Americans at War Mobilization-Americans get ready for war! --FDR understood that the outcome of war in Europe depended on US ability to produce.

Americans at WarAmericans at War

Mobilization-Americans get Mobilization-Americans get ready for war!ready for war!

--FDR understood that the --FDR understood that the outcome of war in Europe outcome of war in Europe depended on US ability to depended on US ability to produce.produce.

1.1. Mobilizing Armed ForcesMobilizing Armed Forces

A.A. Sept. 1940—first peacetime Sept. 1940—first peacetime draft in US history.draft in US history.

--Selective Training and Service --Selective Training and Service Act.Act.

B. Thousands of men receive B. Thousands of men receive the “4 freedoms” speech.the “4 freedoms” speech.

2.2. Preparing the Economy for Preparing the Economy for WarWar

A.A. FDR pushed industries to FDR pushed industries to move to making war goods.move to making war goods.

B.B. Jan. 1942 gov’t set up war Jan. 1942 gov’t set up war production board.production board.

C.C. Convert from peacetime to Convert from peacetime to wartime.wartime.

Examples:Examples:--Ford converts some factories to --Ford converts some factories to

Air force factories.Air force factories.--Kaiser ships—convert to --Kaiser ships—convert to

Liberty Ships—carry suppliesLiberty Ships—carry suppliesD. Each year US increased D. Each year US increased

production goals, doubling that production goals, doubling that of Axis Powers.of Axis Powers.

E.E. Helps the workforce—Helps the workforce—unemployment nearly unemployment nearly disappears.disappears.

F.F. Union membership increases Union membership increases from 1940-1941 1.5million.from 1940-1941 1.5million.

CLIP MobilizationCLIP MobilizationWar TownWar Town

3.3. Daily Life on the Home FrontDaily Life on the Home Front

A.A. Nearly everyone had a relative Nearly everyone had a relative or friend in the militaryor friend in the military

B.B. War effort led to shortages on War effort led to shortages on typical goods—ex metal, typical goods—ex metal, rubber.rubber.

C. Shortages led to rise in C. Shortages led to rise in reading of books and reading of books and magazines, movies, and magazines, movies, and sporting events.sporting events.

FDR leads effort to advertise FDR leads effort to advertise the war effort.the war effort.

--Collection Drives—--Collection Drives— Victory GardensVictory Gardens

Clip ShortagesClip ShortagesDoing WithoutDoing Without

Retaking EuropeRetaking Europe

A.A. US entered the war at a critical US entered the war at a critical time for the Allies.time for the Allies.

B.B. Blitzkrieg had extended Nazi Blitzkrieg had extended Nazi control through most of Europe.control through most of Europe.

C.C. In North Africa a mixed Germ and In North Africa a mixed Germ and Italian army was bearing down.Italian army was bearing down.

The Battle in the AtlanticThe Battle in the AtlanticA. GB relied on US shipments of A. GB relied on US shipments of

food and supplies.food and supplies.B.B. US protected ships from U-US protected ships from U-

boats w/ convoys.boats w/ convoys.C.C. Germ began to attack w/ large Germ began to attack w/ large

groups of U-boats called groups of U-boats called wolfpacks.wolfpacks.

3. The North Africa Campaign3. The North Africa Campaign

A.A. 1940 Brit doing well against 1940 Brit doing well against Italians in Egypt and Libya.Italians in Egypt and Libya.

B.B. Hitler sends Rommel the Hitler sends Rommel the “Desert Fox”.“Desert Fox”.

C.C. US arrived in 1942 led by Gen. US arrived in 1942 led by Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower/George Dwight D. Eisenhower/George Patton.Patton.

D.D. By May 1943 240,000 Italians By May 1943 240,000 Italians and Germans had and Germans had surrendered.surrendered.

E.E. Churchill and Roosevelt meet Churchill and Roosevelt meet and agree on unconditional and agree on unconditional surrender of Japan, Germany, surrender of Japan, Germany, and Italyand Italy

Clip North AfricaClip North AfricaKilling is a CraftKilling is a Craft

Questions to follow!!Questions to follow!!

