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Bio-Diesel as a Alternative fuel in Automobiles

BIO-DIESEL AS A ALTERNATIVE FUEL IN

AUTOMOBILES

Submitted by

MADHURA.S PRABHA RANI.N

VI Semester IPE VI Semester IPE

contact: madhustn!"yahoo.co.in contact:#rabhansn"yahoo.co.in

P.E.S.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

INDUSTRIAL & PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT

MANDYA, KARNATAKA.

$%

MECHTRIX-007STATE LEVEL PAPER PRESENTATION

B. V. BOOMARADDI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

HUBLI, KARNATAKA.

PESCE, Mandya&
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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Abstract

Energy plays an important role in the development of the economy

&elevation of living standards. About 90% of the world crude oil supplies come

from the Arab countries in the middle east and due to the political situation there,

the oil prices keeps fluctuating and supply lines are untrustworthy. his has lead

to countries searching for an alternative fuels. his paper discusses the one of

the ma!or alternative fuel i.e.., "#$ #EE'. Alternative fuel helps our country to

grow economically, increasing employment and alleviation of poverty.

INTRODUCTION

The fast depleting fossil fuels are causing a great concern worldwide for a

developing country like India where a major part of its fuel demands are met

through imports and with the energy import ill rising all the time, and enormous

energy needs still to e met, the government as well as private players are

looking at io fuels as an alternative to traditional petroleum.

There are many alternate fuels that can e used instead of traditional

petroleum and they are C!", Ethanol #E$%&, 'i(uefied Petroleum "as #'P"&,

Methanol #M$%& etc ut very few alternative fuels have gained so much attention

as (uickly as iodiesel) *ecause of its Economical and Environmental

advantages over other sources)

India produces only ++ of its diesel re(uirement and -$ is imported at

a huge cost in foreign currency and our e.penditure and outlay for the import of

Petroleum fuel is second to our /efence udget) 0ith the introduction of

compulsory use of 123+2 iodiesel in 45, 4S6, 786!CE, "ermany, 9apan and

other countries who specifies a :23%2 mi. y +212, India has a huge

re(uirement y +212 to meet the world norms and emission standards and a

national policy has already een given a green signal y the ";I in the year

PESCE, Mandya'


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+22P8ESS)

*iodiesel is methyl or ethyl ester of fatty acid made from virgin or used

vegetale oils #oth edile ? non3edile& and animal fats) The main commodity

sources for iodiesel in India can e non3edile oils otained from plant speciessuch as 9atropha Curcas #8atanjyot&, Pongamia Pinnata #5aranj&, Calophyllum

inophyllum #!agchampa&, =evca rasiliensis #8uer& etc)

*iodiesel contains no petroleum, ut it can e lended at any level with

petroleum diesel to create a iodiesel lend or can e used in its pure form) 9ust

like petroleum diesel, iodiesel operates in compression ignition #diesel& engine,

which essentially re(uire very little or no engine modifications ecause iodiesel

has properties similar to petroleum diesel fuels) It can e stored just like the

petroleum diesel fuel and hence does not re(uire separate infrastructure)

The use of iodiesel in conventional diesel engines results in sustantial

reduction of unurned hydrocarons, caron mono.ide and particulate matters)

*iodiesel is considered clean fuel since it has no sulphur, no aromatics and has

aout 12 uilt3in o.ygen, which helps it to urn fully) Its higher cetane numer

improves the ignition (uality even when lended in the petroleum diesel)

=ence this work presents in depth information aout *io /iesel as an

alternative fuel for the future)

PESCE, Mandya(


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BIO DIESEL: CLEAN ALTERNATIVE FUEL

*io3diesel is an eco3friendly, alternative diesel fuel prepared from domestic

renewale resources i)e) vegetale oils #edile or non3 edile oil& and animal fats)

These natural oils and fats are made up mainly of triglycerides) These

triglycerides when reach3striking similarity to petroleum derived diesel and are

called @*io3diesel@) 6s India is deficient in edile oils, non3edile oil may e

material of choice for producing io diesel) 7or this purpose 9atropha curcas

considered as most potential source for it) *io diesel is produced y

transesterification of oil otains from the plant)

ROCESS OF RODUCIN! BIO"DIESEL:

*io3diesel can e produced from any type of vegetale oils and also from

greasy materials y a simple chemical process called esterification

#transesterification&) This can e used either directly y completely replacing the

