen and nitrogen into

ammonia at lower pressure and temperature and with greater yield. The gas is reacted in turn over all

four beds and leaves the converter containing about 20% ammonia.

Refrigeration and Storage

The effluent from the ammonia converter is cooled successively with incoming feed gas, cooling

water, and refrigerated ammonia liquid to condense the ammonia in the stream at -280F. The liquid is

then pumped to storage tanks where the temperature is maintained in order to keep it in the liquid state.

The un-reacted hydrogen and nitrogen is returned to the synthesis converter as an un-condensed

recycle gas stream.

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(2) LIST THE LIKELY IMPACTS OF THE OPERATION PHASE OF AN

AMMONIA PLANT IN THE SOUTH WESTERN PENINSULA OF

TRINIDAD

AIR EMISSIONS

If an ammonia plant is to be built in Cedros and one is to assume that this plant would be built using

European guidelines, one should expect emissions into the air from the primary reforming process. The

likely sources would be:

Flue-gas from steam reforming processes with a fired primary reformer and/or auxiliary

boilers, and from auxiliary boilers in partial oxidation processes. This gas contains

pollutants such as:

Nitrogen Oxide which could affect the asthmatics and children populace of the

region as well as create haze, cause vegetation damage and contribute to ozone

depletion.

Sulphur Dioxide from the sulphur removal and recovery systems in partial

oxidation processes could worsen pre-existing respiratory/cardio-vascular

diseases of the region’s populace and contribute to acid rain and vegetation

damage.

Carbon Monoxide which increases adverse cardio-vascular symptoms, can cause

visual impairment in the region’s populace and contribute to the generation of

greenhouse gases.

Vent gas from CO2 removal

The carbon dioxide product may have to be vented, depending on the carbon

dioxide requirements of other production facilities on the site. In some cases, high

purity carbon dioxide is used, while an air-carbon dioxide mixture from a

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stripping column is vented. The carbon dioxide contains small traces of synthesis

gas, traces of amines and absorption solvent vapour.

Breathing gas from oil buffers (seals/compressors)

This contains traces of ammonia, synthesis gas and lube oil.

Fugitive emissions (from flanges, stuffing boxes etc.)

Purge and flash gases from the synthesis section (usually added to the primary reformer

fuel)

The purge and flash gases from the synthesis section are usually washed with

water to remove/recover ammonia, and the purge gas may be treated in a recovery

unit, before routing the off-gases to the primary reformer fuel gas system. The

off-gases are thus combusted and end up as part of the flue-gas. If the majority of

the ammonia is not removed it will contribute considerably to the flue-gas

nitrogen oxide emission.

Non-continuous emissions (venting and flaring)

Emission of nitrogen oxide during flaring synthesis gas at start-up or trip

situations.

WATER EMISSIONS

Pollution problems related to water, during normal operation, may occur due to process condensates or

due to the scrubbing of waste gases containing ammonia. In partial oxidation, slag, soot and ash removal

may cause pollution problems.

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Ammonia and ammonia based effluents discharged into the region’s waterways, under some conditions,

depending on water pH and temperature can become highly toxic to fish and other animals living in the

water. These substances are not found to be bioaccumulative, or to transfer up the food chain.

Freshwater organisms are most at risk from releases of ammonia in the aquatic environment. Some of

the observed effects include reduced reproductive capacity and reduced growth of young.

At several point sources in Canada, concentrations exceed the threshold levels of sensitive species such

as rainbow trout (a freshwater fish). Concentrations of ammonia between 0.158 - 1.090 mg/L (158 and

1,090 µg/L) have been shown to be lethal to rainbow trout in 48 hour and 96 hour exposures.

Ammonia is considered to be entering the aquatic environment in a quantity or concentration or under

conditions that have or may have an immediate or long-term harmful effect on the region’s environment

or its biological diversity.

SOLID WASTES

Should the ammonia plant utilise the best available techniques (BAT) in ammonia processes, it would

not normally produce solid wastes. Spent catalysts and mol. sieves have to be removed and valuable

metals are recovered from them. In partial oxidation plants sulphur is recovered in the Claus plant and

can be used as feedstock in sulphuric acid units. The ash can be upgraded and used as an ore substitute.

