AMERICA IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM 2000-Today
Feb 24, 2016
AMERICA IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM2000-Today
The New Millennium Timeline 2000: Presidential Election Controversy
2001: Bush Inauguration
2001: September 11th Attacks
2001: US begins bombing Afghanistan
2001: Patriot Act
2002: Educational Reforms
Timeline (continued) 2003: US invades Iraq
2004: Bush Reelected
2005: Hurricane Katrina
2007: Pelosi—first female Speaker of the House
2008: Obama wins presidency
2010: Republican takeover of the House
The 2000 Presidential Election
The 2000 Presidential Election Popular Vote
Gore: 50,999,897 Bush: 50,456,002 Nader: 2,882,955
Electoral College Bush: 271 Gore: 266*
*One elector from Washington D.C. abstained from casting a vote
QUESTION: HOW CAN THE PERSON WITH THE MOST VOTES NOT WIN THE
PRESIDENCY?
The Issue in Florida Last state to report results
Both Gore and Bush needed the 25 votes to win the presidency
Too close to call State law requires recount Gore requests hand recount
Bush v. Gore Supreme Court Case (Read on Pg. 1034 on your own)
Early Bush Policies Tax cuts to boost economy
Education Reforms Standardized Tests (No Child Left Behind) Federal Funding for Private Schools (Voted Down)
Medicare Reforms
Strategic Defense Programs
Tomorrow’s Class/Homework Tomorrow
September 11th Attacks
Rise of Terrorism
Homework Finishing reading
Chapter 31 by Tuesday (Quiz on Tuesday)
Classroom Expectations Reminder of Dress Code: Hats off in class
Get to class on time and be prepared to start
RESPECT
New Classroom Policy involving Rules/Grades
Quiz on Tuesday: Chapter 31 2000 Election Bush Policies September 11th
Al-Qaeda Western World/Muslim
Relations Homeland Security Guantanamo Bay/Abu
Ghraib Afghanistan
Global War on Terror Axis of Evil WMDs Iraq 2004/2006 Elections National Security
Administration Patriot Act Hurricane Katrina 2008 Election
SEPTEMBER 11TH
RISE OF TERRORISMUnit 10
September 11, 2001
The Headlines
What is Terrorism?
Terrorism is violence … …that is deliberate
and premeditated, never random. ... that is politically
motivated..
... that targets innocent civilians (or noncombatants).
… that’s carried out by subnational groups.
... that’s aimed at a wide audience.
... that’s meant to create a state of fear.
... that’s usually directed against some hated government.
one’s own government. a foreign government. a foreign supporter of one’s own government.
Definitions of Terrorism :
“Premeditated and politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncom-batant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience. -U.S. State Department
“The deliberate use of violence against civilians for political
or religious ends.” -Council of Foreign Relations “Illegal attacks and threats against people or property by a
group for the purpose of weakening a hated political authority. - IR text
There is no universally accepted definition of terrorism. Why not?
UN tried to draft definition of terrorism in 2002, but failed because of disagreements over which groups should be treated as terrorists.
Some would exempt “national liberation movements” or those “resisting occupation.”
“One Man’s Terrorist is Another Man’s Freedom Fighter””
State-sponsored Terrorism
U.S. State Department’s terrorism blacklist:
Iran*Syria*SudanCuba
* Most active state sponsors today
***Others believed to have supported terrorists in the past but are no longer blacklisted include Libya and Iraq.
Rise of Islamic Terrorist Groups
Since late 1990s more deadly terrorist attacks.
Political goals less clear.
Inflicting greatest possible number of casualties seems tobe the primary goal.
Linked to rise of Islamic
terrorist groups.
Islamic Terrorism
Many of the terrorists we face today are Islamic extremists.
View themselves as fighting jihad (“holy war”)against the enemies of Islam.
Difficult to deter. Why?
Islamic Fundamentalism“Islamic Extremism” or “Radical Islam”
Radical and extreme form of Islam that has contributed to the rise of religiously motivated terrorism
Islamic fundamentalism IS NOT ACTIVELY SUPPORTED BY MOST OF THE WORLD’S MUSLIMS TODAY!
Beliefs / Goals of Islamic Fundamentalism
Wants to return to a strict, conservative, “pure” Islam as practiced in the 7th century by the Prophet Mohammad.
Rejects Western ideas and practices. Wants to rid Muslim world of all Western influences. Views Western culture as corrupting, immoral, and materialistic.
Wants to establish Islamic governments (theocracies) based on Islamic law (Shari’a) throughout the Muslim world.
Goal is to overthrow all secular, pro-Western governments and replace them with Islamic dictatorships.
