Alternative Energy Profile of Turkey Ali AYDIN ELECTRICAL-ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING EEE301 Electromechanical Energy Conversion Termwork
Alternative Energy
Profile of Turkey
Ali AYDIN ELECTRICAL-ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
EEE301
ElectromechanicalEnergy Conversion
Termwork
INTRODUCTION
1. What is “alternative energy” ?2. Common Types of Alternative Energy
2.1 Hydro-Electric Energy2.1.a Hydro-Electric Energy and Turkey
2.2 Natural Gas2.2.a Natural Gas and Turkey
2.3 Solar Energy2.3.a Solar Energy and Turkey
2.4 Nuclear Energy2.4.a Nuclear Energy and Turkey
2.5 Wind Energy2.5.a Wind Energy and Turkey
2.6 Geothermal Energy2.6.a Geothermal Energy and Turkey
2.7 Biofuel and Ethanol2.7.a Biofuel and Turkey
2.8 Hydrogen2.8.a Hyrogen and Turkey
2.9 Coal2.9.a Coal and Turkey
3. Overall Statistics
1. What is “alternative
energy” ?
Alternative energy is an umbrella term that refers to any source of usable energy intended to replace fuel sources without theundesired consequences of the replaced fuels . [1]
1. What is “alternative
energy” ?
Energy that is not popularly used and is usually environmentally sound, such as solar or wind energy (as opposed to fossilfuels). [4]
Natural Resources Defense
Council
Energy fuelled in ways that do not use upnatural resources or harm theenvironment .[3]
Oxford Dictioanry
Fuel sources that are other than thosederived from fossil fuels. Typically usedinterchangeably for renewable energy. Examples include: wind, solar, biomass, wave and tidal energy. [2]
Material Management Services
DefinitonSource
Common Definitons For Alternative Energy
2.Common Types of
Alternative Energy
• Hydro-Electric Energy• Natural Gas• Solar Energy• Nuclear Energy• Wind Energy• Geothermal Energy• Biofuel and Ethanol• Hydrogen• Coal
[5]
2.1. Hydro-Electric
Energy
Hydro-Electric EnergyHydroelectric energy is generated from dammed water that d rives a
water turbine and generator. The power of the water of a ti de createspressure that will turn either a turbine or a water wheel is able to provideenergy to the electric generator. . [6]
2.1. Hydro-Electric
Energy
Advantages & Disadvantages .
• Hydroelectric Energy has some advantages. First, water c an be held in order to provide for times of less water. This is a difference fromthe other forms of alternative energy since with hydroele ctric energyyou have the ability to accumulate the water. This means that theenergy can be generated consistently. Hydroelectric pow er, like wind, solar, and geothermal energy, has no waste or pollution . Additionally, it is renewable because the water can be reused.
• Disadvantages of hydroelectric energy include that the da ms can be rather expensive to build. There also needs to be enough supply of water to create energy, and that supply of water needs to be powerful. [6]
2.1.a Hydro-Electric
Energy and Turkey
Because Turkey has really wide water sources and does not h avesignificant oil and gas resources the hydro-electric energ y has the mainrole in the energy activities with the coal. Actually coa l has biggerpercentage of supporting electricity production but not only with thelocas sources , because Turkey also imports coal .
There are about 503 hydro-electric power plants in Turkey alreadycreated or being structured recently . [7]
2.1.a. Hydro-Electric
Energy and Turkey
[8]
2.2. Natural Gas
Natural GasNatural gas is a fossil fuel. It does, however, have some differences. It
does not produce carbon dioxide, which is the main greenh ousegas. This makes natural gas a better option. There is also s till a ratherlarge supply of natural gas in the world. [6]
Natural gas is found in areas with other fossil fuels, and can even be created by other organisms. Most of the natural gas in the w orld is produces in North American and Asia, with several other d evelopedcountries producing large amounts :
2.2 Natural Gas
Advantages & DisadvantagesThere are several advantages to using natural gas, includi ng the reduces
environmental damage, cost, and ease of use, since man y homes andbusinesses could easily be converted to use natural gas. Th ere aredisadvantages, just like anything else. It does still rele ases greenhousegases, and the process to isolate methane is quite complex .
2.2.a. Natural Gas and
TurkeyAs of the end of 2009, our remaining exploitable natural gas reserve is
6,2 billion m³. Our installed power in natural gas is 14. 576 MW, whichcorresponds to 32,7% of our total installed power.
According to studies on natural gas supply-demand balance , there is no problem until 2011 to meet the annual gas demand. But dur ing wintermonths, when demand is high, disruptions in source or ro ute countriesmay create seasonal imbalances of supply and demand.
