-
LAND FORCE
INFANTRY
AMBUSH AND COUNTER-AMBUSH
(ENGLISH)
(Supercedes B-GL-318-010/FT-001, 1977-12-13.)
Issued on the Authority of the Chief of the Land Staff
WARNING
ALTHOUGH NOT CLASSIFIED, THIS PUBLICATION, OR ANY PART OF MAY BE
EXEMPT FROM DISCLOSURE TO THE PUBLIC UNDER THACCESS TO INFORMATION
ACT. ALL ELEMENTS OF INFORMATIOCONTAINED HEREIN MUST BE CLOSELY
SCRUTINIZED TO ASCERTAWHETHER OR NOT THE PUBLICATION OR ANY PART OF
IT MAY RELEASED.
B-GL-392-008/FP
IT,EN
INBE
-001
-
LAND FORCE
INFANTRY
AMBUSH AND COUNTER-AMBUSH
(ENGLISH)
(Supercedes B-GL-318-010/FT-001, 1977-12-13.)
Issued on the Authority of the Chief of the Land Staff
OPI: DAD 4-2 2001-08-30
WARNING
ALTHOUGH NOT CLASSIFIED, THIS PUBLICATION, OR ANY PART OF MAY BE
EXEMPT FROM DISCLOSURE TO THE PUBLIC UNDER THACCESS TO INFORMATION
ACT. ALL ELEMENTS OF INFORMATIOCONTAINED HEREIN MUST BE CLOSELY
SCRUTINIZED TO ASCERTAWHETHER OR NOT THE PUBLICATION OR ANY PART OF
IT MAY RELEASED.
B-GL-392-008/FP
IT,EN
INBE
-001
-
Ambush and Counter-ambush
i
FOREWORD
1. B-GL-392-008/FP-001, Infantry, Ambush and Counter-ambush, is
issued on authority of the Chief of the Land Staff.
2. This publication is effective on receipt.
3. Any loss or suspected compromise of this publication,
orportions thereof, shall be reported in accordance with
A-SI-100-001/AS-000, (CFP 128(1)), Chapter 34.
4. Suggestions for changes shall be forwarded through
normalchannels to the Land Forces Doctrine and Training
System/Directorateof Army Doctrine (LFDTS DAD) 4-2 (Manoeuvre).
5. Terminology. Unless otherwise noted, words impartinggender
refer to both men and women
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Ambush and Counter-ambush
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PREFACE
AIM
1. The aim of this pamphlet is to outline Canadian Forces
(CF)doctrine on the tactics, techniques and procedures of ambush
andcounter-ambush. It replaces B-GL-318-010/FT-001 Ambush
andCounter-ambush.
APPLICATION OF B-GL-392-008/FP-001 AMBUSH ANDCOUNTER-AMBUSH
2. This pamphlet is the source document for use by all
branchesand contains information required by officers and
non-commissionedmembers (NCMs) to conduct operations and
continuation training inambush and counter-ambush.
3. The doctrine contained herein supplements both B-GL-392-001,
Section and Platoon in Battle, and B-GL-392-004, Patrolling.
SCOPE
4. This pamphlet is divided into two chapters and should beused
together;
a. Chapter One—Ambush. Contains information onthe preparation,
occupation and executiontechniques required to successfully
complete anambush, and
b. Chapter Two—Counter-ambush. Containsinformation on the
tactics, techniques andprocedures used to counter the effects of an
enemyambush.
.
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Ambush and Counter-ambush
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD....
.................................................................................
i
PREFACE.........
..............................................................................
III
Aim.........................................................................................iii
Application of B-GL-392-008/FP-001 Ambush and
Counter-ambush....................................................................................iii
Scope
......................................................................................iii
CHAPTER 1 AMBUSHES
SECTION 1 GENERAL
............................................................. 1
Introduction
.............................................................................
1
Aims of
Ambushing.................................................................
1
Ambush
Sites...........................................................................
2
Types
.......................................................................................
2
Prerequisites to
Success...........................................................
3
SECTION 2 PLANNING
........................................................... 5
Aim and
Limitations................................................................
5
Factors
.....................................................................................
6
SECTION 3 PREPARATION AND OCCUPATION .............. 16
Sequence................................................................................
16
Reconnaissance......................................................................
17
Orders, Preparation and Rehearsals
....................................... 19
Occupation—Large
Scale...................................................... 21
Lying in
Ambush...................................................................
22
SECTION 4 EXECUTION
....................................................... 23
Springing the Ambush
........................................................... 23
Subsequent
Action.................................................................
24
Withdrawal
............................................................................
25
Ambush at
Night....................................................................
26
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SECTION 5 SMALL DELIBERATE AMBUSHES ................ 28
Introduction
...........................................................................
28
Occupation—Fighting Patrol Scale
....................................... 28
Layout....................................................................................
29
SECTION 6 LARGE DELIBERATE AMBUSHES ................ 34
Size
........................................................................................
34
Problems................................................................................
34
Reaction and Counter
............................................................ 35
Static Ambushes
....................................................................
35
Mobile
Ambushes..................................................................
37
SECTION 7 TRAINING
.......................................................... 39
General
..................................................................................
39
Causes of Failure
...................................................................
39
Field Firing—Ambush Practices
........................................... 40
CHAPTER 2 COUNTER-AMBUSH
SECTION 1 GENERAL
........................................................... 43
Introduction
...........................................................................
43
Responsibilities
.....................................................................
43
SECTION 2 COUNTER-AMBUSH ACTION FOR A FORCEMOVING ON FOOT
........................................... 44
Avoidance of
Ambush...........................................................
44
Breaking Out of an
Ambush.................................................. 45
Action if Only Part of a Force is Ambushed
......................... 46
Action if the Whole of a Force is Ambushed
........................ 46
Counter-ambush by Night
..................................................... 47
Special Points for Counter-ambush
....................................... 47
SECTION 3 COUNTER-AMBUSH ACTION FOR VEHICLECONVOYS MOUNTED TROOP
CARRYINGVEHICLES
.......................................................... 48
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Ambush and Counter-ambush
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General
..................................................................................
48
Likely Ambush Sites
.............................................................
48
Organization of a Vehicle Convoy
........................................ 48
Briefing..................................................................................
50
Rehearsals..............................................................................
50
Action on Encountering a Likely Ambush Site
..................... 51
Action on
Ambush.................................................................
51
Debussing
..............................................................................
52
Training
.................................................................................
52
SECTION 4 ARMOURED PERSONNEL CARRIERS ANDLIGHT ARMOURED VEHICLES
...................... 53
Avoidance of Ambush
........................................................... 53
Preparatory
Action.................................................................
53
Action if Ambush Detected
................................................... 54
Action on
Contact..................................................................
54
Action on
Ambush.................................................................
54
SECTION 5 COUNTER-AMBUSH ACTION
FORWATERCRAFT...................................................
55
General
..................................................................................
55
Avoidance of Ambush
........................................................... 55
Preparatory
Action.................................................................
56
Counter-ambush Drills
.......................................................... 57
ANNEX A THE IMMEDIATE AMBUSH
General
..................................................................................
59
Principles
...............................................................................
59
Drill
.......................................................................................
60
ANNEX B AMBUSH ORDERS FORMAT ........................ 63
ANNEX C NOTES ON THE USE OF FLARES
Types of Flares
......................................................................
73
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viii
Employment
..........................................................................
73
Siting
.....................................................................................
73
Ignition of the M49A1 Trip
Flare.......................................... 74
ANNEX D IMMEDIATE ACTION DRILL ....................... 79
ANNEX E NOTES ON THE USE OF SANDBAGS FORVEHICLE
PROTECTION................................ 81
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TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure 1-1: Area Ambush
................................................................
30
Figure 1-2A: L Shaped Ambush
...................................................... 31
Figure 1-2B: V Shaped Ambush
...................................................... 32
Figure 1-2C: Straight Line
Ambush................................................. 33
Figure 1-3: Large-scale Static
Ambush............................................ 36
Figure 1-4: Large-scale Mobile Ambush
......................................... 38
Figure A-1: The Immediate Ambush
............................................... 60
Figure C-1: Initiation of Trip Flares—Detonating Cord Insertedin
Recess on
Flare.........................................................
75
Figure C-2: Initiation of Trip Flare—Detonating Cord Taped toTop
of Flare Recess
...................................................... 76
Figure C-3: Initiation of Flare—Detonator Taped in
FlareRecess...........................................................................
77
Figure D-1: Immediate Action
Drill................................................. 80
Figure E-1: Use of Sandbags in
Vehicles......................................... 81
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Ambush and Counter-ambush
B-GL-392-008/FP-001 1
CHAPTER 1AMBUSHES
SECTION 1GENERAL
INTRODUCTION
1. An ambush is a surprise attack upon a moving or
temporarilyhalted enemy by a force lying in wait. It is usually a
brief encounterand does not require the capture and holding of
ground.
