American Expansion or Imperialism · Timeline 1854 President Pierce tried to annex the Hawaiian Islands but this failed in part due to the issue of slavery 1861-1866 French occupation

American Expansion or Imperialism

OPVL

When in the course of human events, . . .We hold these truths to be self-evident, . . . . Tyranny over the States.

Maps By 1870s, Great Britain and France had colonies all over

the world. By 1900, both controlled most of Africa & Asia.

Africa

Asia

Consider the following of the era: As one of the great nations of the World, the U.S. must

not fall out of the line of March - Henry Cabot Lodge

. . .take up the White man’s burden. - Rudyard Kipling

Survival of the fittest applies to nations as well as to the animal kingdom - Theodore Roosevelt

How did the United States come so far since 1776?

Well it is my opinion that a lot of this had to do with trade. Since the American Revolution Yankee Clipper ships engaged in regular trade with the Orient and utilized numerous ports throughout the Pacific

1822 the Monroe Doctrine claimed: 1. The Western Hemisphere was no longer open to

European Colonization

2. Any attempt to expand into the Americas and establish a non-democratic government would be seen as an “act of unfriendliness” toward the United States

3. In return, the United States would not meddle in Europe’s affairs

4. Europe must disturb the republics in already present in the New World

*England would enforce this with their Navy.

Timeline 1833 commerce was established with Java, India, Siam, and the

Philippines From 1839 – 1842, this was threatened by the Opium War, which

gave the British an advantage in the area. Yet trade was secured with the 1844 Treaty of Wanghia and the opening of other ports outside of Canton.

1852 Commodore Matthew Perry (brother of Oliver of Put in Bay

fame) w/his “Black Ships” demanded that the Japanese respect the United States and open two ports to the United States via the 1854 Treaty of Kanagawa. In the past, only the Dutch were allowed to trade with one Japanese port only a few times per year.

Timeline 1854 President Pierce tried to annex the Hawaiian Islands but this

failed in part due to the issue of slavery 1861-1866 French occupation of Mexico – how dare they. April 19, 1867 the Congress approved “Seward’s Folly” or “Icebox” for

$7.2 million + bribes from Russia. Remember that Charles Sumner (MA) had called for all of Canada to come under American control

1890 Captain Alfred T. Mahan wrote: The Influence of Sea Power

Upon History 1660-1783 resulting in a paradigm shift in Western Diplomatic Policies in Britain and the United States

By then end of the 1900s the United States had the World’s 3rd largest navy. Ships were now produced on the East and West Coast. In California, the Union Iron Works secured contracts w/ the US Government and sold ships of war to newly powerful nations like Japan & Russia. These ships provided the US with new markets that the US needed. Recent successful industrialization had saturated many of the nations markets thereby forcing the nation to turn to exports.

Exports in 1870 = $450 million 1900 = $1.4 billion

In addition, banks began to invest overseas in the development of other countries.

How big should the United States be?

Henry Cabot Lodge stated it should reach from the Rio Grand to the Arctic

Walt Whitman said the United States would one day be composed of 40-50 states including Canada & Cuba

Consider the following:

Colonial Rule: i.e. 13 original colonies, Barbados, India, Ireland, South Africa, Canada, etc

Protectorate: India post Suez Canal

Sphere of Influence: Well like, we have in China

HW: Think of three arguments for American Expansion and Three arguments against Imperalism.

American colonization and/or expansion

For:

1. .

2. .

3. .

4. .

5. .

Against:

1. .

2. .

3. .

4. .

5. .

Somoa Where is Samoa and who cares? Samoans do - they love US France may hate us,

Germany may betray us, many in the Middle East pray for our demise on a daily bases but these people think we are the greatest folks to ever inhabit the Earth.

The Samoan Islands are important for trade w/ Australia. Why how did this work? How

do you make $ shipping? What does Samoa have that few other islands have in the South Pacific? The answer lies in how these land masses come about.

1872 Americans discussed Samoa as a protectorate but this was refused by Congress 1878 the US gained fueling rights for ships @ Pago Pago in exchange for protection German interference in Samoa almost led to war. It was narrowly adverted by Britain

who arranged a American, German, and British Protectorate over Samoa but then they backed out leaving the US and Germany to rule over the two biggest island groups.

