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Setting the General Electric ALPS and LPS Relays

in the

Computer-Aided Protection Engineering System(CAPE)

P repar ed for

CAP E U sers’ G roup

J anua ry 2001

Februa ry 2007

Electrocon Interna tional, Inc.

Ann Arbor, Michiga n

This document is th e sole property of E lectr ocon Int erna tional, I nc. an d is provided t o the

CAPE U sers Group for its ow n use only. It ma y not be supplied to any t hird par ty, or

copied or reproduced in any form, without the express written permission of Electrocon

In ter na tiona l, Inc. All copies a nd reproductions sha ll be th e propert y of E lectr ocon

Interna tiona l , Inc. and must bear t his ownership stat ement in i ts entirety.

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Application Note on Setting the General Electric ALPS and LPS Relays

I. Relay Models

This applica tion note describes the CAP E m odel of the G E ALP S a nd LP S r ela ys. After

reading this document in conjunction with [1], you should be able to use the CAPE model of

either of these rela ys in your system for coordinat ion studies. The ALP S a nd LP S r ela ys a re

very similar to each other. The differences betw een t he tw o ar e explained in t he subsequent

sections of this document.

The CAPE model of the relay includes the following functions:

1. Dist a nce protection in four zones, w ith supervision by overcurren t detectors.

2. D irect tr ipping overcurr ent protection w ith optiona l direction cont rol.

3. Line Overloa d P rotection.

4. P ha se overvolta ge a nd positive sequence overvolta ge protection. P ositive sequence

overvolta ge protection is a vaila ble only in the ALP S model.

Functions tha t a re only par tia lly implemented in the CAPE model of the relay a re:

1. Line Pickup (Sw itch on to fault-SOTF) P rotection. Overcurrent element a nd timer a re

provided.

2. Remote End Open Det ection (ROD ). Remote end open detector tim er is provided.

3. Out -of-S tep-B locking (OS B ). Ch a ra cterist ic is modeled as a dista nce element .

4. Out -of-S tep-Tripping (OS T). Cha ra cterist ics a re modeled as dista nce element s. The LP S

relay does not include the OST function.

5. P ilot P rotection. Scheme tim ers ar e provided. The scheme logic ha s to be set up by the

user u sing AU X element s. S ee [6] for a n exa mple of a P OTT scheme.

6. Reclosing function: Only ta ps a re provided. No element s are included.

P lea se note in t he list a bove tha t t he elements (DI ST, OC, TIME R) required for a par ticular

function are part of the CAPE model (except No. 6). The logic that is implemented in the

a ctua l relay is not implemented in t he CAPE model of th e rela y. Ta ke, for example, the

Out-of-Step-Blocking function. A DIST element models this function. But if you want to use

th e output of this DI ST element t o block a pa rt icular dista nce zone from opera ting, t hen

you will have to set up that logic yourself (using suitable contact logic codes). CAPE will not

do tha t for y ou au toma tically. To implement t he logic for functions like SOTF, ROD a nd

OS T, you w ill need t he so-called AU X element , w hich ha s been recent ly int roduced in

CAPE.

P a ges 2-65 th rough 2-79 in [1] give a list of a ll possible sett ings for t he ALP S rela y. The

CAPE model of the rela y is provided wit h a ll these sett ings in th e form of common ta ps.

You can set th ese ta ps to ma tch your relay settings. For the LP S r ela y, the settings on

pa ges 2-59 thr ough 2-72 in [5] a re provided a s common t a ps.

You w ill find the rela y models in the da ta ba se “CAP E_STARTER.G DB ” from where you ca n

import them into your own da ta base. The relay ma nufacturer is “GE NERAL E LEC TRIC,”

relay t ype is “ALP S” a nd t he relay model is “ALP S.” Four st yles are provided:

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1. ALP S _1A: This is a st yle ra ted for 1A.

2. ALP S_5A: Rat ed for 5A. Curr ent ra nges are 5 times the 1A relay current r a nges.

Im peda nce ra nges a re 1/5 of th e 1A rela y r a nges.

3. LP S_1A: 1A LP S rela y.

4. LP S_5A: 5A LP S rela y.

5. LP S_1A (Rev. B ): 1A LP S relay w ith QU AD char a cteristics for ground dista nce.

6. LP S_5A (Rev. B ): 5A LP S relay w ith QU AD char a cteristics for ground dista nce.

II. Relay Elements

The relay ha s t he follow ing elements, orga nized here based on t he function.

A. Z1 DISTANCE

1. DI ST “M1”: P ha se distan ce protection in a step-dista nce scheme. The ta p “Z1PRE ACH ”sets th e reach a t the positive sequence line a ngle. The line angle is given by th e ta p

sett ing “POSSEQANG.”

2. DI ST “M1G ”: G round dista nce protection in a st ep-dista nce scheme. This element ha s

two units: one with a MHO or QUAD characteristic and the other with a REACTANCE

char a cteristic. The text ta p “Z1GRD CH AR” determines which of th e two units is to be

used for tr ipping. Selection of the QU AD char a cteristic is a va ilable only in th e revision

B styles of the LPS relay .

If t he MHO or QU AD u nit is chosen, the rea ctan ce unit is ignored. The mho reach a nd

the rea ctan ce reach of th e QUAD a re given by th e tap “Z1G RDR EACH ” at the positive-

sequence line angle. The resistive reach of th e QUAD is given by the t a p

“Z1RGREACH.”

If t he REACTANCE unit is chosen, its reach is given by “Z1GRD REACH ” a t t he sam e

positive-sequence a ngle a s t he MH O/QU AD . To prevent opera tion of th e rea cta nce unit

under load, it is supervised in th e code by t he MHO unit, w hose basic reach is given by

“Z1SU REACH .” This rea ch is not fixed; it va ries depending on th e actua l loa d conditions

on the line. U nder light load, t he mho circle will expand a nd its r each w ill be larger

tha n “Z1SU RE ACH .” Un der heavy load, the mho circle will contr a ct, but its reach will

never be sm a ller tha n “Z1SUR EACH .” As t he mho circle expands, the coverage for

ground fa ult im pedan ce increas es [1,2].

The CAP E model of th e relay m easur es the prefault loa d flow on t he line and computes

a reach based on this prefault load. If the computed reach is larger than “Z1SUREACH”

th e computed r each is used as t he new r each of the supervising mho. If th e computed

reach is smaller tha n “Z1SU REACH ,” the supervising mho rea ch is left uncha nged at

“Z1SUREACH.”

The load -dependent rea ch of th e supervising m ho is given by [1],

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MRsin(B 40 ) ZL

sin(220 B E)=

− ° ×

°− −

where

B = cha ra cterist ic angle of the mho = 90°,ZL = ma gnitude of th e prefault loa d impeda nce,

E = | D-C| , with C being the loa d impedance a ngle an d D, the posi t ive sequence

impeda nce a ngle of the line, given by the ta p “POS SE QANG .”