=S/ oil or y mi.ing it in any proportion with the =S/ oil) In either case it has

tangile enefits over =S/ oil which is asically an e.haustile fossil fuel

#ATRO$A

Esterification occurs when caro.ylic #fatty& acids react with alcohol in the

presence of catalytic amount of mineral acids yielding compounds called esters)

Transesterification is a process of e.changing the alko.y group of an ester with

another alcohol, often catalyAed y addition of an acid or ase) ;ne outcome of

this process is that triglyceride can e converted into iodiesel)

PESCE, Mandya)


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This plant can survive on any soil type found in the country and needs

minimal inputs or management) 6s much as +% oil can e derived from seeds

y e.pellingB


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scale employment of rural manpower) 6lso, it will reduce the foreign e.change

outflow paid for importing crude oil) 4se of *io3diesel is caron neutral) This oil

can also e used for soap and candle industries) /e3oiled cake is a raw material

for composting and plantation is good for honey production

$o& i% 'iodie%el u%ed(

*iodiesel is commonly mi.ed with ordinary petroleum diesel to make io

lends like *% or *+2) *% is a lend of % pure iodiesel and % petroleum

diesel while *+2 is a lend of +2 pure iodiesel and $2 petroleum diesel)

Strai+ht, non-mied niodiese! /B'&& or 0neat biodiese!12 can a!so be burned as

3ue! in diese! en+ines, but +reater #recautions must be ta4en to ensure that the 3ue! is

suitab!e 3or use. $here are no a##ro5ed s#eci3ications 3or '&&6 biodiese! b!ends and

%EMs +enera!!y do not recommend its use in eistin+ en+ine.

7HARA7$ERIS$I7S AND RE8UIREMEN$ %9 BI% DIESE

S.No. C)ara*teri%ti*% Re+uirement

1 /ensity at 1%DC, kgm


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5inematic viscosity H :2DC


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6 Methyl ester of vegetale oil or what we now call *iodiesel is very

similar to normal petrochemical ased diesel fuel)

Its viscosity is only twice that of diesel fuel and its molecular weight

is roughly 1< of vegetale oil, hence it can e used as a straight petro3

diesel replacement) This reduced viscosity vegetale oil is now called

*iodiesel with a numer of standards like the European E! 1:+1:

standard and 6merican 6STM standard defining e.actly what the

properties of that oil should e)

$o& *an ,ou redu*e ve-eta'le oil vi%*o%it,(

There are a numer of ways to reduce vegetale oilJs viscosity) These

methods includeB Transesterification, Pyrolysis, Micro Emulsion, lending and

thermal depolymeriAation) ;ne of the most common methods used to reduce oil

viscosity in the *iodiesel industry is called transester

EN!INE DEVELO0ENT 1 0ODIFICATIONS:

7lash point of iodiesel is high #K 122oC&) Its lending with diesel fuel can e

utiliAed to increase the flash point of diesel particularly in India where flash point

is


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The use of unrefined vegetale oil leads to poor fuel atomiAation due to high

viscosity resulting in poor comustion and also more gum formation in fuel

injector, liner etc) 6part from enefit in terms of emissions, the use of iodiesel is

also reported to give e.cess caron deposit on injector, liner etc and the results

in various studies had also confirmed this prolem) The salient features of

recommendations are

*iodiesel provides appro.imately %3- less energy than distillate fuels) ;ne

should not change the engine rating to compensate for the power loss in

order to avoid engine prolems)

6t low amient temperatures, the fuel system may re(uire heated fuel lines,

filters and tanks) *iodiesel has poor o.idation staility, which may

accelerate fuel o.idation in the fuel system) ;.idation staility additive hasto e used to avoid long3term storage prolem)

They have set the Caterpillar iodiesel specification standards) In that, they

mentioned the fuel (uality on use in Caterpillars engine should e sulfur

content ma.imum of 2)21 y weight, cetane numer minimum of :%, flash

point minimum of 122oC etc)

4se of io3fuels and their effect on greenhouse gas #"="& emissions to

atmosphere is well updated in a Concave report) They calculated net

greenhouse gas in view of emissions from io3fuels production process and

urning, and these were compared with fossil fuel at same energy content)

PESCE, Mandya>


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Indian 1 European Ve)i*le Emi%%ion Norm%

EmissionsEuro3I #1


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Performance) *iodiesel has a higher cetane numer than diesel fuel) In more

than %2 million miles of in3field demonstrations, *+2 showed similar fuel

consumption, =orsepower, tor(ue, and haulage rates as conventional diesel fuel)

0,t) *iodiesel doesnJt perform well in cold weather)

Fa*t:*iodiesel will gel in very cold temperatures, just as the common + diesel

does) 6lthough pure iodiesel has a higher cloud point than + diesel fuel, typical

lends of +2 iodiesel are managed with the same fuel management

techni(ues as + diesel) *lends of % iodiesel and less have virtually no impact

on cold flow)

0,t): Biodie%el *au%e% 3ilter% to plu-.

