ALOGA&AMAXES

30 2006

E -

2010

HRSES AND WAGONS IN THE ANCIENT WORLD

PROCEEDINGS OF ONE DAY SCIENTIFIC MEETINGORESTIADA-GREECE SEPTEMBER 30, 2006

DITED BY DIAMANTIS TRIANTAPHYLLOS-DOMNA TERzOPOuLOu

MINISTRY OF CuLTuRE AND TOuRISM FuND OF CREDITS MANAGEMENT FOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECTS

ORESTIADA 2010

:

: Deborah Kazazis

2010 -

-

. , . 2121/1993 ( . 100/1975), , (, , , ), , , .

ISBN: 978-960-89968-6-1

- 2002 . , , , . , - . . 30 2006, , . , , . , -, . , , . . , - . .

PREFACE

T

he 19th Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities (Thrace) began excavating the burial tumulus of Mikri Doxipara-Zoni in September 2002. The discovery of five Roman wagons and their draught animalsthe first of its kind in Greeceattracted the interest of both the public and the scholarly community from early on in the excavation process. The continuation and completion of research and the enhancement of the finds from the burial tumulus have been included in the Ministry of Culture and Tourisms Management Fund for Archaeological Projects (T.D.P.E.A.E.). Four years after excavations began, on September 30, 2006, we organized a day-long Scientific Meeting in Orestiada on Horses and Wagons in the Ancient World. Our goal was to announce our initial conclusions concerning the wagons and horses in the tumulus and to approach the theme of wheeled vehicles in Antiquity with the aid of iconography, the ancient sources, and the archaeological finds. The present volume, which also includes a number of additional texts on the tumulus of Mikri Doxipara-Zoni, represents the fruits of this Meeting. The Scientific Meeting would not have been possible without the financial contribution of the Regional Association of Municipalities and Communities of the Prefecture of Evros, the Prefectural District of Evros, the Municipality of Orestiada, and the Municipality of Kyprinos. Interest on the part of Prefect Nikos Zambounidis led to the Prefectural District of Evros funding the publication of the Proceedings. The Scientific Committee for the T.D.P.E.A.E. Project Research, Protection, and Enhancement of the Burial Tumulus of Mikri Doxipara-Zone, Prefecture of Evros.

/ CONTENTS

-Diamantis triantaphyllos of Mikri Doxipara-Zoni The Technology of the Wagons in the Tumulus

25-52

-: . KatErina trantaliDoU Mikri Doxipara-Zoni. The Horses from the Tumulus. from Southeastern Europe Sites

55-124

Osteometric Data and Comparisons with Equid Remains

an. -anagnostis pan. agElaraKis of Mikri Doxipara-Zoni Archaeological Anthropology at the Tumulus

127-131

-mihail VaVEliDis Analysis of the Metal Attachments from Wagons A and B of the Tumulus of Mikri Doxipara-Zoni

133-137

& - -spyros paUliDEs mihail VaVEliDis & alExanDros ChatzipEtros of Mikri Doxipara-Zoni Tumulus Geological-structural Study at the Archaeological Site

139-149

& -stErgios aDamopoUlos of Mikri Doxipara-Zoni lias VoUlgariDis Konstantinos passialis &

151-173

Identification of the Wooden Finds from the Tumulus

: ElEni manaKiDoU Models and Representations of Wagons during

177-197

the Archaic and Classical ages: Uses and Symbolism

. panagiotis V. FaKlaris K (Horse-muzzle)

199-229

. VassiliKi g. stamatopoUloU Luxurius Harness from Macedonia

231-253

Joost h. CroUwEl Four-Wheeled Vehicles in the Roman WorldJoost h. CroUwEl

255-276

gErgana KabaKChiEVa The Big Mound of the Family Necropolis of the Ancient Villa ArmiragErgana KabaKChiEVa Armira

279-296

, Domna tErzopoUloU Wagons, Mules and Muleteers in Funerary Stelai of the Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki

299-317

/ ABBREVIATIONS AE AA V Achse Acta RCRF AEMTh AF AJA AJPh AM Antiquity AntCl Archaeofauna ArchCl ArcheologijaKiiv . . . . . . Archologische Anzeiger J.D. Beazley, Attic Black-figure Vase-painters. Oxford 1956 Achse Rad und Wagen. Beitrge zur Geschichte der Landfahrzeuge Acta Rei Cretaria Romanae Fautorum Archologische Forschungen. Deutsches Archologisches Institut. American Journal of Archaeology American Journal of Philology Athenische Mitteilungen. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archologischen Instituts Antiquity. A Quarterly Review of Archaeology LAntiquit Classique International Journal of Archaeozoology Archeologia Classica Archeologija. Nacionalna akademija nauk Ukraini. Institut archeologii

ArcheologijaSof ARV2 ASAtene AttiMemMagnaGr BAC BalcaiKz BAR BCH BerRGK BIABulg SA Bull.pigr. Chiron CP CSIR CVA Dacia Darenberg- Saglio Eirene FA GodMuzPlov Hellenica Hesperia JAnthArch JASc JdI JHS JIES JPR IG Klio KlnJB

Archeologija. Organ na Archeologieskija institut i muzej (pri Blgarskata akademii nauk) J. D. Beazley, Attic Red-figure Vase-painters, 2 . Oxford 1963 Annuario della Scuola archeologica di Atene e delle Missioni italiane in Oriente Atti e memorie della Societ Magna Grecia Bulletin archologique du Comit des travaux historiques et scientifiques Balcai kzlemnyek British Archaeological Reports Bulletin de Correspondance Hellnique Bericht der Rmisch-Germanischen Kommission Izvestija na Arheologieskija Institut (Bulgaria) Annual of the British Scholl at Athens Bulletin pigraphique Mitteilungen der Kommission fr Alte Gesichte und Epigraphik des Deutschen Archologischen Instituts Classical Philology Corpus Signorum Imperii Romani Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum Dacia. Recherches et decouvertes archeologiques en Roumanie C. Daremberg-E. Saglio, Dictionnaire des antiquits grecques et romaines daprs les textes et les monuments. Paris 1877-1919 Eirene. Studia graeca et latina Fasti Archaeologici Godinik na Archeologieski muzej Plovdiv L. Robert, Recueil d pigraphie de numismatique et d antiquits grecques. Paris. 1940-1965 Hesperia. The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens Journal of Anthropological Archaeology Journal of Archaeological Science Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archologischen Instituts The Journal of Hellenic Studies Journal of Indo-European Studies Journal of Prehistoric Religion Inscriptiones Graecae Klio. Beitrge zur alten Geschichte Klner Jahrbuch fr Vor- und Frhgeschichte