2. The ambush is undoubtedly one of the oldest stratagems
ofbattle. Even the invention and refinement of modern weapons,
motorvehicles and aircraft have had little effect on the ambush
pattern andtechniques. The attack from ambush in ancient days was
an action atclose quarters, and it still is, despite the range of
modern weapons.
3. Ambushes may be used in front of and behind enemydeployment
areas, against both regular and insurgent forces. A seriesof
successful ambushes should make the enemy apprehensive andcautious
in movement. Continued success should finally inflict avirtual
paralysis on the enemy.
AIMS OF AMBUSHING
4. The aims of ambushing are as follows:
a. To Kill the Enemy. Well-laid ambushes are aneffective way in
which to kill the enemy. They offerthe opportunity to inflict high
casualties on theenemy with minimum resources.
b. To Disrupt Enemy Movement. Ambushes may beused in front of
and behind the forward edge of thebattle area. A series of
successful ambushes willdisrupt the enemy's freedom of
movement.
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c. To Gain Information. Ambushes can be laid as ameans of
obtaining information about the enemy orto capture a prisoner.
d. To Provide Security. Continued success inambushing restricts
enemy movement and reduceshis ability to obtain information.
AMBUSH SITES
5. Suitable places for ambush include:
a. Known enemy routes in forward and rear areas.
b. Administrative areas and supply and water points.In counter
insurgency operations, known orsuspected food dumps and arms caches
areparticularly suitable.
c. Areas where a marked change of vegetation occurs,such as the
junction of the tree line and tundra.
d. Probable lines of enemy withdrawal after asuccessful attack
by our forces.
TYPES
6. There are two types of ambush:
a. deliberate; and
b. immediate.
7. The Deliberate Ambush. A deliberate ambush is oneplanned and
executed as a separate operation. Generally, time allowsfor
planning, preparation, and rehearsal in great detail. The
deliberateambush may vary in size from a small four-man ambush to a
majoroperation using an Infantry battalion. Many opportunities
exist forsmall-scale ambushes; the ambush of up to platoon strength
is thenormal size used. Successful large-scale ambushes are more
difficult
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B-GL-392-008/FP-001 3
to achieve but every opportunity must be taken to do so.
Someexamples of these are:
a. in counter insurgency operations, luring an enemyfollow-up
force into a prepared ambush position;and
b. when information provides exact enemy locations,such as an
assembly area, or the movement of largenumbers of
reinforcements.
8. The Immediate Ambush. An immediate ambush is one setwith a
minimum of planning to anticipate imminent enemy action, oris a
purely defensive technique by a force such as a patrol. In
thesecircumstances, little or no time is available for
reconnaissance beforeoccupation of the site. The degree of success
achieved depends uponthe initiative of the commander concerned,
prior rehearsal of provendrills and teamwork. A suggested drill for
an immediate ambush by apatrol is described in Annex A. It should
normally only be laid inareas where civilian movement by night is
prohibited.
PREREQUISITES TO SUCCESS
9. Instantaneous co-ordinated action against a surprised
enemycontained within a well covered killing zone is essential for
success.This requires:
a. Sound Intelligence. Sound intelligence is essentialfor the
success of an ambush. A detailed picture ofenemy activity and
intentions should be built upfrom all available sources. The
details shouldenable the ambush commander to plan the size of
hisambush, the type of ambush he has to employ, the
NOTE
The smaller the force the easier it is to introduce it into the
ambusharea, to control the operation, and to extricate the force
aftercontact.
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B-GL-392-008/FP-0014
types of weapons that he requires and the groundbest suited to
catch the enemy by surprise.
b. Thorough Preparation. The preparation for anambush includes
planning, reconnaissance andrehearsals. These tasks must be
undertaken withcare so that all the factors which may influence
theresult of the ambush are taken into consideration andall
possible eventualities are foreseen and rehearsed.
c. Security. It is necessary to deny the enemyknowledge of the
friendly force's intentions duringthe preparation and execution of
the ambush.
d. Camouflage and Concealment. In the ambush,protection from
observation and surveillance isessential. The members of the ambush
must behidden and vehicles and routes must becamouflaged.
Concealment from the air and fromenemy night vision aids and/or
electronic detectiondevices must be considered, as well as ensuring
thatthere is an absence of light, noise, movement andabnormal
smells.
e. Good Control. Good control is a prerequisite to thesuccessful
execution of an ambush. The ambushcommander must provide himself
with the means tocommand the ambush and to direct and control
theactions of his firepower resources even when directcommunication
is not possible. He should positionhimself within the ambush in a
location thatfacilitates this control.
f. A Simple Clear Plan. The plan for the ambushmust be simple.
It should cover all possiblecontingencies and must include clear
directions onhow the ambush is to be initiated and terminated.
g. Maximum Use of Fire Power. All available firepower must be
coordinated to achieve the bestresult. The maximum weight of fire
must bebrought to bear on the enemy immediately—the
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B-GL-392-008/FP-001 5
ambush is initiated so that the enemy does not havetime to
extricate himself from the kill zone.
h. A High Standard of Battle Discipline. Ambushingdemands a high
standard of battle discipline. Oncein their fire positions,
soldiers must remainmotionless with safety catches off, refraining
fromscratching, slapping at insects, smoking, eating,drinking or
relieving themselves. An ambush can beruined by the accidental
discharge of a weapon or byan excited soldier firing before the
order is given.Unless this standard of battle discipline can
bereached in all aspects, it is useless to embark on anambush.
10. Very careful preliminary training is required as only
welltrained troops with the highest standards of camouflage,
concealmentand fire discipline can hope to achieve success. This
must beimpressed on all ranks engaged in ambush operations.
11. Sections 2 to 4 deal with points of planning and
executioncommon to ambushes of all sizes. Points particularly
relevant to smalland large-scale ambushes are covered in Sections 5
and 6.
SECTION 2PLANNING
AIM AND LIMITATIONS
12. The ambush commander is given the aim of the ambush byhis
superior. He may also be given limitations to the aim, such as
theduration of the ambush and its general location. Once the aim of
theambush and any limitations to the aim are known, the
ambushcommander uses the military estimate process to prepare his
plan.
13. The extent to which the ambush commander can complete
hisplanning before leaving his base depends upon the availability
ofinformation and his knowledge of the ground. Until he has
conducteda detailed reconnaissance it is not possible to complete
his plan.
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FACTORS
14. The following are some of the factors that must be
consideredwhen planning an ambush:
a. surprise;
b. security;
c. mission and assessment of tasks;
d. the enemy;
e. friendly forces;
f. fire support;
g. ground;
h. time and space;
i. obstacles;
j. control;
k. equipment;
l. grouping;
m. routes;
n. layout;
o. conduct;
p. administration; and
q. communications.
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B-GL-392-008/FP-001 7
15. Surprise. The success of an ambush is dependent uponsurprise
being achieved. All planning must aim at achieving surprise.The
means of achieving surprise include:
a. attention to security;
b. the selection of the ambush site;
c. effective camouflage and concealment;
d. the avoidance of a set pattern in layout andtechnique used in
each ambush;
e. good battle discipline; and
f. radio discipline.
16. Security. Security is a combination of those
measuresundertaken to ensure information and planning details
remain secret,as well as the provision of protection for the ambush
party. Theintention of the ambush force must be disguised from the
outset.Consideration should be given to using other activities to
mask theintention. For example, the ambush party could be inserted
as part ofa larger force engaged in a separate operation and may
leave the mainforce in the vicinity of the ambush site, or an
ambush party could beleft behind after the main force has departed.
Radio and telephoneshould never be used to discuss ambush
plans.
17. The need for security may restrict prior reconnaissance
tomap or air photo reconnaissance, however, a final
groundreconnaissance should always be conducted to confirm maps or
airphoto details.
18. Mission and Assessment of Tasks. The number ofpersonnel
deployed in the ambush site must be kept to the minimumrequired to
complete the mission. This aids secrecy and concealment.If the
ambush is likely to be protracted it may be necessary to
providerelief. This affects the overall size of the ambush force
but does notaffect the strength of the ambush party itself.
19. Consideration of the assessment of tasks provides abreakdown
of the ambush party into its functional elements and
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B-GL-392-008/FP-0018
desired strengths of each. There may be a limitation on the size
of theambush party imposed by a higher authority. The tasks
normallyinclude the following:
a. command and control;
b. security;
c. assault;
d. fire support;
e. cut-off; and
f. reserve.
20. The Enemy. A detailed knowledge of the enemy must beobtained
from all available sources including patrol reports, recentcontact
incident reports, intelligence reports and summaries andinformation
from local civilian inhabitants. Of particular interest tothe
ambush commander during the planning period are the following:
a. likely enemy strength, composition and method ofmovement;
b. front and flank security, main body and
rearguardelements;
c. the means of identifying the enemy, particularly ifoperations
are being conducted with allied troops;
d. the pattern of enemy defensive mortar and artilleryfire;
e. enemy air activity, including the use of observationaircraft
and the availability of tactical air support;
f. any recent enemy movement patterns, includingtheir ability to
concentrate; and
g. known enemy counter-ambush techniques.