4.4. The Invasion of ItalyThe Invasion of Italy

A.A. Control of Africa led to Allies Control of Africa led to Allies making next move to retake making next move to retake Europe.Europe.

B.B. Decide to target Italy.Decide to target Italy.

C.C. Many lose faith in Mussolini at Many lose faith in Mussolini at this point, King Victor Emmanuel this point, King Victor Emmanuel III has him arrested.III has him arrested.

D.D. Fascist party is disband, but Fascist party is disband, but Mussolini escapes w/ help of Mussolini escapes w/ help of Hitler.Hitler.

E.E. Sept. 1943 Italy w/ Rome Sept. 1943 Italy w/ Rome under fire by Allies turns on under fire by Allies turns on Germany.Germany.

F.F. Leads to bloody showdown Leads to bloody showdown btwn Germans and Allies.btwn Germans and Allies.

G.G. German’s in N. Italy surrender German’s in N. Italy surrender in April 1945.in April 1945.

H.H. Same month Mussolini is shot Same month Mussolini is shot and killed by Italians trying to and killed by Italians trying to flee across N border.flee across N border.

Clip ItalyClip ItalyWhen things get toughWhen things get tough

5.5. War in the Soviet UnionWar in the Soviet Union

A.A. In Mein Kampf Hitler called for In Mein Kampf Hitler called for Germany’s need for natural Germany’s need for natural resources.resources.

B.B. After losing the Battle of After losing the Battle of Britain Hitler turns to the east Britain Hitler turns to the east and attacks Russia.and attacks Russia.

C.C. Attack began in June 1941.Attack began in June 1941.

D.D. 3.6 million German soldiers 3.6 million German soldiers align along Russian border.align along Russian border.

E.E. 3million Red Army soldiers 3million Red Army soldiers deploy to oppose Blitzkrieg.deploy to oppose Blitzkrieg.

F.F. Some who suffered under Some who suffered under Stalin welcomed the German Stalin welcomed the German Army.Army.

G.G. 10 days after attack Stalin 10 days after attack Stalin demanded all goods destroyeddemanded all goods destroyed

H.H. Asked Roosevelt for help Asked Roosevelt for help under Lend-Lease Act.under Lend-Lease Act.

I.I. Urged for attack on W Europe, Urged for attack on W Europe, Allies chose attack on Italy.Allies chose attack on Italy.

J.J. Germany persisted with in the Germany persisted with in the Russian winter w/ Battle of Russian winter w/ Battle of Stalingrad (city in Russia).Stalingrad (city in Russia).

K.K. Turning point for war in the Turning point for war in the East.East.

L.L. Now Stalin wanted invasion of Now Stalin wanted invasion of West.West.

Invasion of Western EuropeInvasion of Western EuropeA.A. George Marshall also called for George Marshall also called for

invasion of W. Europe, German invasion of W. Europe, German troops in France.troops in France.

B.B. Massive Ally build up begins in Massive Ally build up begins in Great Britain.Great Britain.

C.C. Called Operation Overlord Called Operation Overlord Eisenhower was chosen Eisenhower was chosen commander.commander.

D.D. German’s heavily fortify the German’s heavily fortify the French coastline.French coastline.

--D-Day (June 6, 1944)--D-Day (June 6, 1944)A.A. 4,600 invasion craft4,600 invasion craft

1,000 RAF bombers1,000 RAF bombers23,000 parachuters23,000 parachuters

B. 500,000 troops attempt to B. 500,000 troops attempt to come ashore on 60m of coastcome ashore on 60m of coast

C.C. Despite heavy casualties Despite heavy casualties Allied forces came ashore.Allied forces came ashore.

D.D. Within 1 week half million Within 1 week half million men had come ashore.men had come ashore.

Liberating FranceLiberating France

A. Allies use airpower to retake A. Allies use airpower to retake German strongholds in German strongholds in France.France.

B.B. Gen. Patton used blitzkrieg on Gen. Patton used blitzkrieg on Hitler.Hitler.