LSJ MFRA MM Mnemosyne MonAnt Nikephoros Orpheus Palaeovertebrata Paralipomena Physis PNAS PPM PZ RA RdA RE REA RM SaalbJb SEG Seminarium Thracicum SIMA Smith Starini TAPhA ThesCRA TIG TrZ ZPE

H. G. Liddell- R. Scott . S. Jones. A Greek-English Lexicon Mlanges de l cole franaise de Rome. Antiquit Madrider Mitteilungen. Mitteilungen des Deutschen archologischen Instituts. Mnemosyne. A Journal of Classical Studies Monumenti Antichi Nikephoros. Zeitschrift fr Sport und Kultur im Altertum Orpheus. Journal of Indo-European, Paleo-Balkan and Thracian Studies Paleovertebrata. Montpellier, Laboratoire de Palontologie. J. D. Beazley. Additions to Attic Black-figure Vase- painters and to Attic Red-figure Vase-painters 2. Oxford 1971. Rivista Internazionale di Storia della Scienza Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America G. Pugliese Carratelli I. Baldassarre (.), Pompei: Pitture e Mosaici Prhistorische Zeitschrift Revue Archologique Rivista di Archeologia Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encyclopdie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft (1893- ) Revue des tudes Anciennes Rmische Mitteilungen. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archologischen Instituts Saalburg-Jahrbuch. Bericht des Saalburg-Museums Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum The Professor Alexander Fol Centre of Thracology. Papers and communications read at the meetings of the Seminar Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology W. Smith, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. London 1842-1890. Starini.Spisanie za Balkanza Arkheologia Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association Thesaurus Cultus et Rituum Antiquorum Trends in Genetics Trierer Zeitschrift fr Geschichte und Kunst des Trierer Landes und seiner Nachbargebiete Zeitschrift fr Papyrologie und Epigraphik

/ AuTHORS

. Professor Department of Anthropology Blodgett Hall, Room 102 Adelphi University P.O. Box 701 Garden City, NY 11530-0701 e-mail: [email protected] 431 00 e-mail: [email protected] -- 541 24 e-mail: [email protected] 541 24 e-mail: [email protected]

- 541 24 e-mail: [email protected] 541 24 e-mail: [email protected] 541 24 e-mail: [email protected] . . . - 541 24 e-mail: [email protected] . 6 546 21 e-mail: [email protected]

. - 34 116 36 , e-mail: [email protected] . 2 68 200 e-mail: [email protected] - 541 24 e-mail: [email protected] 541 24 e-mail: [email protected] Crouwel Joost h. Professor Emeritus of Aegean Archaeology at the University of Amsterdam. Amsterdam Archaeological Center, Turfdraagsterpad 9-BG 1, 1012 XT Amsterdam, The Netherlands e-mail: [email protected] Doz. Dr. Kabakchieva gergana National Insitute of Archaeology with Museum Saborna str., 2 Sofia - 1000 BG Bulgaria e-mail: [email protected]

I

IN THE ANCIENT WORLD HORSES AND WAGONS

- 1 . .. , , , , 60 . 7,5 . ( 1). (90-120 ..) , , , , (. 1). . , , 1 2 .

1 .1. Mladenova 1991. Kabakchieva 1995. Kabakchieva ( ). 2. Kabakchieva 2008.

25

. 1 .

-, , , - . , , , , . , , , , , , (), , , , . , , , , . , , , (. 2). , , , . (. 3) , , . (. 4) , , 3.

3. 2003. Triantaphyllos Terzopoulou 2005. Triantaphyllos Terzopoulou 2006.

26

. 2 .

, . , , . , . (. 5), . , , , , . , , , . ,

. 3 ().

27

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. 5 .

28

, . , . , , . , , , . , , , 4, 50 . (, , , ) (). , . , 5, , 6, , , ( 7, 8) , , , 9, (. 6). , . 12 , (10), 11 (. 7). 4. : Delebecque 1951, 174-86. 5. , , , .58: , , . , . 6. , , E, .726: . , . . 7. . . 8. , , , . 487: , . , , . , . 9. , , , . 726: , , , . , , ... , , . 10. , , , . 723: , . 11. , , 144: ... , , .

29

. 6 . 0,35 . 0,02-0,04 . 1,02 1,18 ., 0,03-0,035 . 0,012-0,015 ., 5 9, 0,035-0,06 . 12. 0,05-0,06 . . Newstead

. 7 .

. 253: , , , ... , , , , . 12. ( , 426) .

30

. 8 . , 13. (. 8) , , , (. 9). 0,075-0,09 . , , 14 (. 10). 0,105 . . , , 15. , 0,80 . 0,90 . .

13. Leighton 1972, 76. 14. , 145: . . . , , . 15. , , , , plaustra, , , Neupotz 278 . . Knzel Knzel 1993, 473-505.

31

. 9 .

. 10 .

, 1,61 1,65 ., , , (. 11). , , , . (., 838) , . , , , . , 0,82-0,83 ., , , 1,40-1,50 . . , (. 12). , , , . 16. . 11 . 17,

16. , 145: . , . 146, . 17. , , , . 70: , . , . . 37: , , , , .

32

. , Ivan Venedikov , . - , Sesselwagen18 19. . 12 - , . , , , , , , . 20. , (. 13). : 1,54 x 0,94 . : 1,23 x 0,99 . : 1,67 x 0,88 . : 1,40 x 0,90 . 4-5 , 1960, 1,50 x 1,00 . . , , , 21. , , ( ) (. 14). 0,25-0,30 . . , , , (. 15). (. 16), -

18. Weber 1978. 19. , 52: , , . 20. , 253: , . . , . 146: , . 21. , , , . , , . B. .

33

. 13 .

. 14 .

34

. 15 .

. 16 .

. 17 .

. 18 . (. 17). , (. 18). , , (. 19).

. 19 .

35

, , , 22 , , , 23 , . ( ) . 20 , . (. 20). , (. 21). . . , , 24 . (. 22). , , : 1,60 ., : 1,69 . 2,10 . , , . , , , , , . . 21 , . -

22. : , , . 23. , 146: , , . . , , . 24. : .

36

. 22 .

. 23 .

25. , . , 0,01-0,02 ., , , 0,01-0,02 ., , (. 23). 0,50 . 0,05 . 0,37 . . Langdon26 14 . 19-20 Rring27, Wardartal , . , , . , (. 24). , . , . ( ), , 28 (. 25). 1,45 . 1,08 . , (. 26). , , -

25. 26. 27. 28.

Littauer Crouwel 2002, 352-3. Langdon 1986, 155. Rring 1983. : , , .

37

. 24 .

. 25 .

29 (. 27). , , , 30, (. 28). , (. 29). , 31 , , . 32. 33, 34. . , , , , , . 26 .

