Alternative legacy : lecture @ BAS april 2011

(y)our alternative legacydeveloping urbanity along Bergen light rail

Byparken

Nonneseter

Bystasjonen

Nygård

Florida

Danmarksplass

Kronstad

Brann stadion

Wergeland

Sletten

Slettebk

Fantoft

Paradis

Hop

NesttunN

(y)our alternative legacydeveloping urbanity along bergen light rail

urbandevelopmentbergen.blogspot.com

decrease the ecological footprintfor future inhabitants of Bergen City (in a 40-80 year perspective)

- densification surrounding light rail stops- strengthened mobility for soft pedestrians- increase knowledge- local recourse circle - cradle to cradle- local production- local business- strengthened local attachment- increased local bio-capasity

STRATEGIES :

posted by laura kl. 16:22Etiketter: :: background, :: process, :: workshop/confronta-tion

energy, rain and stormwa-ter catchment and treat-ment, and other “green” design practices #Increase current City stormwater capacity #Automobile depen-dence and transportation alternatives #Pedestrian streets, public space, and street design #The need to demon-strate effective ecological design, materials, and methods #Education and out-reach to the community #Advanced and in-novative watershed and stormwater management models #Sustainable public in-frastructure improvements #Linkages between environmental restoration and sustainable develop-ment

- stick to your local footprint, bergen rain/ stormwater, light rail/ less cars, walkable/ bikeable distance to kindergarten/shops/ activities, local gar-dens/food/seeds/action-ism ideas and dive in!!!!

look fwd to follow! vibeke jensen 17. april 2010 15:56





















EARLY IDEAS : CONCEPTUAL STRATEGIES FOR URBANIZATION ALONG THE NEW TRAVEL LINE

BACKGROUND OF THE SITUATIONLANDSCAPE, NEEDS & INFRASTRUCTURE

escalated. Connecting Bergen to the rest og theworld with oil.

This development of Bergen (prioritating private car infra-structure) has continued up until today, and still seems to be the political mentality in the Region of Bergen.Bergen Municipality masters an area of 465,68km2. 50% of this landscape is above 160m. 4,4% is freshwater surface.

The urban areas are spread out over 108,5 km2, 23,3% of the total area of the Municipality,divided into eight boroughs. With 267 860 inhabitants it is not a big city.

3,5% of Bergens area is farmland supporting only 11 780 people with food, on a vegetarian diet.

through the year.

If all the 267 860 inhabitants was living on a vegetarian diet and it was all to be producedwithin the Municipality it would require 333,58 km2, 71,6% of

The Goverments amitions for the future is that we must be able to support ourselveswith 50% of consumed food within national borders to not put ourselves in a voulnerable position.Based on these goals and ambitions to lower our eco-foot-printsa change in local political mentality is required.

posted by laura kl. 15:22Etiketter: :: background, :: oil dependency, :: planning, :: politics, :: process, :: project, :: youralternativelegacy

tirsdag 27. juli 2010

BERGEN - LANDSCAPE, PRODUCTIVE LAND & NEEDS The city of Bergen is situated on the west coast of Norway and has been one of the most important national (and inter-national) harbours in its history, with connection to the rest of

The city is situated in a landscape with strongcaracter surrounded by 7 more or less steepmountains, shaped in arcs called Bergens buene.This hilly topography causes the caracteristichumid climate the city is known for; mild humidair from the North Sea and Atlantic comes in andis pushed up along the mountain sides, causing thetemperature to drop and rain. The topography ofBergen also makes city-planning challenging,regarding settlement pattern and infrastrucutralmobility strategies connected to settlement and

After centuries of beeing a city connected by seaand horse (and by foot naturally), from 1900Bergen developed connection-lines by rail.

Bergens banen crossing the mountain to theeastern part of Norway (Oslo) was built in thebeginning of the 20th century. But also within itscity-limits and to neighboring municipalities (nowsome included into Bergen Municipality) light raillines were developed, one of them turning intodays light rail stop, access-point : Wergeland.

