Alternative communication & access to information Department of Computer and Information Sciences University of Tampere, Finland January – March, 2003 Grigori Evreinov www.cs.uta.fi/ ~grse/ Alternative communication & access to information Department of Computer and Information Sciences University of Tampere, Finland
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Alternative communication & access to information
Department of Computer and Information SciencesUniversity of Tampere, Finland
January – March, 2003
Grigori Evreinov
www.cs.uta.fi/~grse/
Alternative communication & access to information
Department of Computer and Information SciencesUniversity of Tampere, Finland
ACAI
TAUCHI MMIG Evreinov G. p 01_23 22.01.2003
information may be defined as the characteristics of the output of a
process; these characteristics enhance knowledge, being informative about
the process and its input
hierarchies of processes, linked together, provide a communication channel
between each of the corresponding functions and layers in the hierarchies
fundamentally information is not modality-specific (i.e. not tied to its form of
presentation, be it visually, as sounds or whatever)
but the end user (destination, addressee) for whom the information exists,
is a person who is trained to manipulate through modality-specific notions
(which are formed by percepts)
therefore, within ‘information technology’ modal aspect of information
maybe more essential for development of relations between person and
computer [1]
http://www.fst.ch/FST2/al/default.htm
communication is defined as the transfer of information from a
communicator-source /originator to a communicator-receiver
the communication process allows people to share information, ideas, and
feelings; this is the transfer of meaning
where no meaning is transferred, no communication has taken place
the goal of communicators is to accomplish this process efficiently
(rationally) and effectively
elements of communication process [3]
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human communication has no other purpose than to cause some kind of
action - to direct, to inform, to question, and to persuade [2]
the challenge is to come up with the right combination of codes, media, and
contexts in order to make the transfer of information fast, cost effective,
and accurate
ideas and feelings can be shared only if they are represented by symbols
symbols are things that stand for something else
signs are literal; symbols are not
a symbol means more than it literally says [4]
all of our communication messages are made up of two kinds of symbols:
verbal and nonverbal
symbols can have several kinds of association like personal, cultural or
universal
interpretation of symbols’ meaning depends on the set of parameters,
conditions and features of elements involved in communication process
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the ideal message is one that is received & interpreted as it is intended
a receiver is a one or more individuals for whom the message is intended
to be an effective, communicator first gain and keep the receiver's attention
communicators must have similar knowledge /background with regards to
usage of the medium or get knowledge before during learning
communication conditions
noise is interference of signals with similar parameters in analyzers that
keeps a message from being understood or accurately interpreted
psychological noise occurs in the minds of the communicators and the
receivers when they are distracted by something
there are different types of communication: intrapersonal, interpersonal,
interviews, small group, and public
Your Appearance andPhysical and Psychological Condition
tactile diagrams are relatively easy to produce yet there are no
standard guidelines to assist during the design process
attempting to include as much information as possible can lead to
diagrams that are simply too confusing to be of use
research into a project on non-visual access to music notation
(Challis, “Weasel”) has shown that an interactive multimodal
approach to presentation could be of benefit in these
circumstancesWeasel, http://www.benchallis.com/research.htm#WeaselNational Centre for Tactile Diagrams http://www.nctd.org.uk/GEWA Access Computer Keyboards - Remote Computer Access http://www.zygo-usa.com/accessir.htmlTellus und Mind Express http://www.weissenstein-bs.de/produkte/softw/mindexpr/mindexpr.htm
Special Braille Technical Drawings the domain of the technical drawings includes electronics, architecture and mechanical eng. they contain graphical items that follow industrial norms, like ISO or other standardstransforming visual info in technical drawings into an understandable form for blind people is very important for vocational training digitized technical drawings can be presented and edited on standard PCs with appropriate software blind people need to access a user interface and presentation tool specially tailored for this type of info
ACAI
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Access to Mathematics
ACAI
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Access to Mathematics
H J K
L G F
D S A
ZX
C
987
4 5 6
1 2 3
1 1
1
7 8 9
4 5 6
1 2 3
input & graphics sonification based on numerical keyboard’s paradigm
1:1 2:1 3:1
TL, a language for creating games for visually impaired and blind children
[17, 18]
this language is a part of the TiM (Tactile Interactive Multimedia computer
games for visually impaired children) project whose overall aim is to offer to
young visually impaired children the possibility to play with computer
games
ACAI
TAUCHI MMIG Evreinov G. p 19_23 22.01.2003
Gaze Control
http://www.metrovision.fr/mv-vi-notice-us.html http://www.delta7.asso.fr/Deltavision%202001/ecrire3.html the Camera Mouse http://www.cs.bc.edu/~gips/CM/ or http://www.cameramouse.com/
[1] Edwards, A. D. N, Carey, K., Evreinov, G. et al. Information and Communication Technology in Special Education: Analytical Survey. Moscow: UNESCO, Institute for Information Technology in Education, 2001
[2] Effective Communication Skills, http://www.srsd.org/jrotc/Text%20Books/LEII_U~1.doc[3] The Diffusion of Web Icons. Communication,
http://chrissnider.com/academic/icons/Theories/Communication/communication.html[4] Definition of Symbols, http://web.umr.edu/~gdoty/classes/concepts-practices/def-symbols.html[5] Intrapersonal Communication Processes. Joan E. Aitken & Leonard J. Shedletsky (Eds.)
http://www.usm.maine.edu/com/intrap.htm[6] Non Verbal Communication, https://webspace.utexas.edu/QUAHS/WWW/[7] Eisenberg, A.M., & Smith, Jr., R.R. Nonverbal communication. N-Y: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc.,
1971[8] John Carey, Paralanguage in Computer Mediated Communication,
http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/P/P80/P80-1018.pdf[9] Paralanguage, http://www.esl-lab.com/para.htm[10] Towards Emotive Captioning for Interactive Television, http://www.ryerson.ca/clt/towards_emotive_
captionin_1.doc[11] Charles Silverman and Deborah I. Fels, Emotive Captioning in a Digital World, 2002, LNCS 2398, p.
