1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. RESEARCH BACKGROUND Alcohol has been around in various cultures for almost 10 000 years. It is widely used in Canada, and is closely associated with parties and celebrations. In 2009, alcohol was consumed by 77% of Canadians aged 15 and over (Health Canada). It has a huge presence in the College and University environments, and most students claim to have drunk alcohol at some point during their time at school. Alcohol is produced by fermenting and sometimes distilling various fruits, vegetables, or grains. Fermentation is the process where sugars such as gluctose, fructose, and sucrose are converted into ethanol (alcohol) and carbon dioxide. When we consume alcohol, it provides our bodies with energy;each gram of alcohol contains 7 calories of energy. By comparison, one gram of fat contains 9 calories, one gram of carbohydrate or protein 4 calories. Interestingly, ethanol has had a wide variety of uses apart from being found in alcoholic beverages. Among other things, it has been used as a fuel source, an antiseptic and even an antidote for poisoning for other more toxic alcohols. Alcohol is classified as a drug. It is a toxic substance that depresses the central nervous system and has the capacity to produce physical and
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1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. RESEARCH BACKGROUND
Alcohol has been around in various cultures for almost 10 000 years.
It is widely used in Canada, and is closely associated with parties and
celebrations. In 2009, alcohol was consumed by 77% of Canadians aged 15
and over (Health Canada). It has a huge presence in the College and
University environments, and most students claim to have drunk alcohol at
some point during their time at school.
Alcohol is produced by fermenting and sometimes distilling various
fruits, vegetables, or grains. Fermentation is the process where sugars such
as gluctose, fructose, and sucrose are converted into ethanol (alcohol) and
carbon dioxide. When we consume alcohol, it provides our bodies with
energy;each gram of alcohol contains 7 calories of energy. By comparison,
one gram of fat contains 9 calories, one gram of carbohydrate or protein 4
calories.
Interestingly, ethanol has had a wide variety of uses apart from being
found in alcoholic beverages. Among other things, it has been used as a fuel
source, an antiseptic and even an antidote for poisoning for other more toxic
alcohols.
Alcohol is classified as a drug. It is a toxic substance that depresses
the central nervous system and has the capacity to produce physical and
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behavioural dependency. It is the depressant action of alcohol that brings
about most of the commonly observed effects of drinking. The initial
euphoric effect makes it appear to be a stimulant however this soon gives
way to lethargy and a less active response as deeper structures of the brain
are affected.
In small doses, alcohol leaves people feeling relaxed and pleasantly
happy. At higher doses, alcohol can cause decreased awareness, judgement,
coordination and vision. At very high levels, it can lead to loss of motor
function, stupor, unconsciousness (a complete inability to respond to
stimuli), depressed respiration and even death.
Based on the explanation above, we can conclude that alcohol have
even more useless effect for our body, our mind and etc. Allah says in Holy
Qur’an, Al-Baqarah : 219
يسألونك عن اخلمر والميسر قل فيهما إمث كبري ومنافع للناس
وإمثهما أكبـر من نـفعهما ويسألونك ماذا ينفقون قل العفو كذلك
الله لك -٢١٩-م اآليات لعلكم تـتـفكرون يبنيThey ask thee concerning wine and gambling. Say: "In them is great
sin, and some profit, for men; but the sin is greater than the profit." They
ask thee how much they are to spend; Say : “ What is beyond your needs”
Thus doth Allah make clear to you His Signs : in order ye may consider.
(Holy Qur’an, 2:219 )
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But, alcohol also has a bright side, that can give an advantage for human,
for example, alcohol can became a cleaner for wound and perfume solvent.
So how about alcohol usage in islamic prespective ? is it permitted for all
kind of product that contains alcohol ? this research will give a little
explanation for this problem.
