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AEEC | October 2011 1
Alpha Eritrean Engineers Magazine FEBRUARY 2015
VOL 6 NO. 1
THE ROLE OF ICT AND SOFTWARE IN ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION
CONVERSATION WITH Dr. MEDHANIT
DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY TRENDS
LIST OF ENGINEERING OPPORTUNITIES
AEEC e
AEEC was gathered
for Display
Technology Trend
presentation on
Sunday October 26th
at MLK located in
Oakland CA
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AEEC | February 2015 1
CONTENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS
THE ROLE OF ICT AND SOFTWARE IN ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION
BY DR.YONAS MERESSI &
DR. MUSIE BEYENE
CONVERSATION WITH DR. MEDHANIT
BY ALPHA & DR. MEDHANIT
DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY TRENDS
BY AMANUEL GEBREBRHAN
JOB OPPORTUNITIES
BY YOSIEF WOLDEMARIAM
& FILIPOS ABRAHAM
EDITORS
SEBLE GEBREMEDHIN, M.S. IN PSYCHOLOGY
DR. ADIAM WOLDEGERGISH, PH.D IN
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
SAMUEL FESSEHAYE, B.A. IN
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
FILIPOS ABRAHAM, M.S, IN
SOFTWARE ENGINEERING AND
YOSIEF WOLDEMARIAM, B.A. IN
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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AEEC | February 2015 2
A Message from one of the editors
I want to wish you a wonderful beginning of 2015 and I hope the
remainder of the year
will be fruitious for all. As one of the editors, I have had the
privilege of assisting and
supporting one of the founders, Yosief Woldemariam and the
entire editors, in any
capacity so that AEEM magazine is a success. Since its
inception, I have seen this
magazine evolve over time not only in the way it presents its
articles but also the
number of people from around the world reading it. Knowing that
individuals are
reading these articles is very exciting and rewarding as well as
seeing its success grow. I
believe this magazine not only has attracted engineer readers
but it also has appealed to
professionals in related fields of expertise such as
mathematics, physics, chemistry,
biology, computer science and other related field. In reading
many of the articles, as a
novice and not being in the field of engineering, I have
observed my knowledge increase
in understanding what engineering means, what it does and its
impact in our daily
lives. Not only does it have specific classifications but also
it closely tie into and weaves
with other fields of expertise.
Engineers who contribute in writing articles for AEEM have
various levels of academic
education. Each of the contributors come from a different
expertise or background,
educational experience and live in many parts of the world such
as Malaysia, Abu Dhabi,
Eritrea, London, California, Maryland and some other states.
That is why, I believe, this
online magazine is efficacious. For me, I hope that these
articles not only reach those
that have completed their education and are in the engineering
working world but also
individuals who are in high school and college students and have
goals of becoming
future engineers. Awareness, knowledge, education and
empowerment is so powerful
that as an online magazine I encourage readers and contributors
when they are reading
the magazine to share it with others, especially with those
still continuing their
education.
As one of the contributing editor I look forward in continuing
to read and support this
magazine. This magazine not only provides awareness in the vast
array of knowledge in
the field of engineer but it also posts job opportunities,
recognize individuals who are
contributing both professionally and socially and allows readers
to post their views. I
want to say continue enjoy this edition of Alpha Eritrea and
keep sending in your
articles.
Sincerely yours,
Seble Gebremedhin
The Success of
Teamwork
Coming together is a
beginning.
Keeping together is
progress.
Working together is
success.
~ Henry Ford~
EDUCATION
IS THE MOST
POWERFUL
WEAPON
WHICH YOU
CAN USE TO
CHANGE
THE WORLD
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AEEC | February 2015 3
The role of ICT and Software Industry in Economic
Transformation and Good Governance
YM Gebremichael and M Beyene
Abstractit is nearly impossible to
imagine our lives without the information
and communications technologies (ICT)
we have come to take for granted, i.e.
smart phones, tablet devices, laptops,
desktop computers and in particular the
infrastructure that is the Internet. While
the impact of these technological
advances may be hard to quantify, the
effective usage of these as technologies
for information processing and
communications has undoubtedly
transformed societies. Indeed many countries have identified ICT
as a
key ingredient for economic growth and social transformation not
only
through industrial output and increased productivity but also
through
gains in administrative efficiency and its role in effective
governance. As
commoditization of software and cloud computing becomes
increasingly wide spread, this paper explores the potential
impact of
ICT and the software industry on fundamental economic
transformation
and good governance in developing countries in particular. It
further
looks at how the necessary environment and the required skills
can be
created through strategic government interventions on building
the
required infrastructure and educational systems.
