America Claims an Empire:. Timeline: What’s Going On? United States: 1898 – The Spanish American War Begins 1914 – The Panama Canal opens 1917 – The United.

America Claims an Empire:America Claims an Empire:

Timeline: What’s Going On?

• United States:• 1898 – The Spanish

American War Begins• 1914 – The Panama

Canal opens• 1917 – The United

States enters WW I

• World:• 1895 - Technology is

developed for the modern radio.

• 1910 – The Mexican Revolution begins

• 1914 – WW I Begins in Europe

Section 1:Targets• By the end of this lesson,

I will be able to:• 1. Explain the economic

and cultural factors that fueled the growth of American imperialism.

• 2. Describe how the United States acquired Alaska.

• 3. Summarize how the United States took over the Hawaiian Islands.

Section 1: Imperialism and America

• Main Idea: Beginning in 1867 and continuing through the century, global competition caused the United States to expand.

• Why it Matters Now: During this time period, the United States acquired Hawaii and Alaska, both of which became states in 1959.

• Key Terms:

• Imperialism

• Pearl Harbor

• Key Names:• Queen Liliuokalani• Alfred T. Mahan• William Seward• Sanford B. Dole

Imperialism and America:

• Throughout the 19th century America expanded control of the continent to the Pacific Ocean

• By 1880, many American leaders felt the U.S. should join European nations and establish colonies overseas

• Thus began America’s foray into Imperialism – the policy in which

stronger nations extend control over weaker nations

– This was becoming the trend around the world.

Why Would A Country Believe in Imperialism? Part 1

• 1) Desire for Military strength

• Defend peace time shipping lanes

• Develop strategic bases for re-fueling

• Alfred T. Mahan (US Naval Admiral) encouraged imperialism for this reason!

Why Would A Country Believe in Imperialism? Part 2

• 2) Thirst for new markets – to spur economy & trade

• United States was producing far more than they needed. (time to export)

Why Would A Country Believe in Imperialism? Part 3

• 3) Belief in Cultural Superiority – a belief that Anglo-Saxons were superior

• Many Americans believed that the US had a responsibility to spread Christianity and “civilization” to the world’s “inferior peoples”

Anti-Imperialism

• *Some Americans felt that expanding into foreign territory would threaten Anglo-Saxon superiority

• *Others felt it was morally wrong to dominate weaker nations

Which of the three ideas do you think is the biggest reason why a country would want to become imperialistic?

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1. Desire for military strength

2. Thirst for new markets

3. Belief in cultural superiority

The US Acquires Alaska:

• In 1867, Secretary of State William Seward arranged for the United States to buy Alaska from the Russians for $7.2 million

• Some thought it was a silly idea and called it “Seward’s Icebox”

• Time has shown how smart it was to buy Alaska for 2 cents an acre

• Alaska is rich in timber, minerals and oil

The US Takes Hawaii:

• Hawaii had been economically important to Americans for centuries (Sugar Plantations owned by Americans made up ¾ of the island’s wealth)

• To avoid import taxes (tariffs), sugar growers pleaded for annexation

Hawaii: Part 2

• Queen Liluokalani (Lil-e-oh-luke-a-lani) wanted to change the constitution so that non-landowners could vote (Would have returned political power to Native Hawaiians)

• January 16, 1893, USS Boston surrounded Honolulu Harbor and eventually would imprison the Queen in her mansion– She was originally sentenced five years of hard labor in

prison by a military tribunal• Sanford Dole became “President” • President McKinley officially annexed (to join a

territory) Hawaii on August 12, 1898

This is how I feel about how the U.S. acquired Hawaii:

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12% 12%

76%1. I think they were right

to acquire Hawaii the way they did

2. I can understand why, but don’t agree with how they did it

3. I don’t agree at all how they acquired Hawaii

Did We Meet Our Targets:

• Can You:• 1. Explain the economic

and cultural factors that fueled the growth of American imperialism.

• 2. Describe how the United States acquired Alaska.

• 3. Summarize how the United States took over the Hawaiian Islands.

Spanish-American War PREVIEW

• “No man’s life, no man’s property is safe (in Cuba). American citizens are imprisoned or slain without cause. American property is destroyed on all sides…Wounded soldiers can be found begging in the streets of Havana…Cuba will soon be a wilderness of blackened ruins. The horrors of a barbarous struggle for the extermination of the native population are witnessed in all pars of the country. Blood on the roadsides, blood in the fields, blood on the doorsteps, blood, blood, blood! The old, the young, the weak, the crippled-all are butchered without mercy…is there no nation wise enough, brave enough to aid this blood-smitten land?”

Section 2: Targets

• By the end of this lesson, I will be able to:

• 1. Contrast American opinions regarding the Cuban revolt against Spain.

