America Claims an Empire

America Claims an Empire

Does the U.S. have a duty to fight for freedom in

neighboring countries?

Foreign Policy►For what reason did the U.S. acquire

territories such as Florida, Louisiana, and Texas? God, glory, and gold

►Did these territories have political, social, or economic reasons to be acquired? Spoils of war, Homestead Act, Indian

Removal Act. Opened the door for settlers to move into lands in the West, exploration of lands fostered settlement.

Imperialism and AmericaMain Idea

Beginning in 1867 and continuing through the century, global

competition caused the United States to expand.

Why it Matters TodayDuring this time period, the United States acquired Hawaii and Alaska,

both of which became states in 1959.

One American’s Story►Queen Liliuokalani-

Hawaii►Haoles-white

foreigners

American Expansionism►America had always sought to expand

the size of their nation.►America to join imperialist power in

Europe and establish colonies overseas.

►Imperialism- policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories.

Global Competition►Africa was a prime target of European

expansionism. Ethiopia and Liberia- remained independent

► Imperialist competed for Asia Japan joined European nations in competition

World Colonial Empires, 1900

Three Factors Fueled the New American Imperialism

Three Factors

New Markets

Need for raw materials

New markets for goods

Military Strength

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Presence

CulturalSuperiority

Social DarwinismSpread

Christianity“Civilize” people

The U.S. Acquires Alaska►William Seward- Secretary of

State under presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson.

►U.S. to buy Alaska for $7.2 million from Russia “Seward’s Icebox”, “Seward’s

Folly” 1959 became a state. About 2

cents an acre. Land rich with minerals, timber,

and oil.

The U.S. Takes Hawaii►1867- U.S. took over

the Midway Islands just north of Hawaii

►Hawaii was economically and militarily important.

U.S. & Hawaii

Cry for Annexation

Duty Free Sugar1887-Pearl Harbor

End of a Monarchy

John L. StevensSanford D. Dole

1898-Hawaii annexed

1959-50th State

Hawaiian Islands

Arguments of ImperialismImperialist Arguments Anti-Imperialist Arguments1. Colonies could provide raw

materials for American industries

2. Americans can raise and maintain a powerful navy with naval bases around the world

3. Missionaries and other Americans believe that they could share American ideas to help less fortunate people

4. Expansionism allowed the U.S. to become more competitive with European nations

5. Alfred Thayer Mahan-The Influence of Sea Power upon History-powerful navy was essential to a country that wanted to achieve world power

1. Imperialism violated the U.S. foundation of self-rule and went against Pres. George Washington’s foreign policy advice on remaining neutral and an isolationist nation

2. American Anti-Imperialist League-were against U.S. involvement in foreign policy that involved subjugation of people.

Roots of Imperialism

Roots of U.S. Imperialism

Political

Economic Cultura

l

Rivalry w/others imperialist

Const. of modern Naval Fleet

Foreign trade, unemployment, depression

Competition from other nations

Combining Social Darwinism w/Anglo Superiority

Spread Christianity

Imperialism and AmericaReview

►What three factors spurred American imperialism? Economic Competition Political and Military Competition Racial Superiority

►How did Queen Lilioukalani’s main goal conflict with American imperialist goals? She wanted to preserve Hawaii for

Hawaiians, while Americans wanted to annex the islands.

Spanish-American WarMain Idea

In 1898, the United States went to war to help Cuba win its independence

from Spain.Why it Matters Today

U.S. involvement in Latin America and Asia increased greatly as a result of

the war and continuous today.

Cubans Rebel Against Spain►By the end of the 19th century-Spain had lost

most of its colonies. It retained only the Philippines and the island of Guam, some outposts in Africa, and the Caribbean islands of Cuba and Puerto Rico.

Preludes to War

America interested in Sugar

Cubans revolt 1868 & 1878

Revolt not successfulAbolished slavery-1886

Jose Marti- Cuba Libre!Americans were split on

the issue

War Fever Escalates►Spain responded by

sending General Valeriano Weyler to suppress the Cuban revolt.

War Feve

r

YellowJournalis

m

De LomeLetter

USSMaine

Explodes

War with Spain►America attacks in the

Philippines April 30, Commodore George

Dewey opened fire on the Spanish fleet at Manila

7 hours to capture the fleet. Americans join Filipino rebels

led by Emilio Aguinaldo.

Spanish American War-1898Causes:

-sinking of U.S.S. Maine-Spain’s treatment of Cubans

-Yellow Journalism (William Randolph Hurst, Joseph Pullitzer)-DeLome Letter

-Protect U.S. economic interest

Outcomes:-U.S. acquires Phillippines,

Puerto Rico, Guam-Cuba a protectorate-

-Spain’s rule ends

Major Events:-U.S. Navy defeats Spanish navy at Manila Bay in the

Phillippines-Teddy Roosevelt leads the

Rough RidersAt San Juan Hill

War with Spain: Pacific Theater

War in the Caribbean

War in the

Caribbean

Rough Riders

San Juan Hill

Treaty Of

Paris

War with Spain: Caribbean

Treaty of Paris Debate ►Debate over annexation of the

Philippines►Opponents formed the Anti-Imperialist

League►February, 1899--ratification of peace

treaty makes U.S. a colonizing nation

American Empire, 1900

The Spanish-American WarReview

►Why was American opinion about Cuban independence divided? U.S. businessmen sided with Spain because they

wanted to protect their investments. The Americans, however, sympathized with the Cuban demand for independence.

►Briefly describe the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898. Cuba’s independence; Spain’s relinquishing of

Puerto Rico and Guam demand for independence.

