-
American ImperialismPlease pick up Class Notes #22 and binder
check rubric and take out Homework 14 to keep for class
Take out Focus 25 and take the next 10 minutes to share and copy
down information with your table team (keep the chart and map in
front of you, along with Homework 14, for todays lesson)
We will: *map/describe expansion of American interests overseas
from 1853 to 1905*analyze motives for Americas imperial expansion
and explain how it happened*examine how TR promoted national
interests
-
American ImperialismManifest Destiny and Beyond (1845-1909)What
is imperialism? Does it fit with American values?
-
Reviewing Manifest DestinyJohn L. OSullivan coined the phrase
(1839), arguing that it was Americas manifest destiny to overspread
and possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given
usWithin four years, President James K. Polk (Democrat) made the
dream a reality by:1. annexing the Republic of Texas (1845),2.
negotiating with the British for control of Oregon south of the
49th parallel (1846)3. provoking a war with Mexico (1846-48) that
ended in U.S. victory and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848),
which ceded one third of Mexico to U.S.By 1849, the U.S. extended
from the Atlantic to the Pacific
-
Eyeing Mexico and the CaribbeanDemocratic Party elements were
disappointed that the U.S. didnt annex all of Mexico in order to
expand slave territory; the Gadsden Purchase (1853) added southern
Arizona and New Mexico to make way for a railroadSouthern
slaveholders planned an expedition to seize Cuba in 1854 - called
off when anti-slavery Northerners protested; Ostend Manifesto
(1854) still called upon the U.S. to seize control of Cuba using
any means availableBetween 1853-60, William Walker, a Southern
adventurer, led several military expeditions attempting to take
over several Central American countriesU.S. quietly supported the
Mexican government in the Franco-Mexican War (1861-67); rejected
French occupation of Mexico and provided money and arms after the
end of the Civil War
-
Reaching Out in the Pacific1853-54: Commodore Perry forced the
opening of Japan to trade with the U.S.; helped contribute to the
Meiji Restoration and Japans modernization1867: Secretary of State
Seward purchased Alaska from the Russians for $7.2 million (derided
as Sewards Ice Box)1887: American planters (the Hawaiian League)
forced King Kalakaua to accept a new constitution; U.S. Navy
obtained basing rights at Pearl Harbor1893: Hawaiian League toppled
Kalakauas sister, Queen Liliuokalani, and established the Republic
of Hawaii
-
Mahan and Sea PowerAlfred Thayer Mahans The Influence of Sea
Power Upon History (1890) influenced the views of expansionists,
who argued that America must build a large ocean-going naval fleet
in order to effectively promote its international commercial
interests and assert its newfound powerCentral thesis: Great Powers
require a strong industrial economy matched with naval power: he
who masters the sea, masters the situationMahan praised the British
as an excellent example of how to combine military and economic
strengthAmericas navy was woefully inadequate in the early 1890s
(smaller than Chiles navy); Mahans work prompted a warship building
program and calls for annexation of Hawaii
-
Motives of ImperialismProponents of American expansion in the
1890s offered several reasons for doing so:1. promotion of U.S.
commercial interests2. survival of the fittest U.S. must join the
race for territory or lose out to other aggressive powers, such as
Britain, Japan, and Germany3. U.S. need for naval bases in the
Caribbean and the Pacific and a canal through Central America4.
expansion of American ideals the white mans burden (as best
expressed by Senator Albert Beveridge); a logical extension of
Manifest Destiny and
exceptionalismhttp://10.120.2.41/SAFARI/montage/play.php?frompage=play&keyindex=118047&location=005849&chapterskeyindex=380200&sceneclipskeyindex=-1
-
The War Drums of EmpireBy early 1898, war fever in the U.S.
erupted after the mysterious explosion of the U.S.S. Maine in
Havana harbor (February 15)The major New York newspapers (Pulitzers
World and Hearsts Journal) beat the drums of war against Spain and
sold newspapers recounting horrific stories of Spanish oppression
against Cuban nationalistsYELLOW JOURNALISM!!!Despite the efforts
of Speaker Thomas B. Reed (R-ME) and others, Congress declared war
against Spain (April 25)
-
The Spanish-American War
(1898)http://10.120.2.41/SAFARI/montage/play.php?frompage=play&keyindex=118047&location=005849&chapterskeyindex=380200&sceneclipskeyindex=-1
Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt, a disciple
of Mahan, had already issued orders to the U.S. Asiatic Squadron,
under the command of Commodore George Dewey to sail for Manila
BayDewey steamed into Manila Bay and destroyed the Spanish fleet
within a day (April 30)U.S. naval forces also blockaded Cuba,
stranding the Spanish army American forces, including TRs Rough
Riders, finally defeated the Spanish and forced their surrender
-
The Anti-Imperialist LeagueMany Americans resisted the
imperialist urge and fought to stop expansion, based on a range of
reasons, including:1. fear of abandoning American ideals2.
unproductive foreign wars3. fear of an American empire becoming
un-American in cultural make-up due to large numbers of prospective
non-white citizensThe Anti-Imperialist League (founded in 1898)
became active in opposing annexation of Hawaii and the Philippines;
included such national figures as Grover Cleveland, Jane Addams,
Andrew Carnegie, and Samuel
Gompershttp://10.120.2.41/SAFARI/montage/play.php?frompage=play&keyindex=118047&location=005849&chapterskeyindex=380200&sceneclipskeyindex=-1
-
War in the PhilippinesBy 1899, Americas empire expanded to
include Puerto Rico, Guam, Hawaii, Samoa, a protectorate over Cuba,
and the Philippines (which was annexed over anti-imperialist
protests)Emilio Aguinaldos Filipino nationalist movement felt
betrayed and went to war against the U.S. occupationThe
Filipino-American War (1899-1902) resulted in the loss of thousands
of lives, and the commitment of 125,000 U.S. troopsAguinaldo
eventually surrendered and called on his followers to declare
loyalty to the U.S.
-
An Open Door to ChinaBy 1899, most major European powers had
obtained trading concessions in China, prompting Secretary of State
John Hay to issue the Open Door note, requesting open access for
U.S. trade in ChinaHays focus was to secure American trading
interests (a realist goal) by invoking free trade (an idealistic
principle)America later joined with other major powers in crushing
the anti-Western Boxer Rebellion in 1900 but also asserted U.S.
determination to protect Chinas territorial integrity against
foreign encroachment
-
Before we leaveKeep Focus 25 in your binder for the binder check
on Thursday, March 20
Turn in Homework 14
The unit test and binder check will still be on Thursday, March
20
*