C.C. August 1945—Paris liberated.August 1945—Paris liberated.

D.D. About same time Americans About same time Americans were crossing German border.were crossing German border.

8.8. ‘‘Battle of the Bulge’Battle of the Bulge’

A.A. Nazi’s fought desperately to Nazi’s fought desperately to defend territories in the North.defend territories in the North.

B.B. Using recruits sometimes as Using recruits sometimes as young as 15!young as 15!

C.C. December 1944—Germans December 1944—Germans counterattack Allies at Belgian counterattack Allies at Belgian border.border.

D.D. Forming a ‘bulge’ in the Allied Forming a ‘bulge’ in the Allied line, became known as Battle line, became known as Battle of the Bulge.of the Bulge.

E.E. Became largest battle the US Became largest battle the US fought during the war.fought during the war.

F.F. Involved 600,000 GI’s, 80,000 Involved 600,000 GI’s, 80,000 were killed!were killed!

G.G. German losses totaled German losses totaled 100,000—after this battle 100,000—after this battle Germany began to admit Germany began to admit defeat.defeat.

8.8. The War in Europe EndsThe War in Europe Ends

A.A. Soviets push West into Berlin.Soviets push West into Berlin.

B.B. As Soviets surround Berlin As Soviets surround Berlin Hitler refuses to surrender—he Hitler refuses to surrender—he commits suicide in his bunker.commits suicide in his bunker.

C.C. (The war will not be over until (The war will not be over until US defeats Japan.)US defeats Japan.)

Yalta ConferenceYalta Conference

A.A. Meeting btwn Churchill, Meeting btwn Churchill, Roosevelt, and StalinRoosevelt, and Stalin

B.B. Plan for post-war EuropePlan for post-war Europe

C.C. Divides Germany into four Divides Germany into four zones—election would be held zones—election would be held in the eastern portions.in the eastern portions.

D.D. Stalin fails to fulfill promises of Stalin fails to fulfill promises of Yalta.Yalta.

E.E. Leading to conflicts later Leading to conflicts later known as the Cold War.known as the Cold War.

The Pacific CampaignThe Pacific CampaignA.A. By spring of 1942 Japan By spring of 1942 Japan

controlled vast area in the controlled vast area in the pacific.pacific.

B.B. Stretched from Korea to Stretched from Korea to Alaska, and South as far as Alaska, and South as far as Australia.Australia.

C.C. 2 crucial battles halt Japan in 2 crucial battles halt Japan in May and June of 1942May and June of 1942

--Battle of the Coral Sea—air fight --Battle of the Coral Sea—air fight that prevented invasion of that prevented invasion of Australia.Australia.

--Battle of Midway—removed a --Battle of Midway—removed a threat of another attack on threat of another attack on Hawaii.Hawaii.

D.D. Island HoppingIsland Hopping

--US adopts strategy known as --US adopts strategy known as island hopping.island hopping.

--Goal was to capture key --Goal was to capture key islands pushing enemy back islands pushing enemy back until Japan was in range.until Japan was in range.

--Very difficult struggle.--Very difficult struggle.

Key Island Hopping BattlesKey Island Hopping Battles

--Guadalcanal(1942)--Guadalcanal(1942)

--Leyte Gulf(1944)--Leyte Gulf(1944)

--Iwo Jima and Okinowa(1945)--Iwo Jima and Okinowa(1945)

--Key IH victories brought US --Key IH victories brought US within one hundred miles of the within one hundred miles of the Japanese mainland.Japanese mainland.

--In April of 1945 Roosevelt dies --In April of 1945 Roosevelt dies and he is replaced by Truman.and he is replaced by Truman.

--Plans were drawn up to attack --Plans were drawn up to attack the Japanese mainland. But it the Japanese mainland. But it never takes place.never takes place.

The Manhattan ProjectThe Manhattan Project

--Roosevelt directs Einstein to --Roosevelt directs Einstein to develop the A-bomb in top develop the A-bomb in top secret Manhattan Project in secret Manhattan Project in August of 1939.August of 1939.