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B-GL-392-008/FP-001 9
21. Friendly Forces. When planning the ambush it is importantfor
the commander to be aware of the locations of friendly
forcesoperating near the area.
22. Fire Support. The short ranges involved in most
ambusheslimits the use of indirect fire support in the kill zone.
However,indirect fire support is particularly suitable for delaying
enemyreinforcements, supplementing cut-off forces, and delaying
enemyfollow-up during the withdrawal phase. Air support can also
bevaluable for these tasks, particularly in more open areas.
23. Ground. While possible ambush sites may be identified
bycareful study of air photographs and recent patrol reports
(routes to thesites and the rendezvous point are usually selected
in this manner), adetailed ground reconnaissance is essential to
select:
a. covered lines of approach and withdrawal;
b. cover from view within the ambush area;
c. suitable locations for observation posts (OPs);
d. likely enemy escape routes;
e. suitable fields of fire;
f. detailed fire positions for fire support, assault
andcut-offs; and
g. an acceptable base area in case of a prolongedambush.
24. Time and Space. Consideration of this factor influences
theplanning as follows:
a. method(s) of transportation;
b. route selection; and
c. requirement for a base.
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25. Obstacles. Maximum use should be made of both naturaland
artificial obstacles. The employment of artificial obstacles
must,however, be given careful consideration as the use of wire in
particularcould prejudice surprise. Natural obstacles should also
be used withcare as they could provide cover for the enemy to
escape. Artificialobstacles are most useful on likely enemy
withdrawal routes and indead ground that is difficult to cover with
fire from the ambush site.
26. Control. Because there is little opportunity for orders
oncethe occupation of the ambush site is under way, the following
must beplanned and made known to all members of the ambush party
beforedeployment into the ambush site begins:
a. The sequence of occupation and deployment ofgroups within the
ambush.
b. The signal for the initiation of the ambush includinga
secondary means in case of failure of the primarymeans. Both means
of initiation should be co-located and controlled by the ambush
commander.The support element commander should always beprovided
with back-up means of initiation becausehe has visual into the kill
zone and can initiate theback up before the enemy passes through
the killzone.
c. The location of the ambush commander.
d. The means of communication between groups in theambush.
e. The signal to be used to control stages of theambush. The
signals for ceasing fire and for eachelement’s withdrawal, in
accordance with thesequence in orders, to the rendezvous.
f. Alternative arrangements to be used if the ambush isdetected
or otherwise compromised.
27. Equipment. The equipment required depends both on thetask
and on the duration of the ambush. Other factors that affect
the
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B-GL-392-008/FP-001 11
type of equipment carried are the methods of movement to the
ambushsite and the type of terrain.
28. Grouping. An ambush is made up of a number of groups.The
size of a group is dictated by the task of that group. In
planning,provision may be required for rest by relieving in
location.
29. Routes. The selection of routes into and from the
ambushshould be well clear of local inhabitants and provide cover
fromobservation. Routes for the withdrawal should differ from those
usedon the way in.
30. Layout. The principles of ambush layout are:
a. All Possible Approaches Must be Covered.Information rarely
gives the enemy's exact route.Irrespective of information gained,
the enemy maystill approach from an unexpected direction.
Thefailure to consider this factor causes many ambushesto be
unsuccessful. It is essential that all likelyapproaches be
covered.
b. The Ambush Must Have Depth. To counter likelyenemy offensive
action after initiation, the ambushsite must have depth. Setting an
ambush on bothsides of the killing zone has the advantage
ofrestricting enemy escape routes. However, thislayout has the
following disadvantages:
(1) the killing zone may have to be crossed;and
(2) there is a high possibility of danger to ourown troops.
31. If an ambush is set on only one side of the approach, it
iseasier to control.
32. The layout of an ambush site should be flexible enough
tosuit the nature of the ground and the mission. It may be possible
toachieve the task of an ambush by using a minimum number of menand
covering the selected killing zone with weapons such as the
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B-GL-392-008/FP-00112
Claymore and other command detonated explosive devices.
However,reliance on one specific weapon system is generally not
desirable andClaymores should only be regarded as a way of
enhancing oraugmenting the ambush.
33. Conduct. The following factors must be considered inregard
to conduct of the ambush:
a. Springing. The ambush commander must placehimself in a
position where he can receive earlywarning of the enemy's approach
and where he caninitiate the ambush. His plan must include details
ofwhich weapons will spring the ambush, as well asalternative plans
in case the enemy approaches froman unexpected direction or if he
does not receivesufficient warning.
b. Action After Springing. The action to be taken bythe ambush
after springing is governed by the:
(1) nature of the task;
(2) anticipated enemy strength, his deploymentand likely
reaction;
(3) ground; and
(4) standard of training of the troops takingpart.
c. The force may complete its task without actuallyexecuting an
assault. This stationary technique issuitable when long fields of
fire are available orthere is little threat of envelopment. It can
be usedin close country, but for security it requires addeddepth
and flank protection. It must be used whenvisibility or the going
prevent manoeuvre afterspringing the ambush. Alternatively, there
may be arequirement to search the kill zone or launch animmediate
assault. The following factors should beconsidered:
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B-GL-392-008/FP-001 13
(1) An enemy is always alert for an ambush.He could be warned by
unusual orsuspicious movement, sounds or smells.Once an ambush is
sprung the enemy mayreact as follows:
(a) the leading elements, at least, divefor cover; and
(b) the leading elements, if followinga practiced contact drill,
assaultinto the ambush.
(2) Either reaction should occur in a matter ofseconds. In the
first case, the enemy willinitially be confused due to
surprise,casualties, noise and possible inability tolocate the
source of fire. There will besome loss of control. Panic may
result, butwith a well-trained enemy, counter-ambushdrills or
preparation for a more deliberateassault may be expected after the
initialconfusion.
(3) Our assault must commence immediatelyafter the initial
firing which should berestricted to seconds. This speed of actionis
essential so that the initial period ofshock created in the enemy
is furtherintensified by the assault.
(4) The plan for an immediate assault fromambush may include
passing directlythrough the enemy to a rendezvous (RV) onthe far
side. Limitations in employment ofthis technique are:
(a) the ambush layout must be singlesided and as close as
possible to astraight line;
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Ambush and Counter-ambush
B-GL-392-008/FP-00114
(b) the ground on the far side of thekill zone, as well as the
approachto it, must be free of obstacles,both natural and
artificial; and
(c) this technique is unsuitable if theaim of the ambush is the
deliberatecapture of a prisoner.
(5) An immediate assault not involving passingdirectly through
the enemy is only suitablewhen the enemy force is small. It has
thefundamental advantage of exploiting thesurprise created, and
providing anopportunity to search enemy dead. Theproblem of control
is more difficult. Thistype of assault is aimed at
completedestruction of a small force by closing withthe enemy and
mopping-up thoroughly.
(6) The deliberate capture of a prisoner by anambush requires a
detailed plan. Theaction after springing should provide forthe
following:
(a) isolating the prisoner by fire andby movement if
necessary;
(b) seizing and securing the prisoner;and
(c) a sound plan for evacuation of theprisoner.
34. Withdrawal. The route and method of withdrawal have abearing
on the selection of the ambush site and frequently on thedetailed
layout. When an ambush is sprung and it is quite obvious thatthe
aim of the ambush cannot be fully achieved, the ambushcommander
must make full use of the surprise and temporaryconfusion achieved.
He must take the opportunity to inflict themaximum amount of damage
on the enemy, and at the same timeensure a clean break. Under some
circumstances, small parties may be
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Ambushes
B-GL-392-008/FP-001 15
left behind to cover the withdrawal and to ambush any enemy
reliefforce moving into the area. The use of defensive fire (DF)
targets toassist the ambush party in achieving a clean break should
beconsidered. Detailed plans for the withdrawal must be made.
Thisinvolves specifying the sequence of movement of groups. Plans
forwithdrawal must cover:
a. action after springing;
b. action when no enemy enter the ambush site and theambush is
not sprung; and
c. action to be taken when too large an enemy forceapproaches or
enters the ambush site.
35. Alternative Plans. Plans must be made to meet theunexpected.
Alternative plans must be made, known and rehearsed.
36. Administration. A large number of ambushes are sprungwithin
a few hours of setting and require no administration other thanrest
within groups. These are called short term ambushes and are
thenormal ambush.
37. Where ambushes are set for protracted periods it is
necessaryto make administrative arrangements for the relief of
groups, feedingand rest. In protracted ambushes a secure
administrative area must beestablished. It should be sited far
enough away so that noises andsmells do not disclose the presence
of troops. Although the wholeparty in the ambush will eventually be
relieved, the whole group mustnot be changed at the one time.
Reliefs should take place when enemymovement is more unlikely.
