Alternative Routes to Justice for War Crimes in Sri Lanka

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Alternative Routes to Justice for War Crimes in

Sri Lanka

[Inside the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) as guilty verdicts are handeddown in the trial of Nuon Chea and Khieu Sam han! "hoto# ECCC$

by Dr. Parasaran Rangarajan- 13/02/2015

This article aims to explore the c rrentrealities o! the in"estigation o! allege# $ar crimes being con# cte# by the %nite#&ations '%.&.( $ith a !oc s on ans$ering the !ollo$ing ) estions*

1. +hen $ill the %.&. in"estigati"e report be release#,2. +hat $o l# be the e!!ect o! this report in terms o! international j stice,3. s j stice one-si#e# in this matter,

. re there any alternati"e sol tions to j stice !or ri an ans consi#ering politicalrealities,%.&. man Rights 4o ncil +ar 4rimes ReportThe !!ice o! the igh 4ommissioner !or man Rights ' 4 R( in"estigation into ri

an a ' ( is man#ate# an# legally bo n# to release a 6comprehensi"e report7 in8arch o! 2015 $hich $o l# be the 29thsession o! the %& R4: not eptember o! 2015

contrary to pop lar belie!. This is the man#ate gi"en an# expressly state# in perati"eParagraph 10 'c( o! %& R4 Resol tion / R4/25/ .1/Re".1 ;1< passe# last 8arch o!201 $hich $as the 25th session o! the %& R4. o$e"er: there ha"e been reportsthat the 4 R may #elay the release o! the report to eptember 2015 pon there) est o! the go"ernment o! n#ia an# ri an a to allo$ time !or the ne$a#ministration to settle in. ;2<There ha"e been spec lations on ho$ the !in#ings o! this comprehensi"e report canbe translate# into a legal trib nal in terms o! prosec ting the e"i#ence o! $ar crimes

http://srilankabrief.org/2015/02/alternative-routes-to-justice-for-war-crimes-in-sri-lanka/http://srilankabrief.org/2015/02/alternative-routes-to-justice-for-war-crimes-in-sri-lanka/http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/node/1710#_ftn1http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/node/1710#_ftn2http://srilankabrief.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/logo.pnghttp://www.southasiaanalysis.org/node/1710#_ftn1http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/node/1710#_ftn2http://srilankabrief.org/2015/02/alternative-routes-to-justice-for-war-crimes-in-sri-lanka/http://srilankabrief.org/2015/02/alternative-routes-to-justice-for-war-crimes-in-sri-lanka/

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committe# by the iberation Tigers o! Tamil =elam ' TT=( an# the go"ernment o! rian a n#er the scope o! the in"estigation> 2002-200?.

s per pre"io s reports release# by the %nite# &ations ecretary-@eneral '%& @(Panel o! =xperts 'P =( Report n cco ntability n ri an a o! 2011 ;3cooperation bet$een the %.&. an# #omestic legal system o! ri an a to hol# theallege# $ar criminals responsible $hich can lea# to a ybri# 4riminal 4o rt by m t alconsent bet$een the %.&. an# the go"ernment o! ri an a.

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n his recent "isit to n#ia: ri an an Boreign 8inister 8angala amara$eera has tol#the go"ernment o! n#ia*

“ r go"ernment $ill ta e a ne$ approach to the %.&. man Rights 4o ncil processin @ene"a. +e $ill o!!er a #omestic mechanism !or this: $hich co l# be s pporte# byinternational agencies.7 ;11<

e a##e# that the go"ernment o! ri an a $ill ta e action against the $ar criminals i!the %.&. !in#s e"i#ence. ;12< Despite this ple#ge: !or cre#ibility p rposes> %.&. s pportan# o"ersight in the trials may be nee#e# beca se the ri an an Dep ty 8inister !or

stice state# that !ormer De!ence ecretary @otabhaya Rajapa sa is sa!e !romprosec tion $hile in ri an a $hich clearly in#icates a bias in the #omestic j #icialsystem as protocol prohibits comments on in"estigations !rom s ch high ran ing

j #icial a thorities. ;13<8ore recently: ri an an Presi#ential enior #"isor on Boreign Relations Dr.

ayantha Dhanpala le!t to meet the %.&. man Rights 4hie! is Royal ighnessPrince Eei# RaCa# Eei# l- ssein o! the ashemite Fing#om o! or#an in @ene"a to