• 2. Identify events that escalated the conflict between the United States and Spain.

• 3. Trace the course of the Spanish-American War and its results

Section 2: The Spanish American War

• Main Idea: In 1898, the United States went to war to help Cuba win its independence from Spain.

• Why it Matters Now: US involvement in Latin America and Asia increased greatly as a result of the war and continues today.

• Key Terms:• Yellow Journalism• U.S.S. Maine• Rough Riders• San Juan Hill• Treaty of Paris

• Key Names:

• Jose Marti

• Valeriano Weyler

• George Dewey

The Spanish American War:

• America had long held an interest in Cuba

• When Cubans unsuccessfully rebelled against Spanish rule in the late 19th century, American sympathy went out to the Cuban people

• After Spain abolished slavery in Cuba in 1886, Americans invested millions in Cuban sugar

Cuba’s Second War for Independence:

• Anti-Spain sentiment in Cuba soon erupted into a second war for independence (1st war was from 1868-1878)

• Led by poet Jose Marti, Cuba attempted a revolution in 1895

• Marti deliberately destroyed property, including American sugar plants, hoping to provoke American intervention

The Spanish Response

• 1896: The Spanish responded to the Cuban Rebels by…GUERILLA WARFARE!

• Led byValeriano Weyler, (Spanish General) surprise attacks devastated towns and citizens were forced into concentration camps

• 300,000 people died in these camps from disease and hunger

War Fever Escalates:

• Newspaper publishers William Randolph Hearst (New York Journal) and Joseph Pulitzer (New York World) exaggerated Spanish atrocities and brutality in “Headline Wars”

• This was called Yellow Journalism:

De Lome letter

• Many Americans sympathized with Cubans…and demanded President McKinley do something!

• He tried to peacefully negotiate a solution…SO Enrique De Lome (Spanish Minister in US) wrote an infamous letter calling McKinley “weak” and “a bidder for admiration of the crowd!” (FIGHTING WORDS!!)

• Teddy Roosevelt (his assistant secretary to the Navy) also claimed that McKinley had “no more backbone than an éclair”

U.S.S. Maine Explodes!

• Early in 1888, President McKinley ordered the U.S.S. Maine to Cuba in order to bring home American citizens in danger and protect US property in Cuba (SOUND FAMILIAR?)

• On February 15, 1898 the ship blew up in the harbor of Havana

• More than 260 men were killed• It was later determined to be an

internal problem…but damage was done! War must be declared!!

War Erupts With Spain:

• There was no holding back those that wanted war with Spain

• Newspapers blamed the Spanish for bombing the U.S.S. Maine

• Recent investigations have shown it was a fire inside the Maine

• “Remember the Maine!” became a rallying cry for U.S. intervention in Cuba

The War in the Caribbean:

• A naval blockade of Cuba was followed by a land invasion highlighted by Roosevelt’s Rough Rider victory at San Juan Hill (Remember Teddy’s the One!)

• Next, the American Navy destroyed the Spanish fleet and paved the way for an invasion of Puerto Rico (Spanish colony)

San Juan Hill

• June of 1898, US forces began landing in Cuba and headed towards Santiago

• These forces included four African-American regiments and the Rough Riders (volunteers)

• The strategic location that needed to be overtaken by the US was San Juan Hill. The story is that the Rough Riders charged that hill…but apparently they only had a minor role. (History Mystery)

US Wins: Signs Treaty of Paris

• The Spanish surrender in July of 1898

• The U.S. and Spain signed an armistice on August 12, 1898, ending what Secretary of State John Hay called “a splendid little war”

• The war lasted only 16 weeks • Cuba was now independent• U.S. receives Guam, Puerto

Rico, and “bought” the Philippines for $20 million

The Results of the War

• Imperialism…the central issue.

• McKinley responded to the critics of the treaty by claiming that his prayers guided him to civilize and Christianize all our newly acquired territories. (Filipinos and been Christian for centuries)

• Many felt it violated the Declaration of Independence

Section 3: Targets

• By the end of this lesson, I will be able to:

• 1. Describe the US involvement in Puerto Rico and in Cuba.

• 2. Identify the causes and effects of the Philippine-American War.

• 3. Explain the purpose of the Open Door Policy in China.

• 4. Summarize the views regarding US imperialism.

Section 3: Acquiring New Lands

• Main Idea: In the early 1900’s, the United States engaged in conflicts in Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines.

• Why it Matters Now: Today, the United States maintains a strong military and political presence in strategic worldwide locations.