29. ( ) . Venedikov 1960, . 54, . 184. Radnoti 1961. Boube-Piccot, 1980, 87, 89, . 14-15, . 25. 30. . Vigneron 1968, 220-34. Toynbee 1973, 173-4. Hyland 1990, 243-7. 31. : , , , , , . 32. ( 268-274) , . 33. , , , . 730: , , , , , . 34. 146: , , , . 147, . , , , , . : , , .

38

. 27 .

. 28 .

. 29 .

. 30 .

35. (. 30). . . (I. 269) . ( 1, 178) , . , , . , , , 36. , , , , (-

35. Schwab 2003, 133. 36. (), , .

39

), () , . 37 (. 31). , 38. 39. , , , . -, 40, . , . 7000 .. - , , 4 .. . 3 , 2 .. . 31 . .

37. , 147: , . , , . , , . 148: , , , , , , . 56: , . 38. Vigneron 1968, 51-79, . 14-28. 39. 1986. 40. eshekov 2008.

40

. 3 .. , . . 2 .. cross-bar . , . . 15 14 . .., 1200 .., 900 .., 8-7 . .. , , 8 . .., . , , , , , Ha C-Ha D (700-500 . .). 7-6 . .. , . 1 .. . . 7 . .. . 8 . .. . , , , LH IIIC (. 1100 ..) 41. , 42.

41. Crouwel 1992, 30: The first type of chariot documented in Geometric Greece may then regarded as the direct descendant of the last type of Bronze Age chariot in the area. From this it follows that the Rail chariot must have continued in use during the Dark Age of Greece. 33: As in the case of the Rail chariot, a local origin is most likely for the High-front type. There are again no prototypes outside Greece. Both the body and the (usually four-spoked) wheels suggest a development in Greece itself. 42. Greenhalgh 1973. , 8 . .. . Crouwel 1992, . 3, 3. 7, 1-2.

41

8 . ..43 44. 2 . La Tne (5-1 . ..), , , , , . , : . , , , , 45. , . , , , , . , . . , , . , , . 46. 47. 480 ..48 (. 32). -

43. 44. 45. 46. 47.

Snodgrass 1964. Piggott 1983, 190-4. , V, 29, 1 Stead 1965. Piggott 1983, 140. , 34: , , . 1994, 276-9. Crouwel 1992, 55-6, . 19: 4, 22: 1-2, 25: 1. 48. 1967, 15-7.

42

. 32 -. - . , , 49. , 50 51. , , , 52. 8 7 . ..53 54. , . , .

49. Piggott 1983, 29, 122- 3, 138-49, 184-8, 199-207, 228- 9. 50. Powell 2000, 41-5, 123. 51. , Elisavetinskaya Stanitsa Alexandropolsk. Rolle 1979, 113-21. Rolle 1980, 25, 122. Minns 1971, 50-2, 87-8. 52. , IV, 71-72. 53. Karageorgis 1973. 54. Piggott 1983, 190-3.

43

55, , 56, . , , . Tolbuchin 57. 58 , . , , . 20 . 1960 Ivan Venedikov Siskovci 59. , . , , , . , , (79 ..), , 60. Kozrmisleny ( ) , , 61. 62. , , . 63. -

55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63.

Mller-Karpe 1962, 66. 1978. 1994. 1985, . 224, 281, 295, 391, 443. Panajotov 1989, 171. Strelcha 5-4 . .. Kitov 1979. Vratsa, 4 . .. . Venedikov 1960. , . Mineiro 1989. Kiss 1989. Visy 1997. , 51: , . ,

44

. , . , . carpentum64, essedum65, covinnus66, birota67, cisium68 rheda69, petorritum70, pilentum71 carruca72. , (carrus), , plaustrum, sarracum, angaria calbula. 73 , Angaria-492 ., Raeda-330 , Currus-198 , Vereda-99 , Birota-66 . - , . . , . reda . , . , 1,58 . x 1,25 .,

64.

65.

66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73.

37: . , , , . , . , . , V, 9, 2: . . . . , , . I, 34, 8 - I, 49, 7-V, 25, 9. , . (Bell. Gall. IV. 33) (V. 21, 29). , . . Cisium , Esseum . , essedum. (Epigrammata XII, 24) , carruca essedum. . . , . , . . , . , cisiarii. . Smith. rheda , . . . , , 8-10 . 330 . petorritum rheda, . Horatius, Satirae, 1.6, 100-104. Pilentum . V, 25, 9. . Claudius Claudianus, De nuptiis Honorii et mariae, 286-287. carruca . , rheda. , . . carruca dormitoria , . Daremberg - Saglio. Codex Theodosianus V. De cursu Publico angariis et parangariis (. Th. Mommsen P.M. Meyer), Berlin 1905, lib. 8.5.8.

45

(. 33). 74. , . (. 34). , carpentum.

. 33 , , .

, , . 34 . . , , . . . , , . , . .

74. , 52: . (1, 199) , (6, 4, 11) , , .

46

. . , . , . , , , . .

, . . 2, 68 200 , e-mail: [email protected]

47

DIAMANTIS TRIANTAPHYLLOS

THE TECHNOLOGY OF THE WAGONS IN THE TUMULUS OF MIKRI DOXIPARA-ZONI

T

he members of a wealthy landowning family were successively buried (90-120 A.D.) in the Mikri Doxipara-Zoni burial tumulus. Excavation brought to light four burial-cremations, five wagons with two horses each, two burials of auxiliary horses, two pits-hearths, and two funerary altars for grave offerings. The text undertakes to present some preliminary remarks for the wheeled vehicles from the burial tumulus. The five wagons in the Mikri Doxipara-Zoni tumulus, as well as the large number of Roman chariots and wagons from nearby Bulgaria, comprised human achievements following upon many centuries of technological development. The most significant stages in the course of development and some of the problems that have occupied specialist scholars are presented with brief comments in the text. The metal fittings, the iron tyres, the hubs, nails and couplings, parts of the iron frame and other bronze decorative and functional fittings from the yokes and bodies of the five wagons in the burial tumulus were preserved. Many sections of the draft animals harnesses were also preserved. Two wagons preserved imprints from their wooden parts, including the draught pole, the spokes, the felloes, and the bed-floor of the body. Four of the vehicles are four-wheeled (, , , ), and one () is a two-wheeled (cart). Isolated fittings from wagons found in the field northeast of the tumulus definitely are from one (or more) wagons and horse burials outside the tumulus proper. Wagons and have preserved imprints from the felloes and 12 spokes. Their visible length is calculated at 0.35 m. and their thickness at 0.02-0.04 m. The tyres have an interior diameter ranging between 1.02 and 1.18 m., a width of 0.03-0.035 m., and thickness of 0.012-0.015 m. In accordance with the rosettes and the bronze corner revetments found in the four corners of the wooden sides of the vehicles, which must not be far from their original position, the net dimensions of the body of the four wagons was approximately calculated: Wagon : 1.54 x 0.94 m.; Wagon : 1.23 x 0.99 m.; Wagon : 1.67 x 0.88 m., and Cart : 1.40 x 0.90 m. For three of the wagons, the length of their draught pole was calculated as follows: Wagon : 1.60 m.; Wagon : 1.69 m., and Wagon E 2.10 m. Axle length for Wagons and is approximated at 1.61 and 1.65 m. The wooden yokes from Wagons B and , which were placed on the horses necks, are not well preserved. On the yoke from Wagon B, bronze terrets with square plaques are preserved; on top of them are decorative discs in silver displaying scenes of riders and horses. On the yoke from Wagon is preserved part of one end faced in lead sheet, and some of the bronze terrets. Remains of organic materials, primarily wood and leather, were found on two yokes. Two wagons (A, E) preserved in good condition their lead revetments to protect the curved parts of the yoke.