Expa nsion of the mh o will ta ke pla ce under both loa d import a nd export conditions. If

th e prefa ult load current is sma ller t ha n 0.0001 pu, there will be no reach expa nsion

and the reach will be fixed at “Z1SUREACH.”

B. Z2 DISTANCE

1. D IS T “MT”: Ph a se dist a nce protection in step-dist a nce or pilot protection schemes.Reach is given by “Z2P HR EACH .” The chara cteristic can be a circle or a lens a s

determined by the tap “Z2PCHARANG.”

2. TIME R “Z2P _TIME ”: Timer supervised by DI S T “MT” a nd set by t a p “Z2P_TIME .”

3. D IS T “MTG ”: Gr ound dista nce protection in step-dist a nce or pilot protection schemes.

Ta p “Z2GRD CH AR” a llows setting t he element a s a MHO or QU AD (Rev. B only).

Reach is given by “Z2GRD REACH .” Resistive reach is set by t he ta p “Z2RGRE ACH ”.

The tap “Z2GCHARANG” sets the angle of the coincidence comparator.

4. TIME R “Z2G _TIME ”: Timer supervised by DI ST “MTG ” an d set by ta p “Z2G_TIME .”

C. Z3 DISTANCE

1. D IS T “M3”: P ha se dist a nce protection in step-dista nce schemes. Rea ch given by

“Z3P HRE ACH .” “Z3PC HARANG ” determines the shape of the chara cteristic.

2. TIME R “Z3P _TIME ”: Timer supervised by DI ST “M3” and set by t a p “Z3P_TIME .”

3. DI ST “M3G”: G round dista nce protection in step-dista nce schemes. Ta p “Z3GRD CH AR”

a llows setting t he element a s a MHO or QU AD (Rev. B only). Reach is given by

“Z3G RDR EACH.” Resistive reach is set by t he ta p “Z3RGRE ACH ”. The ta p“Z3G CH ARANG ” sets the a ngle of t he coincidence compar a tor.

4. TIME R “Z3G _TIME ”: Timer supervised by DIS T “M3G ” an d set by ta p “Z3G_TIME .”

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D. Z4 DISTANCE

1. D IS T “M4”: P ha se dist a nce protection in step-dista nce schemes. Rea ch given by

“Z4P HRE ACH .” “Z4PC HARANG ” determines the shape of the chara cteristic.

2. TIME R “Z4P _TIME ”: Timer supervised by DI ST “M4” and set by t a p “Z4P_TIME .”

3. DI ST “M4G”: G round dista nce protection in step-dista nce schemes. Ta p “Z4GRD CH AR”

a llows sett ing the element as a MHO or QU AD. Rea ch is given by “Z4G RDR EACH .”

Resistive reach is set by th e ta p “Z4RGRE ACH ”. The ta p “Z4GC HARANG ” sets the

angle of the coincidence comparator.

4. TIME R “Z4G _TIME ”: Timer supervised by DIS T “M4G ” an d set by ta p “Z4G_TIME .”

The t ext t a p “Z4DI RE CTN” set s t he direction of the Zone 4 elements. Zone 4 can be reverse-

looking w hen compar ed wit h t he other zones.

The lat est versions of the ALP S r ela y a llow the user to select a QU AD cha ra cteristic for t heground dista nce protection in a ll four zones. This cha ra cteristic is not yet m odeled in th e

CAPE version of the relay , an d w ill be done in th e future. The revision B styles of the LP S

do model the QU AD chara cteristics.

E. Current Supervision

1. IOC “I T”: Ph a se overcurrent detector tha t supervises (in code) th e pha se dista nce a nd

ground d ista nce elements of Zones 1 thr ough 3, an d Zone 4 if it is forw a rd-looking. The

tap “IT_PICKUP” sets the pickup.

2. IOC “I B ”: P ha se overcurrent detector tha t supervises the reverse-looking Zone 4 pha se

and ground distance elements. The tap “IB_PICKUP” sets the pickup.

3. DI R “NT”: Directional element, nega tive sequence polar ized th a t w ill operat e for

forw ar d fa ults only.

4. DI R “NB ”: Directional element, nega tive sequence polar ized tha t w ill operat e for reverse

faults only.

5. IOC “ IP T”: Zero sequence tr ipping function for use in pilot protection schemes. Ca n be

optionally supervised (in code) by the DIR “NT” element. Text tap “Z2GRDCHAR”

determines wh ether directiona l supervision is required or not. P ickup is set by ta p“IPT_PICKUP.” The operating quantity is the neutral current 3I 0. I t is restra ined by

30%of the positive sequence current if the “P IC KS CH EME ” t a p is set t o “POTT2,”

“HYBRID” or “B LOCK.”

IPT 3I 0.3 IOP 0 1= − ×

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6. IOC “IP B ”: Zero sequence tripping function for use in pilot protection schemes. Can be

optionally supervised (in code) by the DIR “NB” element. Text tap “Z2GRDCHAR”

determines wh ether directiona l supervision is required or not. P ickup is set by ta p

“IP B _P ICK UP .” The neutral current can be restra ined by a fraction of the posi t ive

sequence current . This fra ction is given by t he ta p “IP B KFACTOR.”

IPB 3I IPBKFACTOR IOP 0 1= − × 3

P lea se note th a t pilot protection schemes a re not included in the C AP E model of the rela y.

However, you may u se the output s from the elements “I P T” a nd “IP B ” to build a scheme of

your ow n. An exa mple of a P OTT scheme can be found in [6].

F. Direct Trip Overcurrent Elements

1. IOC “50”: P ha se IOC element, set by the ta p “50P IC KU P .” Ca n be directionally

controlled by the operation of DIR “NT” and non-operation of DIR “NB.” The tap

“50DIRCNL” decides whether the element is to be directionally controlled or not.

2. IOC “50G ”: Ground IOC element, set by the tap “50G P ICK U P .” The tap “50G _DIRC NL”

determines w hether directional control is required or not. The operat ing current can be

restra ined by a fra ction of the positive sequence current . This fra ction is given by t he

tap “50GRESTNT.”

3. TOC “51G”: Gr ound TOC element, set by the ta p “51G P IC KU P .” The tap

“51G _DI RCNL ” determines w hether directional control is to be applied or n ot. The ta p

“51G CU RVE” a llow s t he user t o select the curve t ype for t he element. Time dial is set

using th e ta p “51G TMDI AL.” If a definite t ime curve is to be used, the t ime setting is

given by “D EF TIMD ELY” a nd va ries betw een 0.5 a nd 30 seconds.

G. Overvoltage and Undervoltage Protection

1. VOLT “P HOV”: Pha se overvoltage element, with pickup given by the tap

“PHOVPICKUP,” as a multiple of the relay's rated voltage. The rated voltage is set by

the tap “RATEDVOLTS.” The rated voltage is specified in Phase-Phase volts. A definite

time delay is a ssociat ed with th is element a nd it ca n be specified by th e ta p

“PHOVTMDLY.”