• Key Terms:

• Foraker Act

• Platt Amendment

• Protectorate

• Open Door Notes

• Boxer Rebellion

• Key Names:

• Emilio Aguinaldo

• John Hay

Acquiring New Lands:

• The U.S had to decide how to rule the new lands

• Puerto Rico wanted their independence– but the U.S. had other plans

• Puerto Rico was important to the U.S. strategically

• Foraker Act - The U.S. set up a civil government and gave US President right to appoint governor and members of upper house of congress

• 1917:Puerto Ricans became US Citizens

Cuba And The United States:

• The Treaty of Paris granted full independence to Cuba

• The U.S signed an agreement with Cuba known as the Platt Amendment 1903

• Key features of “Platt” included

• 1. The right of the U.S. to maintain naval stations on the island and

• 2. The right to intervene in Cuban affairs

• Cuba had become a “protectorate” of the U.S.

Foreign Influence on China:

• China was a vast potential market for American products

• Weakened by war and foreign intervention, many European countries had colonized in China

• In 1889, John Hay, U.S. Secretary of State, issued the Open Door Policy which outlined his plan for free trade among nations in China

Boxer Rebellion:

• European nations dominated China’s cities

• Resentment arose in the form of secret societies determined to rid China of these “foreign devils”

• The Boxer’s were a secret group that rioted in 1900, killing and vandalizing all things foreign

• Foreign Troops were called in to put down this “Boxer Rebellion”

Americans Protect Rights in Asia:

• After the Boxer Rebellion, John Hay again issued a series of Open Door Policies

• These policies reflected American beliefs in:

• 1. the importance of exports • 2. the right of America to

intervene to keep foreign markets open

• 3. the belief that America’s survival depended on access to foreign markets

Did We Meet our Objectives?

• Can You:• 1. Describe the US

involvement in Puerto Rico and in Cuba.

• 2. Identify the causes and effects of the Philippine-American War.

• 3. Explain the purpose of the Open Door Policy in China.

• 4. Summarize the views regarding US imperialism.

Section 4: Objectives

• By the end of this lesson, I will be able to:

• 1. Explain how Theodore Roosevelt’s foreign policy promoted American power around the world.

Section 4: America as a World Power

• Main Idea: The Russo-Japanese War, the Panama Canal, and the Mexican Revolution added to America’s military and economic power.

• Why it Matters Now: American involvement in conflicts around 1900 led to involvement in WW I and later to a peacekeeper role in today’s world.

• Key Terms:

• Panama Canal

• Roosevelt Corollary

• Dollar Diplomacy

America As A World Power:

• Two events signaled America’s continued climb toward being the #1 world power

• 1) Roosevelt negotiated a settlement between Russia and Japan who had been at War – his successful efforts in negotiating the Treaty of Portsmouth won Roosevelt the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize

• 2) Construction of Panama Canal

The Panama Canal:

• By the early 20th century, many Americans understood the advantages of a canal through Panama

• It would greatly reduce travel times for commercial and military ships by providing a short cut between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans

Building the Panama Canal: 1904-1914

• The French had already unsuccessfully attempted to build a canal through Panama

• America first had to help Panama win their independence from Colombia – which it did

• Construction of the Canal stands as one of the greatest engineering feats of all-timeCost- $380 million

Workers– Over 40,000 (5,600 died) Time – Construction took 10 years

Building the Canal

• In 1903, Panama was territory of Columbia

• The US backed a Panamanian rebellion against Columbia backed with 12 US warships

• Within weeks The US and Panama struck a deal that allowed the US to build the canal (Panama gets 10 million plus $250,000 a year rent)

• Colombia is SALTY and we pay them 25 million in 1921

Struggles Building the Canal

• Disease was rampant while building the canal (Yellow Fever, Bubonic Plague, Dysentery, and Malaria)

• Inadequate housing (Houses covered in mold and guano)

• The work was painstakingly slow

• Mosquito Spraying

The Roosevelt Corollary:

• In 1904, President Roosevelt added the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine.

• Monroe Doctrine (1823 that stated US did not want European influence in South America

• The Roosevelt Corollary said that the US would now use force to protect it’s economic interests in Latin America.

• Roosevelt coined the phrase “Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far” during this time. (Gunboat Diplomacy)

Dollar Diplomacy

• Just like other nations in the world that were practicing imperialism, the US was nervous that other nations would become more powerful. Many Latin American countries were heavily indebted to European banks

• Dollar Diplomacy –US government loans made to foreign countries (favors) to pay off debt

• This allowed us to control others things though (taxes on import and exports)

• This helped keep European powers out of the Caribbean because they had US backing.

Sum it All Up: What Did America Accomplish During This Time Period?

• 1. Expanded it access to foreign markets in order to ensure the continued growth of the domestic economy.

• 2. Built a modern Navy to protect its interests abroad.

• 3. Exercised its international police power to ensure dominance in Latin America.

Did We Meet All Of Our Objectives?

• Can You:• 1. Explain how Theodore

Roosevelt’s foreign policy promoted American power around the world.