Alternate substrates for Ornamental crop production

Alternate substrates for Ornamental crop

production

1

Chair person

Sujatha A. NairPrincipal ScientistDivision of Ornamental CropsIndian Institute of Horticultural researchBengaluru, Karnataka

Presented byCh. Girija Kumari, UHS12PGM269Sr. M.Sc., Dept. of Floriculture and Landscape ArchitectureUniversity of Horticultural Sciences,PG centre, GKVK, Bengluru

.

Contents

Introduction

Functions of substrates

Classification of substrates

Advantages of soil less substrates

Properties of substrates

Reviews

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There are four functions that substrate must serve in order to support good plant growth

It must serve as a reservoir for plant nutrients

It must hold water in a way that makes it available to the plant

It must provide plants with gases and water at the same time

It must support the plant3

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SOIL

ADVANTAGES

DIS-ADVANTAGES

Soil- less culture

Substrate culture

Water culture

Transition from traditional substrates to alternate substrates

Organic substrates

Inorganic substrates

StaticSolutionculture

CirculatedSolution culture

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Types of Water culture / Hydro-culture

a. Nutrient film technique (NFT)

b. Static aerated technique (SAT)

c. Ebb and flow technique (EFT)

d. Deep flow technique (DFT)

e. Aerated flow technique (AFT)

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Classification of Soil less substrates

Organic substrates Inorganic substrates

a. Peat moss

b. Wood residues

c. Saw dust

d. Bark

e. Rice hulls

f. Coconut peat

a. Perlite

b. Sand

c. Vermiculite

d. Calcined clay

e. Pumice

f. Rock wool

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Peat moss

Accumulation of plant materials in poorly drained areas

As peat is a non- renewable resource, increase in price is a limiting factor

Then what is the alternative ?

Unused agricultural by-products that could be used quite easily as substrates As far as the Kyoto agreements are concerned, peat alternatives could help,since by both obtaining and using peat a lot of carbon-dioxide (CO2) is released (Block et al.,2006)

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Coconut peat

Used throughout the world for wide range of soilless crop production

Crops like carnation, Rose, Gerbera, Gypsophila, Lisiathus, Chrysanthemum are best grown with no harmful environmental effect

High water holding capacity

Provides a buffer in high temperatures

Stimulate root growth

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perlite

Pumice

vermiculite

Rice hulls

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Perlite Mine in New Mexico

Digging Peat in Scotland Mining Vermiculite in South Africa

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Soilless culture has many advantages over standard agricultural practices

1.Weed and soil diseases are not a problem in soil-less culture

2. High quality yield

3. Cultivating crops in any region even in regions where poor soil conditions prevail

4. Controlling the root environments and prevention of compaction

5.Increasing water and nutrient use efficiency

Advantages of Soil less culture

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Carbonized rice husks (CRH)

Commercial substrate Plantmax (COM) composed carbonized rice husks, composted pinus bark, bovine Vermicompost and vermiculite

A mixture of vermiculite and carbonized rice husks in a 1:1 proportion (MIX-1)

A mixture of vermiculite and washed sand in a 1:1 proportion (MIX-2).

Alternative substrates for growth and production of pottedchrysanthemum (cv. Funny)

Terra et al.,2011

Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy, 33 (3): 465-471

13Terra et al., 2011

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Root length of chrysanthemum cv. Funny as a functionof substrate phosphorus concentration.

Terra et al.,2011

15Terra et al., 2011

16Terra et al., 2011

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Evaluation of Bio-char as growing substrate for Ornamental plants

Substrates

100% brown peat85 % peat- 15% biochar70 % peat- 30% biochar55% peat- 45% biochar40% peat- 60% biochar

Euphobia x lomi Rauh cv. Chiara

Fascella et al., 2013

I st Mediterranean Biochar Symposium

Study aims in evaluating the performance of the conifer wood biochar as growing substrate, with progressive substitution of the peat for ornamental plants.

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Effect of bio-char content in the substrates on growth and ornamental features of Euphorbia

Fascella et al., 2013

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Effect of biochar content in the substrates on dry matter partitioning of E. x lomi potted plants

Fascella et al., 2013

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Effect of biochar content in the substrates on flowered (%) and marketable plants (%) of E. x lomi after three months of cultivation

Fascella et al., 2013

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100 % peat 60 % conifer bio-char + 40% peatFascella et al., 2013

What are desirable properties of growing media?

Through research, desirable properties of growing medium have been identified

Some desirable properties for growing medium include organic matter bulk density porosity aeration pH cation exchange capacity

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Changes of physical properties in rock-wool and glass-wool slabs during hydroponic cultivation

of roses

Nowak, 2010

Journal of Fruit and Ornamental Plant Research ,18(2) : 349-360

1.Grodan – Rockwool with a horizontal fibrous structure2. Pargro – Rockwool with a horizontal fibrous structure3. Cultilene – glass wool, homogeneous4. Bomat – Rockwool, homogeneous

Rose cv. ’Trixx’

Four mineral wool slabs

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Effect of different rockwool and glasswool slabs on the yield, bud flower diameter, bud flower height, stem length and fresh weight of

rose flowers ’Trixx’

Nowak, 2010

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Grodan Master (◊) Pargro (□)

Cultilene (Δ) Bomat (○).

Effect of the length of the cultivation period on the bulk density and total pore space of slabs

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Grodan Master (◊)

Pargro (□)

Cultilene (Δ)

Bomat (○).

