American Psychological Association Style Guide 6 th ed. 2010 9/7/2014.

American Psychological Association Style Guide

6th ed.2010

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Why to Cite Sources?

• Provide a way to give proper credit to the sources used in writing the paper

• Enables the reader to find the information for themselves

• Adds credibility and provides strength for arguments

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How to cite sources?

• In-text references

– Located in the text of the paper

• References

– Tells the reader what information borrowed and where from

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Types and Variations1. Periodicals2. Books, reference books, and book chapters3. Technical and research reports4. Meeting and symposia5. Doctoral dissertations and master’s theses6. Reviews and peer commentary7. Audiovisual media8. Data sets, software, measurement instruments, and apparatus9. Unpublished and informally published works10. Archival documents and collections11. Internet message boards, electronic mailing lists, and other online

communities

•77 various types of variation in sources

•Legal has 19 types of variation in sources

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How to cite sources?

• Quoting from a source (coping from the source word to word)

• Summarizing or rephrasing information from a source into one’s own mind

• Demonstrating awareness about previous research

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Citing References in Text– Direct Quote

• Quotation of less than 40 words– Use the author’s surname followed immediately by the copyright year

in brackets and the page from which the information was copied in brackets at the end of the sentence

Or– Provided the author’s surname, copy right year, and page in brackets

after the end of the quotation and punctuation outside the parenthesis

• Quotation of 40 and more words– Display it in a freestanding block of text and omit the direct quotation

marks. Start such a block quotation on a new line and indent the block about a half inch from the left margin

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Citing References in Text – Direct Quote• Direct quotesDirect quotes

– Reproducing text word from another source•Khandwalla (2002) observes that “few companies have courage as a core competency” (p.23).•“Few companies have courage as a core competency” (Khandwalla, 2002, p.23).• 5 Crore [50 millions] writer to improve quality• If the page number is not given in online materials , in that case use e.g. para. 4, or Discussion Section, para. 1

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Citing References in Text – Direct Quote more than 40 words

Co-presence does not ensure intimate interaction among all group members. Consider large-scale social gatherings in which hundreds or thousands of people gather in a location to perform a ritual or celebrate an event. In these instances, participants are able to see the visible manifestation of the group, the physical gathering, yet their ability to make direct, intimate connections with those around them is limited by the sheer magnitude of the assembly. (Purcell, 1997, pp. 111-112).

orAlternatively, if the quoted source is cited in the sentence introducing the block quote (e.g. “In 1997, Purcell contradicted this view…”), only the page or paragraph number is needed at the end of the quotation.

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Citing References in Text - Paraphrasing

• Rephrased/Paraphrasing– Use author’s surname followed by immediately

copyright year in brackets within the sentenceOr

– Provide the author’s surname and copyright year in brackets at the end of the sentence before the period

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Citing References in Text - Paraphrasing

• Paraphrasing text- Khandwalla (2002) singles out courage – courage to take

risks, courage to deal with the emotions of co-workers and courage to stand up for one’s values and beliefs as the most important requirement for a manager interested in initiating and managing change in his organisation.

Note: APA Style encourages the author to write page or para number so reader can see exact details in a particular source.

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Citing References in Text - Previous Work

• Demonstrating awareness of other works- Several authors (e.g. Khandwalla 2002; Peter 2002) have emphasized

the need for courage, especially courage to take risk in managers who pursue innovation and change.

- Courage, especially courage to take risk in managers who peruses innovation and change in your organisation (see Khandwalla 2002; Peter 2002).

- As Khandwalla (2002) and Parel (2002) argue that managers who pursue innovation and change ought of have the courage to take risks, the model proposed here incorporates courage as a potentially relevant factor influencing the organisational change process.

- As Khandwalla (2002) suggests that courage to take risks is important for managers pursuing change, we feel that it was appropriate to include it as one of the characteristics of managers in our proposed model

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Permission to Quote, Reprint or Adapt

• Permission required if author includes– Lengthy quotation (reprinting or adaptation)– Reprinted or adaptable tables or figures

• Permission for copyrighted materials is vary form one to one• APA allows

– Three figures or tables from a journal article or book chapter– Single text extracts if fewer than 400 words – Series of text extracts that total fewer than 800 words

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One Work by Multiple Authors in-text and References

• In-text citation– Cite two authors every time the reference occurs in text– Three to five authors have to cites first and in subsequent citations,

include surname followed by et al.– Work of six or more authors have to be cited with first author followed

by et al.