RISK OF ACCIDENTAL LEAKAGE, EXPLOSIONS & FIRES

Ammonia is toxic by inhalation and pulmonary oedema may occur up to 48 hours after severe exposure

and could be fatal. Vapours cause irritation and watering of eyes and in the presence of moisture,

irritation of the skin. Liquid ammonia splashes may produce severe burns to the skin and permanent

damage to the eyes. In enclosed spaces (e.g. vessels, closed workshops) ammonia vapour may be

flammable/explosive.

Historical data show that the major accidents in ammonia plants are explosions and fires. In addition

there is also a potential of toxic hazard due to the handling and storage of liquid ammonia.

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The following credible major hazards events are identified in an ammonia production plant:

1. Fire/explosion hazard due to leaks from the hydrocarbon feed system.

2. Fire/explosion hazard due to leaks of synthesis gas in the CO removal/synthesis gas compression

areas (75% hydrogen).

3. Toxic hazard from the release of liquid ammonia from the synthesis loop.

In ammonia storage the release of liquid ammonia (by sabotage) is a credible major hazard event.

Confined explosions in ammonia plants appear to be limited to explosions equivalent to a few hundred

kg TNT. Such explosions are normally not fatal for humans at 50-60m distance, and thus in most cases

not severe for people outside the plant fence. The same is true for fire balls equivalent to 500kg

hydrogen. Fires and explosions are usually not a hazard or only a minor hazard to the local population

although potentially most severe for the plant operators. Appropriate precautions to protect both the

operators and the local population are taken in the design and operation of the plants.

The toxic hazard of a potential large release of liquid ammonia (i.e. from a storage tank) may be much

more serious for the local population.

NOISE

The impact of noise from the ammonia plant in its operation phase would depend on its proximity to

main urban centers in Cedros. The major noise sources included the air compression section, ammonia

refrigeration section and CO2 venting.

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(2) IDENTIFY ENDANGERED FLORA/FAUNA THAT MAY BE AFFECTED

IN THE SOUTH WESTERN PENINSULA BY THE AMMONIA PLANT

Cedros is an environmental sensitive area being home to ten (10) known species of plant and animal life

that are indigenous to this area alone.

FLORA

The Cedros Bee Orchid (Oncidium lanceanum) also called the

Pride of Trinidad, the range of Oncidium lanceanum extends to

Venezuela, Brazil, Columbia and the Guianas. These beautiful

mule ear Oncidiums produce a flower spike that can be a foot-

and-a-half tall (40cm). In some clones, the spots on the sepals

and petals can overlap to such a degree as to appear almost solid

chestnut brown providing a beautiful contrast to the lavender lip

with the purple callus.

The Cedros Balisier (Heliconia marginata) This species can grow 5' to 15' (

1.50m to 4.50m ) high in full sun to light shade.Pendent inflorescence with 5 to

15 spirally arranged bracts, red, yellow along lip containing bright yellow

flowers.Blooming throughout the year. The leaves are 15-300 cm long , oblong,

growing opposite one another on non-woody petioles often longer than the leaf,

often forming large clumps with age. Their flowers are produced on long, erect

or drooping panicles, and consist of brightly colored waxy bracts, with small

true flowers peeping out from the bracts. The growth habit of heliconias is similar to Canna, Strelitzia

(Bird-of-paradise), and bananas, to which they are related. Heliconias are an important food source for

forest hummingbirds, especially the hermits some of which, such as the Rufous-breasted Hermit, also

use the plant for nesting.

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The Coconut Palm (Cocos nucifera) is a member of the

Family Arecaceae (palm family). It is the only species in the

genus Cocos, and is a large palm, growing to 30 m tall, with

pinnate leaves 4-6 m long, pinnae 60-90 cm long; old leaves

break away cleanly leaving the trunk smooth. The term

coconut refers to the fruit of the coconut palm. The coconut

palm is grown throughout the tropical world, for decoration as

well as for its many culinary and non-culinary uses; virtually every part of the coconut palm has some

human use.

FAUNA

The Surinam Toad (Pipa pipa) also called star-fingered

toads, are a genus of frog within the family Pipidae. They

were once native only to northern South America but has

found its home in Cedros. Like other pipids, these frogs are

almost exclusively aquatic. The appearance of the toad is

somewhat like a leaf. It is almost completely flat and

coloured in a mottled brown. Feet are broadly webbed with the front toes having small, star-like

appendages. Sizes of close to 20 cm (8 in), are recorded, though 10-13 cm (4–5 in) is more typical.

