Altered States of Consciousness Chapter 7 Sleep and Dreams Section 1.

Altered States of Altered States of ConsciousnessConsciousness

Chapter 7Chapter 7

Sleep and DreamsSleep and DreamsSection 1Section 1

Main IdeaMain Idea

• Sleep – an essential state of Sleep – an essential state of consciousness- involves stages and consciousness- involves stages and periods of dreaming.periods of dreaming.

ObjectivesObjectives

• Describe the research related to Describe the research related to sleep and dreams.sleep and dreams.

• List and discuss sleep disorders.List and discuss sleep disorders.

VocabularyVocabulary

• ConsciousnessConsciousness• REM sleepREM sleep• Circadian RhythmCircadian Rhythm• InsomniaInsomnia• Sleep ApneaSleep Apnea• NarcolepsyNarcolepsy• NightmaresNightmares• Night TerrorsNight Terrors• SleepwalkingSleepwalking

How important is sleep?How important is sleep?

• Vital to mental health.Vital to mental health.

• Sleep is a state of altered Sleep is a state of altered consciousness, characterized by consciousness, characterized by certain patterns of brain activity and certain patterns of brain activity and inactivity.inactivity.

• Lack of sleep can cause many Lack of sleep can cause many problems.problems.

ConsciousnessConsciousness

• State of awareness, including a person’s State of awareness, including a person’s feelings, sensations, ideas, and feelings, sensations, ideas, and perceptions.perceptions.

• Altered States of Consciousness - mean Altered States of Consciousness - mean people have different levels of awareness.people have different levels of awareness.– Sleep falls into this catagorySleep falls into this catagory

• RangesRanges– Alertness to Non-alertnessAlertness to Non-alertness

• Freud’s Levels of Consciousness (page Freud’s Levels of Consciousness (page 184)184)

Why Do We Sleep? TheoriesWhy Do We Sleep? Theories

• Restorative – allows people to “charge Restorative – allows people to “charge up their battery”up their battery”

• Time for the brain to recover from Time for the brain to recover from exhaustion and stressexhaustion and stress

• Primitive Hibernation – conserve Primitive Hibernation – conserve energyenergy

• Adaptive Strategy to keep humans Adaptive Strategy to keep humans from harms way at nightfrom harms way at night

Stages of Sleep - Stage I Stages of Sleep - Stage I

• – – pulse slows, muscles relax, pulse slows, muscles relax, breathing uneven, brain waves breathing uneven, brain waves irregularirregular

• Last about 10 minutesLast about 10 minutes

• Theta Waves – lower in amplitude Theta Waves – lower in amplitude and frequencyand frequency

Stages of Sleep - Stage II & Stages of Sleep - Stage II & IIIIII

• II- Brain waves shift from low II- Brain waves shift from low amplitude, high frequency waves to amplitude, high frequency waves to high amplitude, low frequency waveshigh amplitude, low frequency waves

• II- Eyes slowly roll from side to sideII- Eyes slowly roll from side to side

• III- Deeper sleepIII- Deeper sleep

• III- Large amplitude delta waves III- Large amplitude delta waves sweep brain every second or sosweep brain every second or so

Stages of Sleep - Stage IVStages of Sleep - Stage IV

• Deepest SleepDeepest Sleep

• Hard to wake a personHard to wake a person

• Large, regular delta wavesLarge, regular delta waves

• No memory of actions at this stageNo memory of actions at this stage

• Stage in which you enter REM SleepStage in which you enter REM Sleep

REM SleepREM Sleep

• Serves psychological functions of building Serves psychological functions of building efficient learning and memory processesefficient learning and memory processes

• Rapid Eye MovementRapid Eye Movement• Pulse rate and breathing irregularPulse rate and breathing irregular• Levels of adrenal and sex hormones riseLevels of adrenal and sex hormones rise• Face and finger twitchesFace and finger twitches• Large muscle groups paralyzedLarge muscle groups paralyzed• Brain waves similar to person that is awakeBrain waves similar to person that is awake• Active Sleep where most dreaming occursActive Sleep where most dreaming occurs

How Much Sleep?How Much Sleep?

• Length of time needed depends onLength of time needed depends on– AgeAge– IndividualIndividual

• Circadian RhythmCircadian Rhythm– Biological clock that is genetically programmed Biological clock that is genetically programmed

to regulate physiological responses within a to regulate physiological responses within a 24-25 hour time span24-25 hour time span

• Environment and 24 Hour Day dictate Environment and 24 Hour Day dictate sleep cyclessleep cycles– Jet LagJet Lag

Jet LagJet Lag

• Occurs when circadian rhythms do Occurs when circadian rhythms do not match the external clock time.not match the external clock time.

