Alex Gladd Rebecca Sninski Brian Moore Tom Copain Corey Robinson
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Alex
Gla
ddRe
becc
a Sn
insk
iBr
ian
Moo
reTo
m C
opai
nCo
rey
Robi
nson
Out
line
Coal
Min
ing
Proc
esse
s
Min
e La
bor
Min
ing
Safe
ty
Fam
ily a
nd S
ocie
ty
Bitu
min
ous
Coal
Min
ing
Coki
ng a
nd S
teel
-mak
ing
Polit
ics
of th
e M
ine
Dec
line
of P
A M
inin
g
!Tw
o m
ain
cate
gorie
s◦
Surf
ace
min
ing
◦Un
derg
roun
d m
inin
g!
Surf
ace
min
ing
in th
e U.
S.
acco
unts
for
67%
of c
oal
prod
uctio
n1◦
PA h
as o
ne-t
hird
of U
.S. s
urfa
ce
coal
min
es (�
96/�
97 d
ata)
2
!Un
derg
roun
d m
inin
g yi
elds
60%
of
wor
ld c
oal p
rodu
ctio
n1W
orld
Coa
l Ins
titut
e
Wor
ld C
oal I
nstit
ute
!O
nly
viab
le w
hen
coal
sea
ms
are
near
the
surf
ace
!Ca
n re
cove
r a
high
pro
port
ion
of c
oal (
90%+
)1!
Oft
en c
over
larg
e ar
eas
of la
nd (m
any
squa
re
mile
s)!
Use
of m
assi
ve m
achi
nes
and
equi
pmen
t◦
Dra
glin
es◦
Pow
er s
hove
ls◦
Buck
et w
heel
s◦
Truc
ks
Wor
ld C
oal I
nstit
ute
!Tw
o m
ain
type
s◦
Room
-and
-Pill
ar◦
Long
wal
l!
Room
-and
-Pill
ar m
ines
hav
e be
en in
PA
sinc
e th
e la
te 1
700s
3
!Lo
ngw
allm
inin
g di
d no
t arr
ive
in th
e U.
S.
until
187
53
!Co
al is
min
ed b
y ex
trac
ting
�Roo
ms�
of c
oal
sepa
rate
d by
�Pill
ars�
!Lo
w e
ffic
ienc
y◦
Pilla
rs c
an a
ccou
nt fo
r as
muc
h as
40%
of t
he c
oal i
n th
e se
am1
!H
ighe
r eff
icie
ncy
achi
eved
by
�rob
bing
the
pilla
rs�
◦Ca
n re
cove
r ov
er 7
0% o
f the
targ
et c
oal3
!To
day,
roo
m-a
nd-p
illar
min
ing
is d
one
with
co
ntin
uous
min
ing
mac
hine
s
!Be
gan
with
und
ercu
ttin
g te
chni
ques
in la
te
1800
s◦
Mod
ern
mec
hani
zatio
n di
dn�t
arriv
e un
til 1
9523
!Re
quire
s ca
refu
l pla
nnin
g an
d hi
gh s
tart
up
cost
s◦
Long
wal
lmac
hine
s ca
n co
st $
50M
1
!Ex
trac
ts a
full
sect
ion
of th
e co
al fa
ce◦
Face
can
be
100m
to 3
50m
in le
ngth
1
!Im
med
iate
eff
icie
ncy
◦Co
al e
xtra
ctio
n ra
tes
exce
ed 7
5%1
!La
bor
for t
he m
ine
owne
rs c
ame
at a
che
ap
pric
e:◦
Men
wor
ked
for
next
to n
othi
ng, w
hile
wom
en
wor
ked
in th
e ho
me
(coo
king
, cle
anin
g, e
tc.)
◦Ch
ildre
n al
so c
ontr
ibut
ed to
fam
ily in
com
e (b
reak
er
boys
) !
Wag
es w
ere
little
to n
othi
ng a
fter
co
mpa
ny s
tore
s ta
xed
min
ers
and
labo
rers
.!