From the middle of the 20th century the privatecar was more and more prioritated, and by massivedevelopment of the road system a new settlementpattern spread out caused by the accessibility ofthe car.

465,68 km

Bergen region

100 %=

2

Bergen City Centre and its ten satelitecentres connected by roads,and now the light rail from the centreto Netun in south end of the valley.

Housing constructionOver the last 30 years housing construction has accounted for the greatest urban growth in terms of area. Despite the recent intensi�cation of housing construction in the centre, population growth has still been greatest in the outermost city districts. The current master plan of the municipalityintends to reverse this trend by utilising more development areas for housing and business purposes nearer the city centre.The recommendation is to build 1,500 new housing units per year during the plan period, with a clear focus on densi�cation in and around the centres of the city districts, the local centres and around the light railway stops. Sixty per cent of the building is planned as densi�cation and forty per cent as �eld development. The next few years will also see the construction of 2,000 new student housing units and other rental housing.

URBAN SPRAWL -and the settlement pattern of Bergen

Bergen City Centre and its ten satelitecentres connected by roads,and now the light rail from the centreto Netun in south end of the valley.

Housing constructionOver the last 30 years housing construction has accounted for the greatest urban growth in terms of area. Despite the recent intensi�cation of housing construction in the centre, population growth has still been greatest in the outermost city districts. The current master plan of the municipalityintends to reverse this trend by utilising more development areas for housing and business purposes nearer the city centre.The recommendation is to build 1,500 new housing units per year during the plan period, with a clear focus on densi�cation in and around the centres of the city districts, the local centres and around the light railway stops. Sixty per cent of the building is planned as densi�cation and forty per cent as �eld development. The next few years will also see the construction of 2,000 new student housing units and other rental housing.

URBAN SPRAWL -and the settlement pattern of Bergen

WHY IS FOOD PRODUCTIONAN IMPORTANT PARAMETER IN CITY PLANNING?

production of food is space consuming but we depend upon it......

VALUATION OF LAND....

INDIVIDUAL ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT AND THE IMPACT ON OUR ENVIRONMENT

CHOICE : CAUSE AND EFFECT OF LIFESTYLE...

ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT

THE ECO-FOOTPRINT AND GLOBAL BIOCAPACITYThe measurement called “eco-footprint” is an abstract size or number based on the earths global bio capacity divided by the number of people living on the planet at any time. Meaning as time goes and we become more people our ideal eco-footprint shrinks, at the same time as our consumption increases and reduces the planets bio-capacity. In 2008 the individual ideal eco-footprint was 1,3 gha (global hectars), while the average Norwegian eco-footprint was 6,8.

the abstract size of “ecological-footprint” visualized in the site

WORLD BIO - CAPASITY & ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

Wild species and natural ecosystems are under pressure across all biomes and regions of the

:: habitat loss, fragmentation or change, especially due to agriculture

:: pollution:: the spread of invasive species or genes:: climate change(Livingplanet report)

ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

Humanity depends on healthy ecosystems, they support or improve our quality of life, and with-out them, the Earth would be uninhabitable. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) de-scribes four categories of ecosystem services, starting with the most fundamental::: supporting services such as nutrient cycling:: soil formation and primary production provisioning services such as the production of food, freshwater, materials or fuel

pest control:: cultural (including aesthetic, spiritual, educational and recreational) services.

The MA reported that biodiversity loss contributes to food and energy insecurity, increased -

ability and quality of water, and the erosion of cultural heritage.Most supporting, regulating and cultural ecosystem services are not bought and sold com-mercially, so have no market value. Their decline sends no warning signal to the local or global

producers and consumers, but often undermine the biodiversity and ecosystem services on which the production and consumption ultimately depend. The value of biodiversity to human

planet that can support its human population and one which cannot.

In a globally interdependent economy, people increasingly use ecological capacity from afar. When China imports wood from Tanzania, or Europe imports beef from cattle raised on Brazil-ian soy, these countries are relying on biocapacity outside of their borders to provide the re-sources being consumed by their population.