I. INTRODUCTION
he last 20 years have been characterized by an
information revolution driven by advances in software
and computer technology. Information and Communication
Technology (ICT) is used to broadly describe a cluster of
technologies (software and hardware) used for gathering,
storing, processing and communicating information
electronically. The advances in ICT have facilitated
economic growth through knowledge distribution and
interaction via formal and informal computer and
communication networks. Here ICT, both as a product and
as an enabling technology, has impacted various economic
sectors such as education, health services, industry,
governance and others. This trend will continue into the
future where almost no part of our daily life will be
unaffected by the pervasive nature of software and
hardware technologies. While this may be the case, it is
important to realize that the technologies in themselves are
not transformational. The socio-economic context of their
application is a decisive factor in the impact of the
technologies (Pruulmann, 2006).
II. ICT AS AN ENABLING TECHNOLOGY
The advances and fast paced changes in networking
technologies and the penetration of the Internet has
revolutionized how economies interact with each other and
do business. As an integral component of ICT, software is a
key driver of economy in the developed world. It has
allowed systematic manipulation of data for better insight
and generation of knowledge. Indeed software has become
the prime industrial differentiator and a platform for
innovation, as such governments in Europe are realizing the
strategic importance of software as a key enabler in the
face of competition from emerging markets.
In the following sub-sections, the paper looks at the impact
of ICT and software as an enabling technology on
education, industry, eGovernment and social media.
A. EDUCATION
Education is one of the key pillars for the socio-economic
T
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AEEC | February 2015 4
growth of a country. It is widely recognized that the
effective and creative use of ICT in education can
facilitate
universal access to education, improvement on the quality
of delivery and more efficient management and
administration of education. ICT in education has raised the
capacity of generation and accelerated diffusion of
knowledge. This has led to Knowledge and information
societies (Krystyna Grniak-Kocikowska 2007) which in
turn has led into the concept of a knowledge based
economy (KBE). For the purposes of this article, a KBE is
defined as an economy in which the production,
distribution and exploitation of knowledge and information
play a leading role in the creation of wealth. A KBE, first
and
foremost, is driven by a work force that is highly skilled,
where a large and growing proportion of the workforce is
engaged in generating and processing information as
opposed to more physically tangible production output. In
such societies, computer literacy and access to network
facilities are as basic requirements as traditional
literacy.
Furthermore, rapid changes in information technology is
making educated labour with a range of skills or types of
knowledge more valuable, and the need for continuous
learning and developing competencies in new technologies
even more critical.
ICT technologies such as computer based training (CBT),
webinars and online lectures have transformed the
traditional classroom experience into one that is accessible
universally over wider geographical location and on
demand. This has brought huge benefits not only in
overcoming the instructor to student ratio of the
traditional
classroom setting but also enabled self-paced learning
which in many cases is a much more efficient process of
knowledge assimilation. ICT has also enhanced learning
through interactive tools e.g. online homework and
discussion forums. Additionally simulation packages for
modelling complex scientific experiments and various
physical processes are replacing traditional bench top
instrumentation leading to better understanding of the
theories and principles at much lower cost by creating
virtual laboratories.
ICT has enabled information (previously in printed books
and scientific journals) to be readily available for sharing
through smart devices, e-libraries and the Internet at a
much lower cost. By its nature, ICT is a fast paced
technology and so printed material on the subject itself
becomes obsolete in a very short space of time, ICT makes
knowledgebase on new technologies available for
consumption almost instantly. This has significantly
accelerated diffusion of knowledge and thus improved the
standards of education and research.
B. INDUSTRY
Economies in developing countries are mostly built on
light industrial manufacturing output and export of raw
material. In the drive towards KBE, knowledge becomes a
primary resource in production by adding value to raw
produce or enhancing/replacing capital and labor intensive
processes and thus creating value added production. This
value addition is an intangible asset with substantial
benefits. ICT has also enabled industries to increase their
production through efficient and fast processes, improve
their products through better analytical tools, designs and
quality control at reduced environmental cost. As
sophisticated machines replace human labor, ICT has aided
the provision of better working conditions in hazardous
environments such as mining, chemical processing, nuclear
plants etc. ICT is critical in developing KBE by creating
enabling environment for industrial innovation and
attracting foreign investment in many growth areas as well
as expanding international trade by facilitating
distribution
channels for industries to sell their products and services
to
a much wider customer base as well as making 24 hour
banking services available.
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AEEC | February 2015 5
C. THE EGOVERNMENT
Government institutions can benefit significantly from
effective use of ICT technologies to provide efficient,
accountable, transparent and economically viable services.
The digital interaction between governments and citizens or
between government agencies is referred to as
eGovernment. In such governance, ICT improves the
relationship between the government institutions and their
constituencies in service delivery promoting social equality
and democratic inclusiveness. In particular rural
communities, where government services may not be easily
accessible either due to lack of effective transportation or
other bureaucratic systems, governance can benefit greatly
through use of ICT. The transparency and good governance
which comes with properly implemented eGovernment
systems, where information required to make decisions is
readily available has the potential to reduce corruption and
attract foreign investment leading to greater economic
growth.