In this context, commissioning in 2007 of Silivri natu ral gas depot, whichhas a capacity of 1,6 billion m³, has been very benefic ial for ensuringavailability of seasonal supply [7]
2.2.a. Natural Gas and
Turkey
Turkey has not so bigreserves of Natural gas , so thedemand for natural gas is being supplied by importingnatural gas with the pipelines . In the figure you can see howthe reserves of Turkey aregoing down year by year .
2.2.a. Natural Gas and
Turkey
Natural Gas’s
Production Capasity
Consumption Capasity
[10]
2.2.a. Natural Gas and
Turkey
Here you can see the pipelines which provide gas to Turkey :
[8]
2.3. Solar Energy
Solar EnergySolar energy is created by trapping the sun's rays into sol ar cells where
the sunlight is changed into electricity. Solar energy is most commonlyused for producing electricity, getting the salt out of w ater, heating, andcooking.
The total solar energy absorbed by Earth's atmosphere, o ceans and landmasses is approximately 3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per yea r. Solar energycan be harnessed in different levels around the world. D epending on a geographical location the closer to the equator the more "po tential" solar energy is available. [11]
2.4. Solar Energy
Advantages & DisadvantagesOne advantage is that as long as we have a sun, its energy is
renewable. Secondly, like wind power, it does not contr ibute to pollutionand keeps our world clean. Solar energy is a very practica l form of energyfor lighting and heating.
Just like wind power, solar power also has the disadvanta ge ofinconsistency. There are sunny days and of course also clo udy days !
2.4.a. Solar Energy
and Turkey
• Having a high potential for solar energy due to its geograp hicalposition, Turkey's average annual total sunshine durati on is calculated as 2.640 hours (daily total is 7,2 hours), and average tot al radiation pressureas 1.311 kWh/m²-year (daily total is 3,6 kWh/m²). Sol ar energy potential is calculated as 380 billion kWh/year.
• The amount of solar collectors installed in our country i s roughly 12 million m² with a technical solar energy potential of 76 TEP, and annualgeneration volume is 750.000 m², part of which is expor ted.
• In our country, installed solar cell capacity, which is used mostly in public bodies for supplying small amounts of power and for r esearchpurposes, has reached 1 MW.
[7]
2.4.a. Solar Energy
and Turkey
[8]
2.4. Nuclear Energy
Nuclear EnergyNuclear energy is energy created through atoms. By either s plitting
atoms (fission) or merging them (fusion), it creates ene rgy from thereaction. [6] Nuclear energy, while it does produce a large amount of power, has several other hazards. Nuclear energy creates dangerousnuclear waste which is difficult to deal with. It must be st ored in a securelocation until it can be properly dealt with.
2.4. Nuclear Energy
Advantages & DisadvantagesOne of the big advantages of nuclear energy is the amount o f power it
can produce from one plant, although the cost for building one is quitehigh. The dangerous effects nuclear power can have on peop le or theenvironment have led many of the more developed countries t o steer awayfrom the use of nuclear energy until the risks can be elimi nated. Forexample The Chernobyl incident which caused many deaths of people andharm to the environment. [6]
2.4.a. Nuclear Energy
and TurkeyNext to global developments that make renewable energy so urces more
common spread, nuclear energy investment projects are als o gainingimpetus worldwide.
Turkey currently has no nuclear power plant , but the dev elopment in both economy and technology we are getting ready to get in th e area of nuclear energy .
On May 2010, an intergovernmental agreement was signed betweenTurkey and Russia regarding the construction a nuclear pow er plant in Mersin-Akkuyu. [7]
2.4.a. Nuclear Energy
and Turkey
Also there is another block to work with nuclear energy in T urkey : There is a law which does not let nuclear power plants to be structured .
Based on electricity energy supply and demand projections , it is targeted by 2020 that nuclear power plants will have a mini mum of 5% share in electricity production. To that end, Law No. 57 10 on Constructionand Operation of Nuclear Power Plants and Law on Sale of En ergy (2007) were enacted. [7] Below you can see the nuclear resources of Turkey :
2.5. Wind Energy
Wind EnergyWind is a natural energy source. When the wind blows, the b lades of the
turbine rotate. The rotation is then converted into an ele ctrical currentthrough the use of an electrical generator. [6] These wind turbines areusually built on wind farms. Electrical currents today are harnessed bylarge wind farms that are used by national electrical grids. They are alsoused on a smaller scale for providing electricity to small er homes orlocations.