B. PROBLEM STATEMENT
1. What is the notion of Alcohol ?
2. How about Alcohol usage in Islamic prespective ?
3. How about the Law of using alcoholic perfume ?
4. How about the law of consuming alcohol beverages ?
C. RESEARCH PURPOSES
1. To know about the mean of alcohol
2. To understand the alcohol usage on around us in islamic prespective
3. To comprehend the law of using alcoholic perfume based on islamic
Law
4. To initialize the law of consuming alcohol beverages based on islamic
Law
D. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In finishing this writing, the writer takes library method as one of the
usual ways. That one is easy as it does not need many hard efforts. She
reads books, and the other printed materials in connection with the object,
and connection to the internet for additional materials. In writing this paper,
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the writer uses the methodology to get data that valid to accelerate the
process of statement of this paper. They are as follows :
1. Type of Research
The writer uses qualitative research especially library study because
she uses books as data source. This method was used by the writer to
seek information or data about sunnah way of eating, their kinds, their
miracles and other by searching information and data from internet or by
reading books or opening documents and other printed thing to support
and carry out this paper perfectly.
2. Method of Collecting Data
The data of this paper is written text from any books, internet, or other
printed thing. The writer uses indirect method in collecting the data. It is
writing the substance from the source data indirectly.
3. Method of Data analysis
The writer uses these steps to analysis the data:
a. Arrange the data
b. Verification of data
c. Take Conclusion
Certainly, an extra thinking and observation to support and carry out this
writing into be complete.
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CHAPTER II
THE NOTION OF ALCOHOL
I. THE MEANS OF ALCOHOL
Alcohol is a name given to a family of organic substances containig
the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.The most known and widely
used alcohol is ethanol.It is a colourless liquid at room temperature with low
boiling point so it vapourises easily giving a distinctive smell of people who
are drunk because of heavy intake of alcohol.
In chemistry, an alcohol is an organic compound in which
the hydroxyl functional group (-O H) is bound to a carbon atom. In
particular, this carbon center should be saturated, having single bonds to
three other atoms.
An important class of alcohols are the simple acyclic alcohols, the
general formula for which is CnH2n+1OH. Of those, ethanol (C2H5OH) is the
type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, and in common speech the
word alcohol refers specifically to ethanol.
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CHAPTER II
THE NOTION OF ALCOHOL
I. THE MEANS OF ALCOHOL
Alcohol is a name given to a family of organic substances containig
the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.The most known and widely
used alcohol is ethanol.It is a colourless liquid at room temperature with low
boiling point so it vapourises easily giving a distinctive smell of people who
are drunk because of heavy intake of alcohol.
In chemistry, an alcohol is an organic compound in which
the hydroxyl functional group (-O H) is bound to a carbon atom. In
particular, this carbon center should be saturated, having single bonds to
three other atoms.
An important class of alcohols are the simple acyclic alcohols, the
general formula for which is CnH2n+1OH. Of those, ethanol (C2H5OH) is the
type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, and in common speech the
word alcohol refers specifically to ethanol.
5
CHAPTER II
THE NOTION OF ALCOHOL
I. THE MEANS OF ALCOHOL
Alcohol is a name given to a family of organic substances containig
the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.The most known and widely
used alcohol is ethanol.It is a colourless liquid at room temperature with low
boiling point so it vapourises easily giving a distinctive smell of people who
are drunk because of heavy intake of alcohol.
In chemistry, an alcohol is an organic compound in which
the hydroxyl functional group (-O H) is bound to a carbon atom. In
particular, this carbon center should be saturated, having single bonds to
three other atoms.
An important class of alcohols are the simple acyclic alcohols, the
general formula for which is CnH2n+1OH. Of those, ethanol (C2H5OH) is the
type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, and in common speech the
word alcohol refers specifically to ethanol.
6
Ethanol is widely used industrially as solvents for paint, perfume,
varnish, dyes, cough mixtures, food additives, printing ink and as an
antiseptic. It can also be used as fuel but its use is limited due to its high
production costs. Ethanol is also used in the production of other substances
like synthetic rubber, vinegar and other solvents. Ethanol is the main content
of alcoholic beverages and the amount is measured by the percentage of
alcohol by volume.