Ideally, each group in the ambush shouldbe divided into three
parties: a resting group, a reserve group and anambush group, who
are rotated through the rest area as required. Thisleaves
two-thirds of the group in the ambush site at any one time.
38. The ambush commander must include provision in his planfor
the following:
a. Medical Arrangements. He must include hiscasualty evacuation
plan and any hygienearrangements. The evacuation plan depends
on:
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(1) the remaining active strength of the force;
(2) the nature of the casualty;
(3) if the casualty occurs en-route, at theobjective or on
return;
(4) the distance to the nearest friendly location;and
(5) available areas for possible helicopterevacuation.
b. Provision of Water. When operating in more aridareas, water
is a major consideration.
c. Handling of Prisoners of War (PW). If PW arecaptured as a
result of the ambush they requireguarding and a method of
restraint.
39. Communications. Communications requirements varyaccording to
the size of the ambush. In a small ambush hand signalsmay suffice,
whereas in a large ambush, line, radio, and light signalsmay have
to be employed. As far as possible, signal systems shouldalways be
duplicated in case the primary means fails. Means ofalerting
individual members while in the ambush are also required. Alength
of vine or cord tied between members has proven successful butcan
also lead to the ambush being detected due to the noise andmovement
which might be generated.
SECTION 3PREPARATION AND OCCUPATION
SEQUENCE
40. The sequences of preparation and occupation for ambush
are:
a. reconnaissance;
b. issue of preliminary orders;
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c. preparation and rehearsal;
d. move to the ambush area;
e. final reconnaissance;
f. final orders; and
g. occupation.
RECONNAISSANCE
41. If possible, the ambush commander should carry out
areconnaissance of the ambush site prior to the issue of
preliminaryorders. This is often impossible and initial
reconnaissance is confinedto a study of air photographs, maps and
patrol reports.
42. During his reconnaissance the ambush commander should
notwalk in the kill zone, as foot marks or disturbed earth may warn
analert enemy. Therefore reconnaissance must be done from the rear
ofthe selected ambush site. Observing the ground from the enemy
pointof view, though desirable, may prejudice security. The
commanderselects or confirms the following:
a. kill zone;
b. early warning and cut off groups;
c. command and control position;
d. release point;
e. assault position;
f. fire base/fire support;
g. objective rendezvous (ORV) and routes to and fromit;
h. administration area, if necessary; and
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i. withdrawal route.
43. The site selected should:
a. be easy to conceal, so that from the enemy point ofview it
appears unoccupied;
b. provide a good view of the kill zone;
c. allow all-round defence;
d. not offer an early escape to those enemy not killedwhen the
ambush is first sprung;
e. allow sentries to give due warning before the firstenemy
enter the ambush;
f. allow all weapons to be effectively brought to bear;and
g. have a good covered approach avoiding contact withknown enemy
positions or local inhabitants.
44. Detailed Siting. After deciding on the general layout
thecommander must now consider the following points in detail:
a. Positions of Support Weapons. These must coverthe kill zone
with subsidiary roles of sealing eachend of the ambush and covering
likely enemywithdrawal routes. This can be achieved by dividingthe
kill zone into specific Kill Zones.
b. Ground not covered by automatic weapons must becovered by
riflemen or Claymores.
c. If enemy vehicles or tanks are expected:
(1) the blocks required, for example trees andbanks to be blown
down,;
(2) the position of anti-tank mines, and
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(3) the position of anti-tank weapons.
d. Careful selection of sentry positions covering
enemyapproaches, to alert the ambush before the enemyreaches the
kill zone.
e. Cut-off groups should cover likely enemy escaperoutes.
Artillery, mortars and command detonatedmines may also be used for
this task.
f. Grenades and Claymores may also be sited toprotect the flanks
and rear of the ambush againstquick enemy counter action. For the
protection ofthe ambush party they should be sited in
defiladedground. Consideration must be made in regard tothe danger
of using grenades at night.
ORDERS, PREPARATION AND REHEARSALS
45. Preliminary Orders. The ambush commander should briefhis
party with the aid of a model (sand model or map) as thoroughly
aspossible and as early as possible to allow the maximum time
forpreparation and rehearsal. An orders format is found at Annex
B.
46. Preparation. Thorough preparation is essential. This
isachieved by following the 15 Steps of Battle Procedure.
Preparationmay include the issue of extra automatic weapons because
of the greatreliance on heavy and immediate fire. In all cases,all
weapons must bethoroughly cleaned, checked and tested to ensure
their efficiency.Special stores, such as trip flares, may have to
be assembled andtested.
47. Rehearsals. Rehearsals should be conducted in accordancewith
the 15 Steps, with the Patrol Commander conducting therehearsals
concerning Action at the Objective and Occupation of theORV. The
Patrol second-in-command (2IC) should conduct all otherrehearsals,
therefore providing more time for the commander toprepare for the
ambush. As a guide, the rehearsal should:
a. show troops their positions relative to each other;
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b. show how relief, if any, will take place;
c. cover the springing, assault and withdrawal phases;
d. eliminate any tendency to fire high or failure to aimwhen
firing;
e. develop team work; and
f. test communications and signals.
48. Move to the Ambush Area and Final Reconnaissance.The main
body should not move directly to the ambush position. Itshould
assemble short of the ambush position, in an ORV. Oncesecure in the
ORV, the reconnaissance party goes forward to see thatno enemy are
present and, if it has not previously been done, thecommander
should carry out a visual reconnaissance.
49. Final Orders. If preliminary orders are issued
beforereconnaissance, or if last minute changes are necessary,
there will be aneed to modify the plan in the ORV. Such final
orders must, however,be brief but include:
a. a description of the ambush area and kill zone;
b. final location of the commander; and
c. any variations from the rehearsal in regard toindividual
tasks.
NOTE
The rehearsals should aim at saving time and lengthy orderswhen
the actual ambush site is reached. Final rehearsals fornight
ambushes are conducted at night. If illuminationdevices are to be
used in the ambush they should be used inthe rehearsal, however,
care must be taken not tocompromise the patrol.
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OCCUPATION—LARGE SCALE
50. Individual camouflage must be checked before movingforward
to occupy the position. Since the enemy may move into thekill zone
as the ambush is being laid, occupation must be carried
outstealthily from the rear with only a few men moving at a
time.
51. The normal sequence for occupation of a Large Scale
ambushis:
a. sentries or observers take up their positions
andcommunications are established with thecommander;
b. support, and if applicable, anti-tank weapons arebrought
forward to cover the kill zone;
c. flares, Claymores, anti-tank mines, grenades andcharges are
set;
d. the remainder of the party, including troops in depthfor rear
and flank protection and cut off parties, areplaced in position;
and
e. reliefs, if any, are shown the ambush site and thenmoved back
to the base or administration area.
52. Care must be taken to avoid giving away the ambush to
theenemy. Particular attention should be paid to:
a. Paper scraps, foot prints, bruised vegetation, tripwires and
reflecting surfaces.
b. Items with a distinctive smell should be left
behind.Cigarettes, candy, chewing gum and other aromaticfood must
not be carried.
c. The sound of gun stakes being banged into theground should be
muffled by the use of sand bagsplaced over the top of the
stake.
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d. Any members of the patrol who have the flu or acough must be
left out of the patrol.
e. Weapons must be cocked and in a state of instantreadiness to
fire during the wait.
f. Any civilians who are suspected of havingdiscovered the
ambush should be held where theycan not give warning until after
its successfulcompletion.
53. Each individual soldier in the ambush area must
beresponsible for:
a. personal camouflage;
b. taking up the best available firing position; and
c. remaining still and silent for protracted periods.
LYING IN AMBUSH
54. Troops must be trained to select a comfortable position
andremain in it without movement or noise for the whole of the time
theyare in the actual ambush site. This may be some hours.
Specificorders must be given concerning eating and drinking.
55. Weapons must be cocked before moving into position andsafety
catches left off once the ambush has been set.
56. If all members of the ambush observe continuously, no rest
ispossible and keenness will deteriorate. On the other hand, the
killzone must be under observation at all times. This is achieved
byrostering observers within groups. The ambush commander and
hissecond in command relieve each other. Other members relax
butremain so that, without undue movement, they can fire on their
arcs assoon as they are alerted. Furthermore, a 100 per cent
stand-to shouldbe initiated on initial occupation and at first and
last light.
57. Whether the ambush party needs relief depends on thenumber
of troops available and the duration of the ambush. Reliefs
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are made only when essential, but troops should not be left in
anambush site too long merely to avoid the problems of relief. In
still airconditions, when the temperature and humidity are high and
there isno effective shade from the sun, the alertness and
efficiency of troopswill deteriorate rapidly to the extent that
security is threatened, unlesscounter measures are taken. To
safeguard the effectiveness of anambush in these circumstances, the
troops must be acclimatized andrelieved regularly before
deterioration sets in. Adequate water shouldbe provided for the
ambush period. Reliefs must be planned, eachman being relieved,
quietly and one at a time. In winter operations,prevention of cold
weather injuries such as hypothermia and frostbitemust be
considered. The use of air mattresses while lying in snowcould also
be considered.