2.5. Wind Energy
Advantages & DisadvantagesThere are a number of advantages to using wind power. First , it produces
no pollution. This means there are no harmful by-products and ourenvironment stays healthy. Secondly, wind energy is a re newable source, sowe will never run out of wind. Third, wind turbines can be placed on farms in which livestock are raised. There are also some disadvantag es and concernsabout wind energy: Once concern is that wind power is not constant . Anotherconcern is that some people believethat the wind turbines are ugly and they do not want them aro und. [6]
2.5.a. Wind Energy and
Turkey
• World's wind resource is estimated as 53 TWh/year, and p resently thetotal installed wind energy power is 40.301 MW. One thir d of this power is in Germany
• With Turkey Wind Energy Potential Atlas (REPA), which was realized in 2007, it is calculated that our country has a minimum w ind energypotential of 5.000 MW in regions with annual wind speed o f 8,5 m/s andhigher, and 48.000 MW with wind speed higher than 7,0 m/s .
• Our installed power for wind energy reached the level of 802 ,8 MW as of the end of 2009. Upon taking effect of the Renewable E nergy Law, licenses were granted to 93 new wind projects which deliver a total installed power of 3.363 MW. Out of these projects, pow ers plants whichcorrespond to an installed power of 1.100 MW are present ly underconstruction. [7]
2.5.a. Wind Energy and
Turkey
Installed power development via wind power . [12]
2.5.a. Wind Energy and
Turkey
[8]
2.6. Geothermal Energy
Geothermal EnergyGeothermal energy is the natural energy formed by the earth . The hot
rocks that are under the ground heat the water to produce stea m. Thenyou can drill holes in this area, causing the steam to shoo t up and driveturbines. The turbines then power electric generators.
[6]
2.6. Geothermal Energy
Advantages & DisadvantagesJust as wind and solar power, geothermal energy does not pollute or cause
harmful by-products. A geothermal plant is a very self-s ufficient energysource once it has been built. These plants are typically r ather small and do not have much affect on the beauty of the landscape.
As usual, there are always some negatives. If the geotherm al plant is not produced correctly, there can be pollutants. Also, if t he drilling is not done correctly, there will be hazardous minerals and gases rel eased into the air. [6]
2.6.a. Geothermal Energy
and Turkey
Since Turkey is located on theAlpine-Himalayan belt, it holds a substantially high geothermalpotential. Geothermal potential of our country is 31.500 MW. Areas withpotential are concentrated in Western Anatolia (77,9%). By thisday, 13% of said potential (4.000 MW) has been made available by MTA General Directorate of our Ministry.
While 1.500 MW of our geothermalenergy potential is assessed to be suitable for electricity generation, finalized data is so far 600 MW. As of the end of 2009, our installed powerof geothermal energy reachedaround 77,2 MW. [7]
Denizli Kizildere Geothermal Power plant
2.6.a. Geothermal Energy
and Turkey
[8]
2.7. Biofuels and Ethanol
Biofuels are fuels that are madefrom animals or plants. They mayinclude methane from animalwaste, wood chippings, orwood. Today ethanol has beengetting a lot of attention for its usein combination with gasoline fortransportation use. [6]
There are various types of biofuels, mainly being used topower machines, for cooking, andto heat homes. The technologyused to create and utilize biofuelsis still fairly new, but is gainingpopularity in Europe, Asia, andAmerica.
Biofuels and Ethanol
2.7. Biofuels and Ethanol
2.7. Biofuels and Ethanol
Advantages & DisadvantagesOne of the big advantages of biofuels is the fact that they can be
renewable. Ethanol, which is made from corn, can be mad e as long as thereis a steady supply of corn. Biofuels are also less hazardo us on theenvironment
One of the disadvantages is the amount of resources it ta kes to make a biofuel. It costs more and takes more resources to make a gal lon of ethanolthan it takes to make a gallon of gas. It also takes fossil f uels to grow andharvest the corn to make the biofuel. [6]
2.7.a. Biofuels and
Turkey
• There are currently four bio-ethanol production fac ilities established in Turkey. However, only one of them actively operates . This facility uses mostly corn and very rarely wheat as a raw material .
• The total capacity of the sector is currently 160,0 00 MT and the total production in 2009 was 40,000 MT and it is predicte d to continue to remain at this level through 2010 and 2011. Approximately 150, 000 MT of corn was used to produce 40,000 MT bio-ethanol in 2009. [7]
• The Turkish public and commercial transportation sector us es only dieselfor fuel. Turkish regulations do not allow bio-diesel pr oducers to sell bio-diesel directly to users.
• Since the producers do not have direct sales licenses, t hey must sellproducts to petroleum distribution companies whose licens es give themauthority to sell bio-diesel to gas stations or to consumers . [13]
2.7.a. Biofuels and
Turkey
Bifuel acitivites of Turkey [13]
2.8. Hydrogen
HydrogenHydrogen fuel is used primarily in batteries, and while i t hasn't been
profitable yet, it is promising. This type of alternati ve energy is used primarilyin batteries, by combining oxygen and hydrogen to create p ower. The onlyby-product is water vapor, instead of dangerous and dama ging carbondioxide.