This was the 1st time American ruled over another people.

Hawaii Starting in 1780 American ships stopped in Hawaii on

their way to China.

What does Hawaii have that few islands have in the North Pacific?

In the 1820 American Missionaries went to Hawaii to work for the Lord. They probable came from some place like Upstate New York. Remember what was going on there.

Genetics Quiz Q: What can Protestant Missionaries bring with then that Catholic Missionaries can’t? A: a wife Q: what do their offspring look like?

Q: what nationality are the offspring? Q: When it comes time for the descendents of missionaries to marry what do they look for in a

spouse? Q: When it comes time for these descendents to get an education, where do they go? Q: What do the offspring of missionary descendents look like vs. what are they? Q: How many Protestant Missionaries do you need in Hawaii? Q: What can all these people do for a living? A: Protestant Missionaries come to control large plantations and drive the economy of the islands.

More on Hawaii Overtime, the relationship between the United States and the Hawaiian Islands

improved.

1875 the United States eliminated sugar duties

In 1887 The United States gained the use of Pearl Harbor

At this time American gained interests in sugar somewhere else ? and trade was inversely proportional to these two island sugar nations. The only problem for Hawaii was that Americans, not Hawaiians owned the sugar plantations in this other place, and they could lobby Congress for trade agreement beneficial to them.

1890 Congress ended sugar importation by imposing a tariff.

Queen Liliuokalani was mad and she led a movement for Hawaiian control of their economy. Wilcox and Gaylord

Hawaii 1893 American-looking Hawaiians (like Sanford Dole) in the

sugar industry and US Marines overthrew Queen Lil’ and encouraged the United States to annex it

President Cleveland a Democrat opposed the overthrow and

ordered an investigation. He removed the State Department Representative to Hawaii and encouraged Hawaii to rule itself.

Hawaii declared itself a republic and appointed Sanford Dole

President 1898 Congress annexed Hawaii due to its strategic importance in

the Spanish American War.

Pros and Cons of Expansion 1800s John Q. Adams proposed the annexation of Cuba. 1853 The US offered Spain $130 million for Cuba. Spain said it would “. .

. rather see it sink into the ocean.” than sell it to the United States. Maybe they were bitter over that Monroe Doctrine thing?

Throughout the Latin American Revolutions Cuba remained loyal to

Spain 1868 & 95 Hard times fell on Cuba (Good in Hawaii remember).

Revolts occurred. The Spanish (Sp) Military imprisoned many Cubans and it has been

estimated that up to 200,000 died. However ?’s as to the #

Yellow Journalism Enter Hearst & Pulitzer and Yellow Journalism.

Background on Hearst is interesting as to his motivation to enter journalism. The stories from Cuba and their purpose

By 1898 Republicans thought intervention was necessary. Cleveland & McKinley were cautious. There was hope that a new Sp. Govt. might secure peace in 1897 but this never proved to be the case in 1898.

Strategy

Spanish Govt.

American Business:

United States Government:

Insurgents & Autonomists:

American Populous:

Things get worse Hearst published a letter insulting President McKinley.

It came from a Cuban rebel and was originally sent from Sp official back to Sp.

February 15, 1898- six days after the letter the USS Maine explodes in Havana Harbor. 260 dead.

Things get worse Hearst published a letter insulting President McKinley. It came from a Cuban rebel and was originally sent from Sp official back to Sp. February 15, 1898- six days after the letter the USS Maine explodes in Havana Harbor. 260 dead. Sp agrees to an armistice to make the United States happy but it’s too late April 11, 1898 McKinley asks Congress for an Act of War Nine days later War was approved & the Teller Amendment along with it. Teller stated that once the War was over Cuba would be free.

Spanish American War When war was evident the Assistant Secretary of the

Navy ordered Commodore Dewey to keep the Great White Fleet full of coal in Hong Kong. Once the war broke out Dewey left China for the Philippines.

