Comparative Comparative Anatomy Anatomy Vertebrate Vertebrate Classification: Classification: Amphibians and Amphibians and Reptiles Reptiles Note Note Set 3 Set 3 Chapter Chapter 3 3
Comparative Comparative AnatomyAnatomyVertebrate Vertebrate
Classification: Classification: Amphibians and Amphibians and
ReptilesReptilesNote Set Note Set 33
Chapter Chapter 3 3
ReptilesReptiles Mesozoic Era (Jurassic Period)- Age of Mesozoic Era (Jurassic Period)- Age of
ReptilesReptiles Extinction took place at end of Paleozoic era with Extinction took place at end of Paleozoic era with
placodermsplacoderms
Figure 5.1: Carboniferous Period.
Labyrinthodont amphibians led to stem reptiles- Labyrinthodont amphibians led to stem reptiles- cotylosaurscotylosaurs Which gave rise to all reptiles and mammalsWhich gave rise to all reptiles and mammals
Figure 5.2: Cotylosuars, stem reptiles.
Phylogeny of Amniote Phylogeny of Amniote GroupsGroups
Figure 5.3
Reptile CharacteristicsReptile Characteristics
True clawsTrue claws Amniotic eggsAmniotic eggs NoNo metamorphosis metamorphosis 12 pairs of cranial 12 pairs of cranial
nervesnerves Single occipital Single occipital
condylecondyle
Figure 5.4: Dragon
Figure 5.5: Reptile egg.
Reptile Oral CavityReptile Oral Cavity
Tooth typeTooth type AcrodontAcrodont
Tooth on surface of Tooth on surface of jawjaw
Ex: fish and Ex: fish and SphenodonSphenodon (tuatara) (tuatara)
PleurodontPleurodont Tooth attached on Tooth attached on
medial surface of jaw medial surface of jaw Ex: lizards and snakesEx: lizards and snakes
ThecodontThecodont Teeth embedded in Teeth embedded in
socket in jaw bonesocket in jaw bone Ex: crocodileEx: crocodile
Figure 5.6: Jaw cross section .
Skull TypeSkull Type
Reptiles are diversified by skull Reptiles are diversified by skull typetype
Anapsid- lack temporal fossaAnapsid- lack temporal fossa Diapsid- two temporal fossaDiapsid- two temporal fossa
One dorsal and one ventralOne dorsal and one ventral Synapsid- single, lower temporal Synapsid- single, lower temporal
fossafossa Gives rise to mammal-like reptilesGives rise to mammal-like reptiles
Figure 5.7
Figure 5.8: Sarcopterygii scull.
Reptilian SubclassesReptilian Subclasses AnapsidaAnapsida
Order Order TestudinesTestudines ( (ChelodinaChelodina)) Ex: turtlesEx: turtles
DiapsidaDiapsida Major reptilesMajor reptiles Order Order SquamataSquamata
Ex: lizards and snakes Ex: lizards and snakes Suborder Suborder SerpentesSerpentes; ; SauriaSauria
Order Order SphenodonSphenodon Ex: tuataraEx: tuatara
Order Order CrocodilliaCrocodillia
SynapsidaSynapsida Mammal-like reptilesMammal-like reptiles
Suborder PelycosauriaSuborder Pelycosauria Suborder TherapsidaSuborder Therapsida
Stem ReptilesStem Reptiles
Figure 5.9.
Figure 5.10
Dinosaur GroupsDinosaur GroupsMorphological character of Morphological character of
pelvis pelvis makes distinctionmakes distinction
SaurischiansSaurischians Triradiate pelvisTriradiate pelvis Lizard-likeLizard-like
OmithischiansOmithischians Tetraradiate pelvisTetraradiate pelvis Bird-likeBird-like
Figure 5.11: Pelvic of two dinosaur groups.
SaurischiansSaurischians Gives rise to dominant Gives rise to dominant
reptilesreptiles Birds evolvedBirds evolved
Parallel convergenceParallel convergence
Figure 5.12: Reptilia Cladogram.
Dinosaur GroupsDinosaur Groups (cont.) (cont.)
BirdsBirds
ArcheopteryxArcheopteryx- bird - bird fossil recordfossil record Feathers and teeth Feathers and teeth
presentpresent
Figure 5.13: Archeopteryx fossil.
Birds Birds (cont.)(cont.)
Keeled Keeled sternum in sternum in birds that flybirds that fly
Figure 5.14: (a) Archaeopteryx (b) pigeon.
Literature CitedLiterature CitedFigure 5.1- http://www.geocraft.com/WVFossils/CarbonifPeriod.html Figure 5.1- http://www.geocraft.com/WVFossils/CarbonifPeriod.html Figure 5.2- Figure 5.2-
http://departments.umw.edu/biol/www/Wieland/Biol425/Reptile_Phylogeny.gifhttp://departments.umw.edu/biol/www/Wieland/Biol425/Reptile_Phylogeny.gifFigure 5.3- http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Phylogeny_of_Amniota.htmFigure 5.3- http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Phylogeny_of_Amniota.htmFigure 5.4- http://www.tucan.net/ImageGallery/gallery.php?id=14Figure 5.4- http://www.tucan.net/ImageGallery/gallery.php?id=14Figure 5.5- Figure 5.5-
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDiversity_9.htmlhttp://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDiversity_9.htmlFigure 5.6- http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?Figure 5.6- http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?
cls=17&cat=1796&articleid=2812cls=17&cat=1796&articleid=2812Figure 5.7- http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~rhmiller/chordates1/Chordates1.htmFigure 5.7- http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~rhmiller/chordates1/Chordates1.htmFigure 5.8- Figure 5.8-
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/140Sarcopterygii/140.400.htmlhttp://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/140Sarcopterygii/140.400.htmlFigure 5.9, 5.11 & 5.14- Kent, George C. and Robert K. Carr. Comparative Figure 5.9, 5.11 & 5.14- Kent, George C. and Robert K. Carr. Comparative
Anatomy of the Vertebrates. 9th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2001.Anatomy of the Vertebrates. 9th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2001.Figure 5.10- Figure 5.10-
http://pharyngula.org/~pzmyers/MyersLab/teaching/Bi104/l02/amniotelin.htmlhttp://pharyngula.org/~pzmyers/MyersLab/teaching/Bi104/l02/amniotelin.htmlFigure 5.12- Figure 5.12-
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/dinosaurs/dinoclassification/http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/dinosaurs/dinoclassification/Figure 5.13- Figure 5.13-
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDiversity_9.htmlhttp://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDiversity_9.html