UNIVERSITY OF ZAMBIA SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING DEPT. OF CIVIL &
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
THE UNIVERSITY OF ZAMBIASCHOOL OF ENGINEERING DEPT. OF CIVIL
& ENVIRONMENTALENGINEERINGPROJECT TITLE:INVESTIGATION OF THE
RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH CONTAMINATION OF DRINKING WATER AS A RESULT
OF ON-SITE SANITATION (CHALALA COMPOUND)Presenter: MUNTHALI ALICE
C.Project supervisor: Mr. ANDREW PHIRI A.PROJECT TITLE
1ORDER OF PRESENTATIONPROJECT BACKGROUNDRATIONALEOBJECTIVESSCOPE
LITERATURE REVIEWMETHODOLOGYPROGRESS OF WORKDATA ANALYSISWORK
DONEWORK TO BE DONETHE END 2 WORK SCHEDULE3
PROJECT BACKGROUNDHygienic disposal of human wastes that does
not endanger health should be the underlying objective of all
sanitation programs (Franceys, Pickford et al. 1992).
Recent years research, reported by the United Nations, found
that one half of the world population does not have access to clean
water and acceptable ways of dealing with human waste without
polluting or spreading diseases (Anan, 2000) An estimated 80% of
all cases of illness are directly connected with poor sanitation
.
4IPROJECT BACKGROUND CONTDThe research by the GReSP project
indicated that there is a frequent microbiological and nutrient
pollution of groundwater (Museteka & Bumle 2009, Nick etal.
2010).
The report also states that, the choice of sanitation systems to
be applied must consider the karstic nature of the underground with
the containment of excreta being the most important criterion. In
the highly vulnerable setting of Lusaka, sanitation cannot remain
in the responsibility of the individual household.
Therefore assessing and maintaining water quality and exploring
ways to improve water supply and sanitation are therefore key
priorities within any national environmental framework.
5RATIONALEDifferent types of pathogens transmit infectious
diseases.
These should be understood in order to understand the health
consequences of different types and levels of contamination.
Pathogens are grouped into three principal types of organisms:
bacteria, viruses and protozoa and these contaminants are termed as
biological contaminates..
6RATIONALE CONTDBacterial pathogens cause some of the best known
and feared infectious diseases, such as cholera, typhoid and
dysentery which still cause massive outbreaks (or epidemics) of
diarrhoeal diseases.
There are also chemical contaminants of principal importance
that are derived from on-site sanitation like nitrates and
chlorides. Each person excretes in the region of 4kg of nitrogen
per year and under aerobic conditions it can be expected that a
significant percentage of organic nitrogen will be oxidized to form
nitrate. I7RATIONALE CONTD As with all micro-organisms,
theoretically a single bacterium is sufficient to cause infection
within humans (WHO UNNICEF, 2000), however, in general, higher
doses of bacteria are required to initiate symptoms than for other
types of pathogens such as viruses.
Bacteria tend to be very susceptible to the natural processes
which reduce their numbers (attenuation).
Therefore, reducing bacterial pathogen loads through simple
protection measures is relatively easy and should be a major target
of the planners of water and sanitation programs. 8 8MAIN
OBJECTIVEThe project investigates the risks associated with
contamination of drinking water as a result of on-site sanitation
(chalala compound). 4/1/20159 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES Investigate the
effects of on-site sanitation systems on surface and groundwater
quality in the selected project area (chalala) through estimation
of bacteriological and chemical parameters.
Identify the factors which control the movement and fate of
biological contaminates.
Suggest corrective and remedial measures to avoid or prevent
contamination of water resources when results show contamination of
the water sources.
4/1/2015I10SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES CONTD Develop guidelines for
prevention and mitigation of ground and surface water contamination
in and around project areas4/1/201511SCOPE OF THE PROJECT The main
focus of this project will be the unsafe disposal of excreta into
the ground.
The project will be confined to the selected study area (Chalala
compound)
The risks associated with ground water pollution owing to
on-site sanitation as a result of contamination of drinking water
and how these contaminants are transported through the
ground4/1/201512IMETHODOLOGYLiterature reviewPrevious research
reports will be reviewed in order to have the basic understanding
of the project.A review of available reports/information of the
existing on-site sanitation projects in the selected area will be
done. Data collectionCollection of data from different sources such
as the water utility company in this case LWSc, the water
regulation board, NWASCO, Water Affaires ,the local government, MOH
and many others which will be outlined later.4/1/2015I13METHODOLOGY
CONTD Field Data CollectionCollection of secondary data on the
geology, hydrogeology, soil and health in the study area.
