ALTERNATE RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES PRESENTED BY : IQRA ZUBAIR MS CHEMISTRY
Jul 15, 2015
WHAT IS ENERGY?
Power derived from the utilization of
physical or chemical resources,
especially to provide light and heat or to
work machines
SIGNIFICANCE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
Primary Energy supplies are not enough to meet the present demand
Pakistan is already facing a major challenge of energy shortage
Environmental friendly renewable energy sources need to be developed and popularized
Renewable Energy consumption is an index of prosperity
MAJOR ENERGY GENERATING FIRMS IN
PAKISTAN
• WAPDA Produces 6283 MW
• Tarbela 3478 MW
• Ghazi Brotha 1450 MWHydel
• PAEC 852 MW
• KANUPP 137 MWNuclear
• KESC 2341 MW
• IPP’s 7070 MWThermal
STATISTICS OF PAKISTAN
Electricity – Sources (2014)
Sources Production Capacity Percentage of Total Need
Fossil fuel 14,635MW 64.2% (Oil-35.2% + gas-29%)
Hydro 6,611 MW 29%
Nuclear 1,322 MW 5.8%
Average Demand: 17,000 MW
Shortfall: 4,000-5000MW
WHAT DO WE CALL AN ALTERNATIVE
RESOURCE ?
Sources that have no undesired consequences
Are renewable
Thought to be “free” sources
Have lower carbon emissions
Non-depletable
MAIN TYPES OF ALTERNATE RENEWABLE
ENERGY RESOURCES
Solar Energy
Wind Energy
Hydro Energy
Biomass
Nuclear Energy
Geothermal Energy
SOLAR ENERGY
Solar energy comes from using the sun as fuel to
create heat or electricity
Solar modules use photons from the sun to generate
electricity through the photovoltaic effect
Total solar energy absorbed by Earth is approximately
3,850,000EJ per year
Exceeds twice as much as will ever be obtained from
all of the Earth's non-renewable resources combined
APPLICATIONS OF SOLAR ENERGY
Electricity generation
Water disinfection
Solar lighting
Cooking
Solar powered
ventilation
Transportation
•Long distance supply is possible
• Affordable in the long run
•Independent of fossil fuel supplies
Pros
•Initial cost is high
•Only generate electricity during daylight hours
•Weather and pollution affects the efficiency
Cons
Pros and Cons
WIND ENERGY
Wind Energy can be
transformed into useful
mechanical power or
electricity
Wind turbines convert
the kinetic energy in
the wind into
mechanical power and
make electricity
HOW WIND TURBINE WORKS?
Wind Turbines turn in the moving air and power anelectric generator that supplies an electric current
A wind turbine is the opposite of a fan
Instead of using electricity to make wind, like a fan,wind turbines use wind to make electricity
The wind turns the blades, which spin a shaft,which connects to a generator and makes electricity
•Can produce electricity throughout the day
•Wind power is clean, sustainable resource
•Land used for wind farms can also be used for other profitable
activities
Pros
•Installation cost is high
•Wind produces inconsistent energy
•Noise is regularly reported
Cons
Pros and Cons
HYDRO ENERGY
Power generated from the energy of moving water
Generating methods are:
Conventional dam
Run-of-the-river dam
Small dam
Micro dam
Conduit dam
Pumped-storage dam
HOW IT WORKS?
Power plant uses a dam on a
river to store water in a
reservoir
Water released from the
reservoir flows through a
turbine, spinning it, which in
turn activates a generator to
produce electricity
•Dams are designed to last many decades
•Energy can be stored till needed
•Reliable, Non-fluctuating resource
Pros
•Disrupts the aquatic ecosystems
•Disruption of surrounding areas
•Requires large areas and human displacement
Cons
Pros and Cons
All organic matter is
known as biomass and
energy released from it
when eaten, burnt or
converted into fuels is
called biomass energy
It includes wood, wood
waste, straw, sugar
cane and many other
by-products
BIOMASS: ENERGY FROM WASTE
•Less demand of fossil fuel
•Less air emission than fossil fuel
•Greenhouse gas (CO2) can be balanced
Pros
•Expensive when building friendly
•Higher demand can leave soil infertile
•Has to be manually maintained
Cons
Pros and Cons
NUCLEAR ENERGY
Nuclear power is generated using mined metal Uranium-
235
Fission produces free neutrons and photons, and
releases a very large amount of energy
Heat generated by the process is used to drive a steam
turbine which generates usable electricity
•Lower greenhouse emissions
•Powerful and Efficient
•Cheap Electricity
•Easy transportation
Pros
•Radioactive wastes and radiations
•Limited Uranium is available
•Nuclear Accidents and National risk
Cons
Pros and Cons
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
Thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth
Upper 10 feet of the Earth's surface maintains a nearly
constant temperature between 50° and 60°F
Thermal energy generates from radioactive decay and
continual heat loss from Earth's formation
Used for air conditioning, heating, cooling and supply
of hot water.
HOW IT WORKS?
• Energy tap into naturally occurring hydrothermal convection systems
Step 1
•Cooler water seeps into Earth's
crust, is heated up, and then rises
to the surface
Step 2• relatively
simple matter to capture that steam and use it to drive electric generators
Step 3
•Can be directly used
•Significant cost saving
•Reduce reliance on fossil fuels
Pros
•Not a widespread source of energy
•May release harmful gases
•Transportation is difficult
Cons
Pros and Cons