D. SOCIAL MEDIA AND ENTERTAINMENT
The term social media refers to web applications that
enable people to communicate and share information.
Some examples of social media include Facebook, Twitter,
and YouTube, LinkedIn blogs, discussion forums, chat rooms
and wikis. Most of these technologies did not exist 15 years
ago, indeed they are still evolving not only due to the
advances in ICT but also as a direct result of the way we
have come to use them. While their impact is yet to be fully
felt, the potential for these technologies to promote
informed citizenry and civil organization, with profound
implications for democratic participation, is clear.
Increasingly social media has been used to great effect in
providing up to date information in emergencies and
disasters facilitating communication in organizing
assistance, issuing early warnings, pictorial reporting of
damage and general situational awareness. The relief
efforts to support Haiti following the 7.0 earthquake that
hit
Port-Au-Prince in January, 2010 can be cited as an example
here.
ICT has impacted entertainment by enhancing the different
ways in which we spend our leisure time. With the use of
these technologies not only have the ways in which we
entertain ourselves dramatically increased but also access
to the digital content (music, movies, games etc.) has been
become free or at much reduced cost for a wider audience.
The popularity of entertainment technology has spawned a
gaming industry that is now a multibillion dollar industry
which has created a huge number of highly skilled jobs
worldwide. The industry also has a skill and product
feed-off
effect to other industries. While there are claims that
digital
entertainment such as games promote physical inactivity,
there is no natural causal relation and, like any human
activity, there is plenty of scope for benefiting from good
practice and habit.
III. SOFTWARE AS A PRODUCT
Today software permeates every aspect of our lives, from the
news, social media, e-commerce and government websites we
visit multiple times in a day to the sophisticated office tools
and
programs that many of us use for work on a daily basis.
Indeed
each of us interacts with and consumes thousands of lines of
code
written by other people whether it is paid for or freely
available.
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AEEC | February 2015 6
There are several key industries and processes which heavily
rely on software technologies and intelligent hardware systems for
their competitiveness, productivity and the quality of service they
provide. These include, among many others, the defense industry and
communications infrastructure, industrial products ranging from
medical instruments to home appliances, government institutions,
research programs, education, social services and others. In
addition software itself, as an industry in its own right, is
relatively low investment, environmentally friendly and high growth
industry with huge export potential. The software industry
potentially offers developing countries the opportunity to compete
at the highest level with much less investment when compared to
traditional industries as shown in some Asian tiger economies. Here
it is important to differentiate low skill outsourced activities,
such as call centers, that have little impact on long term economic
growth from skilled software industries. Increasingly, new and
existing critical infrastructures will depend on software (embedded
systems and Internet services). In such critical software,
non-functional requirements such as reliability, security and
availability will become more crucial (ISTAG 2012). To effectively
exploit this trend, economies need to produce highly skilled work
force with the appropriate technical skills.
IV. ICT AS A SERVICE
Many organizations of various sizes are becoming conscious of
the value of using computing resources remotely and are thus
adopting cloud services. Cloud computing is a phrase used to
describe different modes in which computing resource (hardware
and/or software) is delivered as a service over a network. The
service relies on sharing a pool of physical and/or virtual
resources, rather than deploying locally. In general, cloud
services are offered in three modes: Software as a Service (SaaS),
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) and Platform as a Service
(PaaS). SaaS refers to the software delivery model in which
applications are hosted remotely and accessed through the Internet.
Many web applications such as web emails, social media and other
enterprise applications are delivered this way. IaaS on the other
hand refers to the virtualized computing infrastructure accessed as
a service through a network, e.g. storage spaces, networking
components, servers etc. The resource is pulled from a pool of
servers distributed across data centers under the providers
control, the user is then granted access to this resource in order
to build their own IT platforms. PaaS is an extension of IaaS. In
addition to the fundamental computing resource supplied by the
hardware in IaaS, PaaS also includes the software and
configuration required to create the platform on which clients
can build their applications over the internet. This service can be
customized with features that meet individual user requirements.
Web hosting services belong to this category. One of the key
characteristics of cloud computing is the flexibility that it
offers. The service is able to adapt and scale to changes in
response to demand. It also provides the ability to lower
expenditures by not having to invest in purchasing and maintaining
hardware and software. Such resource sharing allows multiple
customers to use the service and share the payload, reducing the
tasks at the customers end. In addition, cloud computing can lead
to reduction in staff headcounts in the hardware or platform
maintenance. Enterprises can use the freed-up resources in other
productive activities. With the growing number of web-enabled
devices used in today's business environment (e.g. smartphones,
tablets), cloud computing makes access to data even easier. Sharing
data and resources makes collaboration and communication more
efficient and thus simplifying the development process for teams
working across geographical locations.