292, http://link.springer-ny.com/link/service/series/0558/papers/2398/23980292.pdf[12] Frank Deconinck and Patricia Verschueren, A model of the understanding of graphical information by
blind people, TIDE103/VUB/930531-2, 1993 http://minf.vub.ac.be/~fdconinc/underst.rtf[13] Karshmer, A.I., Gupta, G., Gillan, D. Architecting an Auditory Browser for Navigating Mathematical
Expressions, ICCHP 2002, LNCS 2398, p. 477http://link.springer.de/link/service/series/0558/papers/2398/23980477.pdf
[14] Gaura, P. REMathEx - Reader and Editor of the Mathematical Expressions for Blind Students, 2002, LNCS 2398, p. 486, http://link.springer-ny.com/link/service/series/0558/papers/2398/23980486.pdf
[15] Fitzpatrick D. Speaking Technical Documents: Using Prosody to Convey Textual and Mathematical Material, ICCHP 2002, LNCS 2398, p. 494, http://link.springer.de/link/service/series/0558/papers/2398/23980494.pdfhttp://www.computing.dcu.ie/~dfitzpat/publications.html
[16] Math project, http://www.cs.york.ac.uk/maths/index.html[17] Prosody in Mathtalk http://www.cs.york.ac.uk/maths/robert/prosody.html[18] Mathematical Access for Technology and Science,
http://www.papenmeier.de/reha/research/mathe.htm[19] Edwards, A. D. N., Stevens, R. D. and Pitt, I. J. Représentation non visuelle des mathématiques,
(translated by A. Assimacopoulos) in A. B. Safran and A. Assimacopoulos (editors) Le Déficit Visuel, Éditions Masson, pp. 169–178 (1995), http://www.cs.york.ac.uk/ftpdir/pub/alistair/publications/ps/geneva.ps
[20] Karshmer, A.I., Gupta, G., Geiger, S., and Weaver, C.: Reading and Writing Mathematics: The MAVIS Project, BIT (Behaviour & Information Technology), January 1999
[21] Calle Sjöström, Using Haptics in Computer Interfaces for Blind People, http://www.certec.lth.se/doc/usinghapticsin/usinghapticsin.pdf
[22] W. Schweikhardt: 8-Dot-Braille for Writing, Reading and Printing Texts which Include Mathematical Characters. In: A.D.N. Edwards, A. Arato, W.L. Zagler: Computers and Assistive Technology, ICCHP98, Proceedings of the XV. IFIP World Computer Congress, Wien and Budapest, 31. August - 4. September 1998
[23] W. Schweikhardt: Requirements on a mathematical Notation for the Blind. In: R. Vollmar, R. Wagner (eds), CompurtersHelping Peoples with Special Needs ICCHP 2000, pp. 663-670, July, 17-21. 2000
[24] Typographic Semantics of Webpages Accessible for Visually Impaired Users - Mapping Layout and Interaction Objects to an Auditory Interaction Space, in Proceedings ICCHP 2000 - International Conference on Computers Helping with Special Needs. Karlsruhe 17-21 July 2000, http://www-cg-hci.informatik.uni-oldenburg.de/resources/ICCHP2000-gorny.pdf
[25] Yu, W., Ramloll, R., Brewster, S.A. and Riedel, B. Exploring computer-generated line graphs through virtual touch. In Proceedings of IEEE ISSPA 2001 (Kuala-Lumpur, Malaysia), IEEE , pp 72-75, http://www.dcs.gla.ac.uk/~stephen/papers/ISSPA2001.pdf
[26] Oakley, I., Brewster S.A. and Gray, P.D. (2001). Communicating with feeling. Haptic Human-Computer Interaction. Brewster, S.A. and Murray-Smith, R. (Eds.), Springer LNCS, Vol 2058, pp 61-68, http://link.springer.de/link/service/series/0558/papers/2058/20580061.pdf
[27] Equalizing Information Access, http://www.viewplustech.com/[28] Tactile Graphics, An Overview and Resource Guide, http://dots.physics.orst.edu/tactile/tactile.html[29] TIM Project http://inova.snv.jussieu.fr/tim/[30] Tactile and Multimedia Tools for Young Visually Impaired People http://inova.snv.jussieu.fr/colloques
/BNet2001/uk/programme.php[31] Hammarlund, J. Computer Play for Children who are Severely Visually Impaired, TRC Rapport nr. 20
(1999)[32] Anita Hildén MUSSE version 2.0 http://www.sih.se/pdf/musse2_lathund.pdf[33] Schwende, H., Auditory Emotional Access to Visual Information,
http://link.springer-ny.com/link/service/series/0558/papers/2398/23980445.pdf[34] Gips James, DiMattia Philip A., Curran Marialice, Lees Debra, Accessing Internet Courses by Eye
Movement and Head Movement, http://link.springer-ny.com/link/service/series/0558/papers/2398/23980236.pdf
[35] World of Gestures, http://nonverbal.ucsc.edu/gest.html[36] Language Invention: Resources & Links,