May 1, 1898 Dewey attacked Sp at Manila Bay. Sp Navy destroyed – seized the Philippines – captured Manila in August. McKinley attempts to find the Islands

Cuba Soldiers not prepared, in fact ill trained & in heavy uniform. USS Oregon sailed

from San Francisco at the war’s outbreak T. Roosevelt & the Rough Riders who where they? Resignation, Brooks Bros., Background, Horses Their assault on San Juan (Kettle Hill)- Roosevelt’s ability to lead! See Map Caribbean Theater, 1898 10th Negro Cavalry & 25th Negro Infantry led by John J. Pershing (Black Jack)

deserved the credit. As Sp Navy escaped, the USS Oregon arrived and sunk the rest of the fleet. August 12, 1898 War ended Results > 500 Am died in combat yet < 5000 from disease. Treaty of Paris December 10, 1898 Cuba Independent, Puerto Rico and Guam to US US bought the Philippines for $20 million We are now Imperialists? Arguments over the Philippines

Senator Beveridge, T.R & McKinley

Senator Hoar, Carl Schurz, Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, Jane Adams, Samuel Gompers

new markets

new investments

navel bases

“uplift and civilize and Christianize”

ruling people against their will is wrong

expensive – need defense

spread Am civilization wrong

Founded the Anti-Imperialist League

Jane Adams

Samuel Gompers

The Philippines February 6, 1899 Senate ratified the Treaty of Paris

Filipino felt betrayed

Filipinos revolted against the US

3 yrs to resolve

7000 soldiers dead, 20,000 Filipinos

counter insurgency war. Other examples -?

1934 - In ten years US will give Independence- why?

-Why can’t we keep promise?

July 4, 1946 The Republic of the Philippines born

The Caribbean

Cuba- Although the Teller Agreement said US would leave Cuba after the war Cuba was not quite ready so the US stayed after the war.

-1900 Cuba wrote a constitution

-1902 Cuba was forced to accept the Platt Amendment – this gave the US the right to intervene in Cuban affairs for “life, liberty & property” + it gave the US a lease @ Guantanamo Bay

Cuba did not like the Platt Amendment

Puerto Rico US possessed Puerto Rico after the Sp/Am War

No talk of independence this was resented by some PRs

1900 the Foraker Act gave PR some form of self govt. PRs did not like this

1917 the Jones Act let PRs become citizens of the US w/ rights to elect their leaders

1952 PR becomes a self governing common wealth of the US and remains so today

Asia By 1900 US controlled Samoa, Guam, Hawaii and the Philippines Remember since 1784 Empress of China traveled from NY to

China for trade -American Missionaries -Chinese Workers (Crocker & trans Con R/R) China by the late 1800s Tried to curtail trade w/ the west fearing a detriment to their

culture However Fr & GB had established tight control over trade and

China lacked the resources to kick them out

Asia The Burlingame Treaty of 1868 -established formal trade w/ China & US -fair play between nations -limited immigration from China -promise not to meddle in China’s affairs Result- -more Chinese to Am -Business leaders vs. unions i.e. the Workingman’s Union -Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 based on racial & economic reasons -1902 Congress bared all Chinese Immigrants Secretary of State John Hay defined the Open Door Policy studied Br., Fr., Russia & Japan

China Over time grew to resent foreigners and demand that they

be expelled.

These Chinese “patriots” were known as Boxers

1900 The Boxer Rebellion started. What happened and what did nations do?

Rebels defeated

Should the US stay in China? Should China be imperialized?

China was forced to pay $332 million in reparations but lost no land. The US gave ½ their $ back and used the other ½ to send Chinese to school.

Japan Since 1600s Japan allowed very little trade w/ foreigners. The American

Govt. wanted wailing ships to port on the Japanese Islands. Also Japanese silk

Remember Perry? 1885 the Japanese Emperor allow Japanese to go to Hawaii largely for

fishing & wailing. 1898 US annexes Hawaii & now Japanese/Hawaiians came to the US-48 They were greeted with discriminatory laws similar to the ones the

Chinese experienced – maybe worse. Could not own land- what do you think they did?

1906 Mayor Eugene Schmitz (Abe Ruef – Boss) forced Japanese, Chinese and Koreans to attend a special public school.

Newspapers in Japan claimed this was outrageous; Anti-Am riots break out. And poor relations with Japan hindered President Roosevelt’s agenda.