Fa*t:*iodiesel can e operated in any diesel engine with little or no modification

to the engine or the fuel system) Pure iodiesel #*122& has a solvent effect,

which may release deposits accumulated on tank walls and pipes from previous

diesel fuel use) 0ith high lends of iodiesel, the release of deposits may clog

filters initially and precautions should e taken to replace fuel filters until the

petroleum uild3up is eliminated) This issue is less prevalent with *+2 lends,

and there is no evidence that lower3lend levels such as *+ have caused filters

to plug)

0,t): Biodie%el *au%e% de-radation o3 en-ine -a%4et% and %eal%.

Fa*t: The recent switch to low3sulfur diesel fuel has caused most ;riginal

E(uipment

Manufacturers #;EMs& to switch to components that are also suitale for use

with iodiesel) In general, iodiesel used in pure form can soften and degrade

certain types of elastomers and natural ruer compounds over time) 4sing high

percent lends can impact fuel system components #primarily fuel hoses and fuel

pump seals& that contain elastomer compounds incompatile with iodiesel,

although the effect is lessened as the iodiesel lend level is decreased)

E.perience with *+2 has found that no changes to gaskets or hoses are

necessary)

PESCE, Mandya'&


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ADVANTA!ES OF BIO DIESEL

7or Point !o 1

1) 9atropha and other plants that produce oil used for cooking or making

iodiesel draw C;+ from the atm) 6nd at the end of the year the oil used for

iodiesel is urned plant material decomposes, returning the caron from the fuel

and plant matter to the atmosphere as caron dio.ide) This recycling of C;+

results in no accumulation of C;+ In the atmosphere) Therefore it does not

contriute to gloal climate change #green house effect&

+) *iodiesel fuel urns up to -% cleaner than conventional diesel fuel made

from fossil fuels


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F) Sulphur dio.ide emissions are eliminated #iodiesel contains no Sulphur&

-) The oAone3forming potential of iodiesel emissions is nearly %2 less than

conventional diesel fuel)

$) *iodiesel e.haust is not offensive and doesnJt cause eye irritation #it smells like

7rench friesN&

) *iodiesel is a much etter luricant than conventional diesel fuel and e.tends

engine life 33 a "erman truck won an entry in the "uinness *ook of 8ecords y

traveling more than 1)+% million km #-$2,222 miles& on iodiesel with its original

engine)

12) *iodiesel has a high cetane rating, which improves engine performance +2

iodiesel added to conventional diesel fuel improves the cetane rating < points,

making it a Premium fuel)

DISADVANTA!ES

1) *+2 iodiesel lends show increases in !;. emissions of 2 to : percent)

Certain automotive components, including catalytic converters, also help toreduce !;. levels, so itJs possile that some vehicles that would run on higher

levels of iodiesel #such as heavy3duty trucks& might need additional e(uipment

installed to help with this environmental issue

+) *iodiesel canOt e used in cold weather conditions without the addition of pour

point reducers or without any engine modifications)


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:) *iodiesel has a higher viscosity than conventional diesel and therefore

ecomes less useful at lower temperatures) This limits its use in Canada, the

northern 4)S) and much of Europe) In these areas, iodiesel is marketed as an

additive in a five to ten percent lend with conventional diesel fuel)@

%) *iodiesel proponents recommend that new users take precautions to ensure

that fuel filters and systems do not ecome clogged during initial use) The

release of deposits may initially clog filters, ut special precautions can e taken

to deal with this issue) ;ver time, the solvent effect of iodiesel may also tend to

soften and degrade certain types of elastomers and natural ruer compounds

used in some diesel engine

USES:

Can e used in all diesel and compression ignition applications that are

in e.istence today

Can e used to run generators instead of using dieselpetrol

Can e used to supply heat to furnaces and other e(uipments where

heat is re(uired)

7or cleaning up of sludge in tanks, removing paints and oil spill clean

up)

RESULTS:*iodiesel Emissions Compared to Conventional /iesel

Emissions *122 *+2

8egulated Emissions

Total 4nurned =ydrocarons 3


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Polycyclic 6romatic

=ydrocarons #P6=&3$2 31


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PESCE, Mandya';

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