Ethanol can be produced in two ways:
(i) by the fermentation of sugars in grapes and malt in brewing and
wine-making
(ii) by the addition of steam (water) to ethene which is a product of
petroleum
In the preparation of ethanol, both fermentation and ethene + steam
methods can be carried out on a massive industrial scale. Fermentation is
too slow so the second way is used to produce ethanol for use other than in
drinks.
Alcohol also has been interpreted as substances that cause intoxication
or as intoxicants and is harmful to our body. The intake of alcohol and wine
is considered as intentional intake of intoxicant. Alcohol can be produced
through various processes such as fermentation, chemical processes or
others methods. It is also used as an ingredient or processing aids in many
products such as medicine, soft drink and cosmetics. Their uses in these
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products are not intentionally meant to be as an intoxicating drink or
substance such as beer or wine. It acts as stabilizing agent in soft drinks and
its special characteristic that is good organic solvents make alcohol or its
derivatives usable in many types of oil and fat products.
Alcohol is a drug. It is classed as a depressant, meaning that it slows
down vital functions—resulting in slurred speech, unsteady movement,
disturbed perceptions and an inability to react quickly. As for how it affects
the mind, it is best understood as a drug that reduces a person’s ability to
think rationally and distorts his or her judgment.
Although classified as a depressant, the amount of alcohol consumed
determines the type of effect. Most people drink for the stimulant effect,
such as a beer or glass of wine taken to “loosen up.” But if a person
consumes more than the body can handle, they then experience alcohol’s
depressant effect. They start to feel “stupid” or lose coordination and
control. Alcohol overdose causes even more severe depressant effects
(inability to feel pain, toxicity where the body vomits the poison, and finally
unconsciousness or, worse, coma or death from severe toxic overdose).
These reactions depend on how much is consumed and how quickly.
II. THE HISTORY OF ALCOHOL
Paradoxically, it was Muslim chemists who were responsible for
developing distillation to a high level of sophistication and transmitting it to
Europe via Spain. Although distillation is a process which arose
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independently in different places in the world, Muslims greatly improved
distillation technology.
In the eighth century Muslims developed that distinctively shaped
apparatus which is a staple of every chemistry laboratory—the alembic—for
the efficient collection of distillate through a descending condensation tube.
The words "alembic" and "alcohol" both came into English from Arabic (a/-
is the prefix "the" in Arabic). The word "alcohol' comes from alkuhul,
Arabic for "powdered antimony," or "a fine powder," later "essence," and
still later alcool vini,, shortened in the nineteenth century to "alcohol."
Muslims also developed and introduced into Europe the cultivation of
sugar cane and an efficient process for sugar extraction which, combined
with distillation technology, gave birth to the production of rum. Despite its
formal religious prohibition, the consumption of alcohol has never been
eradicated under Islam.
The continuing importance of alcohol can be seen through the
literatures of the areas to which Islam spread. In both Arabic and Persian
poetry the consumption of alcohol remained an important theme, even after
the introduction of Islam. In the Arab world this is attested by the
flourishing genre of khamriyya (wine, or bacchic) poetry and the work of
the ibahi (licentious) poets. Abu Nuwas is perhaps the most famous of these
early poets who glorified wine and drunkenness. Wine also figures
prominently in the work of Hispano-Arabic poets of the tenth to the
fifteenth centuries, such as the Cordoban zajal poet Ibn Quzman, the
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satirical muwashshahat poet al-Abyad (who was crucified by the Almoravid
governor of Cordoba), Ibn Bajja of Saragossa, and Ibn Zuhr (the latter two
both were poisoned). In this poetry, alcohol is often associated with other
vices, such as homoeroticism with handsome cupbearers (Monroe 1974).