SECTION 4EXECUTION
SPRINGING THE AMBUSH
58. When a sentry sights the enemy he communicates via tugline,
radio or telephone and gives the signal for the direction
ofapproach and size of the enemy party. When the enemy appears in
thekill zone each man aims awaiting the order to fire. The ambush
shouldbe sprung when as many enemy as possible are in the kill zone
and therange has been reduced to a minimum. There must be no
half-heartedness or premature action. All men must clearly
understandtheir orders, and the drill for opening fire as
follows:
a. A small-scale ambush is normally sprung by thecommander, but
should any enemy act as though hehas seen the ambush, any man who
sees this actionshould spring the ambush. Because of the risk of
theambush being prematurely sprung, only well-trainedand
experienced soldiers should be sited in thosepositions close to the
kill zone where an alert enemycould discover the ambush.
b. All shots must be aimed to kill. Once fire has beenopened men
often have to adjust their positions tofire at moving targets.
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c. Firers must fire only within their allocated arcs inorder to
stop any potential firing into friendlypositions.
59. The commander should be so placed that he has a good viewof
the enemy. The commander initiates the ambush by a
prearrangedsignal which would normally be:
a. an aimed burst of fire from an automatic weapon;
b. the command detonation of Claymores, explosivesor grenades;
and
c. the setting-off of a booby trap or trip flare.
60. The commander must always make alternative arrangementsfor
springing the ambush in the event of something going wrong withthe
person or method nominated. A deputy commander should alwaysbe
appointed and the chain of command in seniority must be known.
SUBSEQUENT ACTION
61. Once the ambush is sprung, subsequent action
proceedsaccording to the plan, i.e., either an immediate assault or
remain in theambush positions. Normal action is to maintain a heavy
volume offire until the enemy has been destroyed. The fire fight
shouldnormally be of a short duration. The signal to stop fire can
be givenby the commander—voice or a flare is suggested—or, as it is
difficultto hear over machine gun (MG) fire, the cease fire could
occur after apredetermined amount on ammunition has been fired,
i.e., 100 roundsfor C6/C9 or 20-40 rounds for C7. After the cease
firing order isgiven the Assault Element moves in or the ambush
party is withdrawn.
62. If required, the Assault Element assaults the objective
andcarries out the following:
a. Check the kill zone for enemy and secure any whoare still
living. The conduct of searches of dead andequipment behind the
ambush site should also occur,whenever possible.
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b. Search the surrounding area for dead and wounded.
c. Set demolitions to destroy enemy vehicles andequipment.
d. Collect the enemy's arms, ammunition, equipmentand
documents.
e. If required, photograph the bodies for identification.
63. If the aim of the ambush is to secure a prisoner,
specificmembers of the ambush party must be detailed in orders,
rehearsedand equipped with adhesive tape gags, garrottes, signal
cable or toggleropes to ensure that prisoners are seized and
escorted quietly andquickly to the rendezvous. Reserves should also
be detailed for thesetasks to provide for possible casualties.
64. Tracker Teams. Some enemy that have been wounded inthe
ambush may attempt to escape by rushing into the undergrowthand
lying low until the ambush has withdrawn. If the
operationalsituation permits the employment of trackers it quite
often leads totheir capture.
WITHDRAWAL
65. It is at this stage that the ambush is most vulnerable. If
noassault is planned, a fast withdrawal should be made during the
briefperiod of enemy confusion and before he has re-established
control. Arendezvous is necessary for the ambush party as members
may takesome time to clear the site. If an assault is planned, a
search of victimsand collection of prisoners is required, planning
must includearrangements for the withdrawal of these groups covered
by theremainder of the party.
66. The method of withdrawal is covered in orders and must
bewell rehearsed. The following control measures are necessary:
a. Signal. All must know the signal and the sequenceof
withdrawal.
b. Route. Must be known to all.
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c. Check Point. A check point between the ambushsite and the
rendezvous may be required. For asmall-scale ambush this is the
Release Point.
67. Troops make a clean break from the ambush site,
andconcentrate at the rendezvous quickly and in an orderly manner.
Timein the rendezvous must be short; the force must be checked,
formed upand moved-off as quickly as possible. More than one route
ofwithdrawal may be necessary. It may be desirable and practicable
toset a further ambush along the withdrawal route.
68. A normal sequence for withdrawal is:
a. ambush party by groups;
b. sentries/security elements; and
c. troops in depth.
69. Casualties. Arrangements must be made before occupationfor
the evacuation of both our own and enemy casualties. Stretchersor
material for improvising stretchers may be dumped at therendezvous
so that the minimum time is lost during withdrawal.
AMBUSH AT NIGHT
70. Night ambushes are often the most successful because
enemymovement generally increases during the hours of darkness.
71. Night ambushes have similar characteristics to ambushes
byday. Particular points which apply to night ambushes are as
follows:
a. Concealment is easy but shooting is much lessaccurate. Fire
at night tends to be high and bayonetsmay be fixed in order to
lower the barrels ofweapons to prevent firing high.
b. Automatic weapons become the essential fireelements, single
shot weapons being too slow toproduce the necessary volume of
fire.
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c. All weapons, particularly machine guns firing downtracks,
should have their left and right arcs of firefixed by means of
stakes, etc, to eliminate danger toown troops.
d. The ambush party must never move about. Anymovement is
regarded as enemy.
e. Clear orders, precise fire control instructions,
clearrendezvous and signals are essential.
f. Men and groups will be sited closer together than byday.
Control at night is extremely important.
g. It is difficult to take-up an ambush position at night.Where
possible it should be occupied before lastlight.
h. Consideration must be given to a method ofilluminating the
kill zone at the moment thecommander wishes to spring the
ambush.Illumination can be provided by means of trip flaresset-off
by the ambush commander either electricallyor by pulling a trip
wire. Illumination rounds canalso be used if vegetation permits.
Flares may beset-off by animals, so it is generally better if they
arecommand detonated.
i. The flares should be sited so that they illuminate theenemy
whilst at the same time, members of theambush are shielded from the
direct glare of thelight. Notes on the use of flares are included
inAnnex C. The use of night vision goggles (NVG’s),Kite Sites and
other night viewing devices shouldalso be considered.
j. Trip flares can also be connected to Claymores todetonate
simultaneously with the commanddetonation of the Claymore.
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SECTION 5SMALL DELIBERATE AMBUSHES
INTRODUCTION
72. This section deals in particular with the layout of
small-scaledeliberate ambushes that are up to platoon size in
strength. Thelayouts described are particularly useful in counter
insurgencyoperations.
OCCUPATION—FIGHTING PATROL SCALE
73. For a Platoon sized or smaller scale ambush that is
organizedinto the elements of a Fighting Patrol (refer to
B-GL-392-004,Patrolling), the following occupation sequence should
be followed:
a. Leaders Reconnaissance Party, comprising of thePatrol
Commander, Navigation Team, SecurityTeam ‘A’ and the Support
Element and AssaultElement commanders move from the
ObjectiveRendezvous (ORV) to a Release Point (RP).Security Teams
‘B’ and ‘C’ are positioned as earlywarning on each flank of the
ambush site.
b. Leaders Reconnaissance Party moves from the RP toa Vantage
Point (VP) that is sited within directobservation of the ambush
site and objective.
c. Security Team ‘A’ clears the ambush site andreturns to the
VP.
d. The Patrol Commander moves forward with theReconnaissance
Party and identifies the locations forearly warning, Assault
Element and SupportElement. The party then returns to the VP
andSecurity Team ‘A’ remains in the VP while theremainder of the
Party returns to the RP.
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B-GL-392-008/FP-001 29
e. The Navigation Team returns to the ORV and bringsforward the
patrol to the RP. Security Team ‘D’remains in the ORV.
f. The patrol moves from the RP to the locationidentified by the
Patrol Commander. Note thatelements do not need to pass through the
VP. ThePatrol 2IC occupies the VP with Security Team ‘A’and the
Navigation Team remains in the RP.
g. The Assault Element occupies a position at rightangles to the
Support Element. If the PatrolCommander is to be located with the
AssaultElement, he must ensure that the SupportCommander springs
the ambush with maximumfirepower.
74. The Assault Element normally consists of a search team,
PWteam, demolitions team and casualty evacuation team.
LAYOUT
75. Elements may be employed in two ways:
a. Area Ambush. Where there is more than oneapproach, all
approaches must be covered.Approaches should be covered in depth to
catchenemy scattering from the position of the ambushknown as an
area ambush. (See Figure 1-1.) Itconsists of a series of small
groups, each with itsown commander, sited as part of an overall
plan toencompass a particular enemy party which isexpected. The
ambush party moves to a dispersalpoint from which groups move by
selected routes totheir positions. The ambush commander may beable
to position only one group in detail, leaving theremainder to be
positioned by the groupcommanders themselves.