49

The length of the yoke on Wagon A was 1.45 m.; that on Wagon E, 1.08 m. In northern Thrace, which today belongs to Bulgaria, chariots and wagons have been discovered in quite a number of tumuli. Some of these wheeled vehicles are dated to the Classical and Hellenistic periods, but most are Roman in date. During this period, workshops that made chariots, wagons, and heavier vehicles for agricultural work must have been operating in the large cities of Thrace. This tradition continued during the Byzantine age and the modern period, down to the mid-twentieth century. The wagons found in neighboring Bulgaria are divided into two categories, wagons with a seat and wagons with suspension. The wagons from Mikri Doxipara-Zoni appear to belong to the former category, i.e. they had a seat at their rear for one or two people. Four of the wagons were open, with four wheels (, , , ) and are close to the wagon type called the rheda, which was an open four-wheeled vehicle drawn by two or more draft animals. Since they are small and richly ornamented, it is hard to accept that they were employed for transporting agricultural loads. The two-wheeled cart was probably covered, belonging to a type of closed vehicle known by the name carpentum. We conjecture that the dead were transported to the site of their cremation and burial with the tumulus wagons, together with all the other objects required for the funeral ceremonies. In primarily rural regions of Thrace, wagons were a valuable asset for the families of the deceased, and today attest to the wealth of a large number of residents in the Thracian hinterland.

50

, . 1985. , . . , . 1994. (8-5 . ..), . . , . 1967. . . , . 1978. , , 156-81. , . 1994. , . 15 , 1975-1990. . , 17-22/4/1990. , 179-88. , . . 2003. - , 17, 1-12. , . b. 1986. , 46, , 1-57.

boube-piccot, C. 1980. Les bronzes antiques du Maroc III. Les chars et l attelage. Rabat. Crouwel, J. h. 1992. Chariots and other Wheeled Vehicles in Iron Age Greece. Amsterdam. Delebecque, E. 1951. Le cheval dans l Iliade: suivi d un lexique du cheval chez Homre et d un essai sur le cheval pr-homrique. Paris. greenhalgh, p. a. l. 1973. Early Greek War-fare. Cambridge. hyland, a. 1990. Equus, the Horse in the Roman Word. London. Kabakchieva, g. 1995. Neue Untersuchungen an der rmischen Villa Armira in der Provinz Thrakien, Akten, Internationale Tagung ber die rmischen Villen. Veszprm 16. - 20. Mai 1994, BalcaiKz 3 1994. Veszprm, 344-358. Kabakchieva, g. ( ). Antike Villa Armira in Thrakien. Die neuen Ausgrabungen und Projekte, Akten, Internationale Tagung Antike Villen und Palste, Brickneudorf, sterreich 2008. Kabakchieva, g. 2008. The Big Mound and Ancient Villa Armira, Archaeological Data on the Earthquakes in the Eastern Rhodopes, R. I. Kostov B. Gaydarska M. Gurova (.), Geoarchaeology and Archaeomineralogy. Proceedings of the International Conference, 29-30 October 2008 Sofia. Sofia, 380-4. Karageorgis, V. 1973. Excavations in the Necropolis of Salamis III. Nicosia 1973 Kiss, a. 1989. Das rmerzeitliche Wagengrab von Kozrmisleny (Ungarn, Kom. Baranya). Budapest. Kitov, g. 1979. Trakiyskite mogile kray Strelcha. Sofia. Knzel, E. s. Knzel 1993. Der Fund von Neupotz, . Knzel (.) Die Alamanenbeute aus dem Rhein bei Neupotz, . I. Mainz 1993, 473-505.

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langdon, J. 1986. Horse, Oxen and Technological Innovation. Cambridge. leighton, a. C. 1972. Transportation and Communication in Early Medieval Europe AD 500-1100. Newton Abbot. littauer, m. a. J. h. Crouwel 2002. Selected Writings on Chariots and other Wheeled Vehicles, Riding and Harness. Leiden and Kln. meshekov, y. 2008. Types of vehicular means of transport found in the territory of Bulgaria from the 2nd to the 3rd century A. D, based on archaeological finds, R. T. Ivanov (ed), Archaeology of the Bulgarian Lands, . . vray-Sofia, 50-65 ( ) mineiro, p. 1989. Studio di un carro romano dalla Villa C.D. di Arianna a Stabia, MFRA 99, 171-209. minns, E. h. 1971. Scythians and Greeks. New York. mladenova, J. 1991. The Ancient Villa Armira near Ivailovgrad. Sofia ( , , ). mller-Karpe, h. 1962. Die Metalbeigaben der frheisenzeitlichen Kerameikos-Grber, JdI 77, 59-129. panajotov, i. 1989. Pit Grave Culture in the Bulgarian Lands. Sofia. piggott, s. 1983. The Earliest Wheeled Transport from the Atlantic Coast to the Caspian Sea. New York. powell, t.g.E. 2000. The Celts. London. radnoti, al.1961. Ein Jochbeschlag der rmischen Keiserzeit, SaalbJb XIX, 18-36. rring, Ch. w.1983. Untersuchungen zu rmischen Reisewagen. Koblenz. rolle, r. 1979. Totenkult der Skythen: I. Das Steppengebiet. Berlin/New York, rolle, r. 1980. Die Welt der Skythen. Luzern/Frankfurt. schwab, h. 2003. Archologie de la 2e correction des eaux du Jura, . 4. Ponts et ports romaine sur la Broye et la Thielle moyenne. Friburg. snodgrass, a. m.1964. Early Greek Armour and Weapons. Edinburg. stead, i. m. 1965. The Celtic Chariot, Antiquity 39, 259-65. toynbee, J. m. C. 1973. Animals in Roman Life and Art. Aspects of Greek and Roman Life. London 1973. triantaphyllos, D D. terzopoulou 2005. Le tumulus funraire de Mikri DoxiparaZoni dans la commune de Kyprinos A. Gardeisen (.), Les quides dans le monde Mditerranen antique. Actes du colloque organis par cole Franaise d Athnes, le Centre Camille Jullian, et l UMR 5140 du CNRS (Athnes 26-28 Novembre 2003). Lattes, 11-27. triantaphyllos, D. D. terzopoulou 2006. Wagons and horse burials in the Roman Age tumuli in Greek Thrace, Eirene XLII, 167-82. Venedikov, . 1960. Trakiyskata kolesnitsa, Sofia 1960. Vigneron, p. 1968. Le cheval dans l antiquit. Nancy. Visy, z. 1997. Die Wagendarstellungen der Pannonischen Grabsteine. Pcs. Loculusplatten der 3. und 4. Jarhunderts n. Chr. Rom. weber, w. 1978. Die Darstellungen einer Wagenfahrt auf rmischen Sarkophagdeckeln und

