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Chapter 3 A word and its parts: roots, affixes and their shapes Prepared by Ellen & Rocel
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Ambiguity of Morphemes.pptx

Jul 16, 2016

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What are the complexities of Morphemes? What are allomorphs?
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Page 1: Ambiguity of Morphemes.pptx

Chapter 3A word and its parts: roots, affixes and their

shapes

Prepared by Ellen & Rocel

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In this chapter we will focus on the smaller

part of the words generally called

morphemes.

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Morphemes• smallest meaningful unit or form

in a language• also the smallest units of

grammatical structure• it may be in affix or inflectional

formExamples:

undo (un-do)doing (do-ing)

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Morphology• the area of grammar

concerned with the structure of words and

with relationships between words involving the

morphemes that compose them

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example:un-Clintonishdioeciously

Morphemes help listable or unlistable words in

systematic way to be easily determined.

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Characteristics of Morphemes

To allow the meanings of some complex words to be predictable, morphemes must:a. be identifiable from one

word to another andb. contribute in some way to

the meaning of the whole word.

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Example:Readable

Morpheme is clearly related to the normal

meanings or functions of read and -able

Characteristics of Morphemes

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• they do not have to be of any particular length

example:ocatamaran (boat with 2 parallel hulls)oTenths (10 equal parts of something)

Characteristics of Morphemes

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• The structures of words are largely independent of

their phonological structure

(their division into sounds, syllables and rhythmic units)

Characteristics of Morphemes

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Duality of PatterningOnly human speech is

analyzable in 2 parallel ways:• into units that contribute

to meaning (morphemes, words, phrases, etc.)• and units that are

individually meaningless (sounds, syllables, etc.)

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Kinds of Morphemes1. Free (root word)- it can stand

alonee.g. style, good, call

2. Bound (usually suffixes)- it cannot stand alone

e.g. stylish, goodness, caller3. Isolated – 2 to 3 words standing along and create a new meaninge.g. dog-catcher, happy-go-lucky

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Cranberry Morpheme• A cranberry morpheme can

be thought of as a bound root that occurs in only one word.

e.g. cranberryhuckleberrystrawberry

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Morphemes and their

AllomorphsMany morphemes have two

or more different pronunciations called

allomorphs.e.g. re- [rә] [ri] anti- [antē] [antῙ]

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Rules of Allomorphsin Pluralizing

1. When the preceding sound is sibilant (hissing or hushing), the [IZ] allomorphs occurs

e.g.horse, rose, bush, church and judge

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Rules of Allomorphsin Pluralizing

2. When the preceding sound is voiceless (no vibration), the [S] allomorphs occurs e.g. cat, rock, cup, cliff

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Rules of Allomorphsin Pluralizing

1. When the preceding sound is voiced consonant, the [Z] allomorphs occurs

e.g. dog & day

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Allomorphs as Morphological

Matter• It’s not only phonology that may influence the choice of allomorphs of a morpheme, there were instances where grammar and vocabulary play a part.

e.g. lies [z] (untruth) if replaced [z] with [s] we get ‘lice’

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Allomorphs as Morphological

Matter• Morpheme’s peculiar allomorphy can be crucial in establishing its existence.

e.g. cliff – cliff[s]wife - wife[s]? – wi[ves](voiced allomorphs]

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Allomorphs as Morphological

Mattere.g. wife - wi[ves]my wife’s job (possessive phrase)*if it indicates possession, the allomorphy is determined both lexically (restricted to certain nouns only) and grammatically (it occurs before the plural suffix –s but not before other morphemes).

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Identifying MorphemesIndependently of

Meaninge.g. Re-

re + turn = return“McArthur did return in the

Philippines.”(come back, ‘again’)

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Identifying MorphemesIndependently of

Meaninge.g. Re-

re + turn = return“I turned the steaks a minute ago, I’ll re-turn them soon.”

(backward movement)

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Identifying MorphemesIndependently of

Meaninge.g. Re-

re + store = restore• “Rick’s job is to restore old,

rusty things.”(bring back to former condition)

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Identifying MorphemesIndependently of

Meaninge.g. Re-

re + store = restore• “Anne re-store the canned

goods in the box.”(stock again)

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Identifying MorphemesIndependently of

Meaning• prefix-root structure(the root being usually bound)e.g. (-duce) reduce, induce(-duct-) reduction, induction

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Thank you!