Selection of sampling points in the study area considering the
logistic aspects in the region.
Identification of the control site in same region.
4/1/201514METHODOLOGY CONTDCollection of information on water
quality in the study area after implementation of on-site
sanitation system.
Identification of other possible sources of pollution affecting
the quality of drinking water in the area4/1/2015 15LITERATURE
REVIEWBelow, fig 1.0, is a vulnerability map (Nick et al. 2012)
constituting zones of extreme vulnerability (red, priority area 1)
and high vulnerability (orange, priority area 2). The areas
outlined in red represent places which need to be serviced with
highest priority; they include Kanyama, the industrial area, John
laign and kamwala south as densily populated areas.
4/1/2015 16LITERATURE REVIEW CONTDFIG 1. Vulnarabity Map17
LITERATURE REVIEW CONTDThe area bordered in orange including
settlements like John Howard, Libala and Chilenje stands for second
priority but should closely follow priority 1 areas on the
intervention schedule. And chalala is close to libala and chilenje
with a high population growth rate so can also be included among
these.
4/1/201518 PROGRESS OF WORKSampling points where identified in
Chalala compound and samples were taken from 10 different wells
plus a control taken at the water works.
Two tests were done, biological and chemical tests. Biological
test consisted of total and faecal coliform (F.C) tests and the
chemical consisted of P.H, nitrates, nitrites and ammonia.
The results of the tests done and the graphical representation
are shown in the figures below
4/1/201519 PROGRESS OF WORK CONTD
FIG 2. Biological Test Results20PROGRESS OF WORK CONTD Fig 3.
Chemical Test Results21PROGRESS OF WORK CONTDFig 4. Biological Test
Results I22PROGRESS OF WORK CONTDFig 5. Chemical Test
Results23PROGRESS OF WORK CONTDFig 6. Biological Test
ResultsI24PROGRESS OF WORK CONTDFIG 7. CHEMICAL TEST
RESULTSI25PROGRESS OF WORK CONTD
FIG 8. Biological Test Results26PROGRESS OF WORK CONTD
Fig 9. Chemical Test Results 27DATA ANALYSIS
The stipulated WHO standards for T.C and F.C is zero and for
nitrates and nitrites is 10mg/L and 0.1mg/L respectively.
As can be seen from the results obtained, most samples have
shown the presence of T.C and F.C and the nitrate levels are also
above the recommended standard in all the samples taken.
Results from this study indicate that drinking water from some
domestic boreholes in areas where there is a large population using
septic tanks (on-site sanitation) in close proximity may be
affected by seepage from the systems.
4/1/201528DATA ANALYSIS CONTDIt was also observed that houses
where chickens where reared had higher amounts of total and faecal
coliforms and nitrates also showed to be way beyond the WHO
standards.
Some houses had both a pit latrine and a septic tank and this
attributed to the samples from them having results which were far
beyond the acceptable limits.
4/1/201529 DATA ANALYSIS CONTD Fig.10 Houses With Pit
Latrines30
DATA ANALYSIS CONTDHEALTH RISKSThere are two main health risks
commonly associated with water quality degradation from on-site
sanitation and these are the faecal-oral disease transmission, and
nitrate poisoning.
To help with investigations on the health risks, data was
collected and anlyzed on the diarrhoeal cases reported at Chilenje
clinic.
Below is the figure showing diarrhoeal cases reported over a
period of two years.4/1/2015CE590-MANJATA KAPOSHI31DATA ANALYSIS
CONTDFig 11. Diarrhoeal Cases 32DATA ANALYSIS CONTDFig 12.
Diarrhoeal Cases3333DATA ANALYSIS CONTDIt can be observed that in
certain months the diarrhoeal cases seem to be more prevalent than
in others for example in 2013,month of March, April and May,
diarrhoeal cases where more as compared to the other
months.4/1/201534WORK DONE literature review was done and is still
on-going
Objective of the project was established
Scope of the project was also established
Collection and analysis of data was done and is still on-going
4/1/201535 WORK TO BE DONECollection and analysis of more data on
the diarrhoeal cases reported at chilenje clinic for atleast 8
years
Identifying and recommending remedial measures
Suggest corrective and remedial measures to avoid or prevent
contamination of water .
Develop guidelines for prevention and mitigation of ground and
surface water contamination in and around project areas.
36THANK YOU4/1/201537