V. CAPACITY BUILDING AND THE ROLE OF THE GOVERNMENT
Governments, in developing countries in particular will
require acknowledgement of the fact that technical
progress, generation and accumulation of knowledge are
critical in the drive towards a knowledge based economy.
Of key importance here is the role of ICT in the
distribution
of knowledge, gains in administration efficiency and the
long term economic growth. To take advantage of this,
consistent and predictable government policies are
required in relation to commitment in the use of the
technology and also make the required investment
available for the proliferation of ICT technologies. The
priorities must lie in the following:
A. EDUCATION AND HUMAN CAPITAL
As generation, storage and access to data becomes easier
and less expensive, the skills and competencies relating to
the profitable use of the data become more crucial. The
workforce will require both formal education and the
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AEEC | February 2015 7
mental dexterity to continuously acquire, select and apply
new theoretical and analytical knowledge and skills to
extract useful information from vast stores of
heterogeneous data. Therefore education and continuous
life-long learning and training are central to the KBE,
enabling tools for individual and organisational
advancement.
Producing graduates to fill the jobs created in the
knowledge based economies requires an education system
that is able to cater for this growing demand.
Traditionally,
the schooling system has always placed importance in
mathematics and languages such as English as core subjects
to be taught from an early age. In order to meet the
demands of the future and drive knowledge based
economies, the schooling system should include ICT as a
core subject aimed at generating future graduates who
have strong IT skills (irrespective of their chosen academic
stream). In the UK for example, the year 2014 has been
labelled as a year of code in which coding is introduced
to the school timetable for every child aged 5-16 years old,
making the UK the first major G20 economy to implement
this on a national level. This alone is not enough, in
addition, ICT skills must be taught past this level
systematically and teaching methods have to change and
utilise innovative ICT technologies to meet the needs of
students and employers.
B. COLLABORATION AND INNOVATION
Universities are central to educating and training the
workforce for KBE. Recognizing the diffusion of knowledge
is just as important as its creation, thus collaboration
between educational institutions and industry must be
facilitated. Such collaborations provide opportunities to
increasing the relevance of a Universitys education and
provide a means for efficient transfer of economically
useful
knowledge and skills required in industry. Although it may
be possible to argue that industrial collaboration may lead
to academic research centers diverting their resources from
fundamental research seeking immediate returns, some of
the most important scientific insights have come from
solutions to actual industrial problems. It is therefore
important for higher educational institutions and academic
establishments to find a balance between close
collaboration with industry (for economic as well as
innovative purposes), and their essential role in
fundamental research and education. Here there is a role
for technology parks to act both as catalysts for growth of
high-tech industries. As well as creating the clustering
effect
where concentration of technology and experts can lead to
efficient knowledge transfer, the parks can also promote
professional training and skills development. Technology
degrees and vocational courses must incorporate
mandatory work placement into their programs so that ICT
students in particular can gain important insight into a
practical working environment before they graduate.
C. ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE
Productivity gains through the use of technological changes
will
necessitate training of the work force in the use of new
technologies and organizational flexibility in adopting new
technology. Here it is important to stress the need for
government policies that place more emphasis on upgrading
human capital through promoting access to a range of skills
and
providing the enabling conditions for organizational change
to
maximize the benefits of technology for productivity.
D. THE NECESSARY INFRASTRUCTURE
Access to broadband communications system has been viewed
as a consequence of economic growth and thus given a lesser
priority in developing countries. This is not only inaccurate
but
also a huge hindrance to the desired socio-economic
transformation. Modern telecommunication infrastructure
must be viewed as a cause and stimulant of socio-economic
development. It is also by far the most critical physical
infrastructure in developing a KBE. As an infrastructure,
the
importance of this network must be viewed on equal
footing with building roads, bridges, railways and
electricity
provision. Broadband network creates an enabling
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AEEC | February 2015 8
environment for knowledge transfer, innovation and
provision of efficient eGovernment services. It will also
enable businesses and utility industries to provide cost
effective services by facilitating e-commerce and accurate
data collection. Additionally this technology will make
interactive education systems accessible. Key to this is
investing on robust terrestrial fiber optic communication
infrastructure for high bandwidth communications system.
This network can be readily connected to the global
submarine fiber optic communications network for fast
Internet services aiding collaborative research, expansion
of international trade and attracting foreign investment in
many growth areas.
