INVERTED ACTIVE MEDIUM IN ABSENCE OF FEEDBACK MIRRORS THE EXCITED MOLE- CULES DECAY BY SPONTANEOUS EMISSION OR BY COLLI- SIONAL NON-RADIATIVE TRANSITIONS. IF FEEDBACK IS WEAK THE EXCITED MOLECULES CAN DECAY BY STIMULATING EMISSION OR BY COLLISIONAL PROCESSES. IMPORTANT TOTAL REFLECTOR PARTIAL REFLECTOR INVERTED ACTIVE MEDIUM IN PRESENCE OF FEEDBACK MIRRORS THE EXCITED MOLE- CULES DECAY DOMINANTLY BY STIMULATING EMISSION IF INTRACAVITY INTENSITY IS EQUAL TO SATURATION INTENSITY g o I s = Maximum power that can be extracted. EXTRACTING LASER FROM INVERTED MEDIUM
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INVERTED ACTIVE MEDIUM
IN ABSENCE OF FEEDBACK MIRRORS THE EXCITED MOLE- CULES DECAY BY SPONTANEOUS EMISSION OR BY COLLI- SIONAL NON-RADIATIVE TRANSITIONS.
IF FEEDBACK IS WEAK THE EXCITED MOLECULES CAN DECAY BY STIMULATING EMISSION OR BY COLLISIONAL PROCESSES.
IMPORTANT
TOTAL REFLECTOR PARTIAL REFLECTOR
INVERTED ACTIVE MEDIUM
IN PRESENCE OF FEEDBACK MIRRORS THE EXCITED MOLE- CULES DECAY DOMINANTLY BY STIMULATING EMISSION IF INTRACAVITY INTENSITY IS EQUAL TO SATURATION INTENSITY
go Is = Maximum power that can be extracted.
EXTRACTING LASER FROM INVERTED MEDIUM
Optical Resonator Classification
Where gi = 1-L/Ri (i= 1,2)
L is resonator length
R is ROC of the mirror
On the basis of geometry they can be divided in to two categories If ray retrace its path after each round Stable resonator
0 ≤ g1g2 ≤1If ray change its path after each round Un-Stable resonator
-1≤g1g2≥1
Stability diagram
Stability Condition :-0g1g2 1Where gi = 1-L/Ri (i= 1,2)L is resonator lengthR is ROC of the mirror
(1,1)
PLANE PARALLEL RESONATOR
(-1,-1)
HEMISPHERICAL(0,1)
HEMISPHERICAL(1,0)
1-d/R
1-d
/R POSITIVE BRANCH UNSTABLE RESONATOR
NEGATIVE BRANCH UNSTABLE RESONATOR
1
2
All the stable resonator which fall on blue line are must be confocal
All the resonator along green line are hemispherical
Types of Stable Resonator
Plane-Parallel
L R1= R2=
Confocal
Concave-Convex
Hemispherical
R2=R1=L
R2=- (R1-L)R1L
R1=L/2 R2=L/2
Unstable Resonator
P
2
P1
M2 M1
Unstable resonator in general are non periodic focusing system
Are characterized by a geometrical magnification parameter,
Having characteristic magnifying geometrical eigen waves according to a purely geometric or paraxial analysis
XYYXX
YXYX
L
x
IIII
IIII 2
2121
2112
Electrode X2
Focused laser spot falling on 1st quadrant 0f duo-lateral PSD
Technical specificationsMaterial Silicon Geometry SquareActive Area 12X12 mm2
Sensitivity 0.6 A/W @ 920nmRise time 3 sDark current 1 nAResistance length 14 mmInter electrode resistance 10 K Position resolution 1 mSpectral response 320 nm -1060 nmTerminal capacitance 300 pF
Quadrant Detector (S1880)
``
A
B
C
D
A'
B'
C'
D'
A
B
C
D
A'
B'
C'
D'
`
A
B
C
D
A'
B'
C'
D'
`
A
B
C
D
A'
B'
C'
D'
15°
`
A
B
C
D
A'
B'
C'
D'
30°
45°60°
Current is applied to the A and A’ windings so the A winding is north
Current is applied to the B and B’ windings so the B winding is north
Current is applied to the C and C’ windings so the C winding is north
Current is applied to the D and D’ windings so the D winding is north
Current is applied to the A and A’ windings so the A’ winding is north
Rotor
Stator
A A’
B B’
C C’
D D’
V
N NN SS
`
Permanent magnet S M Variable-reluctance S M Hybrid Stepper Motor
360
rs
rs
NN
NN
= step angle in degree
Ns=Number of teeth on stator core
Nr=Number of teeth on rotor core
6
)/( ssN
N= motor speed in RPM
= step angle in degree
s/s= number of steps per second
Stepper motor parametersSpeed 800 rpmDimension 60X60 mmEncoder shaft diameter 8 mmStep angle full 0.720 Maximum torque 2 N Shaft diameter 8 mm
Parameter for digital encoder Configuration Hollow (no
attachment) Shaft diameter 8 mm Power supply 5 V DC Resolution 40 to 1024
impulse /turn
Digital optical encoder is a device that converts motion into a sequence of digital pulses. By counting a single bit or by decoding a set of bits, the pulses can be converted to relative or absolute position measurements.
Types: Linear and rotary configurations but the most common type is rotary
Rotary encoders come in two configurations Absolute encoder where a unique digital word
corresponds to each rotational position of the shaft.
Incremental encoder, which produces digital pulses as the shaft rotates, allowing measurement of relative position of shaftRotary encoders are composed of a glass or plastic code disk with photographically organized tracks. Digital pulses are produced when radial lines in each track interrupt the beam between a photoemitter-detector pair.
Code disk
ShaftTracks
IR emitters Phototransist
ors
Specifications Selectable step angle
F (full step) position : 0.72 degree per step H (half step) position : 0.36 degree per step
Current down
With auto current cut back feature when the motor is at stand still (idle) to reduce motor heat buildup when not running.
Input pulse type selector switch is given
Output current adjustment Potted at max current value for the motor Power supply : 24V DC
PCI-bus mastering for data transfer 16-channel single-ended or 8 differential A/D inputs 12-bit A/D conversion with up to 100kHz sampling rate Programmable gain for each input channelOn board samples first input first output (FIFO) buffer 2-channel analog to digital output (PCI-1710)
Motor controller card ৡ Number of axis : 1-4ৡMaximum rate of steps : 3 MHzৡ Memory for application : 1000 lines x 80 characterৡ Multitasking of application program: 8 simultaneouslyৡ Power requirements : 12 VDC (20 mA)