All-optical fiber-optics networks

All-optical fiber-optics networks

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A passive star based local optical WDM network

Passive star coupler

Unicast

Multicast

Workstation

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A wavelength routed wide-area WDM network

B

E

G

1

2

34

5

67

8

9

10

λ1

λ1

λ1

λ1

λ2

λ2

Photonics switching fabric

C

A

D

H

FAccess Station: contains tunable transmitters and receivers

Switch: contains photonics switch, amplifier, λ converter

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Diagram of passive optical network

λ2

λN

λ1, λ2,..., λNλ1

sources receivers

Available installation topologies:• star• bus• tree

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Real installation topologies

Star coupler

Tx

Rx

Tx

Rx star

Tx

Rx

Tx

Rx

Tx

Rx

Tx

Rx

Tx

Rx

Tx

Rxbus

tree

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Classification of single hop optical networks

• FT - FR, fixed transmitter - fixed receiver• TT - FR, tunable transmitter - fixed receiver• FT - TR, fixed transmitter - fixed receiver• TT - TR, tunable transmitter, tunable receiver

Example description of network node:• FTiTTj - RFiTRj

• CC - FTiTTj - FRmTRn

{F - fixed | T - tunable, T - transmitter | R - receiver}CC - control-channel, information about planed connectioni - index indicates number of node transmitters/receivers

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Time-slot assignment (time multiplexing)

•3 workstations•1 channel

time is divided into 3 slots repeated in a cycle

channel no. t t+1 t+20 (1, 2) (1, 3) (2, 1)

1 (2, 3) (3, 1) (3, 2)

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Channel assignment, time and wavelength multiplexing (without control channel)

•3 workstations•2 channels

time is divided into 3 slots repeated in a cycle

channel no. t t+1 t+20 (1, 2) (1, 3) (2, 1)

1 (2, 3) (3, 1) (3, 2)

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Optical-signal distribution elements - classification

• Passive star

• Passive router

• Active switch

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Passive star4 x 4

λ1λ1

λ1λ1

λ4 λ4 λ4λ4

λ3

λ1, ..., λ4

Input fiber 1 Output fiber 1λ1, ..., λ4λ1

Input fiber 2 Output fiber 2λ2 λ1, ..., λ4

Input fiber 3 Output fiber 3λ1, ..., λ4

Input fiber 4 Output fiber 4λ4

N connections

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Passive router

Input Output

λ2λ3λ4

λ2λ3

λ4λ1

λ1

λ1

λ2

λ3λ4λ2

λ3λ4

λ2λ3

λ4

λ1 11

22

33

44

Demux Mux

N2 connections

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Router - location in OSI model

7 Application 6 Presentation 5 Sesion 4 Transport 3 Network Router working area

2 Data link Logical Link Control Media Access Control

________________ Bridge working area

1 Physical

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Active switch4 x 4

λ3

λ4 λ1, ..., λ4

switchλ1

switchλ2

switchλ3

switchλ4

Input fib. 1 Output fib. 1

λ1, ..., λ4λ1

Input fib. 2 Output fib. 2λ2 λ1, ..., λ4

Input fib. 3 Output fib. 3λ1, ..., λ4

Input fib. 4 Output fib. 4

MuxDemux

WRS =Wavelength Routing Switch (or Wavelenght Selecting Crosconnect - WSXC)

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Examples of all optical LAN networks and protocols (1)

1. LAMBDANET - M. S. Goodman i in., „The LAMBDANET multiwavelength

network: Architecture, applications, and demonstrations” IEEE Journ. on Selected Areas

in Communicatrions, vol. 8, pp. 995-1004, 1990

2. Rainbow - N. R. Dono i in. „A wavelength division multiple access network for

computer communication” IEEE Journ. on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 8, pp.

983-993

3. Fiber-Optic Crossconnect (FOX) - E. Arthurs i in. „Multiwavelength optical

crossconnect for parallel-processing computers” Electronic Letters, vol. 24, pp. 119-120,

1986

4. STARNET - T. K. Chiang i in. „”Implementation of STARNET: A WDM computer

connumications network”, IEEE Journ. on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 14,

pp. 824-839, 1996

5. HYPASS - E. Arthurs i in. „Hypass: An optoelectronic hybrid packet-switching

system” IEEE Journ. on Selected Areas in Communications, vo. 6, pp. 1500-1510, Dec.