VI. CONCLUSION
Advances in ICT, in the developed world in particular, have
transformed the way we consume government services, learn as
well socialize and interact. It has provided transparency,
improved
accountability and efficiency in governance. ICT has made
instant
business transactions possible across wider geographical
locations. Education is one area where ICT continues to
impact
greatly not only in the transmission and sharing of
information
but also in the way education provision and delivery is aided
by
modern ICT technologies. ICT devices are increasingly
becoming
more and more powerful, increasing information sharing,
processing and knowledge diffusion. It is estimated that over
50%
of GDP in the major economies is now knowledge-based. This
is
bound to rise with the commoditization of software and the
cloud
computing infrastructure where the ICT services provided are
considered basic utilities in par with electricity and water.
Against
this background, economies will need to enhance their
educational systems to produce a highly skilled workforce
with
the appropriate technical skills by exploiting new developments
in
ICT.
REFERENCE
[1] Krystyna Grniak-Kocikowska, (2007),"From computer ethics to
the ethics of global ICT society", Library Hi Tech, Vol. 25, Issue
1, 2007, pp. 47 57.
[2] Pille Pruulmann-Vengerfeldt, (2006) Exploring Social Theory
as a Framework for Social and Cultural Measurements of the
Information Society, The Information Society: An International
Journal, Vol 22, issue 5, 2006, pp. 303-310.
[3] John C. Bertot, Paul T. Jaeger, Justin M. Grimes, Using ICTs
to create a culture of transparency: E-government and social media
as openness and anti-corruption tools for societies, Government
Information Quarterly 27 (2010) 264271.
[4] ISTAG, Toward a Strategic Agenda for Software Technologies
in Europe, 2012.
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ALPHA ERITREAN ENGINEERS MAGAZINE
FEBRUARY 2015 ISSUE
-
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AEEC | February 2015 9
First of all, I would like to thank you for sharing the June
issue of Alpha Eritrean
Engineer's Magazine. I would like to sheepishly confide with you
that it was my
first time hearing about it.
Let me tell you my impression about it: it is beyond words for
me to express my
admiration. I perfectly understand the amount of hard and
consistent effort that
was put in it- starting from net-working, maintaining and
developing the
commitment among devoted Eritrean engineers and finally putting
it all together
in a journalistic style with substance and quality presentation:
Eritrean
Engineers Magazine - a pioneer of its own. It is quite an
achievement and speaks
for itself.
I simply want to say I am proud of you guys and keep
going!!!
Senait Amanuel, Structural engineer Brain experience on Days in
a month question: Some months have thirty (30) days and some months
have thirty-one (31) days. How many months have twenty-eight (28)
days? Please send your response to [email protected]
ALPHA ERITREAN ENGINEERS
Comments & Suggestions
Page
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AEEC | February 2015 10
First and foremost we would like to thank you for accepting our
invitation for this conversation and your participatory time with
Alpha.
Alpha: Would you briefly tell us about yourself?
Dr. Medhanit: My name is Medhanit W. Bahta a daughter of
Woldeghiorghis Bahta and Hiriti Berhane. I was born in Asmara. My
educational
background is in Chemistry with an emphasis in Medicinal and
Organic Chemistry. After obtaining a Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry, I
worked at the National Cancer Institute, NIH as a postdoctoral
fellow where I was involved in the gram scale synthesis and drug
discovery techniques such as
Structure Activity Relationship (SAR) studies. I am now employed
under US Patent and Trademark Office as a patent examiner in the
chemical art unit. As a patent examiner, I review patent
applications if they comply with the basic rules and legal
requirements, as well as research the subject matter claimed in a
patent application. I then determine the patentability of the
claimed subject matter.
Alpha: Where did you grow up and what were your experiences
growing up there?
Dr. Medhanit: I grew up in Asmara, the capital city of Eritrea.
Asmara is a beautiful city that is blessed with tranquility and it
is the city where I always felt safe going anywhere and anytime.
The weather is ideal with its beauty and the friendliness of its
people. The city is rich in its architecture with Italian colonial
area. Going to Italian school and learning the rich Italian history
has taught me to appreciate every detail of Asmaras infrastructure,
wide streets, piazzas and coffee bars.
Alpha: You are the youngest in your family and
what was it like to be the youngest of the family?
Dr. Medhanit: Yes, I am and I consider myself one of the
luckiest person to be part of such a wonderful family. I am much
younger than my siblings and grew up under the wings of each one of
them. I grew up spoiled and everyone in the family looked out for
me. I was always the baby to my family but I was taught success has
no limit. I have learned a lot from each of my siblings and who I
am now is because of my family.
Alpha: Which college or university did you go to? Dr. Medhanit:
I received a B.Sc. in chemistry from the University of Asmara and
then I worked as a teaching assistant for a year at the same
university under the department of chemistry. I was then offered
graduate-research assistantship position from the University of
Tennessee and obtained Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry. The research I
conducted in graduate school focused on the total synthesis of
naturally occurring product analogs, specifically called
hydramycin. These natural products are known to have anticancer and
antibacterial activities which are isolated from fermentation broth
of Streptomyces violaceus. Because of its insufficient occurrence
and the challenges related to its isolation, there was a need to
synthesize this compound and its analogs.