Surinam toads are most well-known for their remarkable reproductive habits. The partners rise off of the

floor while in amplexus and flip through the water in arcs. During each arc, the female releases 3-10

eggs, which get embedded in the skin on her back by the male's movements. After implantation the eggs

sink into the skin and form pockets over a period of several days, eventually taking on the appearance of

an irregular honeycomb. The larvae develop through the tadpole stage inside these pockets, eventually

emerging from the mother's back as fully developed frogs, though they are less than an inch long (2 cm).

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The Paradoxical Frog (Pseudis paradoxa), sometimes called the

shrinking frog is so named because it grows into a very large—25 cm

(10 in) long—tadpole (typical of the Pseudis genus), which in turn

becomes an ordinary-sized frog, only about a quarter of its former length.

Pseudis paradocus is green coloured with dark green / olive stripes. It

inhabits ponds, lakes and lagoons in Trinidad and Amazon. The female

frog lays eggs among water plants which develop into giant tadpoles.

These paradoxical amphibians feed on larvae, small insects and tiny invertebrates. The paradoxical frog

is a nocturnal animal and spends most of its life in water. When threatened the frog uses its strong toes

with an extra joint to stir up the muddy bottom and hide. The frog also uses this mechanism to find food

on the bottom of lakes and ponds.

The Silver Hatchet Fish (Gasteropelecus sternicla) also called the

common hatchet-fish or river hatchet-fish, is a tropical fish

belonging to the freshwater hatchet-fish family

(Gasteropelecidae). Originating in the South America in the

Peruvian and middle Amazon, the Guianas and Venezuela, it

grows to about 2.5 inches (6.5 cm). The fish gets its name from

its relatively large protruding belly which resembles a hatchet.

Hatchet-fish will often jump out of the water when alarmed,

propelled by their large, wing-like pectoral fins. They may also jump to catch small aerial insects. The

river hatchet-fish is a schooling species best kept in groups of five or more that spends most of its time

in the top-level of the water where it searches for food. These fish are peaceful towards other fishes, but

frequently bicker among themselves. Typical lifespan in captivity is around five years. They come from

streams in a tropical climate and prefer water at pH 6-7, a water hardness of up to 15.0 dGH, and an

ideal temperature range of (23-27 °C (73-81 °F) . As carnivores, they will readily eat many types of

small annelid worms, insects, and crustaceans, and they will also eat standard flake foods. They have a

reputation for being greedy fish. Because of their natural tendency to jump when alarmed, they may

jump out of aquarium tanks. To prevent this, the top must either be completely sealed, or the water level

lowered so the edges of the tank extend further upwards than the fish are capable of jumping.

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The Head and Taillight Tetra (Moenkhausia bondi) are species of

small South American freshwater fish, belonging to the family

Characidae and to its former subfamily Alestiidae (the "African

tetras"). The characidae are distinguished from other fish by the

presence of a small adipose fin between the dorsal fin and caudal fin.

Many of these, such as the neon tetra, are brightly coloured and easy

to keep in captivity, and extremely popular for home aquaria.

The term tetra is not actually a taxonomic, phylogenetic term. Because of the popularity of tetras in the

fish keeping hobby, many unrelated fish are commonly known as tetras, including species from differing

families.

The Cedros Guabine or Stout Guabine (Erythrinus

erythrinus) lives in creeks and marshy zones with pH ranges

from 5.6 – 7.8 and tropical temperatures of 22 – 26°C, where

it can survive in water with low oxygen levels due to some

anatomical modification of its swim bladder which serves as a respiratory appendage. It stays on the

bottom as well as at the surface among floating vegetation. It feeds on small fishes and insects. Known

among aquarists since 1910, its culture is reputedly difficult and its reproduction in captivity has not

been reported to date. Its maximum size is 20.0 cm SL (male/unsexed).

The Slender Toed Frog (Leptodactylus macrosternum) belongs

to the family of Leptodactylidae which are a diverse Family of

frogs that probably diverged from other hyloids during the

Cenozoic era, or possibly at the end of the Mesozoic. There are

roughly 50 genera, one of which is Eleutherodactylus, the largest

vertebrate genus, with over 700 species. In total, there are

approximately 1100 leptodactylid species, most of which are

widely distributed throughout Central and South America. The family is often considered paraphyletic

and has no morphological synapomorphies. Several of the genera within the Leptodactylidae lay their

eggs in foam nests. These can be in crevices, on the surface of water, or on forest floors. These foam

nests are some of the most varied among frogs. When eggs hatch in nests on the forest floor, the tadpole-

like stages remain within the nest, without eating, until metamorphosis.