Effect of the length of the cultivation period on the air content

Nowak, 2010

Air

con

tent

Effect of Different Substrates on Growth and Flowering of Dianthus caryophyllus cv. ‘Chauband

Mixed’

American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 12 (2): 249-258

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Yasmeen et al.,2012

Review

Evaluation of different potting media on plant height of carnation

To = Garden Soil, T1 = Leaf compost + silt + FYM (1:1:1),T2 = Leaf compost + silt (1:1) T3 = Farm yard manure(FYM), T4 = Silt T5 = Leaf compost + sand (1:1)

28Yasmeen et al., 2012

Evaluation of different potting media on number of

flowers per plant

Media treatments29Yasmeen et al., 2012

30 T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5

Evaluation of potting media pH of Carnation

Hig

hly

alka

line

Yasmeen et al., 2012

31Media treatments

Evaluation of potting media total nitrogen percentage of Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus)

Yasmeen et al., 2012

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Evaluation of potting media available potassium of Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus)

Yasmeen et al., 2012

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plant height number of branches/plantlength of branches/plant number of leaves/plant, leaf area least days to first flower emergence Number of flowers/plant flower diameter (cm) and quality of the flowers

Along with compost and sand ,Silt and garden soil showed good result

Plants parameters of growth and flowering such as

But overall leaf compost + sand

showed best results

while, farmyard manure with higher pH produced the least results regarding

all plant parameters.

Yasmeen et al., 2012

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Effects of Different Pot Mixtures on Spathiphyllum (Spathiphyllum wallisii Regel) Growth and Development

Journal of Central European Agriculture, 14(2), p.140-148

Kakoi and Salehi, 2013

L100: Only leaf-moldS100: Only quartz-sandP100: Only perliteL50S50: leaf-mold/quartz-sand (1:1)L25S75: leaf-mold/quartz-sand (1:3)L75S25: leaf-mold/quartz-sand (3:1)P50S50: perlite/quartz-sand (1:1)P25 S75: perlite/quartz-sand (3:1)L25P75: leaf-mold/peat moss (1:3)L50P50: leaf-mold/perlite (1:1)L75P25: leaf-mold/perlite (3:1)S25P75: quartz-sand/perlite (1:3)P33S33L33: perlite/quartz-sand/ leaf-mold (1:1:1)

Thirteen pot mixes

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Effect of growing media on the growth parameters of Spathiphyllum

Kakoi and Salehi, 2013

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Effect of different media on root characters and number of suckers per plant

Kakoi and salehi , 2013

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Long shoots and roots produced on the Spathiphyllum cuttings production cultured in P100 medium

Kakoi and Salehi, 2013

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Influence of vermi-products and Pusa hydrogel on growthand flowering of landscape gerbera under greenhouse

condition

Verma et al., 2013

Intl. J. Agric. Env. Biotech. 6(1): 109-115

Tissue cultured plants of gerbera cv. Yosemite

planted in 10" earthen pots.

The basic plant growth media (M) coco peat, perlite and vermiculite (CPV) were mixed (4:1:1) and soil alone VC - Vemi-Compost (20 % v/v)

PHG- Pusa Hydro Gel (0.25 % w/w)HBM-Horn Bio-Manure (1% w/w)

Amended with

Vermi-wash (20 % v/v)

39Verma et al., 2013

Effect of different media amendments and vermi-wash concentration on vegetative growth

of gerbera

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PHG+VC

Control

Verma et al., 2013

Effect of different media amendments and vermi-wash concentration on vegetative growth

of gerbera

41Verma et al., 2013

Effect of different media amendments and vermi-wash concentration on flowering of gerbera

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Control

PHG+VC

Verma et al., 2013

Effect of different media amendments and vermi-wash concentration on flowering of gerbera

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New Substrates for Living Walls

Larcher et al.,2013

Proc. IIIrd Int. Conf. on Landscape and Urban Horticulture

Acta Hort. 999, ISHS

Review

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Possibility of using alternative and eco-compatible substrates, shredded felt, the industrial residue of the production of chair felt pads, were chosen for substituting the coconut fibre

To verify the suitability of this new material and to identify the better combination of plant and substrate

Study aims at

Larcher et al.,2013

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The residue of the felt pads production

Before shredding

After shredding

Larcher et al.,2013

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The phases of the preparation of the panels for substrate SF50_B

Larcher et al.,2013

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Plant species used for the study

Lonicera nitida

Bergenia cordifolia

Luzula sylvatica

Larcher et al.,2013

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Influence of substrates on the GI (Growth Index) rate of Lonicera nitida (a) andBergenia cordifolia (b). Means followed by the same letter do not differ significantly.

Larcher et al.,2013

Survey No.

GI

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Comparison among the four different substrates (from left to right: SS-SF50-SF50_B-SF100) in Lonicera nitida (above) and Bergenia cordifolia (below) at the end of the trial period

Larcher et al.,2013

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Characterising alternative recycled waste materials for use as green roof growing media in the U.K.

Molineux et al., 2009

Ecological Engineering , 35 : 1507–1513

Alternative substrates

clay and sewage sludge (waste clay from excavations, fly ash and sewage sludge), paper ash (from recycled newspapers)carbonated limestone (from quarry fines)

Plantago lanceolata on roof garden

52Molineux et al., 2009

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Height of Plantago lanceolata when grown with varying compost quantities in four different aggregates

Molineux et al., 2009

54Molineux et al., 2009

ConclusionIt is difficult to recommend one substrate product over another

Substrate will vary with the type of plant being grown

Third generation of intelligent self sustaining growing media to be realized by the year 2020

55Thank you