Therefore, part of my project focused in making this compound.
The synthesized analogs are submitted to the National Cancer
Institute and are being tested against the 60 cell lines for their
anticancer activities. Part of my other project during graduate
school was the creation of Nano-patterned Glycoarray surfaces for
the introduction of ligands and carbohydrates. This project was to
help better understand the interaction among the closer clusters
of
CONVERSATION WITH Dr. MEDHANIT
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AEEC | February 2015 11
glycoconjugates that make up the eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell
surface complex.
Alpha: Tell us what you liked and disliked the most during
college life and what have you learned other than what the
institution teaches you?
Dr. Medhanit: I was able to break the wall that kept me in my
comfort zone and had the opportunity of meeting new people with
diverse background. Thus, in terms of meeting new people, it was
easier in college than say, high school. I learned about different
cultures and traditions and embraced them. I came to US in 2002 and
that is when I started living away from my parents. It was hard the
first two years because of the cultural shock, but I was able to
meet good friends who helped me in every way to adjust. Those
people are special in my life and after 10+ years, we are still
friends. Throughout the years, I learned how to be independent and
my social skills greatly improved while in grad school. I have
built strong friendship with colleagues and/or college friends from
different parts of the world and it is now very easy for me to make
friends from any culture.
Alpha: What are your best memories of University of Asmara?
Dr. Medhanit: I would not call it best memories at the time when
students had to share one book among the whole class and when most
of the time there were no books because the professor had the only
book in his/her possession. However, looking back at that
experience now, I would consider it as one of the best memories
because those challenges helped me fight to be successful without
making excuses. I am sure each one of us who went through similar
challenge counts their blessings when he/she comes to US where
there is every kind of resources. Being educated at the University
of Asmara has taught me that success is having the will regardless
of the surroundings and challenges.
Alpha: Would you please share how you came to US?
Dr. Medhanit: After I graduated from University of Asmara and
during the year I was working as a teaching assistant at UA, I
started applying for assistantship to get into a graduate school
program. I still remember the extent of time I was at the internet
cafes applying to different universities. My main focus was Organic
Chemistry and my search was specifically on the research group that
was focused on synthetic chemistry. University of Tennessee was
among the universities I applied where I got admitted for full-time
graduate school program and I received tuition support through
teaching-research assistantship.
Alpha: Did you have this ambition to go all the way in getting
your PHD early on while growing up in Asmara or you while applying
for graduate school in America? Also how long did it take you to
fulfill your dream?
Dr. Medhanit: To be honest with you, I had ambition to go to
graduate school, but I never saw myself coming this far. It took me
five years to get through graduate school and after that I was
accepted as a postdoctoral fellow at the National Cancer Institute
(NCI). I worked with a great boss, Dr. Terrence Burke. I joined his
lab with my synthetic chemistry background and he gave me the
opportunity to work on great projects as a Medicinal Chemist where
I also learned the biological part of my project through extensive
collaboration. The research at NCI focused on the SAR approach to
synthesize small molecules having inhibitory activity towards
Yersinia pestis protein tyrosine phosphatase. This enzyme is
secreted by the Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of bubonic
plaque. My original goal was to go to pharmaceutical industries,
however, I switched gear and became interested in other challenges
such as working at either Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or
Patent and Trademark Office (PTO), where
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both agencies provide a healthy work life balance. Part of the
decisions that made me join PTO was after I had my first daughter.
I would not change my time at NCI, however, working in the lab for
long hours and trying to spend time with my family was very
challenging. I am now perfectly happy working at PTO and like the
fact that I get to learn different inventions regardless of its own
challenges.
Alpha: Your parents must be delighted to have a PHD in the
family?
Dr. Medhanit: Yes they are. My father lost his father when he
was six years old and he had a tough upbringing. His mother was a
hard worker but he and his older brother grew up poor. He was
forced to quit school at an early age to support himself and his
family. As his dream was always about education, he managed to
reach middle school by going to night classes after work. He also
obtained a certification in radio telegraphy and diploma in English
language. On the other hand, my mothers upbringing was different
than my fathers. She was a competent student and reached 6th grade.
However, in her time, there was pressure of getting married at
early age and she was also forced to quit school, my father and my
mother were never happy that they did not get to complete their
education. Since circumstance did not allow my father to work with
his qualifications, he went into business and started from scratch
because he did not want his family to struggle the way he did. My
father is very proud because his kids completed their education
that was taken away from him and that was missing in his life.
Alpha: Are you currently married?