Opposed to democracy because it puts the will of the people and man-made law ahead of God’s commandments.
Views all Jews and Christians as infidels (“non-believers”) and as enemies of Islam. Calls for the destruction of Israel.
The War on Terrorism
The Significance of 9-11
Changed the focus of U.S. foreign policy overnight.
The “war on terrorism” became the central concern of the Bush administration.
There was no “war on terror-ism” before 9-11.
Bush’s Response
Characterized attacks as “more than acts of terror, they were acts of war”.
“We will make no distinction between the terrorists who committed these acts and those who harbor them.”
Viewed war on terrorism with “moral clarity” - as a war between good and evil.
QUESTION TO CONSIDER: WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FIGHTING TERRORISM AND FIGHTING A WAR?
Bush’s Response
“Every nation, in every region, now has a decision to make: Either you are with us, or you are with the terrorists.”
Recruited worldwide coalition to fight a “war on terrorism.”
Worldwide Support for U.S.
Strong support from U.S. allies.
NATO invoked Article 5 of its charter for the first and only time!
“The Parties agree that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all..”
Alliances Formal agreement (treaty) between two or more
countries to protect each other in case of attack. Based on the idea of collective security--the
principle that aggression against one state is aggression against all and should be defeated by the collective action of all.
Alliances are not necessarily based on ideology or shared values.
Alliances of convenience do occur (example: US-Pakistan relationship today)
War’s First Phase: Afghanistan (October, 2001) Military retaliation against
al Qaeda and Taliban regime providing safe haven to bin Laden
Unconventional war fought by: CIA operatives & U.S. Special
Forces. Northern Alliance allies
Supported by intense U.S.bombing campaign
Afghanistan, 2001
Results:
Al Qaeda bases destroyed.
Taliban defeated and removed from power.
New pro-Western Afghan government put in place.
Most Taliban and al Qaeda leaders escaped intoneighboring Pakistan.
Afghanistan’s president
Hamid Karzai
The Global War on Terrorism (GWOT)
War on terrorism remainsa global campaign with no boundaries -- and no end in sight.
Al Qaeda and its off-shootsexist all over the world.
Requires U.S. assistance to
-- and from -- many othergovernments.
Means U.S. military advisors and Special Forces operating throughout the world.
Al Qaeda: A Global Terrorist Network
Major Terrorist Attacks Since 9-11
London2005
Madrid 2004
Bali 2002
Mumbai2008
The “Axis of Evil”
2002 State of the Union speech – President Bush expanded scope of war on terrorism to include rogue states possessing or devel-oping Weapons of Mass Destruction.
Said an “Axis of Evil” existed in the world today:
Iran Iraq North Korea
Axis of Evil
Accused all three states of seeking WMDs and said U.S. would do “whatever was necessary” to keep these states from acquiring such weapons.
Accused all three countriesof having links with terrorist groups.
Axis of Evil
Some U.S. allies had strong reservations about expand-ing war on terrorism against these states.
None of these countries had been linked to Sept. 11.
Concerns over what the U.S. planned next – especially in regards to Iraq.
The Bush Doctrine
Doctrine asserted that U.S. must defend itself by acting preemptively against these terrorists and rogue states – before they can use WMD against us.
Asserted right to act against “emerging” threats “before they are fully formed” -- not just immediate threats
Controversial interpretationof the tradition right to self-defense. Why?
Preemption vs. Prevention
Sounded more like preventive war, not preemption. What’s the difference?
Preemption involves the use of force to stop an imminent threat.
Preventive war involves the use of force to stop potential or future threats.
The Bush Doctrine and Iraq
The war in Iraq was the only application of the Bush Doctrine.
War based on threat posed by Iraq’s WMD and its supposed ties to terrorism.
Implications for the Bush Doctrine?
Al Qaeda Today
Many leaders have been killedor captured since 9-11. Al Qaeda is significantly weakened, but is still a threat.
Core leadership operating from Pakistan today. Goal is still thetargeting of the U.S.
Local groups linked to al Qaeda in Yemen, Somalia, and NorthAfrica are emerging as the next threat.
Obama and the War on Terrorism
Obama administrationhas junked the phrase“war on terrorism.”
Trying to narrow focus on al Qaeda alone, andnot on other groups that aren’t targeting the U.S.
Pragmatic approach – arecognition that we can’tdefeat every terrorist group.
The Rise of al Qaeda
Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, 1979
Soviet Union invadedAfghanistan in 1979.
Mujahedeen (“Holywarriors”) from all overIslamic world fought jihad against Soviets.
CIA funded, trained, andarmed the mujahedeen.
Soviets defeated in 1989.
Osama bin Laden
Wealthy Saudi who raised money to train and arm mujahedeen.