2. VOLT “V1”: Ph a se undervolta ge element, w ith pickup set a t 75%of the relay's rat ed

voltage.

3. VOLT “V1OVINS T”: (Only in ALP S, not a vaila ble in LP S). Insta nt a neous overvolta ge

element, operat ing on the positive sequence volta ge at the r ela y. It s pickup setting is

given by t he ta p “V1OVINSTP U ,” as a multiple of the relay 's ra ted volta ge.

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4. VOLT “V1OVTIM” : (Only in ALP S, n ot av a ilable in LP S). Time delayed, positive

sequence overvolta ge element, set by the t a p “V1OVTIMP U ,” a s a multiple of th e relay's

rated voltage. The definite time delay is specified by the tap “V1OVTIMDLY.”

Two other overvoltage elements, “V1COMPIN” and “V1COMPTD” operate on a

compensated positive sequence voltage given by

V V Z IOP 1 C 1= − ×

wh ere V1 and I 1 a re the positive sequence volta ge and current seen at the relay, a nd ZC is

a n ohmic reach equal to the ta p sett ing “V1COMP RCH ” at an gle “POS SE QANG .” Since the

elements requ ire inputs from a VT a nd a CT, they a re modeled wit h DI ST ra ther t ha n

generic VOLT elements.

5. DI ST “V1COMP IN”: (Only in ALP S, not a vaila ble in LPS ). Inst a nta neous, compensat ed

positive sequence overvolta ge element, w ith pickup set by t he ta p “V1COMP INP U ,” a s a

multiple of th e relay's ra ted voltage. The ta p “V1COMP RCH ” determines the va lue of ZC

in th e equat ion a bove. The ma gnitude of ZC is the value of th e ta p “V1COMP RCH .” Theangle of ZC is th e positive sequence line impedance an gle given by t he ta p

“POSSEQANG.”

6. DI ST “V1COMP TD”: (Only in ALP S, not a vaila ble in LP S). Time delayed, compensat ed

positive sequence overvolta ge element, w ith pickup set by th e ta p “V1COMP TDP U ,” a s

a m ultiple of the relay 's ra ted volta ge. “V1COMP RCH ” determines the amount of

compensation.

7. TIME R “V1COMP TD LY”: (Only in ALP S, not av a ilable in LP S). Timer supervised by

DIST “V1COMPTD.” The definite time delay is set by the tap “V1COMPTDLY.”

H. Line Pickup (SOTF) Protection

The CAPE relay model does not implement th is function. The elements t ha t a re par t of this

function a re provided.

1. IOC “I1”: P osi t ive sequence IOC element, set by the ta p “LINEP ICKU P .”

2. TIME R “LP U _TL1”: U nsu pervised tim er, fixed a t 25 ms.

3. TIME R “LP U _TL2PI CK U P ”: U nsupervised timer, fixed at 150 ms.

4. TIME R “LP U _TL2DROP OFF”: Un supervised timer, fixed at 90 ms.

5. TIME R “LPU _TL3PI CK U P ”: U nsupervised timer, fixed a t 45 ms.

6. TIME R “LPU _TL3DROP OFF”: Un supervised timer, fixed a t 5 ms.

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I. Remote Open Detection

1. TIME R “TL20”: Unsupervised timer, set by the ta p “TL20P IC KU P .”

The remote open detection function is not performed in th e CAPE code.

J . Line Overload

1. TOC “LE VEL 1”: P ha se TOC element, set by the ta p “LEVEL1PU .” Time delay set by

the t a p “LEVEL1TDL Y.”

2. TOC “LE VEL 2”: P ha se TOC element, set by the ta p “LEVEL2PU .” Time delay set by

the t a p “LEVEL2TDL Y.”

K. Scheme Timers

The CAPE relay model does not implement any pilot protection schemes directly. However,

th e scheme timers a re provided a s unsupervised TIME R elements. P ilot schemes can be

modeled usin g suit a ble LZOP conta ct logic a nd t he AU X element [4,6].

1. TIME R “TL1PI CK U P ”: U nsupervised timer, set by the tap “TL1PI CK U P .”


3. TIME R “TL4DROP OU T”: Unsu pervised timer, set by t he ta p “TL4DROP OU T.”





8. TIME R “TL16P IC KU P ”: U nsupervised timer, set by the ta p “TL16P IC KU P .”

9. TIME R “TL24DRP OU T”: U nsu pervised tim er, set by th e ta p “TL24D RP OU T.”

10. TIMER “TL25DRPOUT”: Unsupervised timer, set by the tap “TL25DRPOUT.”

11. TIME R “TL26P IC KU P ”: Un supervised timer, set by t he ta p “TL26P IC KU P .”

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L. Out-of-Step Blocking

A single DIST element is provided. It is up to the user to use the output of this element in

blocking a pplicat ions. The C AP E code does not m odel th e blocking of a dist a nce zone by t his

element. You can do this using LZOP contact logic.

1. DI ST “MOB ”: Dista nce element, whose rea ch is the reach of the dista nce zone it is

coordinat ed w ith. The ta p “MOB ZONE” decides th e coordinat ing zone for t his element.

The sha pe of t his element can be a circle, toma to-sha ped or lenticular, a s determined by

the t a p “MOB CH ARANG .” If Zone 4 is chosen a s t he coordina ting zone, and Zone 4 is

set to be REVERSE looking, this element will be coordinated with Zone 3.

M. Out-of-Step Tripping (Only in ALPS, not available in LPS)

For out of step tripping, three DIST elements are provided. Also, a set of unsupervised

timer elements is provided. The tripping logic is not implemented in the CAPE relay model.

The reach of all thr ee elements is determined by t he ta ps “FWDR EACH ” a nd

“REVREACH.”

1. DI ST “OST_INNE R”: Inn er OS t ripping char a cteristic. The sha pe of th e cha ra cteristic is

determined by the tap “INNER” which sets the characteristic angle.

2. DI ST “OST_MID DL E”: Middle OS tr ipping char a cteristic. The tap “MIDD LE”

determines the sha pe of th e cha ra cteristic.

3. DI ST “OST_OU TER”: Out er OS t ripping char a cteristic. The ta p “OUTER” det ermines

th e shape of the chara cteristic.

4. TIME R “TLOS1P U ”: U nsupervised timer, set by th e ta p “TLOS1P U .”

5. TIME R “TLOS1DO”: U nsupervised timer, set by the tap “TLOS1DO.”




III. Element Operation

A. Overcurrent Elements

The ALP S relay ha s both I OC a nd TOC element s. The generic CAPE models of th e IOC a nd

TOC elements are used to determine operation. The IOC element will operate if its

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operat ing qua ntit y exceeds its pickup setting. The opera ting q ua ntit y of the IOC elements

is defined either in th e rela y libra ry or in code if it depends on a t a p setting.