52

-: . , , , 1, . , (.1), 2 , 3. , . , 4 - 5. 6. .

1. , , . 2. ( , , , , , - 60 ., 7,50 .- ) ( ) . , , . ( : Triantaphyllos Terzopoulou 2005, .). . 3. , , , , , , . . : Kosmetatou 1993. Reese 1995.rantalidou 2005. 4. . , , . 5. : rantalidou 2005, 34. O , , : Trantalidou 2006, 96-120. 6. 2006. , .

55

. 1 ( - . ).

7 8 , , 9 . . , . , , .

7. , ( ) ( ) ( , ) ( ). , , . , , . 8. , , - ( , , ), - ( , ), . 9. , , , ( 2003, 2004 ) . 15 , .

56

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67

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72

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73

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74

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76

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201

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202

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19. von Mercklin 1928, 310-11, . 33. von Bothmer 1957, 106, . 64, 4. ABV 703, 142. Paralipomena 248. CVA Hamburg I, 30-31, . 20, 1-2. 20. .. Ashmolean Museum 217. . CVA Gr. Br. XIV, Oxford 3, 13, . 25, 2. 21. . 41292. . Engelmann R., Zu den Institutsschriften, JdI 5 (1890), Anzeiger 29, . . 29. Pernice 1896, 14. CVA Italia VII, 5, . 7, 4. 1994, 100, . 35, . 22. 22. . F 248. . CVA France 5, 27-28, . 49, 8 50, 2. 23. Cervetri. . 212. . Pernice 1896, 14. Wrede 1916, 291, 336, 344, . 33. ABV 333 . 5. Schefold 1978, 41, . 4. Vickers 1999, 26, . 15. 24. . 89.273 (R. 315). Tarquinia. ABV 144 . 4. Lydakis 2004, 90, . 63. 25. Paralipomena 62. Schefold 1978, 175, . 230. 26. Walpole 1817, . . 321. Pernice 1896, 15, . . 15. . .3 Walpole Faculty of Classics Cambridge.

203

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204

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205

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38. Minneapolis Institut of Arts, .61.59. 1994, 99, . 18, . 20. 39. . Moore 1984, .1-2. 40. , M. Archeolgico National, .10920. Pernice 1896, 13-4. Heydemann 1889, 264-5, . 10. CVA Spain 1, 4-5, . 8, 2 10, 2. ABV 332, .17. 1994, 100, .42, .24. 41. . , M. Archeolgico National, . 10902. CVA Spain 1, 4, . 4, 5 6, 2. ABV 275 . 133. 1994, 99, . 20, . 21. 42. Antikensammlungen . 1740. 1994, 59, . 12-. 43. . Jr. 86.134.46. Shapiro .. 1995, 96-7, . V, . . 96 () 97. 44. Benndorf 1883, 103, . LII, 2. Pernice 1896, 14. 45. . 8276. . Wrede 1916, 234 . 172. Haspels 1936, 141-3, .14, 1. ABV 175, . 12. 46. . F 2262. Gerhard 1858, . 272. Pernice 1896, 15. CVA 2, 12, . 55, 2 66, 3. 47. . 35. Kraiker 1929, 186 . 46. ARV2 74 .38. Richter 1963, 326, . 439.

206

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207

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216

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217

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218

.

7. . , , 45. 0,23 . (E. 35). 77. . 2878 2879 . . . , . . . . , . 35 . (: Albanien. Schtze aus dem , Land der Skipitaren 1988, . 160). . , , . , , , . , 3 . .. . 8. . , 78 (E. 36). . 2877 . . , , . , , . , , .

. 36 (: BCH 125 (2001), . 102).

77. . Albanien. Schtze aus dem Land der Skipetaren 1988, 288, . 160. 78. BCH 125 (2001), 879, .102.

219

, 3 . .. 9. . Asmolean Museum, 1971.88379 (E. 37, 38). . . . , , . , , , , . , , . 10. ste. Este Padova . 0,242 . 0,125 80. 3 . .. , , . , , 81. , , , . -

. 37 . (. Ashmolean Museum).

. 38 . 3/4. (. Ashmolean Museum).

79. . . Vickers . 80. de La Genire 1997, .3. 81. 1150e, 6: , . , 2514, 1: , , . , , 3, 1, 168, 14: , . , , .

220

.

, . , . , . , 82. 83, 84, 85. , , . , , (), . , , , 86, , . , . , , , , . , 87. , , .

82. 99b, 1: , , . , . 83. 1150e,1: , , . . 84. 1520, 1: , . 85. 1150a, 3: , . , . . , . , , 3, 1, 168,10: , . 86. 8,123: , , , , . , , . . Camp 1986, 109, . 80. , , . 8, 17: , . , . 87. XXI, 7, 2, 1: , . , . , , 3252, 2: . , , ,

221

. , , , 88. , , , 89, 90, . , 91. , , . , .. , , , , , . , , , . , , , . , , , . , , -

. 39 (.).

88. , 99: , . 89. 23, 924, 9: , . . 46, 312, 57: , . 90. 3, 1, 7: 6, 6, 6: 61, 173, 62:. . 91. 321, 16: , , . ,

222

.

92. , , 93 (E. 39). , , , , , , (E. 40).. 40 (. ).

. , . , , , (E. 2, 5). , , , (E. 5, 6). (E. 4, 7, 8), , . , , . (. 41292), , . , 71,43% , , 8,6%, , 17,14%, ( 2,83% ). , . -

92. , , . 93. 1979, .

