Alphabet(2)

A is for Alphabet Books

Traditional and Postmodern

Discussion question:What are alphabet

books for?

But what do alphabet books do?

• reflect cultural values• teach a philosophy or an ideology

of language

Alphabet books transmit cultural values. This illustration from Mary Azarian’s A Farmer’s

Alphabet uses woodcuts, a nostalgic way to produce graphic art, to reinforce the nostalgia of the picture

itself.

Discussion question:

What cultural values do your books seem to communicate?

What do we mean by a philosophy of language?

Doe s la ng ua g e t e ll a nd d e s c r ib e r e a lit y a nd t h e

wor ld ?

Or does it create and change that reality?

Can thought exis t independently of language?

Two views of language

• Constative or authoritative– describes reality– words are found to fit

the world– precision in language is

most important– author’s intention is

“behind” the words

• Performative– creates reality– the world conforms to

fit the words used to “describe” it

– success of the utterance is most important

– author’s intention is “in” the words

J.L.Austin, in How to Do Things with Words, at first suggested

that constatives and performatives were opposites. But later, he began to think of

them as an historical continuum.

Traditional alphabet books offer no challenge to the words-to-world direction of fit. The world is objectively there, and we just need to find words to name the things we discover. For instance, look at these two images from John Burningham’s

ABC. No surprises here.

Characteristics of Traditional Alphabet Books

• Reinforce the fact that the world is objectively there by using realistic, familiar objects

• language is a tool for naming and describing

• pictures are also tools for identifying and idealizing objects

• language is also a tool for sorting and categorizing

• generate a desire for order and mastery

Postmodern Beginnings

Postmodern alphabet books seek to disturb a ready relationship between words and the world. Postmodern books seek to show the materiality of language in the world. This

means that instead of a being simply a pointer to something beyond itself, or an

transparent medium through which we learn about other things, language itself is a

presence in the world and must be thought of as an actual part of the thing it describes.

Dr. Seuss, always an innovator

• Dr. Seuss’s ABC Book shows how language and imagination go together.

• On Beyond Zebra challenges the possibilities of our present alphabet, showing how it limits our imagination.

• The Cat in the Hat Comes Back makes an even stronger statement about the insufficiency of language.

After invoking the help of all of the letters of the alphabet to no avail, the Cat finally releases a sound beyond the alphabet to

achieve the effect he needs.

Remember this?Two views of language

• Constative or authoritative– describes reality– words are found to fit

the world– precision in language is

most important– author’s intention is

“behind” the words

• Performative– creates reality– the world conforms to

fit the words used to “describe” it

– success of the utterance is most important

– author’s intention is “in” the words

Since language can be said to do all those things, and have all those effects, we call it material--that is, it has

its own density and presence in the world.

Different authors portray the materiality of language in

different ways:• Some playful, as if

language were literally a space of play

• Leslie Tryon, Albert’s Alphabet

Others emphasize language’s performativity, and vulnerability:

Chris Van Allsburg, The Z Was Zapped

Other author/illustrators are more inventive, and pose a greater challenge

to traditional views of language’s relationship to the world.

Mitsumasa Anno, for instance, in Anno’s Alphabet: An Adventure in Imagination, presents language itself as material puzzle, or impossibility .

A technique that shows that language is in fact a part of what it describes can be found in Mary Beth

Owen’s A Caribou Alphabet. This technique also de-emphasizes the nature/culture dichotomy.

In Suse MacDonald’s Alphabatics, the letters materialize into things in the

world:

Language, freed of its primary function of referring to things outside itself, is

thought of as self-referential.

Characteristics of Postmodern Alphabet Books

• Language is presented as material.• Language creates, rather than

describes, the world.• Words and letters do things; language

is performative.• Generate a desire for open-ness and

self-fashioning, for ordering the world according to personal preferences.

Get into groups and look at your alphabet books. How does your

book present the relationship between words and the world? Would you characterize it as

modern or postmodern?