The opera ting q ua ntit y of each TOC element is a lso defined in t he relay library .

B. Voltage Elements

The ALP S cont a ins both overvolta ge a nd u ndervolta ge elements. They a re either

insta nta neous or time-delayed, a nd opera te on the pha se volta ge, uncompensat ed positive

sequence voltage or a compensated positive sequence voltage.

The pha se volta ge elements a nd the u ncompensat ed positive sequence elements a re

modeled a s VOLT elements, w hile the elements th a t operat e on a compensat ed positive

sequence voltage are modeled as distance elements because a CT input is also needed for

determining opera tion in a ddition to a VT input.

The overvolta ge element s w ill opera te if t he opera tin g volta ge exceeds th e pickup. Theundervoltage element will opera te if t he opera ting volta ge is below t he pickup setting.

C. Directional Elements

The directional elements “NB ” a nd “NT” a re implemented using a n energy compar a tor

measur ement, based on th e negative sequence polar izing volta ge and t he negat ive sequence

operat ing current. The OP ERATE a nd RE STRAINT qua ntit ies for t he tw o elements a re

ba sed on t he discussion in [3] a nd a re ta bulat ed below :

NT NB

OPERATE V2 – (1+ k)×I 2×ZR 2×V2 + 2×I 2×ZR

RESTRAINT V2 + I2×ZR (2+ k)×I 2×ZR

V2 and I2 a re the negat ive sequence polar izing volta ge and opera ting current seen by th e

elements. The constant “k” is given by the tap “NT_OFFSET.” ZR is fixed a t

Z 20eR

jPOSSEQANG= Ω

for t he 5A relay. “P OSS EQANG” is t he ta p tha t specifies th e positive sequence line an gle.

The ma gnit ude of ZR is 100Ω for the 1A relay.

“NT” w ill opera te if i ts OP ERATE qua nt ity exceeds t he RE STRAINT qua ntit y by 1.0secondar y volts, RMS . “NB ” will opera te if its opera ting qu a ntit y exceeds the restra ining

qua ntit y by 0.5 seconda ry volts, RMS .

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D. Distance Elements

i) Phase Distance Measurement (variable MHO)

The DI ST elements “M1,” “MT,” “M3,” “M4” and “OSB ” a re the elements t ha t m easur e

pha se fault s. The equa tions below a re for t he “A-B ” pha se loop. Similar equa tions ca n be

w ritt en for the “B -C” a nd “C -A” loops. The compa ra tor equa tions a re:

V (I I ) Z (V V )

V (V V )

V (I I ) Z

OP A B n1 A B

POL1 A B 1M

POL2 A B n1

= − × − −

= −

= − ×

where Zn1 is the reach of the Zone “n” in the positive sequence and (VA-VB )1M is th e positive-

sequence memory (prefault) voltage.

The amount of coincidence between the three phasors above is then determined. Theelement will operate if

180 - Char_ angleMIN MAX°+ ≥φ φ

where φ MI N is the smallest phase angle among the three phasors above and φ MAX is the

lar gest. The cha ra cteristic angle (90° for Zone 1) is determined by a numeric ta p setting.

ii) Ground Distance Measurement (variable MHO)

The DI ST elements “M1G,” “MTG ,” “M3G ” a nd “M4G” w ill measur e phase-ground fa ults.

Note tha t t he element “M1G ” is made up of tw o units , one with a MHO chara cterist ic a nd

th e other w ith a REACTANCE char a cteristic. The equat ions below a re for t he MHO t ype

element. The comparator equations are, for the “A-G” loop:

V (I I ) Z K0 I Z V

V (V )

V (I ) Z

V I Z

OP A 0 n1 0 n0 A

POL1 A 1M

POL2 A 2 n1

POL3 0 n1

= − × + × × −

=

= ×

= ×

wh ere K0×Zn0 is the zero sequence impedance reach of the Zone “n” and Z n1 is the positive

sequence reach. Zn0 and Zn1 ha ve the same ma gnitude, wit h different a ngles. Thema gnitude of the reach is given by the ta p “ZnG RD REACH ” wh ere n is the zone number.

Zn0 is defined at the zero sequence line a ngle “ZERS EQANG” a nd Zn1 is defined a t t he

positive sequence line angle “P OSS EQANG.”

The qua ntit y (IA)2 denotes t he negat ive sequence current .

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The Zone 1 mho can be a m ho tha t supervises the rea cta nce unit. If t ha t is th e ca se, the

rea ch of th e mho will depend on th e prefau lt load flow in th e line, with the minimum rea ch

given by the tap “Z1SUREACH.”

The qua ntit y K0 is given by t he ta p “Z1GROU NDK 0” for t he Zone 1 element “M1G” a nd by

th e ta p “ZEROSE QK0” for t he other zones. Please see Cha pter 2 in [1] for a discussion on

how to set these two ta ps.

For the operation of the element, the coincidence of the phase angles of the comparator

pha sors is checked, as in t he case of th e phase dista nce mea surement fun ction.

iii) Ground Distance Measurement (Reactance)

The reacta nce unit of the D IS T element “M1G” uses t he following equa tions:

OP A 0 11 0 10 A

POL1 A 2 11

POL2 0 11

POL3 1F 11

V (I I ) Z K0 I Z V

V (I ) Z

V I Z

V I Z

= − × + × × −

= ×= ×

= ×

Z11 and K0×Z10 a re t he positive an d zero-sequence reaches of the element. P ola rizing VPOL3

is used only in r evision B relays. I 1F is t he positive-sequence component of the cur rent

measur ed at the relay only due to th e fault. It is ta ken from th e appropriat e pha se. The

chara cteristic a ngle is 90°. Opera tion is checked by pha sor coincidence.

When t he ALPS is a pplied on lines w ith series capa citor compensat ion, t he zone 1 dista nce

functions are modified to prevent transient over reach due to the low frequency transients

that may exist on power systems with series compensation. The operating quantity VOP , in

the phase and ground distance comparator equations must exceed a level set by the tap

“Z1P LEVDE T” for pha se distan ce a nd “Z1GLE VDET” for t he ground dista nce element s.

The LP S relay is not used on series-compensat ed lines. Consequently, it does not h a ve the

ta ps “Z1P LE VDE T” an d “Z1G LE VDE T.”

iv) Ground Distance Measurement (Direction and Resistive Blinder)

In r evision B relays, if th e QUAD cha ra cteristic is chosen, th e directiona l compa ra tor a nd

th e resistive blinder compa ra tor a re also eva luat ed, in a ddition to th e rea ctan cecomparator. For details, please see [7].