• Recovery takes one day for each Recovery takes one day for each hour of time changehour of time change

• SymptomsSymptoms– TiredTired– DisorientedDisoriented

Sleep DisordersSleep Disorders

• InsomniaInsomnia– The failure to get enough sleep at nightThe failure to get enough sleep at night

• Sleep ApneaSleep Apnea– Sleep disorder in which a person has trouble breathing while Sleep disorder in which a person has trouble breathing while

sleepingsleeping• NarcolepsyNarcolepsy

– Condition characterized by suddenly falling asleep or feeling Condition characterized by suddenly falling asleep or feeling very sleepy during the dayvery sleepy during the day

• Nightmares Nightmares – Unpleasant dreamsUnpleasant dreams

• Night TerrorsNight Terrors– Sleep disruptions that occur during Stage IV, involving Sleep disruptions that occur during Stage IV, involving

screaming, panic, or confusionscreaming, panic, or confusion• SleepwalkingSleepwalking

– Walking or carrying out behaviors while asleepWalking or carrying out behaviors while asleep• Sleep TalkingSleep Talking

– Talking during sleepTalking during sleep

DreamsDreams

• Mental activity that takes place Mental activity that takes place during sleepduring sleep

• Usually occurs during REM sleepUsually occurs during REM sleep

• The longest dream is usually toward The longest dream is usually toward the end of the night and the one the end of the night and the one most people will remembermost people will remember

Content of DreamsContent of Dreams

• Usually dreams are rather dullUsually dreams are rather dull

• The ones we remember and talk The ones we remember and talk about are the more exciting onesabout are the more exciting ones

• Tend to incorporate everyday Tend to incorporate everyday activitiesactivities

• Negative Emotions make up the Negative Emotions make up the largest percentage of content largest percentage of content (nightmares)(nightmares)

Dream InterpretationDream Interpretation

• Freud – believe dreams may contain Freud – believe dreams may contain clues to thoughts the dreamer is clues to thoughts the dreamer is afraid to acknowledge in his or her afraid to acknowledge in his or her waking hours.waking hours.

• Inuits – believe dreams contain Inuits – believe dreams contain hidden meanings and that people hidden meanings and that people enter the spiritual world where they enter the spiritual world where they interact with those who have died.interact with those who have died.

Criticism of Dream AnalysisCriticism of Dream Analysis

• Some think dreams serve no functionSome think dreams serve no function

• Dreams are the product of random Dreams are the product of random brain cells being stimulatedbrain cells being stimulated

• Problem-solving modelProblem-solving model

• Dreams remove unneeded materialDreams remove unneeded material

DaydreamingDaydreaming

• Low level of awareness Low level of awareness

• Involves fantasizing Involves fantasizing

• Involves idle, but directed thinking while Involves idle, but directed thinking while awakeawake

• Happens when we are bored or during a time Happens when we are bored or during a time where we don’t need to pay much attentionwhere we don’t need to pay much attention

• Purpose: Purpose: – Remind us of or prepare us for events in the Remind us of or prepare us for events in the

futurefuture– Improve creativityImprove creativity– Allows us to control our emotionsAllows us to control our emotions

Altered States of Altered States of ConsciousnessConsciousness

Chapter 7Chapter 7

Drugs and ConsciousnessDrugs and ConsciousnessSection 3Section 3

Main Idea & VocabularyMain Idea & Vocabulary

• Psychoactive drugs interact with the Psychoactive drugs interact with the central nervous system to alter central nervous system to alter consciousness.consciousness.

• Psychoactive DrugsPsychoactive Drugs

• MarijuanaMarijuana

• HallucinationsHallucinations

• HallucinogensHallucinogens

• LSDLSD

ObjectivesObjectives

• Describe the effects drugs have on Describe the effects drugs have on consciousness.consciousness.

• Define Drug AbuseDefine Drug Abuse

Use and Perception of Use and Perception of MarijuanaMarijuana• A Letter to Parents (p. 197)A Letter to Parents (p. 197)

• Psychoactive Drugs – chemicals that affect Psychoactive Drugs – chemicals that affect the nervous system and result in altered the nervous system and result in altered consciousness. It alters a person’s mood, consciousness. It alters a person’s mood, perception, and behavior.perception, and behavior.– Caffeine - stimulantsCaffeine - stimulants– Alcohol - depressantsAlcohol - depressants– Marijuana and LSD – hallucinogenMarijuana and LSD – hallucinogen– (See Chart 7.4 page 198)(See Chart 7.4 page 198)

How Drugs WorkHow Drugs Work

• Drugs are carried in the blood stream Drugs are carried in the blood stream to various parts of the bodyto various parts of the body

• Drug molecules hook onto the ends Drug molecules hook onto the ends of nerve cells (neurons) and send out of nerve cells (neurons) and send out their own chemical messages.their own chemical messages.