2.8. Hydrogen
Advantages & DisadvantagesIf there was an easier way to produce the hydrogen needed for the reaction
in the batteries, hydrogen would be a great energy sourc e Hydrogen so far has not proven to be a very profitable energy source sinc e it takes “ moreenergy to manufacture than the hydrogen actually produces. ” It is, however, a very good fuel for the environment and has turned out to be a good energysource for vehicles. [6]
2.8.a. Hydrogen and
Turkey
Turkey is not well-known withhydrogen energy , but in last fewyears hydrogen energy is one thetarget energy area of it .
The first project of its kind in Turkey, the Bozcaada HydrogenIsland project was installed in Bozcaada Governor's building by theInternational Centre for HydrogenEnergy Technologies (ICHET), a United Nations IndustrialDevelopment Organization (UNIDO) project supported by the TurkishMinistry of Energy and NaturalResources (MENR) in 07 October2011. [9]
Turkey’s first step into the Hydrogen world !
2.9. Coal
275 million tons
Eskişehir-Alpu
170 million tons
Manisa-Soma-Eynez
498 million tons
Thrace
1.280 million tons
Konya-Karapinar
420 million tons
Elbistan*
1.915 million tons
Afsin-Elbistan*
Reserve Amount
Lignite Reserve Regions in Turkey
*Lignite from Afsin-Elbistan is within a lower heating valueof 1000 to 1500 kcal/kg. About half of the total lignitereserve of our country is in this region.
As shown in the table, total reserves of newfound lignite is 4,138 billion tons. Together with the newfound reserves ourcountry's total lignite reserves increasedfrom 8,3 tons to 12,4 tons.
Out of total electricity energy producedby the end of August 2009, around 29% was from imported and domestic coal.
Out of coal fired electricity productionby the end of August, 27% comes hard coal and imported coal, while 73% comesfrom domestic lignite coal.
[7]
2.9.a. Coal and Turkey
Young coal sources Old coal sources
[8]
3. Overall Statistics
Energy Intensity of Turkey comparing with the other countr ies
[8]
3. Overall Statistics
Inverstment costs figure [8]
3. Overall Statistics
Renewable-hydro,solar,wind… %17
Natural gas
oil
forestry
coal
coal
oilforestry
Renewable-hydro,solar,wind… %4
Natural gas
Production Capasity Consumption Capasity
So %75 of our energy is imported
[10]
3. Overall Statistics
hyroelectric Natural gas
hyroelectric
Lingite coal
Installed power development via sources . [12]
3. Overall Statistics
Change in Electricity Production of Turkey Per Year with Several SourcesNatural Gas
Fuel - oil
Nafta
Coal
Lignte
Lpg
Diesel
[10]
3. Overall Statistics
Ratios of the Alternatife Energy Sources in electricity production(2006)
In 2011 there is also about 1.5 % ratio for the wind power
Natural gas
Hydro + Geothermal
Wind coal
Oil
Lignite
[10]
References
[1] ^ On site renewable energy options (http://www.icax.co.uk/alternative_energy.html)[2] ^ MMS. Definitions / Material and Management Services[3] ^ Oxford Dictioanry / Concise OED Alternative Energy[4] ^ NRDC. Glossary / Natural Resources Defence Council[5] ^ Alternative Energy Links / http://www.iowajatc.org/Alternate%20Energy.html[6] ^ Types of Alternative Energy /website / http://typesofalternativeenergy.com/[7] ^ Republic of Turkey Ministry Energy and Natural Resources - webpage
http://www.enerji.gov.tr/index.php?dil=en&sf=webpages&b=enerji_EN&bn=215&hn=&nm=40717&id=40717
[8] ^ Energy Efficiency : The Shortest Route to a Stronger Future , Southeast Europe and Caucaus / June 3-4 2010 / Hilton / Istanbul / TURKEY - Zorlu Energy
[9] ^Unido-Ichet Bozcaada Hyrogen Island Porject /The International Centre for Hydrogen EnergyTechnologies (ICHET) is a project of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization(UNIDO) , Oktober 2011
[10 ^ World Energy Council – Turkish National Commitee , 2007-2008 Turkish EnergyReport , December 2008
[11] ^ "Darmstadt University of Technology solar decathlon home design". DarmstadtUniversity of Technology -2007
[12] ^ Tukey Electric Energy Market and 2010-2011,Expectations and Developments,July 2010[13] ^Turkey Bio-fuels Annual Report 2010 , Policy and Programs
Questions ?
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