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v) Out of Step Tripping (Only in ALPS, not available in LPS)

The out of step tr ipping element s “OS T_INN ER ,” “OS T_MID D LE ” a nd “OS T_OU TE R”

operat e based on t he measu red positive sequence impedance. The compa ra tor equa tions a re

given by

ZS1 V Z I1 FWD 1= − ×

ZS2 V Z I1 REV 1= − ×

V1 and I1 a re the positive sequence volta ge an d current. ZFWD is the complex forw a rd r each

given by t he ta p “FWDRE ACH ” a t t he positive sequence line a ngle “POS SE QANG .” ZRE V is

th e complex reverse reach given by th e tap “RE VREACH ” at a n a ngle

(180°+ P OSSEQANG).

The element w ill opera te if

Charac_ angle arg(ZS1) arg(ZS2) 360 Charac_ angle≤ − ≤ °−

“Ch a ra c_a ngle” is th e cha ra cteristic a ngle of the element, w hich can va ry betw een 40° a nd

165° for each of th e OST element s.

IV. Displaying and Dragging Curves in Coordination Graphics

In C AP E C oordina tion Gr a phics, you can display D IS T element curves an d Overcurrent

element curves. You ca n a lso dra g the curves around on the display, a nd t his will updat e

th e corresponding r ela y t a ps (only in C AP E's copy, not in the da ta base). H owever, please

note the following:

1. You ca nnot displa y VOLT element curves in Coordina tion Gra phics, which mea ns tha t

you ca nnot dr a g t hem either. The only w a y t o cha nge VOLT element sett ings is to

change th e corresponding ta p. You ca n do this either by using C U P L or by cha nging th e

taps in the Database Editor, followed by a refresh of the protection data.

2. Tw o elements “V1COMP IN” a nd “V1COMP TD” a re overvolta ge elements, but a re

modeled a s DI ST elements beca use they need a current input in ad dition to a volta ge

input. You should not tr y t o display t hese elements in C oordinat ion G ra phics. An

operat ion model is all th a t is defined for these tw o elements.

3. The Out -of-St ep tr ipping cha ra cterist ics “OS T_INN ER ,” “OS T_MID DL E,” an d“OST_OU TER” h a ve both a forw a rd rea ch and a reverse reach. In C oordina tion

G ra phics, you will be a ble to dra g the curve only to cha nge the forwa rd rea ch. To cha nge

the r everse rea ch, you ha ve to cha nge the corresponding common ta p.

4. The Zone 1 ground dista nce element “M1G” consists of a rea ctan ce unit a nd a mho unit.

If th e ta p “Z1GRD CH AR” is set t o “MHO,” t he reacta nce unit is ignored. If the ta p is set

to “REACT,” the mh o unit supervises the reacta nce unit. I n C oordinat ion G ra phics, you

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will see both th e units irr espective of the setting of th e ta p “Z1G RDC HAR.” When t he

operat ion of the element is eva luat ed for a fau lt, th e sett ing of the ta p will be ta ken into

account.

V. Common Taps

The common ta ps in th e list below a re organized a ccording to function. For t he ta p ra nges,

plea se see pa ges 2-65 thr ough 2-79 in [1] an d pa ges 2-59 th rough 2-72 in [5].

ZONE 1 DISTANCE

Z1P HASE Activate Zone 1 P ha se Dist a nce? (Informa tion Only)

Z1P REACH Zone 1 P ha se Reach

Z1P LE VDE T Zone 1 P ha se Level D etector (ALP S only)

Z1G ROU ND Activat e Zone 1 G round Dist a nce? (Informa tion Only)

Z1G RDRE ACH Zone 1 G round ReachZ1G RDC HAR Zone 1 G round Cha ra cteristic (MHO, REACT or QU AD)

Z1SU RE ACH Zone 1 G round Reacta nce Mho Supervision Reach

Z1G ROU ND K Zone 1 Zero sequence compensa tion fa ctor

Z1G LE VDE T Zone 1 G round Level Det ector (ALP S only)

Z1B LOC K B lock Su pervision of Zone 1? (In forma tion only)

Z1G CH ARANG Zone 1 G round Cha ra cteristic Timer a ngle for QU AD

reactance element. (Revision B only)

Z1RG REACH Zone 1 G round QU AD resistive reach (Revision B only)

ZONE 2 DISTANCE

Z2P HASE Activate Zone 2 P ha se Dist a nce? (Informa tion Only)

Z2P HR EACH Zone 2 P ha se Reach

Z2P CH ARANG Zone 2 P ha se Cha ra cteristic Angle

Z2G ROU ND Activat e Zone 2 G round Dist a nce? (Informa tion Only)

Z2G RDC HAR Zone 2 G round Cha ra cteristic (MHO or QU AD)

Z2G RDRE ACH Zone 2 G round Reach

Z2G CH ARANG Zone 2 G round Cha ra cteristic Angle

Z2TIME RS Activa te Zone 2 Timers? (In forma tion Only)

Z2P_TIM E Zone 2 P ha se Timer

Z2G_TIME Zone 2 G roun d Timer


ZONE 3 DISTANCE

Z3P HASE Activat e Zone 3 P ha se Dist a nce? (Informa tion Only)



Z3G RND Activat e Zone 3 G round Dist a nce? (Informa tion Only)

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Z3P_TIM E Zone 3 P ha se Timer




ZONE 4 DISTANCE

Z4P HASE Activat e Zone 4 P ha se Dist a nce? (Informa tion Only)



Z4G RND Activat e Zone 4 G round Dist a nce? (Informa tion Only)



Z4D IRE CTN Zone 4 Dir ection Cont rol

Z4_TIME RS Activa te Zone 4 Timers? (In forma tion Only)Z4P_TIM E Zone 4 P ha se Timer




Current Supervision

IT_P IC KU P Trip Supervision Cur rent

IB _P ICK UP B lock Supervision Current

IP T_P IC KU P G round Overcurrent Trip Cur rent

IP B _P ICK UP G round Overcurrent B lock Current

IB P KFACTOR IP B P osi t ive sequence restraint

NT_OFF SE T “k” for D IR “NT” a nd “NB ”

U NB ALALARM U nba lanced current a larm ? (Informa tion Only)

Direct Tripping Overcurrent Protection

50 Activat e P ha se IOC ? (Informa tion Only)

50_D IRC NL 50 Dir ectiona l Cont rol?

50P ICK UP P ickup sett ing for 50

50P IC KU P FF 50 P ickup during fuse fa ilure (Informa tion Only)

50G Activat e G round IOC ? (Informa tion Only)

50G _DI RCNL 50G Directiona l Control?

50G P ICK UP 50G P ickup Sett ing

50G P ICK UP FF 50G P ickup during fuse fai lure (Informa tion Only)

50G RE STNT 50G Restra int setting

51G Activat e G round TOC? (Informa tion Only)

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51G _DI RCNL 51G Directiona l Control?