#isc ss ho$ to resol"e this iss e. ;1 < The %& R4 has agree# !or 6constr cti"eengagement7 an# contin e# #ialog e on ho$ to resol"e the iss e $ith ri an a. ;15<The &orthern Pro"incial 4o ncil '&P4( $hich represents the ri an a Tamils $ho$ere "ictims to the allege# genoci#e an# $ar crimes also recently passe# a resol tiona!ter these "isits $ith the !ollo$ing main points> rging the %.&. to contin e itsin"estigation an# the %.&. ec rity 4o ncil to re!er the matter to the 44. This is $hy aTr th an# Reconciliation 4ommission 'TR4( cannot be implemente# in ri an a as!or a o th !rican or iberian style TR4 to s ccee#: both the "ictims an# criminalsm st consent to #e!erring or #elaying j stice.

The &P4: representing ri an an Tamils an# stressing j stice: also s ggests that i! j stice at the 44 is not possible> !oreign co rts that allo$ exercise ni"ersal j ris#iction> $hich o"erri#e both imm nity ratione personae an# imm nity rationemateriae !or $ar crimes as $ell as tort re in co ntries s ch as the %. . or =.%.: sho l#be tilise# conc rrently or alternati"ely .;1G<

lternati"e paths to j stice are being so ght # e to realities o! ri an aCs political an#economic proximity to 4hina $hich hol#s the "eto po$er at the %.&. ec rity 4o ncilan# can cancel any chance o! j stice !or ri an an Tamils at the 44 as re!lecte# bythe "ote on this iss e by 4hina at the %& R4.

ybri# 4riminal 4o rt is a legitimate compromise i! ri an a is gen ine in itsopening p to cooperation $ith the %.&. an# is $illing to accept its !in#ings #espite itsrel ctance to allo$ %.&. in"estigators into the co ntry along $ith n#ia !or the p rposeo! con# cting this in"estigation. %.&. man Rights 4hie! has been in"ite# to ri

an a as o! last $ee so there is progress in allo$ing %.&. o!!icials into ri an a. ;1A< n example o! $here a similar compromise $as ma#e is the =xtraor#inary 4hambersin the 4o rts o! 4ambo#ia '=444( or Fhmer Ro ge Trib nal. ltho gh the =444 is a#omestic co rt: it $as establishe# as an agreement bet$een the Royal @o"ernment o! 4ambo#ia an# the %.&. to a"oi# internationalisation o! the iss e. The Royal

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@o"ernment o! 4ambo#ia $rote ;19< to the then ecretary-@eneral o! the %.&.: Fo!i nnan: !or %.&. assistance to set p the =444 $hich $as then en#orse# by the %.&.@eneral ssembly. ;1?< The 4o rt $as establishe# in 1??A be!ore the intro# ction o!the 44.

nother example o! a compromise to a"oi# internationalisation o! $ar crimes $as thepecial 4o rt !or ierra eone ' 4 ( $here ierra eone Presi#ent Fabbah also

$rote to Fo!i nnan to set p s ch a co rt ;20< !or 6crimes against the people o! ierraeone7 by rebel gro ps. hortly a!ter cons ltations on logistics: the %.&. ec rity

4o ncil passe# a resol tion man#ating the establishment o! the 4 j st as the %.&.@eneral ssembly en#orse# the %.&. assistance to the =444> both #omestic co rts.;21<=ast Timor is also a prece#ent $here a ybri# 4riminal Trib nal $as establishe#terme# the pecial Panels o! the Dili District 4o rt an# le# to j stice !or the "ictims o!genoci#e committe# by n#onesian o!!icials as it ha# j ris#iction o"er 6serio s criminalo!!ences7. imilar to the case o! ri an a: m ch e"i#ence $as gi"en by mnesty

nternational an# $hile the %.&. p ts the #eath toll o! the genoci#e at aro n#

150:000 ;22 more than G0:000 #ie# $ithin G0 #ays ;23< similar to the #eath toll in thelast stages o! ri an aCs 4i"il +ar. The 4o rt itsel! $as establishe# a!ter the %.&.

ec rity 4o ncil man#ate o! a %.&. Transitional #ministration hol#ing a re!eren# m!or a separate state o! =ast Timor $hich came as a compromise bet$een n#onesiaan# the people o! =ast Timor to a"oi# an international trib nal. %. . &ational ec rity

#"isor san Rice has also catagorise# ri an a as a co ntry in 6transition7.;2

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process> i! accepte# by the go"ernment o! ri an a to a"oi# charges in other !oreignregional an# #omestic co rts as calle# pon by representati"es o! the "ictims. [ &$[ '$ This is ! rther explaine# in!ra.+ith the irisena #ministration accepting s pport !rom international agencies as ithas state#: the %.&. @eneral ssembly an#/or %.&. ec rity 4o ncil $ill be s re toestablish an assistance mission or the li e. This is "ery basic as $hen there isagreement bet$een the parties in"ol"e# to cooperate on a ybri# 4riminal Trib nal orthe li e: history sho$s s that the %.&. ec rity 4o ncil has ne"er "etoe#.