This
left
fam
ilies
in a
dev
asta
tion:
po
or li
ving
con
ditio
ns, n
o m
oney
, st
uck
in c
ompa
ny to
wns
!
Pict
ure
Sour
ce: W
yom
ing
Stat
e H
isto
rical
Soc
iety
, ht
tp:/
/wys
hs.o
rg/,
Min
ers
!M
ain
caus
e: lo
w w
ages
and
frus
trat
ion
amon
g th
e m
iner
s◦
Min
ers
divi
ded
beca
use
of la
ngua
ge a
nd e
thni
c ba
rrie
rs!
Man
y bl
ame
the
Mol
ly M
agui
res,
a s
ecre
t so
ciet
y of
min
ers,
for
the
viol
ence
in th
e an
thra
cite
reg
ion
!Vi
olen
ce th
roug
hout
the
regi
on li
kely
aid
ed
the
caus
e of
uni
oniz
atio
n◦
Whe
n th
e vi
olen
ce e
nded
, uni
ons
spra
ng u
p to
su
ppor
t hig
her w
ages
and
bet
ter c
ondi
tions
!D
evel
oped
aft
er v
iole
nce
terr
oriz
ed th
e an
thra
cite
reg
ion
◦M
en c
ame
toge
ther
to fo
rm U
nite
d M
ine
Wor
kers
of
Amer
ica
!Co
al S
trik
e of
190
2◦
Thre
aten
ed a
ll m
ajor
citi
es�h
eatin
g su
pplie
s◦
Requ
ired
fede
ral i
nter
vent
ion
!La
bor
unio
ns a
nd S
trik
es◦
Unite
d M
ine
Wor
kers
bro
ught
toge
ther
min
e w
orke
rs to
ach
ieve
com
mon
goa
ls!
Impr
oved
wor
king
con
ditio
ns!
Fair
com
pens
atio
n◦
Strik
es w
ere
only
slig
htly
pro
duct
ive
!Un
ion
lead
ers
not v
ery
prog
ress
ive
!M
ine
owne
rs/o
pera
tors
wer
e st
eadf
ast a
bout
not
ch
angi
ng!
Som
e ch
ange
s w
ere
mad
e, b
ut n
ot w
ithou
t opp
ositi
on!
Man
y st
rikes
pro
ved
viol
ent a
nd b
roug
ht b
lood
shed
Com
pany
Law
Enf
orce
men
t!
Coal
and
Iron
Pol
ice
◦Pr
ivat
e po
lice
forc
e op
erat
ed b
y th
e m
ine
owne
rs◦
Supp
ress
ed o
ppos
ition
to c
ompa
ny p
olic
ies
◦M
unic
ipal
pol
ice
didn
�t ex
ist i
n th
e pa
tch
tow
ns, a
s th
ey w
ere
owne
d by
the
com
pani
es.
!Th
e Co
al a
nd Ir
on P
olic
e w
ere
resp
onsi
ble
for
som
e vi
olen
ce o
f the
ir ow
n
PA M
ine
Dis
aste
rs!
Giv
en P
A�s
long
his
tory
of c
oal m
inin
g, w
e�ve
ha
d ou
r fai
r sha
re o
f min
e di
sast
ers.
!Th
e th
ree
mos
t dea
dly
are:
◦D
arr
Min
e (V
an M
eter
, PA)
◦M
athe
r M
ine
No.
1 (M
athe
r, P
A)◦
Haw
kick
Min
e (C
hesw
ick,
PA)
Am
eric
an H
unga
rian
Fede
ratio
n
PA M
ine
Dis
aste
rs (C
ont.)
!D
arrM
ine
◦D
ecem
ber 1
9, 1
907
◦23
9 ki
lled
◦Ca
used
by
an e
xplo
sion
!M
athe
r Min
e N
o. 1
◦M
ay 1
9, 1
928
◦19
5 ki
lled
◦Ca
used
by
an e
xplo
sion
!H
arw
ick
Min
e◦
Janu
ary
25, 1
904
◦17
9 ki
lled
◦Ca
used
by
an e
xplo
sion
Pic
ture
His
tory
Sou
rce:
CD
C (N
IOS
H)
!Co
al m
inin
g w
as a
dan
gero
us jo
b!