Biocapacity is not evenly distributed around the world. The eight countries with the most bio-capacity ñ the United States, Brazil, Russia, China, Canada, India, Argentina and Australia ñ contain 50 per cent of the total world biocapacity. Three of the eight countries with the largest biocapacity ñ the United States, China and India ñ are ecological debtors, with their national

Ecological debtor countries face increasing risk from a growing dependence on the biological capacity of others, while countries with ecological reserves can view their biological wealth as an asset that provides an important competitive advantage in an uncertain world. (Livingplanet report)

With the consumption level of the average Norwegian, equivalent to 6,8 gha (global hectares) in 2009 we would need about 4,5 planets to sustain our lifestyle, relative to the number of peo-ple inhabiting the planet now. Increasing local bio-capasity, managing organic waste, re-use of goods and resources, local food production and accessibility for pedestrians will start the change and raise awareness around this.

from transforming the raw foodstuff into final products.# integrated infrastructure, water, waste-water, energy and solid-waste management systems offer opportunities to both integrate with urban infrastructure and turn waste into shared resources. ( Composting food waste for soil improvement, treating urban runoff in ponds using it for irrigation (water source), using waste urban heat for green houses.# diverse education, the urban farmers education, or training of skills, covers agroecological farming practices and possible a range of small-business management strategies (to support the vertically integrated business opportunities).# economic diversity, mixing agriculture with processing, re-tail, restaurants, agro-tourism and education greater econom-ic diversity is achieved in the community, new opportunities for the inhabitants.

Skills and knowledge are of high value,which appeals to us and inspires us.

posted by laura kl. 17:46Etiketter: :: community, :: economy, :: urban gardening, :: youralternativelegacy

THE IDEA OF ARTISAN AGRICULTURE

Conventional agriculture does not integrate easily into the urban fabric. It is space consuming, requires large machinery and heavy spraying of fertilizers and pesticides is “normal”. Risking dust and chemicals to drift into residential areas will always be a concern and therefore conventional agriculture becomes incompatible with modern city-living.In the urban landscape of Bergen, stuck between mountain walls, the artisan model can work better as it is more flexible and adaptable.

Artisan: from Italian: artigiano, is a skilled manual worker who makes items that may be functional or strictly decorative, including furniture, clothing, jewelry, household items, and tools. The term can also be used as an adjective to refer to the craft of hand making food products, such as bread, bever-ages and cheese.Manufacture by hand and with hand tools imparts unique and individual qualities to artisanal products, in contrast to mass produced goods where every one is nearly identical.Artisans were the dominant producers of goods before the Industrial Revolution. Artisans employ creative thinking and manual dexterity to produce their goods. (wikipedia.com)

When speaking of building communities upon an artisan economy one can assume that the food produced is of good quality and worth celebrating simply because of the knowl-edge, skills and concern put in the effort of making it.

Other plus words relating to an artisan agrarian economy are; # low toxicity farming, agroecological farming practices with a minimum of toxic pesticides and fertilizers. # high value products, for urban markets comes from smaller parcels. A community will focus on high value products. (You know your neighbor will suffer if you produce bad sugarpeas or rhubarb.)# vertically integrated economy, the focus of artisan agricul-ture is on finished food products. The local community benefit

SHORT TRAVELED FOODand why this is important

Small-scale processed, locally manufactured and short-trav-elled food areimportant to the environmentally conscious as it relies on and support local economy and businesses. Supporting local food-businesses shifts our food system from a global set of production and economy more dependent on oil as energy source, and a system that consumes a lot more oil. The so called hundred mile diet, or low carbon diet as it is also called, minimizes the emissions released from the production, packaging, processing, transport, preparation and waste of food.Major tenets of a low carbon diet include eating less indus-trial meat and dairy, eating less industrially produced food in general, eating food grown locally and seasonally, eating less processed and packaged foods and reducing waste from food by proper portion size, recycling or composting.*1

Transport of food across great distances of land or sea in high speed refrigerated ships or airplanes is a contributor to carbon dioxide emissions in the food industry. Some studies have argued that growing food only accounts for 21% of the energy required for many food products. Transportation (14%), processing (16%), packaging (7%), food retailing (4%), restau-rants and caterers (7%) and home refrigeration and preparation (32%) account for the rest. *2

Locavore describes a person attempting to eat a diet consist-ing of foods harvested from within a 100-mile radius.