223

, , , , , . . 6 . . . , (E.13,14), (E. 27-34, 36-38) (E. 10-12,15-26, 35). . . , , , , , , , . . , , , . , . . , . , , , .

, . . -. ... 541 24 . e-mail: [email protected]

224

PANAGIOTIS V. FAKLARIS

(HORSE-MUZZLE)

K

T

he halter and bridle were the main elements of horses harnesses; another was the muzzle, the . The sources preserve the name for this particular attachment, which was called either or . To date, this piece of horse headgear has occupied research very little, since there are only a small number of depictions, finds have been rare, and recognition, correct identification and publication even rarer. The word is synonymous with , which means muzzle. The two words identification with each other is confirmed by the sources, specifically by Herodian (who mentions that a was also called a ), Harpocration, Suda, and Hesychius. The sources make it clear that the purpose of the was to prevent the horse from using its mouth to bite or eat. Xenophon, in his treatise On Horsemanship, informs us that the use of the muzzle was necessary when the horse was taken from its stable, when it was being rubbed down (with the , the curry comb), and when it was taken out to roll around on the dirt ( ). Xenophon also recommends the use of the muzzle in cases where the horse is being led without a bridle, stressing that the muzzle does not impede the horses breathing, but merely prevents it from biting. There is thus no doubt that the muzzles use made grooming easier, making it more docile and eliminating the risk of biting. The muzzle was not used during riding, or when the horse was harnessed to a chariot. This would in any case have been impossible for practical reasons, since the muzzle could not coexist with the bridle. As regards the material from which muzzles were constructed, the only information we have comes from Polydeuces, from which it emerges that there were muzzles of bronze. Beyond this, the evidence from the sources, representations, and preserved examples allows us to conclude that muzzles were made of various materials. The shape and large number of openings led to a construction that was light and compatible with the animals coat, woven out of organic materials such as leather, rush or reeds. Apart from rush or reed muzzles, from the small number of depictions known to date in vase paintings it would appear that a large percentage of muzzles were leather. Bronze muzzles, preserved by virtue of their durable construction material, appear to have been rarer; they would have belonged to the costly gear of wealthy horsemen. Bronze muzzles may be grouped in three types in accordance with their shape and mode of construction: woven, pierced, and closed. All three types have leather muzzles as their models.

225

A bronze muzzle of the closed type, dated to the final third of the 4th century B.C., is depicted in the unlooted tomb of a Macedonian companion at Pydna. A small number of bronze muzzles from Greece, Magna Graecia, and elsewhere are housed today in various museums. The oldest bronze muzzle dates to the 6th century B.C., though they continued in use until the Hellenistic period. The muzzles from Pydna and Boeotia offer firm evidence for the dating of muzzles and for their Greek provenance.

226

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, . . . . 1961. . . , . 1984. . . . , ., 2005. . . . , . 1994. (8-5 . ..). . . , . 1985. , 1. , 51-4. , . 1987. , 1, 209-18. , . 1988. , 2, 181-93. , . 2010. : , . . , . 2006. . . , . . 1985. , 40 , , 1-16. , . . 1986. , 41, , 1-57.

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Cahn, D. 1990. Classic Bronzes, von Bothmer, D. (.), Glories of the Past. Ancient Art from the Shelby White and Leon Levy Collection. , 108-23. Camp, J. 1986. The Athenian Agora: Excavations in the Heart of Classical Athens. London. de la genire, J. 1997. Note sur une muserolle disparue, J. de La Genire (.), Hra. Images, espaces, cultes: actes du colloque international du Centre de recherches archologiques, de lUniversit de Lille III et de lAssociation P.R.A.C. : Lille, 29-30 novembre 1993. Naples , 261-5. (Coll. CJB, 15). Donder, h. 1980. Zaumzeug in Griechenland und Cypern. Prhistorische Bronzefunde XVI, 3. Mnchen. Faklaris, p. b. 1994. Aegae: Dedermining the Site of the First Capital of the Macedonians, AJA 98.4, 609-16. gerhard . 1840. Auserlesene Griechische Vasenbilder, hauptschlich etruskischen Fundorts, 1. Berlin. gerhard, . 1858. Auserlesene Griechische Vasenbilder, 4. Berlin. gill, D. w. J. 2008. Inscribed Silver Plate from Tomb II at Vergina: Chronological Implications, Hesperia 77.2, 335-58. haspels, C.h.E. 1936. Attic Black-Figured Lekythoi. Paris. heydemann . 1889. Homerische Vasendarstellungen, JdI 4, 260-5. Kinch, K.F. 1920. Le tombeau de Niausta. Tombeau Macedonien, Memoires de l Academie Royale des Sciences et des Lettres de Danemark, Copenhague, 7me Serie Section des Lettres, IV. 3, 283-8. Kraiker, w. 1929. Epiktetos. Eine studie zur archaischen Attischen malerei, JdI 44, 141-97. langlotz, E. 1932. Martin von Wagner-Museum der Universitt Wrzburg: Griechische Vasen. Mnchen. lydakis, st. 2004. Ancient Greek Painting and Its Echoes in Later Art. Los Angeles. von mercklin, E. 1928. Antiken im Hamburgischen Museum fr Kunst und Gewerbe, AA 1928, 273-497. moore, m. b. 1984. A New Hydria by the Antimenes Painter, Metropolitan Museum Journal 18, 29-38. neugebauer, K. a. 1952. Fhrer durch das Antiquarium, II, Vasen. Berlin. panofka, th. 1848. Der Vasenbildner Pamphaios. Berlin. papazoglou, F. 1988. Les Villes de Macdoine l poque Romaine, BCH Suppl. 16. pernice, . 1896. Griechisches Pferdegeschirr im Antiquarium der Kniglichen Museen. Programm zum Winckelmannsfeste der Archologischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin 56. Berlin. richter, g. m. a. 1963. A Handbook of Greek Art. London. de ridder, a. 1913. Muse du Louvre. Les Bronzes Antiques. Paris. de ridder, a. 1915. Les Bronzes Antiques du Louvre, II. Paris. rotroff, s. i. 1982. Royal Salt Cellars from the Athenian Agora, AJA 86.2, 283. rotroff, s. i. 1984. Spool Saltcellars in the Athenian Agora, Hesperia 53, 343-54. rotroff, s. i. 2007, Rev. of Drougou, , AJA 111, 809-10. rotroff, s. i. 2007. Whose Pottery? The Ceramics from the Vergina Tombs, presented at the 109th Annual Meeting of the Archaeological Institute of America. AIA, 109th Annual Meeting , . 31,128130.