Min
e sa
fety
issu
es in
clud
e:◦
Gas
bui
ldup
◦Va
rious
�dam
ps�
◦Ve
ntila
tion
issu
es◦
Hea
lth c
once
rns
!Ch
emic
al c
ompo
und:
CH
4!
Occ
urs
natu
rally
in
the
min
es, d
epen
ding
on
the
age
of th
e co
al!
Crea
tes
Fire
Dam
p◦
Met
hane
gas
◦H
azar
dous
to m
iner
s
!W
hite
Dam
p◦
CO◦
Lead
s to
suf
foca
tion
!St
ink
Dam
p◦
Hyd
roge
n Su
lfide
◦Su
ffoc
atio
n
!Ch
oke
Dam
p◦
Carb
on-b
ased
gas
◦An
imal
s as
war
ning
sy
stem
!Af
ter D
amp
◦G
as a
fter
a m
ine
expl
osio
n
!Th
e ne
ed fo
r bet
ter
vent
ilatio
n◦
Nee
ded
to g
et o
xyge
n do
wn
into
the
min
e!
John
Bud
dle
(177
3 �
1843
)◦
Engl
ish
min
ing
engi
neer
◦Cr
eate
d tw
o de
velo
pmen
ts in
min
e ve
ntila
tion
!M
ost i
mm
igra
nts
cam
e to
the
coun
try
out o
f fre
e ch
oice
!Ar
rived
look
ing
for
good
wor
k, b
ut fo
und
hard
ship
in th
e m
ines
◦Iri
sh tu
rned
aw
ay d
ue to
thei
r re
ligio
n!
Imm
igra
tion
caus
ed tu
rmoi
l in
the
regi
on◦
Unfa
ir tr
eatm
ent o
f eth
nici
ties
!En
glis
h an
d W
elsh
wer
e hi
ghly
val
ued
!Sl
avs
wer
e gi
ven
the
wor
st jo
bs in
the
min
e◦
Lang
uage
bar
riers Pi
ctur
e So
urce
: The
His
toric
al
Soci
ety
of P
enns
ylva
nia,
ht
tp:/
/ww
w.h
sp.o
rg, S
lova
k co
al
min
ers
and
wom
en o
n po
rch,
Pe
nnsy
lvan
ia, v
illag
e un
iden
tifie
d
!Im
mig
ratio
n an
d et
hnic
ity p
laye
d in
to a
m
iner
�s w
ages
◦En
glis
h an
d W
elsh
min
ers
paid
mor
e th
an Ir
ish
and
Slav
ic m
iner
s◦
True
eve
n fo
r pe
ople
doi
ng th
e sa
me
job
!Im
mig
ratio
n w
as b
oth
a ke
y to
suc
cess
and
a
cata
lyst
for
prob
lem
s in
PA
coal
min
es◦
Imm
igra
nt w
orke
rs k
ept t
he m
ines
ope
ratin
g!
Mor
e ex
perie
nce
imm
igra
nts
held
bet
ter
posi
tions
!N
ew im
mig
rant
s w
ere
put i
nto
the
low
est-
paid
and
m
ost d
ange
rous
jobs
◦In
equa
lity
crea
ted
unre
st!
Sepa
ratio
n of
wor
k ba
sed
on e
thni
city
!So
cial
cas
ting
!Re
ligio
us d
iffer
ence
s
Com
pani
es a
nd Im
mig
rant
s!
Man
y co
mpa
nies
did
not
wel
com
e ne
w
imm
igra
nts
and
offe
r the
m w
ork
◦D
id n
ot w
ant t
o ad
d pe
ople
to p
ayro
ll◦
Lang
uage
bar
riers
and
eth
nic
diss
ensi
on!
Com
pani
es r
arel
y ga
ve im
mig
rant
s a
fair
chan
ce◦
Whe
n of
fere
d w
ork,
it w
as n
ot a
hig
h pa
id p
ositi
on◦
Litt
le c
hanc
e fo
r adv
ance
men
t
!Lo
cate
d in
nor
thea
ster
n PA
and
cen
tral
Ap
pala
chia
ns!