="en tho gh 4hina may "eto the re!erral o! the %& R4 recommen#ation to prosec teallege# ri an an an# TT= $ar criminals at the 44: a ybri# 4riminal 4o rt may bethe best option !or the go"ernment o! ri an a.

ri an an +ar 4rimes ss e &ot ne i#e# I TT= +ante# Jy nterpolri an aCs $ar crime iss e is not one si#e# by any means as the in"estigation m st

consi#er the #e! nct TT= as $ell $ho ha"e some o! their !ormer members ali"e an#

$ho ha"e committe# "iolations o! international la$ $ithin the scope o! the %.&.in"estigation. ne only nee# to loo at the case o! F maran Pathmanathan '6FP7( $hohas s ch an nterpol Re# 4orner +arrant iss e# !or his lin s to the assassination o!!ormer n#ian Prime 8inister Raji" @an#hi: !or being the 4hie! rms Proc rer !or the

TT= # ring its existence: an# !or being the temporary 4hie! o! the TT= ;2?< a!ter the#eath o! its original lea#er> Kel pillai Prabha aran.The Rajapa sa #ministration shiel#e# FP !rom extra#ition to n#ia an# e"en allo$e#FP to set p non-pro!it nits in ri an a !or chil#ren title# &orth-=ast Rehabilitationan# De"elopment rganisation '&=RD (. This $as appro"e# by !ormer =elamPeopleCs Democratic Party '=PDP( militant t rne# go"ernment o! ri an a 4abinet

8inister Do glas De"anan#a in the Rajapa sa #ministration $ho is allege# o!intimi#ation: extortion: corr ption: an# "iolence against ri an an Tamils in a!!naaccor#ing to the %. . Department o! tate man Rights Report on ri an a o!2013 ;30 the Transnational @o"ernment o! Tamil

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=elam 'T@T=( ;35< a!ter the #e!eat o! the TT= $here then a!ter: !ormer TT= egal #"isor Kis"anathan R #ra maran #eci#e# to lea# the T@T=.+hen consi#ering prosec ting go"ernment o! ri an a an# !ormer TT= lea#ers inthe %. .: it sho l# be note# that pro"i#ing legal a#"ice to a Boreign Terrorist

rganiHation 'BT ( as proscribe# by the %. . Department o! tate $as not illegal atthe time o! R #ra maranCs legal a#"isory ser"ices an# has then #ebrie!e# abo t hisacti"ities $ith !ormer %. . ssistant ecretary o! tate Robert Jla e. ;3G< ince then:pro"i#ing legal a#"ice to a %. . #esignate# BT $here the 6legal expert7 is in ser"iceor #irecte# by the BT has been ma#e illegal in the #ecision by the %. . preme4o rt in ol#er ". manitarian a$ Project '2010( ;3A< altho gh the !ree#om o!expression incl #ing p blishing articles abo t BT Cs $as phel#. The %. .4onstit tion also expressly bans ex post !acto la$s.+hile the iss e o! FPCs arrest $arrant in n#ia an# Pott mmanCs $hereabo ts are atopic beyon# this article an# s bject to la$ en!orcement agencies s ch as thego"ernment o! n#iaCs 4entral J rea o! n"estigation '4J ( #eman#ing access to FP!or years ;39

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litigation internationally as ri an a is party to this 4on"ention.+itho t cooperating $ith the %.&.: both ri an a an# the #e! nct TT= might !in# itsallege# $ar criminals $ante# by "ario s #omestic an# regional co rts in the $orl#s ch as the = ropean 4o rt o! man Rights '=4t R( $hich $o l# ! rther #amage#iplomatic relations $ith the $estern nations. ll this $o l# re) ire is a plainti!! $ith= ropean %nion nationality to pro# ce e"i#ence an# pro# ce an application n#erR le A o! the R les o! the 4o rt ; G< as $ell as !ollo$ rticle 3 ; A< o! the = ropean4on"ention on man Rights '=4 R( ; 9