51G P ICK UP 51G P ickup Sett ing

51G P ICK UP FF 51G P ickup during fuse fai lure (Informa tion Only)

51G CU RVE 51G TOC curve ty pe

51G TMD IAL 51G Time D ia l

DE FTIMD EL Y Definite Time Delay

51G _RES ET 51G Reset Ch a ra cteristic (Informa tion Only)

Overvoltage Protection

RATE D VOLTS Ra ted Volta ge

P H ASE OVER Activat e P ha se Overvolta ge? (Informa tion Only)

P HOVP ICKU P P hase Overvol tage P ickup

P HOVTMDL Y P ha se Overvolta ge Time Delay

V1OVER Activa te P os. Seq uence Overvolta ge? (In forma tion Only)(ALP S only).

V1OVINS TP U Inst . P os. Seq. OV P ickup (ALP S only)

V1OVTIMP U P os. Seq . TOV P ickup (ALP S only)

V1OVTIMD LY P os. Seq . OV Time D elay (ALP S only)

V1COMP Activat e Compensa ted P os. Seq. OV? (Informa tion Only)

(ALPS only)

V1COMP RCH Comp. P os. Seq. OV Impeda nce (ALP S only)

V1COMP INP U Comp. P os. Seq. IOV P ickup (ALP S only)

V1COMP TDP U Comp. P os. Seq. TOV P ickup (ALP S only)

V1COM P TD LY Comp. P os. Seq . OV Time D elay (ALP S only)

FU SE FAIL Activat e P otent ial Fuse Fa ilure B locking? (Informa tion

Only)

Block Reclose Initiate Function

ALL_B E LOW B lock reclosing for a ny function? (In forma tion Only)

OU TOFS TEP B lock for Out of St ep? (Informa tion Only)

ALL_3_Z2P H B lock for 3 pha se fa ult s? (In forma tion Only)

50G _B LOC K B lock 50G Trip? (In forma tion Only)

Z2TIME TRI P B lock Z2 Time D elay ed Trip? (In forma tion Only)

Z3TIME TRI P B lock Z3 Time D elay ed Trip? (In forma tion Only)Z4TIME TRI P B lock Z4 Time D elay ed Trip? (In forma tion Only)

Z1P HASE TRIP B lock for a ny Z1 P ha se Fa ult? (Informa tion Only)

ANYZ2PH ASE B lock for a ny Z2 P ha se Fa ult? (Informa tion Only)

CO NFG TRI P B lock for Configur a ble Trip Logic? (In forma tion Only)

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Line Pickup (SOTF)

LINEP ICK U P Select Line P ickup? (Informa tion Only)

B YPASS TL3 B ypa ss Line P ickup Time Delay ? (Informa tion Only)

I1P ICKU P I1 P ickup

Remote Open Detector

REMOTEOP EN Select Remote Open Detector? (Informa tion Only)

TL20P IC KU P Remote Open Detector Time Delay

Line Overload

LINE OVERLD Select Line Overloa d? (Informa tion Only)

LE VEL1PU Level 1 pickup current

LE VEL2PU Level 2 pickup currentLE VEL1TD LY Level 1 tim e delay

LE VEL2TD LY Level 2 tim e delay

Scheme

P ICK SC HE ME Select scheme logic

NU MRCVR Select number of receivers (Informa tion Only)

TRI P MOD E 1-pha se or 3-pha se tr ip mode (In forma tion Only)

CARRSTART Select function to use to sta rt th e carr ier in B LOCK ING

schemes (Informa tion Only)

WKIN FTRIP Activat e Weak En d Infeed tr ipping for Hy brid Scheme?

(Informa tion Only)

Scheme Timers

TL1P ICK UP Trip Int egra tor t ime

TL4P IC KU P P OTT Coord. Timer P ickup tim e

TL4DR OP OU T P OTT Coord. Timer D ropout tim e

TL5PI CK U P B KR1 52b Sw itch Coord. Timer P ickup time

TL5DRO P OU T B KR 1 52b Sw itch Coord. Timer Dr opout tim e

TL6PI CK U P B KR2 52b Sw itch Coord. Timer P ickup timeTL6DRO P OU T B KR 2 52b Sw itch Coord. Timer Dr opout tim e

TL16PI CK U P Weak In feed Trip Timer

TL24D RP OU T G round OC B locking Timer

TL25D RP OU T D ista nce B locking Timer

TL26P IC KU P Repea t Delay Timer

Although the scheme timers are modeled in CAPE, the scheme logic is not modeled.

Therefore th e user ha s to build his or h er own logic for pilot protection schemes.

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Line Information

P OSSE QANG P osit ive Seq. Impedance an gle

ZERSE QANG Zero Seq. Impeda nce a ngle

ZLINE P ositive Seq. Line Impeda nce in sec. ohms (Informa tion

Only)

ZEROS EQ K0 Z0/Z1 ra tio (used by D IS T compa ra tors for Z2-Z4)

LINE LE NG TH Line length (Informa tion Only)

LI NE U NI T Miles/km (In forma tion Only)

CTRATIO CT ra tio (In forma tion Only)

P TRATIO VT ra tio (In forma tion Only)

SCADA DATA

FLTLOCK Hold time (Informa tion Only)FLTRES ET Fa ult location reset time (Informa tion Only)

Out-of-Step Blocking

MOB ZONE Coordina ting zone

MOBC HARANG MOB char acterist ic angle

B LOCK WHAT B lock wh a t during out of step condition (Informa tion Only)

B LOCK Z1 B lock a ll Zone 1 Functions? (Informa tion Only)




Out-of-Step Tripping (ALPS Only)

U SE _OS T Select OST funct ion? (In forma tion Only)

NU MB RCH AR Select number of chara cteristics (Informa tion Only)

TRIP IN_OUT Trip enterin g or leaving In ner? (In forma tion Only)

FWDRE ACH OST Forwa rd reach

REVREACH OST Reverse reach

OU TER Outer Cha ra cteristic Angle

MID DL E Middle Cha ra cteristic AngleINNER Inner Cha ra cterist ic Angle

TLOS 1P U Coord. Timer 1 P ickup tim e

TLOS 1DO Coord. Timer 1 Dr opout tim e




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Auto-Reclosing (ALPS Model)

RE CLOS ER Select reclosing option (Informa tion Only)

NU M_1P_AT Num ber of a tt empts following single pole tr ip (In forma tion

Only)

NU M_3P_AT Num ber of a tt empts following th ree pole tr ip (In forma tion

Only)

1PD ELAY1 Single P ole First Delay (Informa tion Only)

3PD EL AY1 Three P ole First Delay (Informa tion Only)

3PD ELAY2 Three P ole Second Delay (Informa tion Only)

3P DE LAY3 Thr ee P ole Third D elay (In forma tion Only)

3PD ELAY4 Three P ole Fourth Delay (Informa tion Only)

D WEL LTIME Amount of tim e to keep cont a cts closed (In forma tion Only)

RE SE TTIME Reset (reclaim) tim e (In forma tion Only)

OVRALLTIME Overa ll tim e (In forma tion Only)

SYNC HC HE CK Sy nch Check Supervision (Informa tion Only)

VOLT_SU P VN Volta ge Su pervision (In forma tion Only)