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NOTES
1 Small ambush groups are posted at A, B, C, D.
2 Groups are sited as part of an overall plan to ambush an enemy
partywhose exact direction of movement is unknown.
3 The commander must ensure each group is positioned correctly,
knowsthe location of others and fire is only within designated
arcs.
Figure 1-1: Area Ambush
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B-GL-392-008/FP-001 31
b. Limited Ambush. When, because of the ground, there isonly one
likely approach, a group or groups may be sited in depth
withall-round defence at a place on that route which gives
adequateconcealment. This is a limited ambush. It is used when the
areaambush is impossible or as part of an area ambush, along a very
likelyapproach track. Basic forms of limited ambushes are L
Shaped(Figure 1-2A), V Shaped (Figure 1-2B) and Straight Line
(Figure 1-2C).
Figure 1-2A: L Shaped Ambush
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Figure 1-2B: V Shaped Ambush
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Figure 1-2C: Straight Line Ambush
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SECTION 6LARGE DELIBERATE AMBUSHES
SIZE
76. The term large-scale ambush implies that the strength of
theambushing force is at least one company and possibly up to a
battalionin size. With greater numbers, greater difficulty is
experienced inachieving surprise, which is nevertheless essential
to success.
PROBLEMS
77. The principle problems facing the commander of a large-scale
ambush are:
a. introduction of his force into the ambush area;
b. concealment of the elements of the ambush force;and
c. command and control, including:
(1) timing for the springing of the ambush;
(2) canalizing the enemy lines of withdrawal;
(3) positioning of his own headquarters (HQ)for control of all
elements of his force;
(4) coordination of fire between his forces; and
(5) adequate time for reconnaissance, arrangingthe ambush and
for rehearsal.
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REACTION AND COUNTER
78. Any enemy force that warrants the setting up of a
large-scaleambush is normally moving considerably dispersed. His
likelyreactions on the ambush being sprung are:
a. immediate assault to break out of the ambush; and
b. dispersion into small groups with stay-behind partiesto cover
the withdrawal.
79. To counter these problems, the ambush commander must
beprepared to:
a. accept considerable dispersion between the elementsof his own
forces;
b. ensure that the enemy main body is within theambush area
before opening fire;
c. employ blocking and cut-off forces withconsiderable
firepower; and
d. form a mobile reserve for offensive tasks.
STATIC AMBUSHES
80. Where the problem of concealing the elements of a
large-scale ambush does not exist and where the enemy pattern
ofmovement allows and his line of advance can be reasonably
predicted,it is suggested that the ambush might take the form shown
inFigure 1-3.
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NOTES1. A Coy is deployed astride the enemy's lines of advance
to act as the
first blocking force and is prepared to fight a defensive battle
in theface of an enemy assault.
2. B Coy is deployed to a flank in concealed positions along the
enemyline of advance to:
a. fire into the enemy main body when the ambush is sprung;
and
b. assault into the ambush if required.
3. C Coy is deployed to a flank, probably at a distance from the
line ofadvance with the task of:
a. acting as the cut-off force for the ambush;
b. moving to assault the enemy from the rear; or
c. preventing a relief force from reaching the ambush.
4. If full concealment is possible, this company may sometimes
be in aposition astride the line of advance initially but does not
disclose itspresence until the blocking force has opened fire.
5. D Coy is deployed to the flanks at some distance as the
commander'smobile reserve.
Figure 1-3: Large-Scale Static Ambush
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B-GL-392-008/FP-001 37
MOBILE AMBUSHES
81. It often happens that:
a. it is not possible to conceal an ambush of battalionstrength
in close proximity to the ambush site;
b. the enemy clears his line of advance with soldiers onfoot;
and
c. the enemy may advance well dispersed.
82. In any of the above cases, the commander of the ambushforce
must be prepared to lay a more mobile type of ambush. Theproblem of
control in such cases is greatly increased. Figure 1-4shows an
example of this form.
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NOTES 1. The essential differences between a static and mobile
ambush
are:
a. Greater dispersion along the enemy lines of advance.
b. All companies, including the dispersed platoons of
theblocking company, are deployed far enough away from theambush
for concealment and to avoid being discovered by theleading enemy
elements clearing the route. They must beprepared to move in
quickly to take up fire positions, or toassault into the ambush if
necessary.
2. In both Figures 1-3 and 1-4, demolitions, minefields,
heavyfire support (both armour and artillery) have been omitted
forsimplicity.
3. Springing an ambush of this type poses many problems,
thesolution of which varies in each case. Some points are:
a. The commander should be concealed close to the ambush
sitewith duplicated communications to his observation posts. Hemay,
on occasion, be located with the blocking force.
b. Observation Posts must be carefully concealed either in
treesor dug into scrub.
c. Pre-planning must be done in case of communications
failingand a deputy commander appointed who must be givenauthority
to spring the ambush in specific circumstances.
Figure 1-4: Large-Scale Mobile Ambush
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B-GL-392-008/FP-001 39
SECTION 7TRAINING
GENERAL
83. Ambush training must be aimed at eliminating common
faultsand improving techniques such as:
a. Training of troops to occupy positions withoutadvertising
their presence by footprints, movementby individuals when the enemy
is approaching, andthe noise of weapons being cocked or safety
catchesand change levers being moved.
b. Ensuring the proper positioning of commanders andsiting of
weapons. A lack of all-round observationcan result in the enemy
arriving in the areaundetected.
c. Improvement of fire control and particularly theeven
distribution of fire.
d. Ensuring accurate shooting at moving targets andreduction of
the tendency for men either to selectand fire at the same target,
high or outside hisdesignated arcs.
e. Improving the care of weapons and preventingmisfires and
stoppages occurring through failure toclean, inspect and test
weapons and magazines.
f. Developing simple and sound standard operatingprocedures
(SOPs) that all members of the ambushunderstand.
CAUSES OF FAILURE
84. The following are some reasons for failure which have
beenreported by ambush commanders and which may help in
training:
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a. Disclosure of the ambush by the noise made bycocking weapons
and moving safety catches orchange levers. Check your weapons,
practise men insilent handling and ensure that all weapons are
readyto fire.
b. A tendency to shoot high at the face of the enemy.This can be
corrected by conducting night rangepractices utilising night vision
devices and fixingbayonets when possible.
c. Disclosure of the ambush position by footprintsmade by the
ambush party moving into position andby the movement of individuals
at the crucial timewhen the enemy is approaching.
d. A lack of fire control as commanders were unable tostop the
firing and start the immediate follow-up.
e. Commanders were badly sited with consequent lackof
control.
f. A lack of all-round observation resulting in enemyarriving in
the area of an ambush unannounced.
g. Misfires and stoppages through failure to clean,inspect, and
test weapons and magazines.
h. A lack of a clearly defined drill for opening fire.
i. A tendency for all to select and fire at the sametargets.
j. Fire opened prematurely.
FIELD FIRING—AMBUSH PRACTICES
85. The constant need for shooting practice must be
emphasized.The object is to practise fire control and shooting from
an ambushposition, in conditions representing, as nearly as
possible, anoperational ambush. The requirements, which are easy to
fulfil, are:
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a. Ambush Position. This should be large enough forabout a
section and needs careful selection. Naturalcover is required and
therefore the position shouldbe left untouched as far as
possible.
b. Kill Zone. The kill zone should look as natural aspossible
from the ambush position, but trenchesneed to be dug in order that
targets and markers canbe moved about. If the ground allows, there
shouldbe several trenches at different angles, so that targetsmay
approach and withdraw from differentdirections.
c. Safety Precautions. Personnel responsible forconducting field
firing ambush practices must ensurethat all safety precautions
detailed in B-GL-381-001/TS-000 Training Safety and in
individualweapons publications are complied with.
d. Ingenuity. A fields ambush depends on realism forsuccess. The
following points are useful:
(1) All actions by troops in the ambushposition must be fully
tactical, eg, positionstaken up silently, camouflage, and
clearorders.
(2) A wait should be imposed to introducerealism. Targets should
appear with theminimum of warning. Once fire has openedtargets must
move rapidly.
(3) Firing should be both by day and by night.
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CHAPTER 2COUNTER-AMBUSH
SECTION 1GENERAL
INTRODUCTION
1. In all levels of conflict, any military force that has to
move isvulnerable to attack by ambush. This includes columns and
patrolsmoving on foot, vehicle convoys, trains and rivercraft. The
object ofthe attack from ambush varies from complete destruction of
the targetto the imposition of delay.
RESPONSIBILITIES
2. The whole area of operations is vulnerable to attack
andambush. Movement of road convoys outside a controlled area
insupport of offensive operations in depth is extremely hazardous
andalways liable to large-scale enemy ambush — particularly on
thereturn journey. Everyone must be aware of the threat of ambush
andmust be proficient in counter-ambush drills.