• References– When a reference has up to seven authors, spell out all authors’

names in the reference list – Use three dots when a reference has more than seven authors e.g.

Gilbert, D. G., McClernon, J. F., Rabinovich, N. E., Sugai, C., Plath, L. C., Asgaard, G., . . . Botros, N. (2004).

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Style Manual

• Modern Language Association (MLA)

• American Psychological Association (APA)

• Chicago Style Manual

• American Marketing Association (AMA)

• American Anthropological Association (AAA)9/7/2014

ReferenceAPAAuthor, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Location: Publisher.

Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal publication. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

MLALastname, Firstname. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication.

Gleick, James. Chaos: Making a New Science. New York: Penguin, 1987. Print.

ChicagoLastname, Firstname. Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication. Faulkner, William. Absalom, Absalom!. New York: Vintage Books, 1990.

Source: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/2/

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Book - One AuthorIn-Text Reference Reference Page

Kotler (2010) found or (Kotler, 2010). Kotler, P. (2010). The development of sustainable tourism. England: Continuum.

TYPE OF SOURCE -BOOKAuthor: Kotler, PhilipTitle: The development of sustainable tourismYear: 2010City: EnglandPublisher: Continuum

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Book - Two AuthorsIn-Text Reference Reference Page

Kotler and Koshi (2010) compared or (Kotler, & Koshi, 2010).

Kotler, P., & Koshi, D. (2010). The principles of marketing. New Delhi: Pearson

TYPE OF SOURCE -BOOKAuthor: Kotler, Philip, Koshi, DennisTitle: The principles of marketingYear: 2010City: New DelhiPublisher: PearsonEdition: 13th Edition

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Book – Three to Five AuthorsIn-Text Reference Reference Page

Hayes , Stroshal, and Wilson (1990) found or (Kotler, Stroshal, & Wilson 1990).Subsequent CitationsHayes , et. al., (1999) discovered …. or (Hayes, et al., 1999)

Hayes, S. C., Stroshal, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (1999). Consumer behaviour. New York: McMillan.

TYPE OF SOURCE -BOOKAuthor: Hayes, S. C. Stroshal, K. D. Wilson, K. G.Title: Consumer behaviourYear: 1999City: New YorkPublisher: McMillan.

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Editor, No Author and EditionIn-Text Reference Reference Page

Since the information was edited, do not use the editor’s name as he or she wrote it… (Carlock, 1995).

Carlock, C. J. (Ed.). (1999). Branding in India (3rd ed.). Mumbai: Allied Publisher.

TYPE OF SOURCE - BOOK Editor: Carlock, S. C. Title: Branding in IndiaEdition: ThirdYear: 1999City: MumbaiPublisher: Allied Publisher

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Chapter or Section of a Book – with an author

In-Text Reference Reference Page

Regulus (1995) determined ….. Or… (Regulus, 1995).

Regulus, T. A. (1995). Indian Youth. In R. L. Edwards (Ed.), Encyclopedia of social work (19th ed., Vol. 2, pp. 1045-1055). Washington DC: National Association of Social Workers.

TYPE OF SOURCE - BOOK SECTIONAuthor: Regulus, T. AEditor: Hayes, S. C. Title Indian YouthEdition: 19th Year: 1999City: MumbaiPublisher: Allied Publisher

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Chapter or Section of a Book – no author

In-Text Reference Reference Page

Do not use the editor’s name as if he or she wrote it….. Or

… (Anderson, Anderson, & Glanze, 1994)

Rural marketing (1994). In K. N. Anderson, L. E. Anderson, & W. D. Glanze, (Eds.), Preto’s law used in marketing (4th ed., PP. 44-48). Bangalore: Tata McGraw-Hill.