Acquiring New LandsMain Idea

In the early 1900’s, the United States engaged in conflicts in Puerto Rico,

Cuba, and the Philippines.Why it Matter Today

Today, the United States maintains a strong military and political presence

in strategic worldwide location.

Ruling Puerto Rico►After the Spanish-American war, the United

States didn’t promise Puerto Ricans independence.

RulingPuerto Rico

Military Rule

Gen. Nelson A. Miles

Return to Civil

Government

Foraker Act1901- Insular

Cases

Cuba and the United States►1898- U.S. recognized Cuba’s independence

and passed the Teller Amendment. Stated the U.S. had no intention of taking over

any part of Cuba. Cuba& U.S

American Soldiers

Platt Amendment

Couldn’t make treatiesU.S. could intervene

Cuba no debtU.S. could lease land

Protecting AmericanBusiness Interest

Filipinos Rebel►Emilio Aguilnaldo- rebel leader►Philippine-American War

Feb. 1899-rose to revolt 70,000 U.S. troops sent- majority African-

Americans Took nearly 3 years to put down the

rebellion.►Aftermath of the War

Government set up much like Puerto Rico Finally became independent on July 4,

1946.

Foreign Influence in China►Weakened by war and foreign intervention,

China became vulnerable to foreign countries.

Jon HayOpen Door

Notes

BoxerRebellion

ProtectingAm. Rights

Protecting American Rights►Open Door Policy reflected three

deeply held American beliefs about the U.S. industrial capitalist economy: U.S. growth depended upon exports U.S. had right to intervene to keep foreign

markets open Closing areas to American products,

citizens, or ideas threatened U.S. survival.

The Impact of U.S. Territorial Gains

►Anti-imperialist vs. Imperialist McKinley is re-elected-strong imperialist Anti-Imperialist League

►Included prominent officials

Acquiring New LandsReview

► Why was the U.S. interested in events in Puerto Rico? Puerto Rico was strategically important to the U.S. as a

way to assert its presence in the Caribbean and as a base for protecting a possible canal through Panama.

► What sparked the Boxer Rebellion in 1900, and how was it crushed? The Boxers staged a revolt to expel foreigners from China.

In August 1900, troops from Britain, France, Germany, Japan, and the U.S. marched on the Chinese capital. The International force put an end to the rebellion.

► What three key beliefs about America's industrial capitalist economy were reflected in the Open Door Policy? U.S. dependence on exports for growth, U.S. right to

intervene to keep markets open, closing an area to American products threaten U.S. survival.

America as a World PowerMain Idea

The Russo-Japanese War, the Panama Canal, and the Mexican Revolution

added to America’s military and economic power.

Why it Matter TodayAmerican involvement in conflicts around 1900 led to involvement in

World War I and later to a peacekeeper role in today’s world.

Roosevelt/Wilson Foreign Policies

RooseveltRusso-Japanese War

Panama CanalRoosevelt Corollary

WilsonMissionary DiplomacyIntervention in MexicoChasing Pancho Villa

Teddy Roosevelt and the World

►The assassination of William McKinley in 1901 thrust Vice-President Teddy Roosevelt into the role of a world leader.

Roosevelt &The World

Roosevelt Peacemaker

1904-Russia declaresWar on Japan

Treaty of Portsmouth

Panama Canal

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty-1901$10 million + $250,000

annually

Roosevelt and the World► Constructing the Canal

Builders battled disease

Workers were from Spain, Italy; ¾ were blacks from the West Indies;

5,600 died from accidents or disease

August 15, 1914- Canal opened

► Roosevelt Corollary “Speak softly and carry

a big stick” 1904- Roosevelt

Corollary-U.S. would use force to protect its economic interests in Latin America

Roosevelt and the World►Dollar Diplomacy

American banker loaned money to Nicaragua to pay debts.

Bankers gained control of Nicaragua’s state-owned railroad system and its national bank.

People revolted against Pres. Adolfo Diaz. Taft administration used the policy of

using U.S. government loans made to foreign countries by American businesspeople. Dollar Diplomacy.

Woodrow Wilson’s Missionary Diplomacy

► Monroe Doctrine in 1823 warned against any nations expanding their influence in Latin America.

► Wilson’s “Missionary Diplomacy”, had a moral responsibility to deny any Latin American government it viewed oppressive, or hostile to U.S. interest. Missionary

Diplomacy

Mexican Revolution

Porfirio Diaz overthrown

Gen. Victoriano Huerta

Intervention in Mexico

Wilson invades Veracruz

Venustiano Carranza

Rebellion in Mexico

“Pancho” VillaEmiliano Zapata

Activities of the United States in the Caribbean, 1898-1930

Chasing Villa►President Wilson ordered Gen. John Pershing

an about 15,000 soldiers to capture Villa dead or alive.

►Troops clash with Mexican army in 1916.►Pershing is ordered home in 1917.►U.S. pursued and achieved several foreign

policy goals in the early 20th century. Expanded access to foreign markets U.S. built a modern day navy U.S. exercised its police power to ensure

dominance in Latin America

America as a World PowerReview

► What conflict triggered the war with Russia and Japan? A dispute over Korea

► Why is the construction of the Panama Canal considered one of the world’s greatest engineering feats? Workers fought disease, such as yellow fever and

bubonic plague. Volcanic soil was difficult to remove. Thousands died.

► Explain the key difference between Woodrow Wilson’s moral diplomacy and Teddy Roosevelt’s “big stick” diplomacy. “Big stick” diplomacy demanded that European

countries stay out of the affairs of Latin America. Wilson’s “moral diplomacy” demanded that countries in Lain America set up democracies.