3. The enemy will be less confident of their ability to execute
anambush if they are unable to achieve worthwhile results from
suchoperations, or if they suffer heavy casualties because of our
counteraction. The enemy ambush can be beaten by immediate
positiveoffensive measures which are thoroughly understood and
practised byall soldiers. Counter measures can be divided into:
a. precautions taken to avoid or detect an ambush; and
b. action on being ambushed.
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SECTION 2COUNTER-AMBUSH ACTION FOR A FORCE MOVING ON
FOOT
AVOIDANCE OF AMBUSH
4. Any column or detachment moving outside a secure areamust be
prepared to counter enemy ambush tactics. The obviousmeasure is to
avoid being ambushed. This may be done by denyingthe enemy
knowledge of our movements or by detecting the locationof possible
enemy ambush sites.
5. To avoid ambush:
a. Routine movement must be reduced to a minimum.Routes and
timings must be varied to avoidestablishing a pattern.
b. Except in completely secure areas, roads and tracksshould
never be used if they can be avoided.
c. Security of impending operations and movementmust be
maintained until the last possible moment.
d. Plan and use deception whenever possible.
e. During movement, full dispersion and movement bybounds must
be practised and controlled. Allmovement must be tactically
grouped.
f. Thorough reconnaissance to the front and flanks isrequired.
Helicopters are useful for this task and forlanding troops to
search selected areas if necessary.
g. Maps, air photographs, patrol and other reports mustbe
studied to find likely ambush sites. These shouldbe cleared on
foot.
h. Warning of enemy ambushes may be obtained fromthe local
population.
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BREAKING OUT OF AN AMBUSH
6. A force laying an ambush has the advantages of selection
ofsite, initiative and surprise. A force moving on foot must always
beprepared to counter enemy ambushes. The basis of the
counter-ambush battle is controlled, immediate offensive action.
This involvesthe immediate return of fire by those caught in the
kill zone and acontrolled reaction by the rest of the force.
7. It is appreciated that there can be no hard and fast rule
forbreaking out of an ambush. There are, however, two essentials
thatare common to all counter actions. These are:
a. Immediate offensive action must be taken to breakout of the
kill zone as rapidly as possible. At lowerlevels immediate action
drills are used for thispurpose.
b. Commanders must retain control. Alternativearrangements for
command must be made in casethe commander is lost in the first
contact.
8. A suggested immediate action drill for use when caught by
anenemy ambush is described in Annex D. This drill is
particularlysuited when only part of the force is caught in the
kill zone and theenemy ambush is established in a linear
formation.
9. A different drill particularly suited to close country and
torestricted enemy fields of fire is an immediate assault in one
directioninto the ambush. Such a drill must be planned and
rehearsed prior tothe action. The only orders required, if any, are
"Follow me","Charge" or some other simple words to achieve an
immediatereaction.
10. Enemy ambush tactics vary and opportunism and initiative
bygroup commanders and individuals are always required in the
counter-ambush battle. Planning should consider the possibility of
the enemyusing blocking parties to counter our immediate action
drill.
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ACTION IF ONLY PART OF A FORCE IS AMBUSHED
11. The portion ambushed must take aggressive action to fight
itsway out of the immediate kill zone using fire and movement
ifnecessary. This part of the force then forms a hasty
defensiveperimeter sited if possible to bring fire on to the
ambushers. Obviousreorganization positions are always suspect as
the enemy may havelaid mines or booby traps in these areas.
12. The remainder who are not caught in the actual ambush mustdo
an immediate attack against a flank. Contact with enemy
blockingparties must be anticipated. Full advantage should be taken
ofavailable artillery or close air support if available. If,
however, thiswould delay the mounting of the attack, its advantages
should becarefully weighed against the requirements to relieve the
ambushedforce.
ACTION IF THE WHOLE OF A FORCE IS AMBUSHED
13. The force must take aggressive action to fight its way out
ofthe immediate kill zone. The following courses are available:
a. Launch an immediate assault. This is dependentupon the degree
of control retained in relation to theenemy's main strength and
dispositions.
b. Form a hasty defensive perimeter whilst thecommander decides
whether to attack part of theambush in order to break out, or
whether the forceshould break down into small groups to filter out.
Ineither case, the force must later reform at a pre-planned
rendezvous.
c. On occasion, during the immediate assault to breakout of the
kill zone, it may be possible to seizeground on which a reasonable
defensive perimetercan be established. The aim would then be to
holdthis perimeter, to bring in support against the enemyposition
or to wait the arrival of a mobile reliefforce. Such action often
forces the withdrawal ofthe enemy ambush and has the advantage that
it
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prevents our own wounded and equipment fromfalling into enemy
hands.
COUNTER-AMBUSH BY NIGHT
14. As night ambushes are difficult to execute they are likely
tobe on a small scale only.
15. If a force is ambushed at night, action should be taken
asfollows:
a. They must move out of the kill zone at once. This
isespecially important if the area has been illuminated.
b. They must fight their way from the ambush to a pre-planned
rendezvous (RV).
c. Commanders must retain control. If lost, it must beregained
as soon as possible.
SPECIAL POINTS FOR COUNTER-AMBUSH
16. The following points must be remembered by commandersmoving
forces in areas where they are likely to be ambushed:
a. In order to increase confusion the enemy will aim todestroy
commanders and radio operators in theopening volleys of an ambush.
Commanders withtheir radio operators must not be conspicuous
andmust avoid moving in a set pattern within a column.Badges of
rank should not be obvious. Radiooperators must be protected and
unless the sets arebeing operated, aerials should be concealed.
b. During movement, maximum dispersioncommensurate with control,
must be practised. Theaim must be to ensure that the whole of the
force isnot simultaneously ambushed. Forces that areclosed-up make
themselves vulnerable to a
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comparatively small ambush. This is particularlyapplicable to
the rear of a column.
c. A pre-planned rendezvous must be known to allranks and, if
possible, should not change en route.Some suggestions are:
(1) A set distance (500 metres) from the rear ofthe column and
back along the direction ofapproach. This is probably not suitable
forforces larger than a platoon.
(2) The location of the last long halt.
SECTION 3COUNTER-AMBUSH ACTION FOR VEHICLE CONVOYS
MOUNTED TROOP CARRYING VEHICLES
GENERAL
17. It is highly likely that an enemy will attempt to
ambushvehicle columns. It is essential that all vehicle columns be,
therefore,protected by troops who have been trained in
counter-ambush drills.
LIKELY AMBUSH SITES
18. As wheeled vehicles have restricted cross-country
mobility,their movement is mainly on roads and tracks. The enemy
is,therefore, likely to take advantage of naturally occurring
obstaclessuch as crossing points, bridges, defiles and washways and
use theseas ambush sites. Roadblocks are normally created to
enhance hisposition and are usually sited on road bends or on tops
of crests so thatthey are not seen until leading vehicles are upon
them.
ORGANIZATION OF A VEHICLE CONVOY
19. Preparation of Vehicles. Troops travelling in vehicles
musthave all-round visibility and arcs of fire and be able to throw
smokegrenades over the vehicle's sides without hindrance. They must
be
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able to debus quickly with the minimum of restriction of
movement.For these reasons, troop moves by troop carrying vehicles
(TCV)should be conducted using the centre seating method with
frames andcanopies removed from vehicles and with tailboards down.
TCVsshould be sandbagged against mines and have bolt-on armour
ifavailable.
20. Loading of TCVs. Troop loading of vehicles should becovered
in unit standard operating procedures (SOPs). Desirably,tactically
viable groups should be carried in each vehicle.
21. Convoy Commander. The convoy commander shouldposition
himself where he considers he can best control the convoy.He must
nominate a vehicle commander for each vehicle and briefthem
thoroughly before moving from the start point. He must
alwaysnominate a successor.
22. Vehicle Commander. A commander must be detailed foreach
vehicle. His task is to post sentries, ensure that all personnel
arealert, and assist in maintaining convoy formations. He commands
thetroops in his vehicle should the convoy be ambushed. He must
travelin the rear of the vehicle and not in the cabin with the
driver.
23. Vehicle Sentries. Four sentries should be posted in the
backof each TCV, two at the front, covering 1 600 mils each from
front toside and two at the rear, covering 1 600 mls each from rear
to side.Where possible, these sentries should be armed with
automaticweapons. It is their task to take immediate action from
those positionsshould the vehicle be ambushed and to cover the
evacuation of thevehicle should it be brought to a halt. Sentries
must also assist incontrol of the convoy by notifying the commander
of any disruption inthe convoy formation.
24. In addition to the sentries posted in the body of the
vehicle,an additional soldier must be detailed to sit in the front
seat of thevehicle's cabin beside the driver. The task of this
individual, normallycalled the `Shot Gun', is to assist the driver
in controlling or stoppingthe vehicle in an emergency. If a vehicle
is halted by enemy action the`shot gun' stays with the vehicle to
act as close protection for thedriver, the vehicle, and any stores
it may be carrying. He does notaccompany any assault or sweep that
may be carried out by the othertroops in the convoy.