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$ith %& n) iry.7 4olombo Page: A Beb. 2015. +eb.Mhttp*//$$$.colombopage.com/archi"e 15 /Beb0A 1 232?311?4 .phpQ .10. Roche: =liHabeth. 6%& R4 to Probe ri an a 4i"il +ar> n#ia bstains !romKote.7 i"emint: 2A 8ar. 201 . +eb.Mhttp*//$$$.li"emint.com/Politics/E&AD a himK9 & AP G 8/ n#ia-to-abstainN .11. ai#er: shani. 6 pen to &e$ pproach in @ene"a* ri an a.7 The in# : 1?

an. 2015. +eb. M http*//$$$.thehin# .com/ne$s/national/mo#i-hopes-sirisena-$in-$ill-promoN .12. 6%& n) iry 4o l# a"e Jeen "oi#e# ! an#le# OpragmaticallyC ays ri an aCs&e$ B8.7 Tamil @ ar#ian: 25 an. 2015. +eb.Mhttp*//$$$.tamilg ar#ian.com/article.asp,articlei#S1355?Q .13. 6@ota a!e !rom +ar 4rimes Probe in ri an a ays Dep stice8inister.7@ota a!e !rom +ar 4rimes Probe in ri an a ays Dep stice 8inister.Tamil @ ar#ian: 2 an. 2015. +eb. M http*//$$$.tamilg ar#ian.com/article.asp,articlei#S13551Q .1 . 6 ri an a * ri an a Presi#entCs #"iser ea"es !or @ene"a to 8eet %& man

Rights 4ommissioner.7 4olombo Page: 25 an. 2015. +eb.Mhttp*//$$$.colombopage.com/archi"e 15 / an25 1 222059004 .phpQ .15. +arna las riya: Deepal. 6%& R4 Rea#y !or a O4onstr cti"e =ngagement 7 The&ation: 30 an. 2015. +eb. M http*//$$$.nation.l /e#ition/brea ing-ne$s/item/3A90?-

nhrc-rea#y-!or-a-N .1G. &P4 Passes Resol tion s ing %& to n"estigate @enoci#e o! Tamils by ri

an a tate. Tamil @ ar#ian: 10 Beb. 2015. +eb.Mhttp*//$$$.tamilg ar#ian.com/article.asp,articlei#S13A2GQ .1A. 6%& Rights 4hie! n"ite# to an a.7 4olombo @aHette: A Beb. 2015. +eb.Mhttp*//colombogaHette.com/2015/02/0A/ n-rights-chie!-in"ite#-to-lan a/Q .

19. 6%& @ etter To Royal @o"ernment o! 4ambo#ia.7 'n.#.(* n. pag. %nite#&ations: 2 ne 1??A. +eb. M http*// na rt-online.org/sites/#e!a lt/!iles/#oc ments/ ne 21 1??A lettN .1?. 6%nite# &ations ssistance to the Fhmer Ro ge Trials.7 %nite# &ations: 0 ly2013. +eb. M http*// na rt-online.org/abo t- sQ .20. 6 greement bet$een the %nite# &ations an# the @o"ernment o! ierra eonean# tat te o! the pecial 4o rt !or ierra eone.7 nternational 4ommittee ! TheRe# 4ross: 1G an. 2002. +eb. M https*//$$$.icrc.org/ihl/ &TR /G05,

penDoc mentQ .21. 6%& 4 Resol tion /R= /1315 '2000(.7 %nite# &ations: 1 g. 2000. +eb.

Mhttp*//$$$. n.org/ga/search/"ie$ #oc.asp,symbolS U2BR=U2B1315U292000U2?Q .22. 64enti-Filo 8 r#ering tates* =stimates: o rces: an# 4alc lations.7 %ni"ersity o!

a$aii: n.#. +eb. M http*//$$$.ha$aii.e# /po$er ills/ D.T J1 .14.@ BQ .23. 4homs y: &oam. 6=ast Timor Retrospecti"e.7 e 8on#e Diplomati) e: ct. 1???.+eb. M http*//$$$.choms y.in!o/articles/1???10I.htmQ .2 . Jr nnstrom: Da"i#. 6%. . ec rity #"iser Rice Ple#ges elp !or ri an aOtransition 7 Thomson Re ters: 0G Beb. 2015. +eb.Mhttp*//$$$.re ters.com/article/2015/02/0G/ s- sa-srilan a-i#% FJ&0 2832N .