LLD B Live Line Dea d B us? (Informa tion Only)DLD B Dead Line Dead B us? (Information Only)

DL LB Dea d Line Live B us? (Informa tion Only)

VOLTS_LIVE Live Volta ge (In forma tion Only)

VOLTS_DE AD Dea d Volta ge (Informa tion Only)

U SE _HOL D Hold? (Informa tion Only)

HOL DD ELAY Hold Time (Informa tion Only)

Auto-Reclosing (LPS Model)

RE CLMOD E Select reclosing option (Informa tion Only)

NU M3P Number of a tt empts follow ing thr ee pole tr ip (Informa tion

Only)

3PD EL AY1 Three P ole First Delay (Informa tion Only)

3PD ELAY2 Three P ole Second Delay (Informa tion Only)

3P DE LAY3 Thr ee P ole Third D elay (In forma tion Only)

3PD ELAY4 Three P ole Fourth Delay (Informa tion Only)

RE SE TTIME Reset (reclaim) tim e (In forma tion Only)

D WEL LTIME Amount of tim e to keep cont a cts closed (In forma tion Only)

HOL D Inh ibit Hold Select? (Informa tion Only)

HOL DTIME Hold Time (Informa tion Only)

HOLD SE NSE Contact Input St at us (Informa tion Only)

SYNC CH EC K Sy nch Check Supervision (Informa tion Only)CLOS EANG Closing Angle (Informa tion Only)

SL IP FRE Q Slip Frequency (Informa tion Only)

B US LINE B us or Line Voltage (Informa tion Only)

SYNCP HASE Voltage used by SYNCCH EC K (Informa tion Only)

SYNC HOLD SYNCC HE CK Hold Time (Informa tion Only)

SP 3PD EL AY1 Supervise 1st 3P Reclose after 3P Trip? (Information Only)

SP 3PD EL AY2 Supervise 2nd 3P Reclose after 3P Trip? (Information Only)

SP 3PD EL AY3 Supervise 3rd 3P Reclose after 3P Trip? (Information Only)

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SP 3PD EL AY4 Supervise 4t h 3P Reclose after 3P Trip? (Information Only)

SYNC MANCLS Supervise Ma nua l Close? (Informa tion Only)

VBU SLI VE Live B us Volta ge (Informa tion Only)

VB US DE AD Dead B us Voltage (Informa tion Only)

VLINELI VE Live Line Volta ge (Informa tion Only)

VLINED EAD Dea d Line Volta ge (Informa tion Only)

LB US DLINE Live B us Dead Line? (Information Only)

DB U SLLINE Dead B us Live Line? (Information Only)

DB U SD LINE Dead B us Dead Line? (Informa tion Only)

D EL TAV Volta ge D ifference (In forma tion Only)

D EL TAVBL K B lock Sy nch Ch eck by D EL TAV? (In forma tion Only)

Non-Critical Alarms

NCAIN1 Non-critica l a lar m input #1 (Informa tion Only)


NCAIN3 Non-critica l a lar m input #3 (Informa tion Only)NCAIN4 Non-critica l a lar m input #4 (Informa tion Only)





Outputs

T1 T1 Cont a ct (In forma tion Only)






A1 A1 Cont a ct (In forma tion Only)






A7 A7 Cont a ct (In forma tion Only)A8 A8 Cont a ct (In forma tion Only)





C1 C1 Conta ct (Informa tion Only)

C2 C2 Conta ct (Informa tion Only)

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KT1 KT1 Cont a ct (In forma tion Only)




CONF TRIP Initia te th ree-phase tr ip (Informa tion Only)

CONF OSC Init iat e oscillogra phy capture (Informa tion Only)

Configuration Information

U NITID Un it ID (Informa tion Only)

SYSFRE Q System Frequency (Informa tion Only)

P H ASROTATE P ha se Rotat ion (Informa tion Only)

TIME SYNC H Time syn chr. source (In forma tion Only)

NU M_B KR Number of breakers (Informa tion Only)

NU M_TC Numb er of tr ip circuits (In forma tion Only)

NU M_MON Number of tr ip circuit monitors (Informa tion Only)DI SP LAYVAL Display values in P RI or SE C (Informa tion Only)

LANG U AG E La ngua ge option (Informa tion Only)

Communication Ports

COMP ORT1 Comm. P ort 1 Sett ings (Informa tion Only)



P ROTOCOL1 Comm. P ort 1 P rotocol (Informa tion Only)



Oscillography

NU MFAU LTS Number of fa ults (Informa tion Only)

P REF AU LT Number of prefault cycles (Informa tion Only)

SP LITREC Fa ult record split percenta ge (Informa tion Only)

Breaker Duty

EXP ONENT Exponent in Ixt calculat ion (Informa tion Only)

MAX_OP Ma x. no. of breaker operat ions (Informa tion Only)

MAX_IXT Ma x. brea ker dut y (In forma tion Only)

IXTP H ASE A Accumula ted breaker duty on P ha se A (Informa tion Only)

IXTP H ASE B Accumula ted breaker duty on P ha se B (Informa tion Only)

IXTP H ASE C Accumula ted breaker duty on P ha se C (Informa tion Only)

NU M_OP P resent number of breaker operat ions (Informa tion Only)

NU M_OP _A P resent number of breaker operat ions on P ha se A

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(Informa tion Only)

NU M_OP _B P resent number of breaker operat ions on P ha se B

(Informa tion Only)

NU M_OP _C P resent number of breaker operat ions on P ha se C

(Informa tion Only)

Inputs

CC 1 Conta ct Converter 1 (Informa tion Only)


CC 3 Conta ct Converter 3(Informa tion Only)



CC 6 Conta ct Converter 6(Informa tion Only)



CC 9 Conta ct Converter 9 (Informa tion Only)CC 10 Conta ct Converter 10 (Informa tion Only)



Rated Current

RATE D _CU RRE NT Fixed a t 1A or 5A

The “RATED _CU RRE NT” ta p is not a n a ctual sett ing in the relay. I t ha s been creat ed so

th a t t he DIR element s “NT” an d “NB ” ca n decide wh ether to use ZR with a ma gnitude of

20Ω or 100Ω. The va lue of t his ta p is fixed for a given r ela y st yle.

VI. Element Settings

All the elements in the r elay a re set entirely from t he common ta ps. You do not ha ve to visit

the individual element setting forms, except to specify the contact logic code for the

elements. Please see the previous section for a list of common taps organized by function.

After placing the relay in your database, you will have to specify the CT and VT connections

required by th e various elements in t he relay.

1. IOC a nd TOC element s require a connection to a C T.2. IOV, IU V a nd TOV element s requir e a VT conn ection.

3. DI ST element s require a CT a nd a VT conn ection.

4. The DI R element s requir e an opera tin g CT connection an d a polar izing VT connection.

Click on the “Connect Op CT” butt on on th e rela y sett ing form of the Da ta base E ditor.

