ALLAH

Fuel Oil A Refiner’s outlook

A student presentationFor class-VIIByShagufta shaheen

• Overview• History of Use• What Is Crude Oil?• Concentration of Oil• Oil Refining• Where is the oil?• How long will it last?• What role do chemical

engineers play?

Overview

THE PURPOSE OF AN OIL REFINERY IS TO TRANSFORM RELATIVELY LOW VALUE CRUDE OIL INTO HIGH VALUE PRODUCTS AS EFFICIENTLY, PROFITABLY AND ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND A WAY AS POSSIBLE

History of Use

• 1000 A.D. Arab scientists discovered distillation and were able to make kerosene. This was lost after the 12th century!

• Rediscovered by a Canadian geologist called Abraham Gesner in 1852

Abraham Gesner (1797-1864)

History of Use

• 1858: first oil drilled in Canada

• 1859: Edwin Drake!

• Who is he? – He was the first person in the U.S. to drill for

oil

• Where? – Titusville, Pennsylvania

What Is Crude Oil?

• Crude Oil is a liquid mixture of thousands of organic chemicals found underground. It is the result of organic matter decaying over thousands of years; hence the name fossil fuel

• Crude oil is found all over the world and varies tremendously in its density, aromatics, sulfur, and metals content

Source of Oil

• What do we need?

- Source rock

- Reservoir rock

- Cap Rock

- Traps

Oil Refining

• Method by which crude oil converted to petroleum products– (I think that a barrel (42 gal—

produces 44 gal of petroleum products)

• Distillation (fractionation)– At high temperature the lightest

fractions rise to the top of a tower, heavier fractions condense at bottom

Typical Fuels Refinery

Naphthas

Distillates

Gas Oils

Residual (0 - 40%)

Residual (0 - 40%)

PLPG

Crude Oil

Crude Oil Distillation

NaphthaNaphtha

DistillatesDistillates

Gas OilsGas Oils

Residual (0 - 40%)

LPGLPG

Crude Oil Crude Oil

Crude Oil Distillation

LPG LPG

Jet Fuel / KeroJet Fuel / Kero

GasolineGasoline

Diesel / Heating Oils

Diesel / Heating Oils

Bunker/Fuel Oils Bunker/Fuel Oils

Misc. Products Coke (carbon) Sulfur

Misc. Products Coke (carbon) Sulfur

FurtherRefining

FurtherRefining

Oil Refining

• Typical Oil– Gasoline C4 to C10

27%

– Kerosene C11 to C13

13%

– Diesel C14 to C18

12%

– Heavy gas oil C19 to C25

10%

– Lubricating oil C26-C40

20%

– Residue >C40

18%

Oil Refining

• What we get out of oil now with modern refineries:– 50% gas– 30% fuel oil– 7.5% jet fuel

Where is the oilfound?

World Oil Reserves, Jan 2007Oil and Gas Journal, includes tar sands in Canada

0100200300400500600700800

North America

Central/South America

Europe

Eurasia

Middle East

AfricaAsia and Oceania

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How long will it last?

• Quick Calculation. According to the previous graph we use about 72 million barrels per day. Oil reserves are 1201.332 billion barrels.

• This equates to approximately 45 years of oil!

How long will it last?

What Role Do Chemical Engineers Play?

• Operations Engineer• Maintenance Engineer• Control Systems

Engineer• Design Engineer• Health/Safety/

Environmental Engineer• Planning / Scheduling

Engineer• Reliability Engineer• Plant Manager

Other Ways Chemical Engineers Support The Refining Industry

• Research & Development Engineers

• Technical Sales Engineers

• Engineering & Construction Engineers

• Governmental Regulators (EPA)

• University Professors