Allocation in Application Layer Network T. Eymann, M. Reinicke Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg (DE) O. Ardaiz, P. Artigas, L. Díaz de Cerio, F. Freitag, R. Messeguer, L. Navarro, D. Royo Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona (ES) CATNET project – Open Research, Evaluation (3/2002-3/2003) Exploring Decentralized Resource
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Allocation in Application Layer Networks T. Eymann, M. Reinicke Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg (DE) O. Ardaiz, P. Artigas, L. Díaz de Cerio, F. Freitag,
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Allocation in Application Layer Networks
T. Eymann, M. ReinickeAlbert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg (DE)O. Ardaiz, P. Artigas, L. Díaz de Cerio, F. Freitag, R. Messeguer, L. Navarro, D. RoyoUniversitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona (ES)
CATNET project – Open Research, Evaluation(3/2002-3/2003)
Exploring Decentralized Resource
Problem: Provisioning services Requiring (huge amount of) resources From large number of computers CDN, Grid and P2P
Objective: evaluation of decentralized mechanism for resource allocation, based on economic paradigm: Catallaxy. (compare against a centralized mechanism using an arbitrator object)A concrete case for an application is, for instance, the distributed provisioning of web services for Adobe’s Acrobat (for creating PDF files) in an Akamai-like application layer network.
Problem and objective
Application Layer Networks (ALN)
Application layer networks are software architectures that allow the provisioning of services requiring a huge amount of resources by connecting large numbers of individual computers. They are built over a base network that is used to support this second network, “layered” upon the underlying infrastructure.Motivation:
ALN have dynamic demands Deployment/Allocation Requirements:
Programable Infrastructure: Nodes with BW, Storage & Processing Resources.
resources. Deployment can also be economically modeled, although we treat as if done.
Allocation: main focus here. Allocates resources for the demands. Changes resource locations:
Migrate Clone
Catallaxy BasicsCatallaxy is an alternative word for “market economy” (Mises and Von Hayek of the Neo-austrian economic school)
“Fundamentally, in a system in which the knowledge of the relevant facts is dispersed among many people, prices can act to co-ordinate the separate actions of different people in the same way as subjective values help the individual to co-ordinate the parts of his plan.”
(Friedrich A. von Hayek, The Use of Knowledge in Society, 1945)
“The Market” as a technically decentralized, distributed, dynamic coordination mechanism Adam Smith’s “invisible hand” Hayek’s “spontaneous order” Walras’ “non-tâtonnement process”
CatallaxyCoordination mechanism for systems consisting of autonomous decentralized devices.Based on constant negotiation and price signalingBased on efforts from both agent technology and economicsAgents are able to adapt their strategies using machine learning mechanisms
Evolution of software agent strategies, a stabilization of prices throughout the system and self-regulating coordination patterns
Earlier work has used economic principles for resource allocation in distributed computer systems, but most of these approaches rely on using a centralized auctioneer
Catallaxy propertiesSpontaneous order of the participants
„Unplanned result of individuals' planful actions“ (Hayek)
Constitutive Elements of the Catallaxy Access to a Market
Knowledge about availability of resources is transported through price information
Constitutional Ignorance Self-interest and autonomy
of participants Ability to choose between
alternative actions
Learning Dynamic Co-Evolution Income expectations and
price relations stabilize development
Problems Tragedy of commons Free riding
Catnet Properties
Agent-based solution is always inferior to analytical optimizationInformation The more information is available, the more
accurate are the choices The more agents, the more information existsComputation Computation is fully parallel (no central
bottleneck) Solution always exists in the system (no non-
Social Welfare (SWF): Sum of all utilities over all participants, in a
given timespan Clients subjectively value SC access Prices change due to “supply and demand”
Individual utility = transaction price – market value
Also: Response Time (REST), Resource allocation efficiency (RAE), Communication cost (CC), Client-Resource assignment distance.
Experimental Simulator
Abstracts from a concrete application and implementation.Allows „plug-in“ of different „middleware“ resource allocation mechanisms. Allows easy changes of