Ch oose a suita ble CT. This CT is the opera ting C T for t he a ll elements t ha t need a CT

connection.

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Click on the “Connect Op VT” butt on on th e rela y sett ing form of the Da ta base E ditor to

choose a VT for a ll the elements t ha t n eed one.

You w ill then click on th e “Connect P ol VT” but ton a nd choose a pola rizing VT for th e DI R

elements. This VT must be the same as the operating VT. CAPE will derive the required

nega tive-sequence volta ge. The D IR element s do not need a pola rizing C T connection.

The opera ting C T a nd VT qua ntit ies a re set au toma tically in the relay libra ry for each

element an d a re ta bulat ed below:

Element CT qua ntit y VT qua ntit y

All DI ST AB C AB C

IOC “50” MAX(AB S(IAR-IB R),AB S(IB R-IC R),AB S(IC R-IAR)) None

IOC “50G ” Neutra l None

IOC “I1” P ositive Sequence None

IOC “IT,” “IB ” Three P ha se (AB C) NoneIOC “IP T” Neutra l None

IOC “ IPB ” Neutra l None

TOC “51G ” Neutra l None

TOC “LE VEL1” Thr ee P ha se (AB C) None

TOC “LE VEL2” Thr ee P ha se (AB C) None

DI R “NB ,” “NT” Negat ive Sequence (Opera ting) Neg. Seq.

VOLT “P H OV” None AB C

VOLT “V1OVIN S T” None P os. S eq.

VOLT “V1OVTIM ” None P os. S eq.

The IOC elements “50” ha s a non-sta nda rd opera ting expression. This is beca use the a ctua l

relay element operat es on th ose qua nt ities. The non-sta nda rd expression is a va lid CU P L

expression, using CUPL quantities.

In th e ca se of th e IOC element “50G ” th e libra ry expression is fixed a s “Neutra l.” However,

w e know t ha t t he neutra l current is restra ined by a fra ction of the positive sequence

current, w ith t he fra ction given by t he common ta p “50GRE STNT.” This restr a int is

modeled in t he CAPE code for t he relay. S imilarly, for the IOC element “IP B ,” the effect of

th e restra ining factor “IP B KFACTOR” is modeled in the C AP E code.

The element “IPT” has its operating quantity fixed at “NEUT” in the library. In the actual

relay however, t he neutra l current is restra ined by 30%of the positive sequence current if

th e pilot scheme used in the relay is “HYB RID ,” “P OTT2” or “B LOCK ” a s defined by t hetext ta p “P ICKS CH EME .” The CAP E model of the relay also checks for t he ta p sett ing and

sets th e CT qua nt ity a ccordingly for t he element. P lease note th a t t he schemes themselves

a re not modeled in CAPE .

The compensat ed volta ge elements “V1COMP IN” a nd “V1COMP TD” a re modeled a s D IS T

elements rather than VOLT elements. The CAPE code takes care of computing the correct

operating quantity from the three-phase current and voltage information.

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VII. Contact Logic

The example contact logic described in this section is based on the ALPS relay operating in

a 4-zone step-dist a nce scheme w ith ba ckup overcurr ent pr otection. The following conta ct

logic codes ca n t hen be defined:

Element Designation Contact_Logic_Code

D IS T M1 Z1_P H ASE

D IS T M1G Z1_G ND

TIM E R Z2P_TIM E Z2_P H AS E

TIM E R Z2G_TIM E Z2_G ND





ALP S_ZONE _D IS T = Z1_P H AS E OR Z1_G ND OR Z2_P H ASE OR Z2_G ND OR

Z3_P H AS E O R Z3_G ND OR Z4_P H ASE OR Z4_G ND

The code ALP S_ZONE _DI ST defines t he opera tion of th e dista nce zones.

Now, consider t he direct t ripping overcurrent functions:

Element Designation Contact_Logic_Code

IOC 50 IOC _P HASE

IOC 50G IOC_G ND

TOC 51G TOC _G ND

ALP S_OC = IOC _P HASE OR IOC _G ND OR TOC_G ND

We ca n n ow w rite a n overall logic code for t his relay a s

ALP S_DIS T_OC = ALP S_ZONE _DI S T OR ALP S_OC

If t he ALP S r elay w ere the only relay in t he LZOP , then you would define the LZOP logic

code as “ALPS _DI ST_OC.” CAP E R ela y C hecking an d Sy stem S imulat or modules will

evalua te th e LZOP logic code to determine wheth er the LZOP operat ed or not.

If t here a re other relay s in t he LZOP, t hen you could use th e code “ALP S_DI ST_OC” in th e

logic expression for t he ent ire LZOP .

The codes a bove a re suggest ions only. You ma y define a nd u se a ny codes you like.

You can modify t he logic expressions a bove by a dding a blocking signa l from the OS B units.

Or you ma y w ish to provide a tr ip pa th via th e Line Overloa d TOC elements or th e

overvolta ge element s. It is a lso possible to implement a pilot scheme a s described in [4].

7/30/2019 ALPS.pdf


References

[1] “Adva nced Line P rotection™ Sy stem w ith Three P ha se Tripping,” Document No. GE K-

105555, G E P ower Man a gement, Ma lvern, P A.

[2] M. G. Adamia k, G . E. Alexa nder a nd W. P remerlani, “Advancement s in Ada ptive

Algorithm s for Secure High Speed Dista nce Protection,” G E Technical P ublica tion GE R-

3962.

[3] “DLP – Digita l Line Pr otection,” Document No. G ET-8037, G E P ow er Ma na gement,

Ma lvern, P A; October 1993.

[4] “Design for Modeling P ilot R ela ys a nd Teleprotection in t he Sy stem S imulat or a nd

Relay Checking Modules of the Computer-Aided Protection Engineering System

(CAP E ),” presented a t t he CAP E U sers' G roup Meetin g, J une 22-23, 1999.

[5] “Line Pr otection Sy st em™ w ith Thr ee P ha se Tripping,” Document No. G E K-106159A,

G E P ower Man agement, Malvern, PA.

[6] “Modeling P ilot P rotection using th e AU X Element in t he Comput er-Aided P rotection

En gineering S ystem (CAP E),” presented at the CAP E U sers' G roup Meeting, J une 2000.

[7] “LP S-D L ine Pr otection S yst em Inst ruction Ma nua l,” Document No. G EK -106159B , G E

P ower Man agement, Markha m, Ontar io, Ca nada , 2001.

Changes since the J anuary 2000 version of this document

1. Added 1A a nd 5A styles for the LP S relay.

2. P ositive sequence current restra int factors for IOC elements “50G” an d “IP B ” are now

evalua ted in t he CAP E code, instead of being evalua ted in t he CT expressions for th ose

elements. This removes dependence on t he ta p numbers for th e restra int fa ctors.

Changes since the December 2000 version of this document

1. Added LP S revision B st yles, to allow QU AD char a cteristics for ground distan ce

elements.

ALPS.pdf

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