1988

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Examples of all optical LAN networks and protocols(2)

6. Assignment protocols - I. Chlamtac i in. „Channel allocation protocols in frequency-

time controlled high speed networks, ” IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 36,

pp. 430-440, 1988

7. Two slotted ALOHA protocol - P. W. Dowd „Random access protocols for high

speed interprocessor communication based on and optical passive star topology,

IEEE/OSA Journ. of Lightwave Technology, vol 9, pp. 799-808

8. Partial Random Access Protocol - I. M. I. Habbab i in „Protocols for very high speed

optical fiber local area networks using a passive star topology” IEEE/OSA Journ. of

Lightwave Technol., vol. LT-5, pp. 1782-1794, 1987

9. AMTRAC - I. Chlamtac i in. „Towards alternative high speed network concepts: the

swift architecture” IEEE transactions on Communications, vo. 38, pp. 431-439, 1990

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LAMBDANET

Network name: LAMBDANETCompany: BellcoreNetwork type: FT - FRM

Every workstation equipped with a laser of fixed wavelength and M receivers. Realized network parameters:• number of nodes - 18• transmission speed - 2 Gb/s• range - 57,5 km

Advantages - simplicityDisadvantages - every node has to be equipped with N sources (integrated optoelectronics technology can solve the problem)

M. S. Goodman i in., „The LAMBDANET multiwavelength network: Architecture, applications, and demonstrations” IEEE Journ. on Selected Areas in Communicatrions, vol. 8, pp. 995-1004, 1990

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Lambdanet - network diagram

Node 1TX

Node NTX

λ1

λ1

λ1 ...N

λ1 ...N Node N

Node 1

WDM

DEMUX

RX1

RX2Star Coupler

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Rainbow

Network name: Rainbow I (1990), Rainbow II (1996)Company: IBMNetwork type : FT - TRNetwork type: MAN

Every workstation is equipped in one laser of fixed wavelength and a tunable receiver. Network parameters:• Number of nodes - 32 IBM PS/2• Transmission speed - 200 Mb/s• Range - 10 - 20 km

Rainbow I: N. R. Dono i in. „A wavelength division multiple access network for computer communication” IEEE Journ. on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 8, pp. 983-993, Aug. 1990

Rainbow II: E. Hall i in. „The Rainbow-II gabit optical network” IEEE Journ. on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 14, pp. 814-823, June 1996

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Rainbow network - topology

Node 2

PCS

λ1

λNλ2

λ3Node 1 Node 3

Node N

transmitter (Tx)

receiver (Rx)

fixed

tunable

NIU

processor E OPSC - Passive Star CouplerNIU - Network Interface UnitE - Electronic interfaceO - Optical interface

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FOX

Network name: FOX (Fiber Optic Crossconnect), 1986Network type: TT - FR Designation: Computers with parallel data processing

Tunable lasers are used as a sources. (tuning time below a few ns – packet switching)

Configuration: two passive stars, one for the data send from the processors into memory blocks, other for the data flowing in the opposite direction.

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STARNET

Network name: STARNETNetwork type:, FT - FR Designation: WDM LANNotes: contains two virtual subnets

Every node contains one transmitter and two receivers (working on the same wavelengths, but with different speeds) STARNET networks is composed of two virtual subnets:• fast (2,5 GB/s) network with packet switching• slower control subnet ( 125 MB/s FDDI compatible)Transmitters in every node generate data for both subnets. „Slow“ detector in each node is tuned to listen the previous node transmitter - this way a logical ring is created (FDDI type)

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Single-hop network classification (1)

WDM local lightwave networks

Multihop

Arbitrary topology

Single-hop

Linear structures (attempt-and-defer)

No control signal

Built systems Proposals

With control signal

AMTRAC (TT-FR)

MultichannelProbabilistic Scheduling (TT-FR)

...

...

...

...

...

...

LAMBDANET

RAINBOW

FOX

HYPASS, BHYPASS, STAR-TRACK, PLL i inne

...

...

...

...

...

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Single-hop network classification (2)Experimental systems Proposals Nets with control channel

Partial Random Access (CC-TT-TR)

Improved Random Access (CC-TT-TR)

Binominal Throughput, Nonmonotonic Delay

Extended Slotted ALOHA and Reservation ALOHA (CC-TT-TR)

(RCA) Receiver Collision Avoidance Protocol (CC-TT-TR)

Dynamic Time-Wavelength Division Multiple Access (DTWDMA) (CC-FT2-FRTR)

TDMA/N-Server (CC-TT-FRTR)

LAMBDANET (receiver array: FT-FRM)

RAINBOW (in-bandrceiver polling: FT-TR)

FOX (TT-FR)

HYPASS, BHYPASS, STAR-TRACK, PLL and others

Fixed Assignment (TT-TR)

Partial Fixed Assignment (TT-TR)

Random Access Protocols I (TT-FR)

Random Access Protocols II (TT-FRx)

PAC nets (TT-FR)

PAC - Protection Against Collision

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Summary

• The optimal solution for building an all-optical „local“ area network is a passive star topology, with single-hop connection.

• WDM technology renders possible full utilization of fiber optic bandwidth.

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Literature

B. Mukherjee, Optical Communication Networks, McGraw-Hill 1997