• Mouse Party Mouse Party http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/contenhttp://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/drugs/mouse.htmlt/addiction/drugs/mouse.html

MarijuanaMarijuana• The dried leaves and flowers of Indian hemp that The dried leaves and flowers of Indian hemp that

produce an altered state of consciousness when produce an altered state of consciousness when smoked or ingestedsmoked or ingested

• Effects:Effects:– Varies depending on setting and past useVaries depending on setting and past use– Enhanced perception of sensesEnhanced perception of senses– Enhanced feelings of present state of mind, both Enhanced feelings of present state of mind, both

positive and negativepositive and negative

• Not physically addictive, but psychologically Not physically addictive, but psychologically addictiveaddictive

• Negative Side EffectsNegative Side Effects– Damaging to lungsDamaging to lungs– Disrupts memory functionDisrupts memory function– Difficulty in carrying out mental and physical tasksDifficulty in carrying out mental and physical tasks– May have an impact on IQMay have an impact on IQ

HallucinationsHallucinations• Perceptions that have no direct external Perceptions that have no direct external

cause – seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, cause – seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, or feeling things that do not exist.or feeling things that do not exist.

• CausesCauses– HypnosisHypnosis– MeditationMeditation– DrugsDrugs– WithdrawalWithdrawal– Psychological breakdownsPsychological breakdowns– Sleep deprivationSleep deprivation– Dreaming and DaydreamingDreaming and Daydreaming– Emotional TimesEmotional Times

• Similar across culturesSimilar across cultures• Often in colorOften in color

HallucinogensHallucinogens

• Drugs that often produce Drugs that often produce hallucinationshallucinations

• A.K.A. PsychedelicsA.K.A. Psychedelics– Create a loss of contact with realityCreate a loss of contact with reality– Create false body imageCreate false body image– Cause loss of self, dreamlike fantasies Cause loss of self, dreamlike fantasies

and hallucinationsand hallucinations

• Example: LSD – most potentExample: LSD – most potent

LSDLSD

• Synthetic SubstanceSynthetic Substance• Very powerfulVery powerful• LSD trip can last 6-14 hoursLSD trip can last 6-14 hours• EffectsEffects

– Intense and rapidly changing perceptionsIntense and rapidly changing perceptions– Experience based on mood of personExperience based on mood of person– Hallucinations involving geometric forms evolving into Hallucinations involving geometric forms evolving into

surrealistic impossibilitiessurrealistic impossibilities• Walls that seem to breathe or pulsateWalls that seem to breathe or pulsate

– Senses intermingleSenses intermingle• Sound seen and visual stimuli heardSound seen and visual stimuli heard

– Distorting of timeDistorting of time– Disconnection with body – observer of selfDisconnection with body – observer of self– Fixation of attention on a single object for hoursFixation of attention on a single object for hours– Panic ReactionPanic Reaction– Impaired Thinking, although user thinks they think better than Impaired Thinking, although user thinks they think better than

ever.ever.

OpiatesOpiates

• A.K.A. NarcoticsA.K.A. Narcotics– OpiumOpium– MorphineMorphine– HeroinHeroin

• Produce Analgesia – pain reductionProduce Analgesia – pain reduction• Produces Euphoria – pleasurable stateProduces Euphoria – pleasurable state• Produces ConstipationProduces Constipation• Physically addictingPhysically addicting• Overdose results in loss of breathing control Overdose results in loss of breathing control

and respiratory failure leading to deathand respiratory failure leading to death

AlcoholAlcohol

• Most widely used and abused mind-altering Most widely used and abused mind-altering substance in the U.S.substance in the U.S.

• Depressant that serves to inhibit brain Depressant that serves to inhibit brain functionfunction

• Effects: dependant on amount and Effects: dependant on amount and frequency of drinking and body weightfrequency of drinking and body weight– General loosening of inhibitionsGeneral loosening of inhibitions– Slurred speech, blurring vision, impaired Slurred speech, blurring vision, impaired

judgment and memoryjudgment and memory– Permanent brain and liver damagePermanent brain and liver damage– Personality change with prolonged, heavy usePersonality change with prolonged, heavy use– Some effects of alcohol use may be psychological Some effects of alcohol use may be psychological

based on a believe of how you should feel and actbased on a believe of how you should feel and act

Drug AbuseDrug Abuse

• Drug abusers are people who regularly use illegal Drug abusers are people who regularly use illegal drugs or excessively use legal drugs.drugs or excessively use legal drugs.

• Reasons:Reasons:– Avoid boredomAvoid boredom– Fit in with PeersFit in with Peers– Gain self-confidenceGain self-confidence– Forget problemsForget problems– Relax and feel goodRelax and feel good

• Risks:Risks:– Death or InjuryDeath or Injury– Damage to healthDamage to health– Legal consequencesLegal consequences– Destructive BehaviorDestructive Behavior– Loss of ControlLoss of Control

TreatmentTreatment

• Addiction – overwhelming and Addiction – overwhelming and compulsive desire to obtain and use compulsive desire to obtain and use drugsdrugs

• Treatment:Treatment:– Must admit there is a problemMust admit there is a problem– Enter a treatment program / therapyEnter a treatment program / therapy– Must remain drug freeMust remain drug free– Support groups can be helpfulSupport groups can be helpful