Dr. Medhanit: I have been happily married to a very wonderful
man, Solomon, since 2008. I learned a lot from him, he taught me
how to find the silver linings in every challenge I have
encountered as a graduate student, researcher and a mother. He
teaches me to be myself and when I see his approach to succeed in
his career, Dr. Seusss quote always comes to mind
Be who you are and say what you feel, because those who mind
dont matter and those who matter dont mind. He believes that one
can achieve any goal that he/she decides upon without limitation
and without seeing the world from a linear perspective. We both
share a (3) year old daughter and (18) year old twins. Raising kids
and working full time has its own challenges, but I am blessed to
have a beautiful family with whom I enjoy every minute.
Alpha: How do you juggle both family and profession?
Dr. Medhanit: Its never easy being a mom trying to juggle a full
time job with family life especially because my husband travels a
lot. My mother has been on my side to help me. The key is to be
able to focus, organize, use time effectively and give undivided
attention to work during work time and to family during family
time.
Alpha: Have you done any bioengineering research?
Dr. Medhanit: I have never done any bioengineering research,
however, I have attended several discussions involving the
discipline. From my perspective, bioengineering research has
recently become one of the greatest disciplines in improving human
lives.
This discipline is focused on manipulating and observing living
system on any scale ranging from genes, RNA, proteins and enzymes
to cellular and
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tissue engineering where it helps understand fundamental
biological processes.
Alpha: How many articles in a magazine have you read?
Dr. Medhanit: I have read all the articles that AEEM has
published and I look forward to reading more.
Alpha: What do you think of AEEM and would you tell us the
importance of AEEM magazine?
Dr. Medhanit: I personally think it is a way of sharing great
experiences, that is, how each individual took a specific path to
success. I think AEEM gives hope to young Eritreans who are in the
process of achieving their goal to success. AEEM can be used as a
source of information to these young Eritreans and a way to network
with people who already achieved a successful career.
Alpha: What is your impression of the engineers articles you
have read so far?
Dr. Medhanit: I am really impressed of the different engineering
disciplines I have learned so far, even though my background is
different. I thank the talented and enthusiastic professionals who
took their time in sharing the details of their work. I am really
proud to learn how many Eritreans are effectively using the
limitless opportunities that this country provides and be part of
the global improvement in general. The articles will help create a
culture that drives success among young Eritreans. I thank everyone
of AEEM who took the initiatives in publishing this wonderful
magazine.
Alpha: Thank you Dr. Medhanit for being part of AEEM and we are
proud of you for receiving the Fellows Award for Research
Excellence (FARE) and a Collaborative Project Award (CPA). And also
publishing at the Nature Protocols, Journal of Medicinal Chemistry,
ChemMedChem, etc.
~ Dr. Medhanit Bahta
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Bringing the best and the brightest together
Hard to reach doesnt have to mean hard to do
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AEEC
The planTing of a Tree, especially one of The long-living
hardwood trees, is a gift which you can make to posterity
at almost no cost and with almost no trouble, and if the
tree takes root it will far outlive the visible effect of
any
of your oTher acTions, good or evil. ~ George Orwell
Eritrea purely magnificent
ever greener trees of asmara !
choice!
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AEEC | February 2015 15
ALPHA ERITREAN ENGINEERS COMMUNITY
When we get too caught up in the busyness of
the world, we lose connection with one another
and ourselves. Never lose sight that we are
better when connected
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AEEC | February 2015 16
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PRESENTATION ON DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY TRENDS
Introduction to
Displays and How
LCD and OLED
based displays
work.
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PRESENTATION ON DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY TRENDS
Recent display devices
from Apple with higher
resolutions, higher pixel
density, thinner, and lower
power consumption.
Introduction to
Displays and How
LCD and OLED
based displays
work.
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AEEC | February 2015 18
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PRESENTATION ON DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY TRENDS
Display trends
throughout the years.
From CRT TV in 1922
up to present time of
LCD and OLED based
high resolution displays
Table1. Different
generation of I-phones,
increase in resolution
and pixel density lowers
power consumption and
increases battery life.
Table2. Shows major
Display Manufacturing
leaders across the world
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AEEC | February 2015 19
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AEEC | February 2015 20
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PRESENTATION ON DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY TRENDS
Flexible displays
for different
applications.
Flexible and foldable
displays for medical
use and other
applications
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PRESENTATION ON DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY TRENDS
Reference of
Materials used in the
this presentation
BE PART OF IT
IT CONNECTS
IT INFORMS
IT SHARES EXPERIENCES
AEEC
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AEEC | February 2015 22
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AEEC
. Sense of humor from engineers prospective
www.baris.typepad.com/time_to_laugh
Engineers and designer of the human body
Three engineering students were gathered together discussing the
possible
designers of the human body. One said, "It was a mechanical
engineer. Just
look at all the joints." Another said, "No, it was an electrical
engineer.
