Latin Revolutions Although often overlooked Latin revolutions have had a profound impact on the political and social make-up of the world as we know it.
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Latin Revolutions
Although often overlooked Latin revolutions have had a profound impact on the political and social make-up of the world as we know it.
Definition
• Revolution, forcible and often violent change
of a social or political order by a sizable
segment of a country's population.
Revolution
Does a revolution have to be violent?
What is the difference between a revolution and a rebellion or coup d’ etat?
Background
The French Revolution
Enlightenment
Colonial power in Latin America
Latin Revolutions General Facts: South America:
Who:
When:
Why:
How:
Mexico:
Who:
When:
Why:
How:
Brazil:
Who:
When:
Why:
How:
Latin American Colonial Society
Peninsulares- born in Spain or Portugal
Creoles- Spaniards or French born in Latin America. Often mixed race (European and African)
Mulattos- Mixed European and African ancestry
Mestizos –Mixed European and Indian ancestry
Indians- Native Americans
Revolution in Haiti
The vast majority of Saint Domingue’s population were enslaved Africans.
In August of 1791 100,000 slaves rose in revolt.
Toussaint L’Ouverture emerged as the leader of the slave revolt.
By 1801 L’Ouverture had control of the territory and freed the slaves.
Revolution in Haiti
During the civil war that followed
the Haitian slave uprising, British
and Spanish forces invaded the
French colony. Haitian leader
Toussaint L'Ouverture defeated
the European generals in battle,
then ruled Haiti until 1802.
Revolution in Haiti
1802, 16,000 French troops are sent by Napoleon to depose Toussaint and regain control of Haiti.
Toussaint is double crossed by the French and imprisoned in 1802.
He died in 1803
Revolution in Haiti
Toussaint’s general Jean-Jacques Dessalines continued the fight against the French in 1804.
He declared the colony an independent country.
What is the big deal?
The revolution directly impacted the United States.
Refugees from Haiti pored into Louisiana.
These refugees from Saint-Domingue—white
planters, mulatto artisans, and some African
slaves—brought with them their language,
religion, laws, newspapers, education, art, and
their skills at growing sugar, all of which strongly
influenced the culture of the lower South.
French Imperialism and the U.S.
The French failure to regain control over
Saint-Domingue also influenced
Napoleon to abandon efforts to build an
empire in the western hemisphere. In
1803 France sold its North American
province of Louisiana.
Haitian Influence throughout
South America
Haiti was the 2nd independent nation (free
from European rule)
What was the first?
Haiti gave support to Simón Bolívar, leader
of the movement for South American
independence from Spain in the early 1800s.
In return, Bolivar made abolition of slavery one of
the goals of his movement.
The End of Spanish Rule
Napoleon’s conquest of Spain in 1808 spurs revolts throughout the Spanish colonies.
Two brilliant generals emerged during these wars of independence, Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin.
How did Enlightenment ideas spur
on these Latin Revolutions? Bolivar visited Europe and then the new US, there he studied the US government and documents
Liked the ideas of democracy and equality for all
Bolivar visited London looking for support. There he found ideas from:
John Locke, Thomas Paine, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Voltaire
Simon Bolivar Simón Bolívar helped win
independence from
Spain for Bolivia,
Colombia, Ecuador,
Peru, and Venezuela.
Revered throughout
South America, Bolívar
earned the name The
Liberator. He won
Venezuela’s
independence in 1821.
Jose de San Martin
Argentine general
José de San Martín
helped lead South
America to freedom
from Spanish rule.
San Martín is
regarded as one of
Argentina’s
foremost heroes.
San Martin
Bolivar
Meet in Ecuador
Bolivar and San Martin
Met in 1822 (in modern day Ecuador)
Bolivar took charge of both armies
• San Martin left
• Bolivar completed the liberation of Peru
– Unknown of Bolivar angered San Martin and caused him to leave or if San Martin left knowing Bolivar was more capable.
Read Bolivar DBQ
Revolution in Mexico
Indian and Mestizos led by Padre Hidalgo called for independence from Spain on Sept. 16, 1810.
Spanish and Creole forces crushed the “unruly” rebels in 1811. Padre Jose Maria Morelos rose up in 1811 to continue the revolution.