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25. Air Sentry. Each vehicle must have an air sentry. The
airsentry can be either the cabin passenger or an appointed
passenger inthe rear.
26. Heavier Weapons. Machine guns and anti-armour weaponsshould
be distributed throughout the convoy. Where time and themeans
exist, mounts should be bolted to the truck to provide
stableplatforms.
BRIEFING
27. Briefing by the convoy commander before the convoy movesoff
must be detailed and explicit. All drivers and vehicle
commandersshould be present at the briefing and if possible, the
men travelling inthe convoy.
28. The briefing should include:
a. details of timings, routes, speed, density, order ofmarch,
maintenance of contact, procedure whencontact is lost and action on
breakdown;
b. distribution of personnel to vehicles and theirconduct in
them;
c. duties of vehicle commanders, sentries and details ofaction
on ambush for that particular convoy; and
d. counter-ambush action or action for suspectedambush
sites.
REHEARSALS
29. Once the distribution of personnel and convoy
appointmentsare determined, all troops under their vehicle
commanders shouldrehearse the counter-ambush action. Such
rehearsals may not benecessary where the convoy consists of a
formed body of troops whichhas retained its normal command chain
and has been trained in convoymovement.
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ACTION ON ENCOUNTERING A LIKELY AMBUSH SITE
30. The following actions should occur if a vehicle
convoyencounters an area considered to be a likely ambush site but
is notunder fire:
a. The lead vehicle stops and informs the commander.
b. Remaining vehicles maintain convoy spacing andoccupants watch
their arcs.
c. Troops in the lead vehicle dismount and clear thearea forward
of the road-block on foot. If anarmoured vehicle is available it
should moveforward to give direct fire support.
d. The commander orders other troops to clear the roadof
obstacles. Care must be taken because aroadblock is normally booby
trapped or mined.
31. If a column comes under fire when it encounters a
road-blocka vehicle counter-ambush drill must be carried out.
ACTION ON AMBUSH
32. Every effort must be made to get vehicles clear of the
killzone. When vehicles are fired on, the drivers should not stop,
butshould try to drive clear of the area. When vehicles are clear
of thekill zone, they should stop to allow their occupants to
dismount andcarry out offensive action. Following vehicles
approaching the killzone should not run through the ambush, but
halt clear of the area.
33. Where vehicles have been caught in the kill zone, the
troopsmust debus, get off the road away from the enemy and take
cover.Vehicle sentries cover the debussing with fire, including
smoke ifpossible until the troops are in position to return
fire.
34. Offensive action is then taken as described in
previouschapters.
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DEBUSSING
35. Debussing must be taught and practised as a drill. To
aiddebussing, all packs and stores will be stacked in the centre of
thevehicle. Troops should hold their weapons at all times and
sparemachine gun belts should be in pouches, not in boxes.
36. The following is the procedure when the vehicle is forced
tostop:
a. The vehicle commander shouts “DEBUS RIGHT”or “DEBUS LEFT” to
indicate the direction inwhich the troops will muster.
b. Sentries return fire at targets in the direction fromwhich
enemy fire is coming.
c. Troops debus over both sides of the vehicle and dashin the
direction indicated. As few troops as possibleshould attempt to
debus over the tail of the vehicle.
d. As soon as the troops are clear of the vehicle,sentries debus
and join the remainder.
e. The aim must now be to collect the fit men as aformed body
for counter-action. Wounded troopsmust be attended to after
counter-action has beentaken.
37. The drill must be practiced frequently by vehicle loads. It
isdesirable that each vehicle load of personnel should consist of
aformed body with its normal commander. However, where vehicleloads
are made up from a mixed group of soldiers immediately beforea
journey, two or three practices must be held before the convoymoves
off.
TRAINING
38. The appearance of a unit's road convoys can tell much
aboutits state of operational efficiency. The enemy can read and
interpret
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the signs and tends to look for easier targets than those
presented by awell-trained unit.
39. The danger of ambush must not be allowed to become a"hang
up". Troops should be taught that, well prepared, they are morethan
a match for the enemy under any circumstances and that thecontact
afforded by a road ambush gives an opportunity to close withthe
enemy and destroy them.
40. When troops are efficient, alert and well disciplined, there
isless likelihood of ambush.
SECTION 4ARMOURED PERSONNEL CARRIERS AND LIGHT
ARMOURED VEHICLES
AVOIDANCE OF AMBUSH
41. Armoured Personnel Carriers (APCs) and Light
ArmouredVehicles (LAVs) have a cross-country capability that allows
troops toremain mounted and bypass or outflank many possible ambush
sites.However, there may be times where movement is restricted to
roadsand tracks on which obstacles may be encountered. Troops
shoulddismount and clear these obstacles prior to forward
movement.
PREPARATORY ACTION
42. Map reconnaissance is required to identify likely
ambushpositions. The commander should have pre-selected targets ‘on
call'for artillery and mortars.
43. Preparedness is achieved by training to fight either
mountedor dismounted. The commander must be positioned to
controleffectively the fire of weapons and movement of vehicles.
Everymember must have specific tasks when mounted, such as:
a. manning the machine guns and the cannons in theAPCs and the
LAVs all the time;
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b. employing specific weapons from the open cargohatch;
c. assistance with ammunition and backing up everyweapon and
firer if casualties occur; and
d. maintaining communications.
ACTION IF AMBUSH DETECTED
44. An alert force with a knowledge of enemy tactics may
avoidbeing caught in an ambush. After an ambush is detected a quick
attackis launched using conventional battle procedure. In
specialcircumstances the ambush may be bypassed. All members of the
forcemust be thoroughly briefed and rehearsed as to the commander's
plan.
ACTION ON CONTACT
45. The action on contact is determined either by
receivingwarning of the ambush or by receiving fire. APCs and LAVs
providesome protection from small arms and shrapnel and this may
give thecommander the time to:
a. identify the number and type of enemy weapons andpersonnel
involved;
b. pinpoint the exact location of the enemy;
c. determine what the enemy is doing; and
d. appreciate his best course of action.
ACTION ON AMBUSH
46. If caught in an ambush, the APC or LAV must
immediatelyreturn fire into the enemy position and drive out of the
kill zone. If theescape routes are blocked, the troops must
dismount quickly. Theremust be no hesitation in the kill zone. The
force must be drilled in theactions it is to undertake. All actions
carried out must be rapid, pre-
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planned and clearly understood by all. Several tasks may have to
beaccomplished at once; these being primarily to:
a. return fire, move and report;
b. return fire, report then move; or
c. if warning of the ambush is obtained first; report,move and
fire.
SECTION 5COUNTER-AMBUSH ACTION FOR WATERCRAFT
GENERAL
47. Waterways are used either:
a. as a means to deploy troops into an operational area;or
b. for the logistic support of troops already deployed.
48. Because of their nature, waterways provide ideal
ambushlocations and accordingly counter-ambush plans need to be
madewhen using them. These plans must take into account the
distinctivecharacteristics of the various watercrafts that may be
available.
AVOIDANCE OF AMBUSH
49. Ambushes set on water-ways can be avoided or their
effectsminimized by:
a. protecting critical areas;
b. clearing vegetation from likely ambush sites;
c. using irregular schedules; and
d. patrolling the water-ways and banks, particularly byair.
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50. The effects of an ambush can be reduced by:
a. employing tactical spacing and movement;
b. mounting automatic weapons on each boat; and
c. maintaining communications between each boat.
PREPARATORY ACTION
51. Personnel, Weapons and Equipment. During anengagement, boats
may be overturned. Therefore, the followingpreliminary measures are
necessary:
a. Personnel. A lifejacket should be used, however, ifit is used
it must be appreciated that this mayprevent the user from diving
and keep the soldierexposed on the surface of the water. All
members ofthe crew and the party should be swimmers or
haveundergone special watermanship training. Thefollowing assists
in giving some freedom ofmovement in the water:
(1) personnel should remove packs and placethem in the
boats;
(2) webbing equipment should be loosened,and worn over the
life-jacket, so that it canbe quickly discarded; and
(3) the ends of trousers should be pulled out ofthe boots,
andshirts should be buttoned tothe neck, and freed of the waistband
of thetrousers.
b. Weapons. In the event of the boat overturning it isessential
that the weapons are recoverable. Theyshould be secured to the boat
by quick release tiesand in such a way that they can be fired
byindividuals while sitting in the boat.
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c. Propeller. Troops entering the water should try tokeep as far
away from the propeller as possible.
d. Packs and Webbing. In the event of a boatoverturning it must
be accepted that some packs andequipment may be lost. During water
moves,therefore, at least one spare magazine should becarried in a
shirt pocket.
e. Stores. The centre of gravity must be kept as low aspossible
and stores should be spread along the lengthof the floor and not
piled. Similarly, troops shouldsit on the floor or the seats
provided and not on topof packs, ration boxes, petrol, etc.
f. Depending on the boat, troops may be seated inlinear