The Persians had a flourishing genre of wine poetry before and after
Islam—with Sadi , the ghazal poet Hafez, and Omar Khayyam, best known
among Westerners through Edward Fitzgerald's famous (and Somewhat
inaccurate) translation.
In the Iranian-influenced world, the consumption of wine was part of
a courtly tradition—built into the royal job description, so to speak. In
Persian and Arabic poetry wine is often a metaphor which does not
necessarily reflect actual alcohol consumption, as in the metaphor of
drunkenness to represent religious ecstasy in mystic Sufi poetry. After the
death of Muhammad, Islam spread westward across North Africa and into
Europe, north into the Middle East and Central Asia, east into Southeast
Asia, and south into subSaharan Africa.
The Ottoman Empire extended Islam into Eastern Europe.Under the
Arabs and Ottomans subject peoples such as Christians And Jews were
usually allowed to maintain their traditions, including the production and
consumption Of alcohol, although they had to pay special taxes. Thus there
has been alcohol production throughout The Islamic world for minority
groups, combined with different degrees of illicit consumption by Muslims.
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III. THE KIND OF ALCOHOL AND IT’S USEFULNESS
Based on the position of the carbon atoms in the compound binds to
the hydroxyl group of alcohol, the alcohol is grouped into 3 categories,:
a) Primary alcohols: is an alcohol with a hydroxyl group (-OH)
attached to a primary carbon atom. primary carbon atom is a carbon
atom with a carbon atom other
b) Secondary alcohol: an alcohol group (-OH) attached to a secondary
carbon atom. secondary carbon atom is a carbon atom bound to two
other carbon atoms
c) Tertiary alcohol : an alcohol group (-OH ) attached to a tertiary
carbon atom. Tertiary carbon atom is a carbon atom bound to three
other carbon atoms.
Alcohol is a substance that has a relatively high boiling point
compared to hydrocarbons same number of carbon atoms. this is due to the
intermolecular forces and hydrogen bonding between alcohol molecules due
to the hydroxyl group polat.
Alcohol having less than five carbon atoms soluble in water. solubility
is caused by the similarity between the structure of alcohols (R-OH) and
water (H-OH), therefore, the longer the carbon chain of the alcohol
solubility in water dwindle
1) Methanol is made on a large scale through a hardwood distillation
produces about 225 gallons of distillate containing 6% methanol,
95% methanol is currently produced through the hydrogenation of
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CO with the catalyst (ZnO, Cr2O3) and heated in stages with high
pressure that occurs following reaction CO (g) +2 H2 (g)> CH3OH
(l). in the methanol industry is used as a raw material for making
formaldehyde, antifreeze and as a solvent like liquid varnish. on
motor vehicles, methanol is used as auto fuel formula
2) Ethanol has been known and used in the past, both as a solvent
pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, beverages such as beer, wine and
whiskey. Ethanol can be made by fermentation that changes class
compound polysaccharides, such as starch was destroyed in a
simpler form with the help of enzymes (yeast)
Alcohol production from starch (corn, rice and wheat), initially
involves the enzymatic conversion of starch into glucose. subsequently
converted into alcohol with the help zymase, an enzyme produced by the
fungus live1.
IV. THE BRIGHT SIDE OF ALCOHOL
Alcohol made from fruits or vegetables are fermented. Fermentation
is a process that uses yeast or bacteria to change the sugars in the food into
alcohol. Fermentation is used to produce the important stuff - like cheese
and medicine. Alcohol has different forms and can be used as a cleanser,
antiseptic, or a sedative.
So, if alcohol is a natural product, why would someone need to worry
about drinking it? When a person drinks alcohol, the alcohol will be
1 Sunarya Yayan, S.Agus, Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Kimia, ( Jakarta, PT.Grafindo Mediatama,2004 ) hal159-163
12
absorbed into the blood. From there, the alcohol will affect the central
nervous system (brain and spinal cord), which controls virtually all body
functions
Alcohol is a depressant, which means that alcohol slows the function
of the central nervous system. Alcohol blocks the messages delivered to the
brain. It changed the perception of people, emotions, movement, vision, and
hearing.