*1 (Randy Hall, “Low Carbon Diet’ Aims to Take Bite Out of Global Warming,” Cybercast News Service, April 18, 2007)

*2 (Danielle Murray, “Oil and Food: A Rising Security Challenge,” Earth Policy Institute, May 9, 2005)

blue dot : hundred mile diet outline of Bergen (160 km)

Bergen

12 13

soil improvem

ent seeding planting

harv

estin

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consumption celebration waste-m

anagement

THE

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introducing the food cyclethe cycle of life

Visualization of the processes involved around our need for food can increase our knowledge and awareness around its origin and the destination of the waste products. We have grown a global economy depending on huge amounts of oil, and we are currently in a position to neglect the recourses lost by throwing away the waste products, be it organic waste or excess food.

Using planning, regulations and education as tools we can little by little facilitate, encourage and show each other how to get more out of the local resources just lying there in front of us, spe-cially in a mild humid climate like in the city of Bergen, on the west coast of Norway.

Explaining the steps of the cycle;

soil improvement, organically, means f.ex charging the soil with nutrients using compost from organic waste, nutrient made from nettle leafs and by using clover, and other cover crops, to let the fields rest in between productive seasons. seeding; is the start of the productive season. Schools, kindergartens and private galleries and conservatories can be effective producers in this stage of the cycle. Either for own use or for sales. planting; in larger fields, agro-parks, vegetable gardens or in the conservatories and galleries; giving the seedlings good environment and enough space to grow into crops. harvesting; for direct use or when the time is right harvesting of the planted fields, the forest gardens, the forest, in the mountain or at sea. In surroundings like Bergen the opportunities are endless from early summer to late autumn.processing;the harvested raw is made into delicate products.consumption; sales of raw and processed local food-stuff in grocery stores, farmers markets, cafes and restaurants. And of course the food used directly from your private vegetable garden, gallery and conservatory.celebration; of the local products and produce with festivals, farmers markets or simply dinner parties with your family or neighbors.waste management; urban organic waste managed locally in small scale facilities. Compost makes excellent organic nutrient. Kept at a small scale the emission of the green gas methane is much less than in large facilities.

URBAN STRATEGIES FOR DECREASING OUR ECO-FOOTPRINT

THE FIVE ECO-FOOTPRINT PARAMETERS# mobility# services# shelter# goods# food

ASPECTS TO IMPLEMENT TO DECREASE FOOTPRINT# increase local bio-capacity# enable use of nature services as much as possible# visualization of the food cycle- “from field to fork” and facili-tate for a “hundred mile diet”# focus on green for production and green for “urban wilds” Establishing areas for urban wilds attracts birds, bugs and animals so that they don´t feed on the crops# education - networking# pedestrian accessibility# densification of central areas to minimize travel time# zero emissions building - ZEB / + housing

more needs met locally = less travel = more sustainable

WHY?

and other extra benefits to quality to life.......

Byparken

Nonneseter

Bystasjonen

Nygård

Florida

Danmarksplass

Kronstad

Brann stadion

Wergeland

Sletten

Slettebk

Fantoft

Paradis

Hop

NesttunN

(y)our alternative legacydeveloping urbanity along bergen light rail


ACCESS POINT WERGELANDdensity people : 8 000( in section view)