Prod
uctio
n be
gan
tow
ard
the
begi
nnin
g of
th
e ni
nete
enth
cen
tury
!Tr
ansp
orta
tion
was
gru
elin
g du
e to
m
ount
aino
us te
rrai
n!
Prod
uctio
n re
ache
d 99
.7m
illio
n to
ns in
191
7!
Anth
raci
te p
rove
d to
be id
eal f
or h
ome
heat
ing
!Lo
cate
d in
wes
tern
and
no
rth-
cent
ral P
A!
Min
es fi
rst o
pene
d in
176
0 !
Prov
ed to
be
idea
l the
iro
n/st
eel i
ndus
try
!Pr
oduc
tion
reac
hed
177
mill
ion
tons
in 1
918
!Ro
ughl
y th
ree-
quar
ters
of
resi
dent
s re
side
d in
pat
ch
tow
n.!
Min
e ow
ners
had
mor
e co
ntro
l!
Min
ing
done
usi
ng v
ario
us
tech
niqu
es!
Klon
dike
and
Con
nels
ville
prod
uced
the
best
cok
ing
coal
!D
riven
by
east
ern
Euro
pean
im
mig
rant
s du
ring
the
indu
stria
l rev
olut
ion
!O
ne-t
hird
of r
esid
ents
de
pend
ed o
n th
e pa
tch
tow
ns!
Regi
on p
ushe
d by
the
UMW
of A
mer
ica
!O
rigin
of s
trip
min
es d
ue
to te
rrai
n!
�Mam
mot
h Ve
in�o
f Sum
mit
Hill
Bitu
min
ous
Anth
raci
te
Dec
line
of A
nthr
acite
!Pro
duct
ion
in th
e an
thra
cite
reg
ion
peak
ed in
19
17 ◦Thi
s in
crea
se in
pro
duct
ion
mea
nt a
bet
ter
livin
g !C
hild
labo
r w
as u
sed
less
!Fro
m 1
928
to 2
000,
ther
e w
as a
sub
stan
tial
prod
ucat
ion
decl
ine
◦With
this
dec
line,
cam
e a
decl
ine
of e
mpl
oym
ent
Reas
ons
for
Dec
line
!Bitu
min
ous
coal
and
cok
e be
cam
e m
ore
impo
rtan
t!A
nthr
acite
coa
l bec
ame
hard
er to
min
e!G
over
nmen
t inv
estig
atio
n sh
owed
the
mon
opol
ies
of th
e re
gion
!Dur
ing
Wor
ld W
ar II
, coa
l pro
duct
ion
coul
dn�t
keep
up
with
dem
ands
Reas
ons
for
Dec
line
(con
t.)!T
echn
olog
y al
so p
laye
d a
maj
or r
ole
in th
e de
clin
e◦H
eatin
g su
bstit
utes
bec
ame
popu
lar
!Bitu
min
ous
beca
me
mor
e po
pula
r◦T
echn
olog
y fo
r bi
tum
inou
s co
al�
!The
uni
on a
lso
adde
d to
Ant
hrac
ite d
emis
e◦E
ach
strik
e ca
used
a h
alt i
n pr
oduc
tion
Dea
th to
Ant
hrac
ite!T
he K
nox
Min
e di
sast
er w
as th
e fin
al h
it to
the
indu
stry
◦The
men
wer
e or
dere
d to
min
e to
o cl
ose
to r
ock
that
se
para
ted
the
min
e fr
om th
e Su
sque
hann
a Ri
ver
◦Flo
odin
g w
as u
nabl
e to
be
stop
ped,
so
wor
k ha
lted
!Sta
te in
vest
igat
ion
foun
d th
at th
e co
al c
ompa
ny
was
n�t f
ollo
win
g sa
fety
pro
cedu
res
1.W
orld
Coa
l Ins
titut
e. �
Coal
Min
ing�
. Th
e Co
al R
esou
rce:
A C
ompr
ehen
sive
Ove
rvie
w o
f Coa
l. p
p. 7
-11.