TYPE OF SOURCE - BOOK SECTIONEditor: Anderson, K. N.Anderson, L. E., Glanze, W. D.Title: Rural MarketingEdition: 4thYear: 1994City: BangalorePublisher: Tata McGraw-Hill

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Book– Electronic Version of Print Book

In-Text Reference Reference Page

Kotler (2010) found or (Kotler, 2010). Kotler, P. (2010). The development of sustainable tourism. England: Continuum. Retrieved from http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/html.index.asp

TYPE OF SOURCE -BOOKAuthor: Kotler, PhilipTitle: The development of sustainable tourismYear: 2010City: EnglandPublisher: Continuum

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Book–Electronic Version of Print Book with doi

In-Text Reference Reference Page

Kotler (2010) found or (Kotler, 2010). Kotler, P. (2010). The development of sustainable tourism. England: Continuum. [Adobe Digital Editions Version]. Doi:10.1036/0071393722

TYPE OF SOURCE -BOOKAuthor: Kotler, PhilipTitle: The development of sustainable tourismYear: 2010City: EnglandPublisher: Continuum

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Electronic – Only BookIn-Text Reference Reference Page

Kotler (2010) found or (Kotler, 2010). Kotler, P. (2010). The development of sustainable tourism. Retrieved from http://www.onlineoriginals.con/showitem.asp?itemID=135

TYPE OF SOURCE -BOOKAuthor: Kotler, PhilipTitle: The development of sustainable tourismYear: 2010City: EnglandPublisher: Continuum

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Journal Article (Print)In-Text Reference Reference Page

Koopman (2001) researched….. or…(Koopman 2001)

Koopman, W. J. (2001). Prospects for FMCG products in India. Journal of Marketing Research, 25(1), 36-42.

(If each issue of a volume start with page 1 or you are unsure, then include the issue no in parenthesis after the volume number)

TYPE OF SOURCE - Journal ArticleAuthor: Koopman, W. JTitle: Prospects for FMCG products in IndiaJournal name: Journal of Marketing ResearchYear: 2001Month: JanuaryPages: 36-42Volume: 25Issue: 1

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Full Text Article with Digital Object Identifier (DOI)-Print & Online

In-Text Reference Reference Page

-Work of six or more authors have to be cited with first author followed by et al.Yu et. al. (2009) discovered that …..OrIt was discovered that …(Yu at al., 2009)

Yu, H., Patel, P. R., Shah, M. N., Desai, B. P., Mehta, M. N., Tong, G. Z. (2009). Further evidence for infection of pigs with human-like influenza virus in China. Virus Research, 140, 85-90. doi: 10.1016/j.viruses.2008.11.008

TYPE OF SOURCE - Journal Article with DOIAuthor: Yu, H., Patel, P. R., Shah, M. N., Desai, B. P., Mehta, M. N., Tong, G. Z. Title: Further evidence for infection of pigs with human-like influenza virus in ChinaJournal name: Virus ResearchYear: 2009Pages: 85-90Volume: 140DOI: 10.1016/j.viruses.2008.11.008

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Journal Article from Publisher Web SiteIn-Text Reference Reference Page

Koopman (2001) researched….. or…(Koopman 2001)

Koopman, W. J. (2001). Prospects for FMCG products in India. Journal of Marketing Research, 25(1), 36-42. Retrieved from http://www.atypon-link.com/AMA/loi/jmkr

(Include print information followed by the URL of the journals homepage.)

TYPE OF SOURCE - Journal ArticleAuthor: Koopman, W. JTitle: Prospects for FMCG products in IndiaJournal name: Journal of Marketing ResearchYear: 2001Month: JanuaryPages: 36-42Volume: 25Issue: 1URL: http://www.atypon-link.com/AMA/loi/jmkr

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Full Text Article from a Commercial Database (no DOI)In-Text Reference Reference Page

According to Castell (2008)…..

Or

… (Castell, 2008).

Castell, F. (2008). Professionalism in client servicing. Journal of Advertising, 12(2), 13-17. Retrieved from WARC with Full Text Database. (Accession No. 2009886289)(Following the print form of the citation, include the name of the database and accession/document/order number assigned by the database in parenthesis)

TYPE OF SOURCE - Full text article from a commercial database (no DOI)Author: Castell, FTitle: Professionalism in client servicingJournal name: Journal of AdvertisingYear: 2008Pages: 13-17 Volume: 12Issue: 2Database: WRAC with Full TextAccession No: 2009886289

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Magazine ArticleIn-Text Reference Reference Page

Kluger and Dorfman (2002) evaluated ….. Or(Kluger & Dorfman, 2002)

Kluger, J., & Dorfman, A. (2002, August 26). The challenges we face. Time, 160(9), 32-38.

