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All About Light
Light is a part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Light can travel through empty space as well as air
and water.
Light is a transverse wave.
Light comes in discreet packages called photons.
Light has properties of a particle and wave, known as
the dual nature of light.
Similarities of Light to Sound• Source determines the frequency.• Speed depends on what it is
traveling through.• Light travels fastest in a vacuum,
slowest through water.• v = f λ still applies.• The speed of light in a vacuum is
constant and represented by c.• c = f λ c = 3.00 ˣ 108 m/s
The primary colors of light are red, green, and blue.
The secondary colors of light are yellow, cyan, and magenta.
All of the colors combined make white light.
The mixing of all of these colors makes every color we
see.
Polarization of Light
Incident light is unpolarized and is at all angles.
The first filter removes the horizontal light.
The second filter removes the vertical light.
No light gets past the second filter!
This is how sunglasses work!
Glare is horizontal light reflected off of the ground.
Vertical Polarizers eliminates the horizontal light leaving only
vertical.
More on Reflection and Refraction.
The Law of Reflection always applies.
A Smooth surface gives a regular reflection where
light comes back in parallel beams.
A rough surface gives a diffuse reflection because light is
scattered.
Keep in mind we see nothing unless it reflects light!!
Refraction goes along with reflection!!
Notice the refracted ray is smaller than the incident ray.
This is because light is slower in water than in air!
Facts about RefractionWhen light goes from a faster to
slower medium, it will bend towards the normal.
• The Angle of Refraction is always dependent on the Angle of Incidence!!!
• The higher the Index of Refraction the slower light travels through the medium!!
The Light travels towards water at 60°
Normal
So the Angle of Incidence is 60°. (Θi = 60°)
NormalΘi
So the Angle of Refraction is 40.6°. (Θr = 40.6°)
NormalΘi
Θr
Since light travels through glass even slower it will bend more towards the normal!!
Normal
So the Angle of Incidence is still 60°. (Θi = 60°)
NormalΘi
Since light moves slower through glass than water it
bends more as it crosses the boundary!!
NormalΘi
So the Angle of Refraction is 34.5°. (Θr = 34.5°)
NormalΘi
Θr
Using this information we can calculate the Index of
Refraction (n).
n =sin Θr
sin Θi
Finding the Index of Refraction for water…
n =sin 40.6°
sin 60°
n = 1.33
The Index of Refraction can also be done in terms of the
speed of light!
n =v
c
n = 1.33
=3.00 × 108 m/s
2.25 × 108 m/s
Use the speed of light in a vacuum over the speed of
light in water.
n =v
c
n = 1.33
=3.00 × 108 m/s
2.25 × 108 m/s
Finding the Index of Refraction for glass…
n =sin 34.5°
sin 60°
n = 1.53
Remember Index of Refraction can never be less than 1
(vacuum) !!
n =sin 34.5°
sin 60°
n = 1.53
Using Snell’s Law we can predict how light will bend if
we know the indexes of refraction!!
Θi
Θi
ni sin Θi = nr sin Θr
If Θi = 30° and the light is traveling from water to air…
Θi
ni sin Θi = nr sin Θr
1.33 sin 30° = 1.0 sin Θr
Θi
1.33 sin 30° =
1.0 sin Θr
Θi
1.33 0.5 =
1.0 sin Θr
Θi
= 0.665 sin Θr
Θi
= 0.665 Θr sin-1
Θi
= 41.7° Θr
Θi
Θi
Θi
When light went from air to water it bent towards the normal, but water to air it
bends away from the normal!!
Θi
Θi
Why???
Θi
Θi
Because light travels faster in air than water!!!
Θi
Θi
When light travels from a slower to faster medium it