http://www.colombopage.com/archive_15A/Feb07_1423293119CH.php%3Ehttp://www.livemint.com/Politics/ZN7DAaXHhimV8ANJ7PO6AM/India-to-abstain-from-vote-on-Sri-Lankas-human-rights-recor.html%3Ehttp://www.thehindu.com/news/national/modi-hopes-sirisena-win-will-promote-reconciliation-in-sri-lanka/article6802130.ece%3Ehttp://www.thehindu.com/news/national/modi-hopes-sirisena-win-will-promote-reconciliation-in-sri-lanka/article6802130.ece%3Ehttp://www.tamilguardian.com/article.asp?articleid=13559%3Ehttp://www.tamilguardian.com/article.asp?articleid=13551%3Ehttp://www.tamilguardian.com/article.asp?articleid=13551%3Ehttp://www.colombopage.com/archive_15A/Jan25_1422205800CH.php%3Ehttp://www.nation.lk/edition/breaking-news/item/37809-unhrc-ready-for-a-constructive-engagement.html%3Ehttp://www.nation.lk/edition/breaking-news/item/37809-unhrc-ready-for-a-constructive-engagement.html%3Ehttp://www.tamilguardian.com/article.asp?articleid=13726%3Ehttp://colombogazette.com/2015/02/07/un-rights-chief-invited-to-lanka/%3Ehttp://unakrt-online.org/sites/default/files/documents/June_21_1997_letters_from_PMs-2-1.pdf%3Ehttp://unakrt-online.org/sites/default/files/documents/June_21_1997_letters_from_PMs-2-1.pdf%3Ehttp://unakrt-online.org/about-us%3Ehttps://www.icrc.org/ihl/INTRO/605?OpenDocument%3Ehttps://www.icrc.org/ihl/INTRO/605?OpenDocument%3Ehttp://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S%2FRES%2F1315(2000)%3Ehttp://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S%2FRES%2F1315(2000)%3Ehttp://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB14.1C.GIF%3Ehttp://www.chomsky.info/articles/199910--.htm%3Ehttp://www.reuters.com/article/2015/02/06/us-usa-srilanka-idUSKBN0LA2M320150206%3Ehttp://www.colombopage.com/archive_15A/Feb07_1423293119CH.php%3Ehttp://www.livemint.com/Politics/ZN7DAaXHhimV8ANJ7PO6AM/India-to-abstain-from-vote-on-Sri-Lankas-human-rights-recor.html%3Ehttp://www.thehindu.com/news/national/modi-hopes-sirisena-win-will-promote-reconciliation-in-sri-lanka/article6802130.ece%3Ehttp://www.thehindu.com/news/national/modi-hopes-sirisena-win-will-promote-reconciliation-in-sri-lanka/article6802130.ece%3Ehttp://www.tamilguardian.com/article.asp?articleid=13559%3Ehttp://www.tamilguardian.com/article.asp?articleid=13551%3Ehttp://www.tamilguardian.com/article.asp?articleid=13551%3Ehttp://www.colombopage.com/archive_15A/Jan25_1422205800CH.php%3Ehttp://www.nation.lk/edition/breaking-news/item/37809-unhrc-ready-for-a-constructive-engagement.html%3Ehttp://www.nation.lk/edition/breaking-news/item/37809-unhrc-ready-for-a-constructive-engagement.html%3Ehttp://www.tamilguardian.com/article.asp?articleid=13726%3Ehttp://colombogazette.com/2015/02/07/un-rights-chief-invited-to-lanka/%3Ehttp://unakrt-online.org/sites/default/files/documents/June_21_1997_letters_from_PMs-2-1.pdf%3Ehttp://unakrt-online.org/sites/default/files/documents/June_21_1997_letters_from_PMs-2-1.pdf%3Ehttp://unakrt-online.org/about-us%3Ehttps://www.icrc.org/ihl/INTRO/605?OpenDocument%3Ehttps://www.icrc.org/ihl/INTRO/605?OpenDocument%3Ehttp://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S%2FRES%2F1315(2000)%3Ehttp://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S%2FRES%2F1315(2000)%3Ehttp://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB14.1C.GIF%3Ehttp://www.chomsky.info/articles/199910--.htm%3Ehttp://www.reuters.com/article/2015/02/06/us-usa-srilanka-idUSKBN0LA2M320150206%3E

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