TYPE OF SOURCE - Article in a periodicalAuthor: Kluger, J. Dorfman, ATitle: The challenges we faceMagazine name: TimeYear: 2002Month: AugustDay: 26Pages: 32-38Volume: 9Issue: 160

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Online Magazine ArticleIn-Text Reference Reference Page

Kluger and Dorfman (2002) evaluated ….. Or(Kluger & Dorfman, 2002)

Kluger, J., & Dorfman, A. (2002, August 26). The challenges we face. Time, 160(9), 32-38. Retrieved from http://www.time.com/monitor

TYPE OF SOURCE - Article in a periodicalAuthor: Kluger, J. Dorfman, ATitle: The challenges we faceMagazine name: TimeYear: 2002Month: AugustDay: 26Pages: 32-38Volume: 9Issue: 160

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Newspaper Article no AuthorIn-Text Reference Reference Page

The article title will be placed between quotation marks in the text of the essay

In the article “Rotor Blades Fails Inspection” (2002)…. Or…(“Rotor Blades Fails Inspection,” 2002).

Rotor blades fails inspection. (2002, July 27). Business Line, P. A1.

(If no author is present use the title of the article in place of the author’s name)

TYPE OF SOURCE - Newspaper Article no AuthorTitle: Rotor blades fails inspection.Newspaper name: TimeYear: 2002Month: AugustDay: 27Pages: P. A1

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Single Episode from a Television Series

In-Text Reference Reference Page

Dlinsky and Alexander’s (1968) work….. Or…(Dlinsky and Alexander’s, 1968).

Dlinsky, M. (writer) & Alexander, D. (Director). (1968). Plato’s stepchildren [Television series episode]. In F. Freiberger (Producer). Star trek. Los Angeles, CA: Paramount Pictures.

TYPE OF SOURCE - Episode from a Television SeriesTitle: Plato’s stepchildrenSerial name: Star trekProducer Name: F. FreibergerDirector: Dlinsky, M. & Alexander, D. Year: 1968Place: Los Angeles, CAProduction Company: Paramount Pictures

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Video/DVDIn-Text Reference Reference Page

In the video Faces of reality produced by Gillespie and directed by Ashworth (2000)….Or…(Gillespie & Ashworth, 2000)

Gillespie. M. (Producer), & Ashworth, S. (Director). (2000). Faces of reality. [Videotap]. Edmonton, Canada: Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission.

-Provide the primary contributors such as producer and/or director -If the video is in DVD or blu-ray format, you use those terms in place of videotape

TYPE OF SOURCE - Video/DVDTitle: Faces of realityProducer Name: Gillespie. M. Director: Ashworth, SYear: 2000Place: Edmonton, CanadaProduction Company: Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission.

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Secondary SourceIn-Text Reference Reference Page

In the text cite the original source and in brackets cite the secondary source with the phrase

Kiel and Elliott’s study (as cited in Eve, Horsfall, & Lee, 1997) found…..

Eve, R. A., Horsfall, S., & Lee, M. E. (1997). Chaos, complexity, and sociology. London, England: Sage.

TYPE OF SOURCE - Secondary SourceTitle: Chaos, complexity, and sociologyAuthor: Eve, R. A., Horsfall, S., & Lee, M. E.Year: 1997City: LondonPublisher: Sage

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A ReviewIn-Text Reference Reference Page

In Osborne’s (1998) review of book…..Or…(Osborne, 1998).

Osborne, R. E. (1998). Learning by text or context [Review of the book The fabric of self: A theory of ethics and emotions. by D. Rothbard Margolis]. Choice, 36, 223.

In square brackets, use the phrase “Review of the” and the type of material reviewed (book, video, etc). If the article/review has formal title, it will precede the bracketed text.

TYPE OF SOURCE - A ReviewTitle: The fabric of self: A theory of ethics and emotionsAuthor: Osborne, R. E. Year: 1998Reviewer: D. Rothbard MargolisMagazine: ChoiceVolume: 36Page: 223

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Corporate Report, Government AuthorIn-Text Reference Reference Page

The Health Canada (2006) report noted that…. Or…(Health Canada, 2006)

APA style of reference will include corporations, associations, govt. agencies or study group act as author and publisher.Spell out the full name of the group publisher and author, do not use abbreviation or acronyms.