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The Colubrine Snake (Thamnodynastes strigatus) belongs to

the family of snakes called Colubridae. The colubrid genus

Thamnodynastes, Identification of the species of that genus

is problematical, since this group deserves a taxonomic

revision. What is known is that these snakes are highly

variable and typically non-venomous (some have enlarged

rear fangs and toxin saliva) and with large, regular scales on

head (reduced in burrowing species). Thamnodynastes strigatus may be considered an anuran-eating

snake that may include other items in its diet (rodents, fishes, and lizards). These snakes have been

known to practice cannibalism in extreme circumstances.

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(3) DISCUSS THE SOCIAL IMPACTS OF THE AMMONIA PLANT

PROJECT

In the second quarter of this year, unemployment in the ward of Cedros stood at about 29 percent.

Residents say an average of one in ten youths is working, and they believe unemployment is much

higher than the statistics show. The 1990 population census conducted by the Central Statistical Office

(CSO) showed 23 percent unemployment in the ward. The population then in the villages along the

south-western coast, including Chatham, Granville, Coromandel, Bonasse, Fullarton and Icacos, was

10,487. According to the CSO statistics, 2,710 people were employed, with 1,239 of them in non-

government jobs and 1,109 of them employed by the State. The number of those employed in the

agricultural sector was just 316.

The major positive impact of the project is of course the creation of unskilled, skilled and professional

category jobs. In total the Ammonia complex is expected to need a work force of approximately 3500

persons during the construction phase – spanning a period of two and half years – and a workforce of

approximately 980 persons during the operational phase of the project – spanning a period of forty five

years. In addition, the Ammonia complex will provide an entirely new avenue for economic growth

utilizing the country’s natural gas resources to go further downstream of the natural gas train to produce

higher value products and commodity items.

There would still be some resentment among the residents of the communities surrounding the proposed

ammonia plant regarding the establishment of a gas-based heavy industrial complex in their “backyard”.

This would come about because of the manner in which a rural community would be transformed into

an industrial site should there be a lack of proper consultation at the start of and all through the land

transformation exercise. These communities are sceptical of any industrial development at Cedros

because of the recent Alcoa/Alutrint fiasco.

In addition, the ward of Cedros is regarded as one of the poorer areas of Trinidad and Tobago with

unemployment as high as 29%. The National average is estimated at 7%. This level of unemployment

resulted from the gradual reduction of a traditional agriculture/aquaculture-based economy and a lack of

development of new industrial and commercial entities in the area. The residents in the communities of

Chatham, Granville, Coromandel, Bonasse, Fullarton and Icacos, which adjoin the proposed area for the

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ammonia plant, are sceptical of any benefits to be derived from the “industrialization” of their

community.

The proposed site is directly adjacent to the Beaulieu Recreation Ground (See Fig 2), Bonasse village,

Cedros. This ground hosts a myriad of sporting activities, religious (i.e. Hoosay, Divali, Carnival and

Phagwa festivals) and other celebrations all year round. The proposed site would definitely have a

negative impact on residents since the recreation ground is a Mecca for social and cultural diversity

within the ward.

The traffic flow along the Southern Main Road in Bonasse village, Cedros is light to moderate during

the peak periods in the morning and evening. However this road is narrow, decrepit and coupled with

the lack of proper side verges and pavements along much of its course, poses an extreme risk to

pedestrians. This is of concern during the school term since many of the children in the adjacent villages

attend schools in the area and are observed walking to and from school. The construction of the

ammonia plant will only increase traffic along this narrow carriageway.

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(4) ASSUMING A HUMAN SETTLEMENT (100 DWELLINGS) HAS TO BE

RELOCATED. DEVELOP A RELOCATION PLAN

The Government of the Republic of Trinidad & Tobago plans to construct an ammonia plant in

Trinidad’s south western peninsula. This ammonia plant would displace a small village in Cedros of

approximately one hundred residents. The Government of the Republic of Trinidad & Tobago primary

goal for the proposed ammonia plant is to increase economic and social opportunities for families

affected by relocation and for the neighborhood as a whole. To ensure its achievement of this goal,

GORTT and the Management of Nitrox International should established a Relocation Committee

comprising of Real Estate Officers, Relocation Specialists, Relocation Counsellors Family Support

Advocates/Advisors and Relocation Contractors to develop the specific principles and policies for the

relocation effort which are:

Provide families and individuals with a genuine choice of quality, appropriate and healthy

relocation home options and to offer such options at the same time that relocation offers are

presented;

Ensure that the vast majority of families and individuals will not be involuntarily required to

relocate multiple times;

Ensure that young children’s education is minimally disrupted by the relocation process;

Provide individuals and families with transitional counseling both before and after their

relocation;

Help families and individuals avoid predatory lending practices and support efforts that prevent

such practices from taking place;

Ensure that all individuals and families have access to objective information about services,

organizations and resources in their new neighborhoods; and

Ensure that families relocating to communities other than Cedros receive help in acclimating to

their new neighborhoods.