• In 1815 he was defeated by Agustin de Iturbide (a Creole man).
In a strange change of events Iturbide – the man who defeated Morelos – proclaimed independence for Mexico in 1821.
• What caused him to change his mind?
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
Helped Mexico gain independence from Spanish rule in 1821
Became President of Mexico four times from 1833-1855
Fought the US in the 1830’s to regain control of Texas
In 1848 he lost to the U.S. and signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Santa Anna cont.
Mexico lost a lot of land including California, Texas, and the present day New Mexico and Arizona area
The Alamo, a famous site in San Antonio, Texas where Mexican forces defeated U.S. colonists
Benito Juarez A Zapotec Indian who became a powerful politician
Led a reform movement, La Reforma
Education and distributing land fairly were his goals
Became President in 1861
Promoted trade, opened roads, and rail roads
The French
The wealthy conservatives invited the French because leaders like Juarez threatened their power
May 5, 1862, Mexico defeated the French at the Battle of Puebla- celebrated today as Cinco de Mayo
But…Napolean III sent an army to Mexico and took control of Mexico in the 1863
Austrian archduke Maximilian ruled Mexico as emperor for a short time
Porfirio Diaz
Gained power and ruled Mexico from 1867-1911
He was an Indian from Oaxaca
Built banks, stabilized the currency, and increased foreign investment
The rich became wealthier and the poor became poorer
Diaz worsened the conditions in Mexico, giving rise to revolution
Francisco Madero
From a rich family and educated in the U.S. (UC Berkeley)
Began the new Mexican Revolution with his push for a democratic government
Was exiled into the U.S. by Diaz, then he called for an armed revolution allowing “Pancho” Villa and Zapata to gain power
Francisco “Pancho” Villa
Popular figure from North Mexico
Had qualities similar to “Robin-Hood”
Fought and supported the poor and landless
He was wanted by the U.S. for murdering U.S. citizens in Columbus, New Mexico
Emiliano Zapata
Was the leader of a Southern army in Mexico
Forced Diaz out of power in 1911
Supported the poor and wanted land redistribution
Venustiano Caranza
Was supported by Villa and Zapata
Became President after General Victoriano Huerta was removed from power
He turned against Zapata and Villa and had Zapata murdered
Overview of the Mexican Revolution
Over a million Mexicans died
There was a constant power struggle between the leaders and dictators of Mexico
The real revolution was fought between the rich, who controlled most of the land, and the poor, which was the majority of the population
The Mexican Constitution
It broke up large sections of ownership
Banned foreign ownership of land
Established minimum wage
Labor unions and the right to strike were established
Gov. took over land owned by the Church
Gov. took over natural resources
Brazil’s Battle for Independence
Brazil had been a Portuguese Colony until the French conquest of Spain and Portugal.
Royal leaders leave Brazil hearing that Napoleon might be coming
After Napoleon’s defeat in 1815 the Portuguese government wanted to make Brazil, it’s largest former colony, part of the Portuguese empire.
Only Portuguese leader left in Brazil was Dom Pedro (son of Portuguese king)
1822, Creoles in Brazil demand independence from Portugal and petition for a new ruler.
Dom Pedro grants them the independence
Bloodless change of power!
September 7, 1822 marks the official declaration of Brazilian independence.
Disunity
What were some of the negative consequences of independence in Latin America?
Increase in poverty
Unfair land distribution
Devastated countryside
Discuss
Who has the right to govern a land –the stronger group, like the Colonial powers (ie: Spain) or the original natives who live there?
Quick Assessment!
1. This person led the slave revolt on the island of Haiti
2. This term was used to describe people of mixed European and Indian ancestry.
3. This was the priest who called for the peasant rebellion in Mexico.
4. This person was known as the Latin American Liberator.
5. This term was used to describe people born in Spain.
1. This person led the slave revolt on the island of Haiti
1. Toussaint L’Ouverture
2. This term was used to describe people of mixed European and Indian ancestry.
1. Mestizo
3. This was the priest who called for the peasant rebellion in Mexico.
1. Padre Hidalgo
4. This person was known as the Latin American Liberator.
1. Simon Bolivar
5. This term was used to describe people born in Spain.
1. Peninsulares
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