Health Canada. (2006). Residential indoor air quality guidelines: Formaldehyde (HC Publication No. 4120). Retrieved from http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/alt_formats/hecs-sesc/pdf/pubs/air/formaldehyde-eng.pdf

If possible, include publication or catalogue number in parenthesis after the title

TYPE OF SOURCE - Corporate Report, Government AuthorGovt. Author: Health CanadaTitle: : Residential indoor air quality guidelines: Formaldehyde Year: 2006Pub. No.: 4120URL: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/alt_formats/hecs-sesc/pdf/pubs/air/formaldehyde-eng.pdf

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No author or editorIn-Text Reference Reference Page

-Use the title in place of author

According to the Merriam Webster’s collegiate Dictionaries (1993)…. Or…Merriam Webster’s collegiate Dictionaries 1993)

Merriam Webster’s collegiate Dictionaries (1993). Springfiled, MA: Merriam-Webster

TYPE OF SOURCE - No author or editorTitle: : Merriam Webster’s collegiate Dictionaries Year: 1993Location: Springfiled, MAPublisher: Merriam-Webster

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WebpageIn-Text Reference Reference Page

A document from the United Nurse of Alberta (2009). Suggests that ….Or

(United Nurse of Alberta, 2009).

United Nurse of Alberta. (2009, June). Fishing for facts on the nursing shortage? Retrieved from http://www.unaab.ca/news/archive/pdfs/Wrong%20Way/rederring.pdf

TYPE OF SOURCE - WebpageTitle: Fishing for facts on the nursing shortage? Year: 2009URL: http://www.unaab.ca/news/archive/pdfs/Wrong%20Way/rederring .pdf

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Wiki EntryIn-Text Reference Reference Page

The “APA Style” (2009) article suggest that….OrIt is suggested that …(“APA Style,”2009)

APA Style. (2009, October 15). In Wikipedia: The free encyclopedia. Retrieved October 20, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APA-Style

TYPE OF SOURCE - WikiTitle: WikipediaYear: 2009Month: OctoberDate: 15Retrieved: October 20, 2009URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APA-Style

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Video Blog(e.g. You Tube, etc)In-Text Reference Reference Page

Simon Cowell, a notoriously difficult judge, said that Paul Potts’s performance on Britain Govt. Talent, “was a complete breath of fresh air” (myredroom, 2007). Cowell went on to say that, “I thought you were absolutely fantastic.”

mydredroom. (2007, June 10). Paul signs Nessum Dorma high quality video/sound widescreen 16.9[video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.comwatch?v=1k08yxu57NA

TYPE OF SOURCE - Video BlogTitle: mydredroomYear: 2007Month: JuneDate: 10Producer: Paul signs Nessum Dorma high quality video/sound widescreen 16.9Retrieved: URL: http://www.youtube.comwatch?v=1k08yxu57NA

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Web Log (Blog Post)In-Text Reference Reference Page

Schroeder (2009) reported that….

Or

…(Schroeder, 2009).

Schroeder, R. (2009, October 5). Apple to Woolworths: Your new logo is too Apple-Y[Web log post]. Retrieved from http://mashable.com/2009/10/05/apple-woolworths-logo/

TYPE OF SOURCE - Web Log (Blog Post)Blog Holder: Schroeder, RTitle: Apple to Woolworths: Your new logo is too Apple-YYear: 2009Month: OctoberDate: 5Producer: http://mashable.com/2009/10/05/apple-woolworths-logo/

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No dateIn-Text Reference Reference Page

In the text by Roshanlal (n.d.)…. Or (Roshanlal, n.d.)

Roshanlal, R. (n.d.). Social research procedure. New Delhi: Sage

TYPE OF SOURCE - No dateAuthor: Roshanlal, R. Title: Social research procedureLocation: New DelhiPublisher: sage

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Personal CommunicationIn-Text Reference Reference Page

S.L. Rainsforth (personal communication, August20, 2002) suggested…..Or… (S.L. Rainsforth, personal communication, August 20, 2002)

No citation is required

Source: APA Style, 6th ed.Medicine Hat College

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References• The list of sources is titled “References” and is located at the end of

the paper on a new page– Alphabetical entries by the first word of the entry– Entries are double spaced and the second line of an entry is a hanging

indent of a ½ inch (standard tab space)– Use only initial for the first and middle names even if the full name is

given– In the titles of books and articles, capitalize only the first word of the

title, the first word following a colon or dash, and all proper nouns– In titles of periodicals, capitalize all significant words – Italicize the titles of books and periodicals– One space after all punctuation– List only works that were referenced in the text of the paper (except

personal communication)

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Thank YouDr. Shailesh R. Yagnik

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