Alternative Energy Propulsion in Short Route Ferries Case Study: Halifax Harbour Ferries Presented By: E.Y.E. Marine Consultants.

Alternative Energy Propulsion in Short Route Ferries

Case Study: Halifax Harbour FerriesPresented By:

E.Y.E. Marine Consultants

What is meant by “Alternative Energy”?

Hybrid Green Energy

Reducing Emissions

But Does it Pay?

What we Are Comparing?

Diesel Engines Main source of

power from diesel fuel

No secondary sources of power

Diesel Propulsion vs. Hybrid Diesel Electric Main source of

power from Battery Bank

Secondary sources of power from diesel generator

Plug into electrical grid during stops and over night

vs.Battery Battery

Powered Main source of

power from Battery Bank

No secondary sources of power

Plug into electrical grid during stops and over night

Energy Density

Diesel, 10400

Li-Ion, 163 Lead Acid, 20

Engine Generated power, 4160

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

1 Litre

Wh

So Why bother? Consider ferry uses 15L/Trip of fuel Ferry operates 67 trips a day That’s 1005 Litres of Diesel Fuel per day. @ $1/L that’s $1005/day

Amount of energy used per day

1005L x 10.4 kW-h/L = 10452 kW-h/Day Diesel engine operates at approximately 40%

efficiency = 10452 x .4 = 4180.8 kW-h/Day Average rate of power from NS power is

$0.12/kW-h Total operating cost = 4180.8 x 0.12 = $501.70

Total Savings of $503.30/day

Let’s look at BatteriesLead Acid

(AGM)

Lithium Ion

Nominal Voltage 2.0V 3.70V

Energy Density 20 Wh/kg 163 Wh/kg

Cycle Life

(50% DOD)

~3000

(8 yrs.)

~300,000

Charge Capacity C/5 2C

Pack Maintenance

$0/ Life time $0/ Life time

Installation

Cost

$20 /kW-h $1600 /kW-h

Recyclable Yes Yes

Battery Propulsion

Total Required Capacity:

Diesel = 10451 kW-h

Battery = 2626 kW-h

Rate of Power Consumption

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 61 66

# Trips

kW-h Rate of Consumption Diesel

Battery Capacity

The BreakdownTotal Power Used = 4238 kW-h/Day

Total Rechargeable Power = 1620 kW-h/DayAvailable Regeneration Rate

600V x 250Amps = 150 kW

Off Hours Recharge required = 2625 kW-h/Day

The Good

Daily SavingsSavings/Day $689.94Co2 Emission Saved 2.49 Ton/day

Yearly SavingsSavings/Year $137,287.57Co2 Emission Saved 907.06 Tons/yr

The BadActual Battery Capacity Needed:

AGM = 6562.5 kW-h

Li-Ion = 4375 kW-h

Installation Cost:

AGM = $ 131,670.00 (@ $20/kW-h every 8 years)

Li-Ion = $ 7,000,000.00 (@ $1600/kW-h Life time)

Over 30 yrs.Diesel PowerEngine Costs $235,000.00Maintenance $609,039.00Fuel $6,000,000.00Total $6,844,039.00

AGM PowerInstall Costs $493,762.50Maintenance $0.00Energy Costs $1,881,372.86Total $2,375,135.36

Li-Ion PowerInstall Costs 7,000,000.00Maintenance 0.00Energy Costs $1,881,372.86Total $8,881,372.86

The UglyActual Battery Size Needed:

AGM = 321,125 kg or 87.5 m^3

Li-Ion = 26,840 kg or 13.7 m^3

The Ugly Cont’dCharging Constraints:

600V x 250 Amps = 150 kW

Max. Charge Off Duty

150 kW x 6 Hours x 2 chargers = 1800 kW-h

We Require 2625 kW-h

Now Where?

Need to reduce the Battery Bank Size.

Reduce the Battery Bank Capacity. Reduce the installation costs for

the battery bank.

What are the things we need to change?

SOLUTION?

HYBRID!

Hybrid Propulsion

Battery Capacity

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65

# of Trips

kW-h

1 Generators

2 Generators

3 Generators

4 Generators

The Breakdown1 Generator:

Required Battery Capacity = 1660 kW-h

Installed Capacity:

AGM = 4150 kW-h

Li-Ion = 2667 kW-h

2 Generators:

Required Battery Capacity = 1000 kW-h

Installed Capacity:

AGM = 2500 kW-h

Li-Ion = 1667 kW-h

30 Year Cost ComparisonDiesel PowerEngine Costs $235,000.00Maintenance $609,039.00Fuel $11,004,750.00Total $11,848,789.00

1 Generator 2 GeneratorsAGM PowerInstall Costs $312,246.00Engine Costs $75,000.00Maintenance $214,839.00Fuel $6,341,825.00Total $6,943,910.00

Li-Ion PowerInstall Costs 2,666,666.67Engine Costs 150,000.00Maintenance 429,678.00Fuel 9,277,193.03Total 12,523,537.69

Li-Ion PowerInstall Costs 4,426,666.67Engine Costs 75,000.00Maintenance 214,839.00Fuel $6,341,825.00Total 11,058,330.66

AGM PowerInstall Costs $188,100.00Engine Costs $150,000.00Maintenance $429,678.00Fuel $9,277,193.03Total $10,044,971.03

The Physical RestrictionsActual Battery Size Needed:

AGM = 207,500 kg or 53.3 m^3

Li-Ion = 16,973 kg or 8.7 m^3

Li-Ion Only Solution

The Good and Bad

30 yr. Savings of $ 790,458.40

Emission Savings of CO2 = 360.5 Tons/yr Nox = 5.96 Tons/yr

Less exposed to fluctuations in fuel prices

More exposed to fluctuations in electricity prices.

Still very high installation Costs

Additional costs for charging infrastructure required at dockside.

The Good The Bad

From Here? Further analysis required into ferry operating

loads. Further study into optimal generator size

and quantity. Discuss possible safety issues with regard

to stored battery capacity. Look for better battery technology to

improve energy densities. Determine Charging infrastructure

requirement and cost at dockside. Collect firm data with regards to purchasing

bulk energy and off peak recharging.

Conclusion Technology is viable today with modest

savings. Further savings possible with

development of emission credits. Government incentives to promote and

off set large installation costs. Further reduction in price with bulk

purchases of power and off peak recharging.

Satisfaction of saving emissions and helping environment.

E.Y.E. Marine ConsultantsSuite 1, 327 Prince Albert Road

Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, CanadaB2Y 1N7

Phone: (902) 463.8940Fax: (902) 463.6319

Email: [email protected]

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