Led Arab fighters in battles against Soviets.
These Arabs were the start of al Qaeda (“The Base”)
Bin Laden’s Path From Afghanistan to 9-11
1989 - Returns to Saudi Arabia after Soviets are defeated.
1990 - Turns against Saudi government and U.S.when U.S. troops are based in Saudi Arabia during Persian Gulf War.
1991 - Expelled from Saudi Arabia. Flees to Sudan. 1996 - Expelled from Sudan. Offered sanctuary in
Afghanistan by the Taliban. Sets up terrorist training camps for al Qaeda.
1998 - Proclaims jihad against Americans and Jews. Issues fatwa saying it was the duty of every Muslim “to kill Americans.”
Why Did bin Laden Target the U.S. ?
Believes U.S. wants to controlMuslim lands.
U.S. support of Israel, whichmurders Palestinians androbs them of their lands.
U.S. support for corrupt andrepressive governments inin Muslim countries like Egypt,Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan.
America’s military presencein Saudi Arabia defiles Muslim’sholy land.
Al Qaeda: Targeting the U.S.
1998 U.S. embassies bombed in Kenya and Tanzania.
2000 Bombing of U.S.S. Cole in Yemenkilled 17 sailors.
The War in Afghanistan
Afghanistan: The “Other War”
2001 Taliban was defeated andremoved from power.
2003 Elite military units moved to Iraq as Afghanistan was overshadowed by the war in Iraq.
2004 While U.S. attention was diverted to Iraq,
Taliban regrouped and began insurgency to regain power.
Afghanistan: Losing the War?
2006- 2009 Insurgent violence inten-
sified and Taliban attacks have increased each year.
Large parts of the country have fallen under Taliban’s control.
Taliban using Pakistan asa safe haven from which to launch attacks.
Afghanistan: Losing the War?
Over 800 U.S. troops
have died since 2001.
U.S. casualties are on
the rise.
Gen. McChrystal sought
large increase in U.S. troops in late 2009 as
public support for the
war sharply declined.
Has always argued that Afghanistan is the real frontline in war on terrorism.
Pledged in campaign to send more troops.
Sent 21,000 more troops last spring and is now sending 30,ooo more
Obama and Afghanistan
The Debate Over Sending More Troops
Those who support sendingmore troops say the Talibaninsurgency must be defeatedbefore we can claim success.
Those who oppose sendingmore troops argue the war’s goals should be scaled backand we should focus oneliminating al Qaeda.
Afghanistan: It’s Obama’s War Now
The Iraqi Invasion
Iraq Timeline January 2002: Axis of Evil Speech
September 2002: Bush speaks to UN for resolution against Iraq
November 2002: Iraq readmits UN inspectors
March 2003: US-led invasion
May 1, 2003: Bush declares major combat over
Insurgency After the quick victory, fighting
continued Snipers, bombings, battles
US Goals: Stop insurgency, prevent Sunni-Shia Civil
War, create a new Iraqi government
Costs of Iraq US and allies spend $30 billion to
improve quality of life in Iraq Schools, Clean Water, Health Care,
Electricity
3,000 Americans killed by insurgents
Dilemma on pulling troops out
The Dilemma Pulling out troops
Civil War?
Safe Haven for Terrorists?
Staying in Iraq
Resentment to US
Radical Responses?
Solution: Get Iraqi government up and running as quickly as
possible.Train their troops to control country.
Hand over all control.
Prison Issues Abu Ghraib
Located in Iraq
Prisoners abused by US Soldiers
Central in 2004 Election
Guantanamo Bay
Located in Cuba
Debate over whether prisoners should have a lawyer, charges, and trial
Questionable “procedures”
Presidential Approval Ratings Consider the following about the Bush
administration: What events were turning points in his
public perception? President left with very low ratings, why do
you think that is the case? Where do you think President Obama’s
approval rating is right now?
http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/info-presapp0605-31.html
2005-2011
Other Important Events
Hurricane Katrina (2005) Obliterated the Gulf Coast
At least 1200 deaths, thousands were left homeless, widespread power outages and flooding, building damage
FEMA unprepared?
Other important events New Supreme Court Justices
John Roberts (2005) Samuel Alito (2006) Sonia Sotomayor (2009) Elena Kagan (2010)
2006 Midterm Election Democrats take control of House of
Representatives Nancy Pelosi becomes first female Speaker
of the House 2008 Presidential Election: Obama
defeats McCain
Other important events Republican party retakes control of House
of Representatives John Boehner becomes Speaker of the House
Combat troops pulled out of Iraq (2010)
Debt ceiling crisis (2011)
2012 Presidential Election debates