In a very small amount, alcohol can help a person feel more relaxed or
reduce anxiety. Large amounts of alcohol causes changes in the brain,
resulting in a drunken state, people would be staggering, loss of
coordination, and speech will change. They will probably be confused and
distraught. drunk can make someone very friendly and talkative or very
aggressive and angry, it depends on the person.
When a drunk person will feel noticeably slower time. Why are
people not allowed to drive while drunk?. That's because the people who
think that drunk they move even though they do not move. They act very
different from their own character.
A person who consumes a lot of alcohol in a short period of time can
result in alcohol poisoning. Mild symptoms of alcohol poisoning are
vomiting. And extreme symptoms are unconsciousness, difficulty breathing,
low blood sugar, high blood pressure, liver cancer, heart attacks, and even
can cause death2.
2 Nn, Teknologi Sains;Dampak Positif Alkohol terhadap Tubuh,www.cuplik.com, diakses 23 April 2013
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About alcohol, our impression or most people are probably not useful.
But one thing you should know, for the health, alcohol is usually used as a
cleaner or antiseptic.
The benefits of alcohol are in the following :
1) Reduce The Risk of Disease and Heart Attack
When consumed in low doses, alcohol can reduce blood
pressure. Conversely, when consumed in excess, alcohol has a
negative effect on the body. Alcohol helps to clear fat from the
arteries and reduce blood clotting. This may limit the possibility
of disease and heart attack.
2) Reduce The Risk of Stroke
Drinking alcohol in limited amounts can lower the risk of
heart attack and stroke risk. The most common type of stroke is
called an ischemic stroke. This occurs when vessels that carry
blood to the brain is blocked. Other types of ischemic stroke is
hemorrhagic. Hemorrhage occurs when blood seeps out of the
blood vessels in the brain.
3) Improve The Quality of Sleep at Night
For some people, a glass of alcohol before bedtime has a
positive effect on the body. However, excessive consumption
actually disrupt your sleep. Instead of a deep sleep, you awake all
night and exposed even insomnia.
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4) Has a Diuretic Effect
Alcohol is a diuretic, which means it has the effect of pushing
el agua out of the body faster. Heavy drinkers may be dehydrated
due to frequent urination. Consumption in moderation, has a
diuretic effect that is not harmful.
5) Improve Social Interaction
Alcohol can increase the cognition that makes people more
friendly personality. People who often drink at the bar, they will
be easier to open a conversation with a stranger. In fact, they've
got a lot of jokes to laugh at. Alcohol is thought to be similar
psychotropic can change a person's psychological condition.
6) Interfere with Other Drugs Reaction
Alcohol consumption can interfere with drug reactions or
other compounds in the body. That means the drugs are processed
in the liver, it will not be digested quickly. As a result, a person
will feel the effects of the drug are much more powerful.
7) Important warnings!
Alcohol does have a positive impact on health. However, it
does not mean you can eat them in excess. Remember!
Everything overstated always bad for health3.
3Merdeka.com day Wednesday, August 29, 2012
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CHAPTER III
SAMPLE OF OBSERVATION
ALCOHOL BEVERAGES
I. THE NOTION OF ALCOHOL BEVERAGES
An alcoholic beverage is a drink containing ethyl alcohol
which is commonly referred to as ethanol. Alcoholic beverages are
divided into three general classes fortaxation and regulation of
production: beers, wines, and spirits (or distilled beverage). They are
legally consumed in most countries with over 100 countries having
laws regulating their production, sale, and consumption.
The production and consumption of alcohol occurs in most
cultures of the world, from hunter-gathererpeoples to nation-
states. Alcohol is widely available with beer being the third-most
popular drink overall in the world, after water and tea
A distilled beverage, spirit, or liquor is an alcoholic beverage
produced by distilling (i.e., concentrating by distillation) ethanol
produced by means of fermentinggrain, fruit, or vegetables.