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After the establishing the goals of the relocation process the Relocation Committee could now start to

develop the Relocation Plan and this should be done in the following order

Community Consultation

Description of Households and Businesses to be relocated

Relocation Assistance and Benefits

The Relocation Process

Step I – Community Consultation

This stage is where the Members of Parliament, The Relocation Committee & Management of the

Ammonia Plant meet with the residents informing them of the purpose for their relocation. This would

usually take place in the form of public hearings and ongoing community meetings updating the

residents on each step of the relocation process.

Step II – The Description of Households and Businesses to be relocated

The Relocation Committee should conduct a resident survey to gather information from residents that

would assist the Committee in planning for the relocation process, particularly planning for the needs of

residents throughout the process. This information gathered from this survey would help the Relocation

Committee in determining the eligibility of the soon to be displaced residents. Information such as

Whether the person is a tenant or owner;

Whether the person is a business or residential household;

How long the person has lived in the home

The person’s income.

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Age groups of displaced persons

Family Status i.e. number of parents, number of dependents, etc

Number of businesses in the area and their annual gross earnings

Step III - Relocation Assistance & Benefits

The Relocation Committee after analyzing their information the resident survey could determine the

amount of assistance and benefits each resident could obtain. This assistance and benefits could be

classified as follows:

Relocation Advisory services – Services include receipt of timely notices, explanation of

assistance, referrals to comparable housing, and referrals to social services.

Moving costs - Resident may choose either payment for actual moving and related

expenses or an alternative allowance based on the Ministry of Works and Transport travel

expenses schedule.

Replacement Housing Payments – Replacement housing payments may take the form of

cash or of rental assistance provided by a Government Housing Choice voucher or public

housing unit.

Homeownership Assistance – Government subsidized home loans

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Step IV – The Relocation Process

The Relocation Committee should design the relocation process to minimize resident fears and concerns

about their future, and to maximize positive outcomes for individuals, families with children and

affected communities. These outcomes include access to such things as better housing, jobs, health care

facilities, schools and healthy neighborhoods. To achieve these desired outcomes, everyone involved in

the relocation effort must understand the entire process. This process usually follows this sequence:

Acquisition and Relocation Process - The entire process can take anywhere from four to twelve

months, depending on many factors including: whether the resident is a renter or homeowner, the

availability of an appropriate replacement home, the need to clear up credit or title issues, etc. To make

the transition to a new home as smooth as possible, the acquisition and relocation processes will be

closely coordinated. Family Support Advocates/Advisors and Relocation Counselors should work with

residents to ensure that they understand the process, are informed decision-makers, and are completing

necessary tasks.

Notifications - All residents should receive notices describing the various steps in the relocation

process. The Relocation Committee has to work closely with the Residents Communication Committee

(a group of residents representing the residents) to draft these legal notices in an effort to make them

easy to understand.

Meeting with Family Support Advocates/Advisors - Each household should meet with their Family

Support Advocates/Advisors, who would conduct an initial household assessment. The assessment helps

the Family Support Advocates/Advisors identify various services that the household will need. The

Family Support Advocates/Advisors would create a Household Support Plan and residents will be

connected to appropriate service providers.

Acquisition - Property owners will be notified of the Government’s intention to acquire their home.

Receipt of this notice does not mean that the family should move right away. The Government should

obtain appraisals to determine the fair market value of each home. Based on the appraisals, a title search

and a review of municipal liens and private debt (existing mortgages), the Government will make an

offer to buy the property or move to have the house condemned.