N

LANDSCAPE SECTION

HISTORIC DEVELOPMENT OF WERGELAND

aerial 1951 aerial 2006

SITUATION TO NEIGHBORING ACCESS-POINTS

model-view of site facing west, and bottom of valley

TOPOGRAPHY OF WERGELAND

access-

point W

LANDSCAPE / SITUATION EDGES

5 MIN WALKING DISTANCE - 3 MIN DISTANCE BY BICYCLE

EXISTING ROAD SYSTEM

EXITING BICYCLE ROUTES THROUGH SITUATION

EXISTING GREEN : GRASS FIELDS / WOODS

EXISTING PROGRAMS

EXISTING PROGRAMS SPORTS

EXISTING COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISE

POSTCARDS FROM WERGELAND

INVERSION CAP & TREE BORDER - ZONING LARGE SCALE FOR PRODUCTION

AERIAL COMPARED TO CITY CENTER VIEW

DENSITY OF PEOPLE SAME, DENSITY OF BUILDINGS DIFFERENT

30 000

25000

20 000

15 000

10 000

5 000

02010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100

28 1

41

21 2

79

13 9

92

10 5

80

ESTIMATED POPULATION GROWTH FOR WERGELAND (model view) 2010 -2100(based on 15% growth every ten years) SSB : 2010 - 2030 238% ESTIMATED GROWTH NEXT90 YEARS

DENSIFICATION STRATEGIES AND GROWTH CALCULATIONS

900 000

800 000

700 000

600 000

500 000

400 000

300 000

252 0512010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100

852

497

644

611

423

838

320

555

ESTIMATED POPULATION GROWTH FOR BERGEN 2010 -2100(based on 15% growth every ten years) SSB : 2010 - 2030 238% ESTIMATED GROWTH NEXT90 YEARS

POPULATION GROWTH

access-point : WERGELAND ; 2010 - 2030 + 2580



SIZE OF LIVING SPACE

one persons average living space 1980 = 34 m2 (102 m3)

one persons average living space 2003 = 162 m3

one persons living space after 2010= 90 m3 ( 30m3 x 3m hight)*

* large space is energy waste, smaller space is energy saving





DENSIFICATION STRATEGIES AND GROWTH CALCULATIONS

Mobility strategies in a situation connected to a system like metro, train or light rail is to develop a street structure leading to the access / departure point. A pedestrian trav-el circle stretches out to 5 min of walking (approx 400 mtrs), while traveling by bike stretches out to around 1000-1500 mtrs.

MOBILITY AND DENSIFICATION AT THE ACCESS-POINTS

With densification strategies to limit build-ing activity to surrounding access-points one save land and travel time. Develop-ing street-structures for people (instead of cars) with shortcuts and direction towards access-points increases accessibility.

DENSIFICATION STRATEGIES300 circle & TRAVEL CORRIDORS

Densification of the travel lines with buildings, green and programmes attracts people to walk and bike, as there is more to experience on the way to work etc.Adding building volumes into the existing structure to intensify an urban street feeling,is important especially along the travel corridors leading to the acces-points.This improves the “street feeling”, ap-posed to a “road feeling”, decreasing urban sprawl.

Within the 300 mtrs radius of the access point it is strategical to build tall and tight (high density of business and housing), to keep the accessibil-ity to many haigh.Closer is shorter is more accessible.

Desification of green zones becomes higher as one travel further out of the 300 circle and into the areas of lower density.

in the 300 circle radius;tall and tight to make the ligaht rail stop accessible to more people.

fill in structures intensifies the street feeling.allowing office,-shop,-café or other commercial/public/open window activities to the street level intensifies the feeling of an urban environ-ment

BUSY STREETS AND PLACES SURROUNDING THE ACCESS-POINT

Investigating concepts, shapes, programs and attributes of the streetscape....What makes one block or street more interesting than others?With inspiration from f.ex the BORNEO project in Amsterdam (WEST8http://www.west8.nl/projects/all/borneo_sporenburg/), and other street views and experiences, I am search-ing for some qualities, attributes, intrin-sic values etc that gives character to a neighborhood.This is qualities that one can sense when first experiencing a street or neighbor-hood, the visual impulses and aesthetics. But living in and being a user of a place connects experiences of other dimen-sions to the feeling of a place and the care (or lack of care) you feel for it, in the perspective of investing time and energy to it, making it your own.

IDENTITY, SENSATION AND DIVERSITY IN THE STREETS

BORNEO PROJECTFROM CANAL SIDE

The mosaic above is different images from Paris and Malmø.Both the cities have a lot of characteristics and varieties. Especially Paris has a rich variety in programs on street level that the neighbors use; bakery, coffeshop/cafés, grocery stores, laundry etc. Makes it possible for people to do their necessary things within their area... Which again make the area active...