Unsweetened, distilled, alcoholic beverages that have an
alcohol content of at least 20% ABV are called spirits. For the most
common distilled beverages, such as whiskey and vodka, the alcohol
content is around 40%. The term hard liquor is used in North America
16
to distinguish distilled beverages from undistilled ones (implicitly
weaker). Vodka, gin, baijiu, tequila, whisky, brandy, and soju are
examples of distilled beverages.
Distilling concentratesthe alcohol and eliminates some of
the congeners. Freeze distillation concentrates ethanol along
with methanol and fusel alcohols (fermentation by-products partially
removed by distillation) in applejack. Paracelsus gave alcohol its
modern name, which is derived from an Arabic word that means
“finely divided” (a reference to distillation).
a) Neutral grain spirit (también llamado pure grain alcohol
(PGA) o grain neutral spirit (GNS)) is a claro, colorless,
flammable liquid que se ha distilled from a grain-based mash to
a muy high level of ethanol content. The term neutral refers to the
spirit's lacking the flavor that would have estado presente if the
mash ingredients were distilled a un menor nivel of alcoholic
purity, así como lacking any aroma añadido to it después de la
destilación (como se hace, for example, with gin) .
Other kinds of spirits, such as whisky, are distilled to
a alcohol inferior percentage con el fin de preserve the flavor of
the mash. As a defined standard of identification bajo US law,
"neutral spirits" o "neutral alcohol" are distilled spirits produced
from cualquier material at or above 95% alcohol by volume.
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b) "Rectified spirit" or "rectified alcohol" is neutral alcohol which
has been purified by means of "rectification" (i.e., repeated
distillation). It will contain at least 95% ABV. It is normally used
for medicinal purposes but can also be used to make
homemade liqueurs. It can be a grain spirit or can be made from
other plants. Rectified spirits are used in mixed drinks, in the
production of liqueurs, for medicinal purposes, and as a household
solvent. In chemistry, a tincture is a solution that has alcohol as its
solvent.
The term alcohol-free (e.g. alcohol-free beer) is often used to
describe a product that contains 0% ABV. As such, it is permitted
by Islam, and is also popular in countries that enforce alcohol
prohibition, such as Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Iran.
Most of the alcohol-free drinks sold in Sweden's state-run
liquor store monopoly Systembolaget actually contain alcohol, with
experts calling the label "misleading" and a threat to
recovering alcoholics. Systembolaget define alcohol-free as a drink
that contains a maximum of 0.5 percent alcohol by volume.
Interestingly, the drug policy of Sweden is based on zero tolerance.
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II. ALCOHOL PROHIBITION TRIP
Most Muslims would agree that alcohol is forbidden, but how
to apply this prohibition is not always clear. To begin with, what is it
exactly that is forbidden? Abu Dawud gives a Hadith in which
Muhammad (to which list the Caliph 'Umar added millet and left out
honey);
: وهي من مخسة , ر نـزل حترمي اخلم : ( وعن عمر رضي اهللا عنه قال ◌
ما خامر : والشعري واخلمر , واحلنطة , والعسل , والتمر , من العنب
متـفق عليه ) العقل
“Umar said: there was a verse to prohibit arrack that made from five
materials, they are : grapes, dates, honey, wheat dan sya'ir. Arrack is
something that can change human mind. Muttafaq Alaihi”
Does this mean that alcohol from the fermentation of products
other than these is allowable? Are liquids that are not explicitly
permitted forbidden? Or are liquids that are not explicitly forbidden
permitted—such as rum distilled from sugar made from cane? The
Prophet is reported to have consumed fermented liquid to which water
had been added, saying "If these drinks climb to your head, break
their benefit with water" (Gatje 1996:202, 206), which would seem to
contradict Hadith
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: وعن جابر رضي اهللا عنه أن رسول الله صلى اهللا عليه وسلم قال ◌