The nervous system has many thousands of electrical
connections." The last
one said, "No, actually it had to have been a civil engineer.
Who else would
run a toxic waste pipeline through a recreational area?"
~ ~
A Mathematician and an Engineer
A mathematician and engineer are sitting in a bar when the
bartender walks up and
tells them, "The woman in the corner fancies both of you. One of
you should go and talk
to her, but every step you take will only halve your current
distance to her." The
mathematician says, "Well, I guess that's not going to happen
then." He pays his tab
and leaves, the engineer stands up and takes a few steps when
the bartender says to
him "You do realize you will never reach her?" The engineer
turns to the bartender and
replies "Yeah, but I'll get close enough for practical
applications."
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AEEC | February 2015 23
Current Job Opportunities Companies or Government Jobs Location
& Number Closing Date
Mechanical & Structural Engineering
http://jobs-boeing.com/california/mechanical--structural-engineering/jobid6803406-mech-sys-design--anlys-engr-1-_-2-jobs
Mechanical & Structural Engineer 1500001601en, Long Beach,
Ca
Open Until Filled
http://jobs-boeing.com/california/mechanical--structural-engineering/jobid6183409-mech-sys-design--anlys-engr-3-jobs
Mechanical & Structural Engineer 1400004922en-1, Long Beach,
Ca
Open Until Filled
http://jobs-boeing.com/california/mechanical--structural-engineering/jobid6183410-mech-sys-design--anlys-engr-3-jobs
Mechanical & Structural Engineer 1400004922en-2, Seal Beach,
Ca
Open Until Filled
http://jobs-boeing.com/california/mechanical--structural-engineering/jobid6753741-mech-sys-design--anlys-engr-3-jobs
Mechanical & Structural Engineer 1400007327en, Long Beach,
Ca
Open Until Filled
Production Review Engineer
http://jobs-boeing.com/california/esoya/jobid6070434-product-review-engineer-1-_-2-jobs
Production Engineering Engineer 1400002488en, Seal Beach, Ca
Open Until Filled
http://jobs-boeing.com/california/production-engineering/jobid6067953-product-review-engineer-3-jobs
Production Engineering Engineer 1400002490en, Seal Beach, Ca
Open Until Filled
http://jobs-boeing.com/california/production-engineering/jobid6067954-product-review-engineer-4-_-5-jobs
Production Engineering Engineer 1400002492en, Seal Beach, Ca
Open Until Filled
Software Engineering
http://jobs-boeing.com/california/software-engineering/jobid6889482-software-engineer-1_2-jobs
Software Engineering 1500003221en, Pleasanton, Ca
Open Until Filled
http://jobs-boeing.com/california/software-engineering/jobid6685319-software-engineer-level-1_2-jobs
Software Engineering 1400016857en, Huntington Beach,
Ca Open Until Filled
http://jobs-boeing.com/california/software-engineering/jobid6685314-software-engineer-level-3_4-jobs
Software Engineering 1400016813en, Huntington Beach,
Ca Open Until Filled
Structural Engineering
http://jobs-boeing.com/california/mechanical--structural-engineering/jobid6159495-structural-analysis-engineer-3-jobs
Structural Engineering 1400005173en-2, Long Beach, Ca
Open Until Filled
-
AEEC | February 2015 24
Authors
YONAS MERESSI [email protected] received his B.S. in
Electrical, Electronics & info engineering and Ph.D in
Polarimetric fibre optic sensor systems from City University of
London. Currently, he is employed at California Department of
Transportation, Caltran.
MUSIE BEYENE [email protected] received his B.S. in MSci in
Mathematis and Physics from University
College London and his PhD in Computational Atomic and Molecular
Physics from the University of Durham in the
UK. Currently he works as a Senior Lecturer at Icon college of
Technology and Management and as a freelance web
applications developer.
MEDHANIT BAHTA [email protected] received her BS in chemistry
from the University of Asmara and obtained graduate-research
assistantship position and Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry from
University of Tennessee.
Currently employed under US Patent and Trademark Office as a
patent examiner in the chemical art unit
AMANUEL GEBREBRHAN [email protected] received his BS and MS
in Pharmaceutical and material
Sciences in Europe. Currently he is working with Honeywell as a
Sr. Scientist/Engineer in Silicon Valley, California.
He is also an inventor of 3 granted U.S patents and 2 pending
patents in the field of Semiconductor and
Display.
If you need an updated information, discussions or got an
Engineering experiences that you want
share your knowledge or ideas with your fellow
professionals.
You will find us on
www.linkedin.com/groups/Alpha-Eritrean-Engineers-Community
To read without reflecting is
like eating without digesting.
~Edmund Burke