<
http
://w
ww
.wor
ldco
al.o
rg/a
sset
s_cm
/file
s/PD
F/co
alm
inin
g.pd
f>2.
CDC.
�Si
licos
is S
cree
ning
in S
urfa
ce C
oal M
iner
s --
-Pe
nnsy
lvan
ia, 1
996�
1997
�. <
http
://w
ww
.cdc
.gov
/mm
wr/
prev
iew
/mm
wrh
tml/
mm
4927
a2.h
tm>
3.PA
DEP
. �T
he E
ffect
s of
Sub
side
nce
Resu
lting
from
Und
ergr
ound
Bitu
min
ous
Coal
Min
ing
on S
urfa
ce S
truc
ture
s an
d Fe
atur
es
and
Wat
er R
esou
rces
�. S
ectio
n IV
. ht
tp:/
/ww
w.d
ep.s
tate
.pa.
us/d
ep/d
eput
ate/
min
res/
bmr/
act5
4/se
c6.h
tm4.
Stor
ies
from
PA
His
tory
. Exp
lore
PAH
isto
ry.c
om. 2
003.
WIT
F In
c. A
cces
sed:
16
April
200
8.
<ht
tp:/
/ww
w.e
xplo
repa
hist
ory.
com
/sto
ry.p
hp?s
tory
ID=
30&c
hapt
er=
2>
1.Jo
an S
aver
ino,
Imm
igra
nts
in C
oal C
ount
ry: A
nthr
acite
Min
ing
in P
enns
ylva
nia,
Onl
ine,
15
April
200
8,
<ht
tp:/
/ww
w.h
sp.o
rg/d
efau
lt.as
px?id
=89
>2.
Seam
us M
cGra
w, T
he M
ark
of th
e M
olly
Mag
uire
s, O
nlin
e, 1
4 Ap
ril 2
008,
<
http
://w
ww
.crim
elib
rary
.com
/not
orio
us_m
urde
rs/n
ot_g
uilty
/mol
ly_m
agui
res/
inde
x.ht
m>
3.Th
e Co
al S
trik
e of
190
2 --
Turn
ing
Poin
t in
U.S.
Pol
icy,
Onl
ine,
15
April
200
8,
<ht
tp:/
/ww
w.d
ol.g
ov/o
asam
/pro
gram
s/hi
stor
y/co
alst
rike.
htm
>4.
NIO
SH.
Safe
ty a
nd H
ealth
Haz
ards
and
Min
e Re
scue
. <
http
://w
ww
.cdc
.gov
/nio
sh/t
opic
s/m
iner
escu
e/>
5.Ev
eryt
hing
2.co
m.
Gas
in c
oal m
ines
. <
http
://e
very
thin
g2.c
om/e
2nod
e/Ga
s%25
20in
%252
0Coa
l%25
20M
ines
>6.
Mal
colm
J. M
cPhe
rson
. BAC
KGRO
UND
TO
SUB
SURF
ACE
VENT
ILAT
ION
7.AN
D E
NVI
RON
MEN
TAL
ENGI
NEE
RIN
G. h
ttp:
//w
ww
.mvs
engi
neer
ing.
com
/CHA
PTER
1.PD
F8.
Coal
Min
e Ge
olog
ical
Sur
vey.
Uni
ted
Stat
e Ge
olog
ical
Sur
vey.
5 Ja
nuar
y 20
07. A
cces
sed:
8 A
pril
2008
. <
http
://p
a.w
ater
.usg
s.go
v/pr
ojec
ts/a
md/
tn-c
oalm
ap.g
if>9.
Penn
sylv
ania
Ant
hrac
ite. U
nite
d St
ate
Geol
ogic
al S
urve
y. 1
6 Se
ptem
ber 1
997.
Acc
esse
d: 8
April
200
8.
<ht
tp:/
/pub
s.us
gs.g
ov/c
irc/c
1147
/his
toric
al.h
tml>
Plea
se n
ote,
som
e in
form
atio
n is
take
n fr
om p
ower
poi
nts
used
incl
ass.
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