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Meeting with Relocation Counselor - The household should then meet with the Relocation Counselor

to provide the necessary household information for determining eligibility for benefits. The Relocation

Counselor then begins searching for three comparable units, of which at least one will be located in a

diverse neighborhood where housing prices are stable or increasing in value (to protect homebuyer

equity). When a comparable replacement home is identified, the Notice of Eligibility for Relocation

Assistance (a notice that informs residential and non-residential occupants to be displaced of their rights

as well as levels of assistance available under law) and the 90 Day Reassurance Notice (a notice that

informs each displaced household that they will receive at least 90 days written advance notice before

being required to move) are provided in one letter. This letter outlines the maximum benefits for which

the household is eligible. Residents must know the approximate value of their benefits before they start

looking for a new home, so they know what they will be able to afford in terms of new housing.

Replacement Home Search - Working with their Relocation Counselor, residents should carefully

review their housing options, ranging from a public housing unit or a Housing Choice voucher to

homeownership. Once the appropriate housing option is identified (or to help make this decision), the

residents should utilize the information available from the Relocation Contractor to begin looking for a

new home. Residents should be provided with significant relocation counseling and other assistance

(including transportation) in locating and purchasing or renting a new home. Homeowners who wish to

purchase a new home and current renters who are interested in and qualified to purchase a home should

work with Relocation Counselors – or anyone else they choose -- to identify available homes. Current

renters or homeowners who choose to rent will work with Relocation Counselors to find new rental units

that meet their preferences and needs. Renters who want to purchase a home will be provided

appropriate counseling and information on homebuyer financing opportunities.

Notice to Move - Once the Government completes the purchase of the household’s current home,

residents should receive a letter from the Government informing them that they have a minimum of 90

days to move. For owners, an attempt would be made to have simultaneous closings of the two

properties – the old home acquired by the Government and the new replacement home selected by the

owner. For up to 90 days after the Government has acquired the units, renters and owners will not be

required to pay rent to the Government; however, they must continue to pay their utility bills. Residents

who need more than 90 days to find a new unit and move can work with their Relocation Counselor to

request an extension.

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The Move - The Relocation Counselor should work with the resident to prepare for and complete the

moving process. Residents who need assistance packing should inform their Relocation Counselor. All

homes (including rental units) must be inspected and all purchased homes must be appraised.

Continuing Support - After their move, residents should meet with their Family Support

Advocates/Advisors who would connect them with services to help them adjust to their new

neighborhood.

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PROJECT MAPS

Figure 2 Map showing the proposed area for the Nitrox International Ammonia Plant Project

Area of Interest for the

Nitrox International

Ammonia Plant Project

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Figure 3 Map showing the proposed site for the Nitrox International Ammonia Plant

Proposed Site for The

Nitrox International

Ammonia Plant

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REFERENCES

Views from the Ridge: Exploring the Natural History of Trinidad & Tobago by Professor Julian

Kenny (pgs. 88 -89). Published by Prospect Press

Design and Operation of Large Capacity Ammonia Plants by Peter Vang Christensen and Haldor

Topsøe A/S, Lyngby, Denmark.

Executive Summary EIA Report on Ammonia Marine Terminal Taman Krasnodar Region, Russia

prepared for TOGLIATTIAZOT by IT Russia Services, Inc.

Best Available Techniques for Pollution Prevention and Control in the European Fertilizer Industry

Booklet No. 1 of 8: Production of ammonia by The European Fertilizer Manufactures’ Association.

(pgs. 23-33)

Control and Pollution Prevention Options for Ammonia Emissions prepared for Control Technology

Center U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by Jennifer Phillips of VíGYAN Incorporated.

Environmental Impact Assessment for a Proposed Aluminium Smelter Complex to be Sited at Main

Site North, Union Industrial Estate, La Brea prepared for Alutrint by Rapid Environmental

Assessments (2003) Limited in association with Komex Europe Limited, Foster Solutions for

Sustainable Ecosystem Development , SENES Consultants Limited & Earth Tech (JANUARY 2006)

Relocation Plan for the East Baltimore Development Project prepared by The East Baltimore

Development Inc. for the City of Baltimore Maryland (Amended November 2004)

http://www.ipsl.co.tt/HTMLgeneral/Products2.htm

http://www.ec.gc.ca/ceparegistry/subs_list/ammonia_bg.cfm

http://www.therepublicofcedros.org/cedros_declaration.html

http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Places/Place_Cedros.html

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http://www.ttorchids.net/db/see.php?View='View'&id=61

http://www.montosogardens.com/heliconiaceae.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surinam_toad

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudis_paradoxa

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasteropelecus_sternicla

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetra

http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=23282

http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20o?search=Leptodactylus

www.scielo.br/pdf/rbbio/v60n4/3919.pdf