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saatsoglou-paliadeli, Chr. 2007. La peinture de la Chasse de Vergina, S. Descamps Lequime (.), Peinture et couleur dans le monde grec antique. Actes de colloque, Musee du Louvre (10 et 27 mars 2004). Paris, 47-55. schefold, K. 1978. Gter-und Heldensagen der Griechen in der sptarchaischen Kunst. Mnchen. shapiro, h. a. C. a. picn g.D. scott 1995. Greek Vases in the San Antonio Museum of Art. San Antonio (Texas). Vermeule, C. C. 1961. A Black -Figure Hydria by Psiax, Wadsworth Atheneum Bulletin (Summer 1961), 1-9. Vickers, m.1999. Ancient Greek Pottery. Oxford 1999. walpole, r. 1817. Memoirs Relating to European and Asiatic Turkey. London. walters, h. b. 1899. Catalogue of the Bronzes, Greek, Roman, and Etruscan in the British Museum. London. wrede, w. 1916. Kriegers Ausfahrt in der archaischgriechischen Kunst, AM 41, 221-374.

229

.

, , . 6 . .. , , , , 1. , , , 2, . , , , , 3. , - , . , . . 4 . .. 12 4 5. 421 .., ( , ), 1200 .,6 . 1200 . 7. 399 .., , 50 8 (12,5 ) , , , 13 16 , 78000 9.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 7. 8. 9.

Spence 1988, 169. , . Markman 1943. Vernant 1962, 17. Spence 1993, 180-210 275. ( ) , . Camp 1998, 37. 111 4 3 . .. , , , . Kroll 1977, . (. 89) 100 1200 , 700 . , 21-23. , VIII 10 .. , VII 8, 6. , 6. , 8, 154. . Anderson 1930. RE, . Bukephalas (Kaerst), 995, . iii.i, 1897.

231

, . , . , , . 10, 11 12. , , 13. , 14. (V 200) , , . , , 15. , 16. , , , . (. 1)17. , , -

. 1 . (: Anderson 1961, . 17a).

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

, , 215. , IX 20, 4. , , 2, 27 , 3, 3 , IV 1, 39. , 25, 7. , 8, 12. , . 563. 6. .. 6 . .. . . Anderson 1961, . 17a.

. 2 . , 530 .. (: Beazley 1964, . 29).

232

.

, , (. 2), (. 3) , . , . Curtius18 , , , : , . , . , 19. . 20 : , , , , 21. , (. 4 -). , , , , , . 22. , , , .

. 3 . . . 560-555 .. (: 1996, . 25).

18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

Q. Curtius R., Historia Alexandri Magni, III 3, 26 .. Q. Curtius R., Historia Alexandri Magni, III 13, 10 VIII 5, 4. . Andreae 1977. Cohen 1997. , . Delebeque 1978. , XVIII 27, 5. . Miller 1986.

233

. 4 - . (: Andreae 1977, . 5).

, , 23. 2 . 197624, . , 5,20 x 4,20 . 25. , (. 5) 26. , , 27. , , , , , , ,

23. , , . 1986. - 1998. 24. , -. 25. , . 1977. 1980 1985. 26. , ( 1980, 209) , , , . Andronikos 1987, . 10-11. Miller 1993, 101. 27. Andronikos 1987, 11 . 46.

234

.

28, 29. , , 30, , , (381-369 ..) 31. , 4 . .. 32, 33. , 34, 35 , . , 36:

. 5 . (: 1985, . 2, 3).

28. , . 1977, 204. 1980, 206-7, . 7 ( ), 8 , ( ). 1985, 46, . 7, 8. . , 2000, 59-60, . 56 ( ). , , 2000, 59. 29. 2000, 59-60. 30. 1977, . 129. 31. , . 1977, 204, 207, . 129 ( ). 1980, 207-9, . 5-6 (), 9 ( ). 1985, 46, . 5, 6, 9. , . . 2000, . 54 ( ) . 55 (, ). (. 59) . 32. 1977, 204 1980, 209. 33. . .. 1997, 168-9, . 524. - 2005, 180, 241. Liampi 1998, 55-6. Miller 1993, 57, . 127 .101. Andronikos 1987, 9. Hammond 1991, 70, 73. , Romiopoulou Brecoulaki 2002, 118 . 2: The tomb of Katerini and the so-called tomb of Eurydike in Vergina, concidered to be the oldest ones discovered up to now, would also be dated to this period, after a re-examination of their finds. the discovery of a coin dated to the reign of Amyntas III does not represent a valid argument for the dating of the monument, for it was not found inside the tomb but in the filling up with earth that covered it. 34. , . Andronikos 1987, 11 . 49. 35. . 1985 . 36. . . 32.

235

) , 0,08 . (. . 7412) 37 ) (. . 7399-7401), 0,036 x 0,025 . (. 6) ) (. . 7402-3), 0,023 x 0,023 . (. 7) ) (. . 7484) ) (. . 7404-5) (. 8) ) (. . 7406-8), 0,041 . (. 9).

. 6 . (: 1988, 278, . 226).

. 7 . (: 1988, 278, . 227).

, . , , , , 38 . , 39.

37. . , . 23 , . 38. . .. Andronikos 1987, 11 . 46. Archibald 1998, 199, 255. 39. , . : , , . , . Higgins 1961, 12-3. Ohly 1953, 14, 119 .. Hoffmann Davidson 1965, 27. Williams Ogden 1994, 19. . Higgins 1961, 8-9. Ogden 1982, 34-5. , . Barr-Sharrar 1987, 1-2. 4 . .. Gartchinovo, . LOr des Thraces 2006, 44-5, . 8, , Venedikov 1977, 30-1.

236

.

, 40. , . (. 6), , , . , , , . , . , . (. 7), , , , . . , , . . . (. 8), , . , . .

. 8 (: 1980, 208, . 9).

40. , . 2004.

237

, (. 9), , , . , , , , , , .

. 9 (: 1988, 279, . 228).

, 41 , . , . . , , , , . 10 . (. . ). . , , , . , . , , .. . 42, 43,

41. , . . 42. . , , . 43. , , 4 . ..

238

.

, , (. 10). , , , (. 11). , , . , . , , , , . 11 , . . , . . (: 1984, 37 . 16). , . , , , , . , , , , . , , . (. Rotroff 2007, 809 ..), . , .

239

, 44, 45, 46 , 47. , . , . . , , 48. , . , , , , , 4 . .49.

. 12 Tsviatkova Mogila. . . . (: Mazarov 1997, . 10, 13).

, , . , ,

44. Raymond 1953, . II-XV. Prestiani Giallombardo Tripodi 1996. , , . Greenwalt 1997. 45. .. Kinch. . Kinch 1920. , . , . 1984, 100-17. . , . - 2005, 114-42. , . 1932, 5-19. (), . 1985, 54, . 7, . IV-. , , . 1986, . 25. 46. .. . , . 1986. , . 1997, 48, 85. , . , . - 1994, 232, . 2. 47. , .., . , . . 1986, 53. 48. . .. Letnitsa Lovech, . . Mazarov 1997, 165-9, . , LOr des Thraces 2006, 110-7. 49. . Archibald 1983, 312-5.