--1--1stst successful test of the bomb successful test of the bomb in July of 1945.in July of 1945.

The Decision to Drop the BombThe Decision to Drop the Bomb

1. Massive invasion of Japan could 1. Massive invasion of Japan could cost millions of casualties.cost millions of casualties.

2. Naval blockade to starve Japan 2. Naval blockade to starve Japan w/ conventional bombing.w/ conventional bombing.

3. Demonstrate bomb on deserted 3. Demonstrate bomb on deserted island. island.

4.4. Softening the demands for an Softening the demands for an unconditional surrender.unconditional surrender.

--Final decision rested w/ Harry --Final decision rested w/ Harry Truman who had taken office Truman who had taken office 3 months earlier.3 months earlier.

Japan SurrendersJapan Surrenders

--August 6 1945 US plane Enola --August 6 1945 US plane Enola Gay dropped an Atomic bomb Gay dropped an Atomic bomb on Hiroshima.on Hiroshima.

--Perhaps 80,000 died instantly --Perhaps 80,000 died instantly and as many in the future.and as many in the future.

--After failure to surrender a 2--After failure to surrender a 2ndnd bomb was dropped 3 days later bomb was dropped 3 days later on Nagasaki.on Nagasaki.

--August 14--August 14thth Japan accepts Japan accepts terms of American surrender.terms of American surrender.

--Formal agreement signed of --Formal agreement signed of Sept. 2 on USS Missouri—the Sept. 2 on USS Missouri—the war was finally over.war was finally over.

Japanese InternmentJapanese Internment

A.A. Japanese Americans suffered Japanese Americans suffered official discrimination during official discrimination during WWII.WWII.

B.B. Post PH hysteria led to Post PH hysteria led to internment.internment.

C. Many Americans felt as C. Many Americans felt as though Japanese were though Japanese were everywhere.everywhere.

D. Feb. 1942 Roosevelt signs D. Feb. 1942 Roosevelt signs Executive Order 9066--est Executive Order 9066--est military zones and Gov’t could military zones and Gov’t could remove people from these remove people from these zones.zones.

E.E. Gov’t set up War Relocation Gov’t set up War Relocation Authority to move everyone of Authority to move everyone of Japanese ancestry.Japanese ancestry.

F.F. Relocation happened quickly, Relocation happened quickly, many lost businesses, farms, many lost businesses, farms, homes and assets.homes and assets.

G.G. All camps were located in All camps were located in desolate areas.desolate areas.

H.H. People were forced to live on People were forced to live on the bare necessities.the bare necessities.

I.I. By early 1945 Japanese By early 1945 Japanese citizens were allowed to return citizens were allowed to return home.home.

Legal ChallengesLegal Challenges

A.A. A few Japanese challenge the A few Japanese challenge the policy in the courts.policy in the courts.

B.B. Claiming that their civil rights Claiming that their civil rights had been violated.had been violated.

C.C. Courts usually upheld that the Courts usually upheld that the case was a nat’l emergency.case was a nat’l emergency.

D. In 1988 Congress passed a D. In 1988 Congress passed a law rewarding survivors of law rewarding survivors of internment $20,000.internment $20,000.

E. More than 40 years after the E. More than 40 years after the event the US government event the US government officially apologized.officially apologized.

Navajo Code TalkersNavajo Code Talkers

--US and Japan were able to --US and Japan were able to interpret each others codes interpret each others codes early in the war.early in the war.

--This leads to neither side being --This leads to neither side being able to keep a secret.able to keep a secret.

--Since Japan deployed more --Since Japan deployed more troops they won battle after troops they won battle after battle.battle.

--By spring of 1942 Japan --By spring of 1942 Japan controlled most of the pacific.controlled most of the pacific.

--In 1942 US military recruited --In 1942 US military recruited Navajo Code talkers.Navajo Code talkers.

--They were used to interpret --They were used to interpret military coordinates and led to military coordinates and led to US gaining advantages in the US gaining advantages in the pacific.pacific.

--Code talkers drastically --Code talkers drastically shortened the war in the pacific.shortened the war in the pacific.