Jan 23, 2016
How Electricity is generated…
• A force is needed to push the blades of a turbine• Turbine keeps a generator turning• Electromagnet produces electrical current
Traditional energy production (Fossil Fuels)
Combustion of Fossil Fuels
Hydrocarbon + O2 CO2 + H2O
Benzene – C6H6
(liquid)
Examples:• Methane (CH4) – small – Gas at room temp.
• Benzene (C6H6) – medium - Liquid• Paraffin (CxHx) – large - Solid
Uranium Uranium Pellets
Fuel Rod Assemblies
NUCLEAR ENERGY
Nuclear Fission • Energy within the nucleus of an atom is more than 1 million times stronger than the chemical bonds between atoms.• FUEL = URANIUM (nonrenewable metal)• Uranium atoms are bombarded with neutrons that cause the nucleus to split open and energy is released.
How Electricity is Produced from Conventional Nuclear Fission
Nuclear Energy Advantages
1. Energy is very concentrated in the Uranium (one pellet = 1780 lbs of coal = 149 gallons of oil!)
2. Non-polluting – only steam, not smoke
Disadvantages
1. Disposal of hazardous waste
2. Can be dangerous – meltdown or weapons
Low-Level Radioactive waste
High-Level Radioactive waste
Storage Options - Temporary/On-Site
Storing Spent Fuel in wet and dry storage
Temporary storage includes above-ground storage casks
Solar EnergyPassive Solar Heating – uses Sun’s solar energy to heat something directly
Active Solar Heating – Energy from the Sun is gathered by collectors and used to heat water or heat a building.
Photovoltaic Cells – Energy from the Sun is gathered by collectors and used to heat water or heat a building.
Solar Power Tower – Heliostats (mirrors) focus sun’s light on a central receiving tower. •A liquid is heated inside of a pipe.
• Hot pipe comes in contact with water & makes steam
Solar Energy
Advantages
1. “Fuel” is free (the sun)
2. Provides endless heat & light
3. It’s non-polluting
Disadvantages
1. Expensive to install/build
2. Need battery back up for night & cloudy days
3. Land-intensive
Wind Farm – large array of wind turbines that collectively generate electricity - Sun & convection produce wind
Wind Energy
Advantages
1. “Fuel” is free (sun wind)
2. Meet 10-15% of U.S. energy needs
3. It’s non-polluting
Disadvantages
1. Land-intensive
2. Large & Noisy
3. Hazardous to birds (flyways)
4. Consistent wind is on shoreline & mountainsides
Hydroelectric Energy – Energy produced from moving water
Advantages
1. “Fuel” is free (sun water cycle)
2. Water storage
3. High energy storage
4. Non-polluting
Disadvantages
1. Sediments build up behind the dams
2. Reservoir floods land
3. Disrupts fish migration
4. Too much development to build new dams
Hydroelectric Energy
Geothermal Energy – Groundwater that has been heated by energy within Earth’s crust
Geothermal Heat-pump
Geothermal Energy
Advantages
1. “Fuel” is free (hot water)
2. There is an abundance of hot water underground
3. Non-polluting
Disadvantages
1. Steam in one location only lasts 10-15 years
2. Will not produce a high percentage of power
3. Overuse & reinjection may deplete hot water
Tidal Energy – Energy produced from rising & falling tidal currents
Tidal EnergyAdvantages
1. “Fuel” is free (moon tides)
2. The tides are a steady source of energy
3. It’s non-polluting
Disadvantages
1. Limited use (area must have > 8 ft tidal range)
2. Block boat traffic
3. Hazardous to marine organisms
4. Corrosion in salt water