240

.

, . . 1995 Tsviatkova Mogila, Shipka . , , . , (. 12 -)50. , , , , , Dolna Koznitsa Kiustendil, . ) , ) , ) , , ) 51 (. 13 -). , . , , (. 14) 52. Dolna Koznitsa -

. 13 - Dolna Koznitsa Kiustendil (: Mazarov 1997, 108-9, . 22-25).

. 14 Kiustendil (: Mazarov 1997, 111, . 27).

50. : . . 36 389, . . 1,4 x 1,5 . : . . 36 388, . 4,5 ., 0,8 . : . . 35703, 1,3 . 0,8 . . Mazarov 1997, 100-3. 51. . : . . -157, 2,2 x 1,7 . : . . -158, 5,2 x 1,7 . : . . -160, 2 . : . . -159, 2 . . Mazarov 1997, 108-9. 52. . . Kiustendil, -171 -250. 2,5 . . Mazarov 1997, 111.

241

, (. 15) 53. , Lukovit (. 16) 54. , 26 , (. 17) 55. , , 1979 Kralevo Turgovishte 4 . .. , , , . ) , ) , ) , ) ) 36 , (. 18 -)56.

. 15 Kiustendil (: Mazarov 1997, 106, . 19).

. 16 Lukovit (: Mazarov 1997, 126, . 46).

. , -57. , 4 . .. , -

53. . . Kiustendil, -156. 0,021 x 0,02 . . Mazarov 1997, 106, . 19. 54. . . 8229-54. 1-1,5 . . Mazarov 1997, 126. 300 .. . Archibald 1998, 340, . 55. . . 8230. 1,4 x 1,4 . . Mazarov 1997, 131, 128. 56. Turgovishte. , . . 2304, 4,4 x 2 . , . . 2305, 3,5-3,7 . , . . 2300-2303, 3,8 . , . . 2298, 2299, 4,6x3,6 . , . . 2306, 1,9-2,2 . . Mazarov 1997, 118-21, . 184,76 . Archibald 1998, 339. , Goliamata Kosmatka, Kazanlak, , ., L Or des Thraces 2006, 154-7. 57. - . . .. Panagyurishte, 8,6 . 4 . .. Kiustendil, 8,4 . . Mazarov 1997, 107, 172-3.

242

.

, , , 58, , , , - 59. , . 17 , Lukovit (: Mazarov 1997, 131, . 54). , . , , Dolna Koznitsa Kiustendil (. 13 -), , (. 13), . , , (. 6), (. 13). , , , . , , , , , , , . , . , (. 18-), , . , , , .

58. . Mazarov 1997, 119. 59. . Mazarov 1997, 107, 172. , . Archibald 1998, 247-51.

243

. 18 - Kralevo (: Mazarov 1997, 118-21, . 37-41)

( 1), , . . , ,

244

. SERBIA

1 , (: Mazarov 1997, 68).

; , , . 1976 , 60, , , 61. . , . , 62. 60. 1984, 189. 61. . 1985. 62. , . Szymanska

245

, - . , , , , 63. . , 4 . .., 4 . .., , 64. , Curtius ( 3, 26) (333 ..), , , , 4 . ..65 , , 66 terminus postquem . , , . , , , . , , , , , , , , . 19 (. 7, 19). , . (: 1984, 190, . 152-153). .

63. 64. 65. 66.

1984. . Markov 1984 Archibald 1983. . 1985, 16, . , . Archibald 1998, 242-4. 1977, 204 1980, 209. 1977, 204, 207, . 129.

246

.

. 4 . .., . , 67. , , (381-369 ..) , 4 . ..68 , , 69. . 70. , , 71. . (), , 72, , . . , , -

. 20 (von Bulow 1987, 13).

67. 1986, 11, 13. 68. . . 33. 69. 4500 , . , Webber 2003, 537 .. 70. . 260 Vratsa. . Webber 2003, 536. 71. , . Webber 2003, 532, . 2 , . 72. . Webber 2003, 534-7. , . 1986, 30, . 22.

247

, . , , , , . (). , (. 20),73 . , (. 4 ), . , , . , , , . , , , , , , Kralevo, .

. . , . . . . -. ... 541 24 , e-mail: [email protected]

73. Vasiliev 1960. Zhivkova 1973.

248

VASSILIKI G. STAMATOPOULOU

LUXURIUS HARNESS FROM MACEDONIA

T

he abundant information in our sources about the very high value of good horses and harnesses of precious metals, as well as the depictions of heavily-decorated harnesses that abound in Greek vase painting confirm that wealthy horsemen spent exorbitant sums to acquire their horses and took especial care for their impressive appearance, adorning them with luxurious harnesses. To date, harnesses of precious materials were unknown in Greece. But the above evidence attest that to a large extent, extensive looting of rich burials in Macedonia must be responsible for this fact, given that it was primarily in this region that the custom of burying the distinguished dead together with the possessions that characterized them during life was practiced during the Hellenistic period. The group of silver-gilt objects treated here comes from a cist burial found near Katerini in 1976. It was initially interpreted as a group of breastplate attachments and dated to the second quarter of the 4th century B.C. However, the study of breastplates has shown that comparable examples from breastplates are unknown; furthermore, the system for affixing the Katerini attachments does not lead to the conclusion that they were suitable for a breastplate, but that they came from an object made of straps. It was thus thought likely that they could be ascribed to a harness, and parallels were sought; these were located in large numbers in that part of ancient Thrace that belongs to modern-day Bulgaria. Such finds, sometimes of pure gold, are common there, and confirm the attribution of the Katerini attachments to a harness. The Katerini harness, unknown up to now, is the most luxurious harness found to date in Greece. It may be attributed to the final third of the 4th century B.C., given that the dating of the Katerini burial merits reconsideration in the light of more recent finds.

249

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, . 1984. . . . , . 1977. , 32, 2, , 204-7. , 1980, , 13, 198-209. , . 1985. , 1. , 43-6. , . . . . 1997. . . 59. . , . 1985. , 1. , 51-4. , . 1988 (.). . . . -, . 1998. . , . . , , 189-96. , . 1997. . . 58. . , . . 2004. . , 2004 (. . ). , . 1932. . , 2, 5-19. , . 1996. . . 1996. , .- . 2000. . . . . -, . 1994. 1994. , 8, 231-40. -, . 2005. . . 91. . , . . 1985. , 40, , 1-16. , . . 1986. , 41, 1-57.

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