The two pictures below shows the facades from both sides of Nygårdsgaten here in the City of Bergen, a varied street with different programs on street level and mostly apartments from first floor and above. How can one regulate an area or lead development into a varied expression like this? Is this pos-sible? Maybe the Borneo development shows that it can?

+ =

some buildings drawn back creates social spaces in streets different type of streets different intensity in programs

densification ; fill-in structure (creates blokcs and streets) for inside-out-side qualities ; public, semi-public, private

POSSIBILITIES

ACTIVE & QUIET : STREETS AND PLACES

Striving for inviting ( vs. privatized / repellent) environments in the streets and squares it is important to get people out of the buildings. Without visual connection between people in the streets they appear empty and unattractive. Closed facades, especially on street level is experienced as uninviting.Shops on ground level of the build-ings makes streets, places and spaces experienced more public, and it attracts activity. By applying galleries on the outside of the facades, and conservatories in between, people living there get a climatic zone between inside and outside. This can help extract some activity from the inside, and increase more outside activity.

The season is extended.

In the new structure where a differenciation in street and backyard is established and existing ; open up for “shortcuts” (walking paths) through the structure -increase sense of security ,“watching windows”, -increase social meetings -increase accessibility

SOCIAL SHORTCUTS

INCREASED SOCIAL MEETINGS AND ACCESSIBILITY

SURFACE WATER TREATMENTDealing with water on the surface addsqualities to the urban, rurban and rural environment.Green roofs, wetlands and permeable surfaces filters the water before it enters streams and ponds/lakes. Surroundings like this also helps fighturban heat island effect in the grey environment of the city.In an urban gardening environment, surface water installations can also work for irrigation of gardens and fields.

FOREST GARDENS &“URBAN WILDS”

Blueberries, strawberries,raspberries, blackberries,hazelnuts, rhubarb, mountain cranberries, wild garlic...

Forest gardens and urban wilds gives us the opportunities to harvest berries, fruits and nuts, and it attracts birds and insects away from the crops in the gar-dens, public agro-parks and the production fields.

1.CANOPY (LARGE FRUIT & NUT TREES)2. LOW TREE LAYER (DWARF FRUIT TREES)3. SHRUB LAYER ( CURRANTS & BERRIES)

4. HERBACEOUS ( COMFREYS, BEETS, HERBS)5. RHIZOSPHERE ( ROOT VEDGETABLES)

6. SOUIL SURFACE ( GROUND COVER, EG, STRAWBERRY, ETC.)

7. VERTICAL LAYER (CLIBERS, VINES)

FOREST GARDEN:SEVEN LEVEL BENEFICIAL GUILD.

forest garden zones in the urban plan

SITUATION TODAY - BUILDINGS AND TOPOGRAPHY

NEW STRUCTURE AND NEW SITUATIONS

ALL ELEMENTS COMBINED MAKING THE NEW STRUCTURE AND NEW SITUATIONS

access-point = the hart (retail, markets, shops, publ. square)

secondary squares(a shop, a tree, running water, the bakery etc)

new travel lines / shortcuts

public agro parks

larger production zone(below inversion cap)

urban wilds / forest gardens

resource management site(composting - cradle to cradle)

FROM THE “HART” IN THE NEW SITUATION, MIXED PROGRAMS FADES IN CONSENTATION

laura_ve : MASTER DIPLOMA PROJECT _ (y)our alternative legacy WERGELAND-BERGENexhibition photos

feel free to visit :


and / or

youralternativelegacy.blogspot.com

laura_ve : arkitektur&planø. korskirkesmauet 2b

5018-NOe: [email protected] : +4791305175

w: lauravearkitekturogplan.blogspot.com

laura_ve : MASTER DIPLOMA PROJECT _ (y)our alternative legacy - developing urbanity along bergen light railBergen School of Architecture 2010

Alternative legacy : lecture @ BAS april 2011

Design

bergen bergen rainstormwater

bergen landscape

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bergen light rail

local watershed

sustainable public

region of bergen

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