Aletheia

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 AletheiaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the philosophical term. For other uses, see Aletheia (disambiguation).

 Aletheia ( Ancient Greek: λήθεια) i tr!th or diclo!re in philoophy" #t $a !ed inἀ

 Ancient Greek philoophy and re%i%ed in the &'th cent!ry y artin *eide++er "#t i a Greek $ord %ario!ly tranlated a !ncloedne, !nconcealedne, diclo!reor tr!th" -he literal meanin+ of the $ord ἀ .λήθεια i the tate of not ein+ hidden/ thetate of ein+ e%ident" #t alo mean fact!ality or reality"012

Heidegger and aletheia[edit]

Further information: World disclosure

 A paintin+ that re%eal (alethe) a $hole $orld" *eide++er mention thi partic!lar $ork of 3an Go+h4

in -he 5ri+in of the Work of Art"

#n the early to mid &'th6cent!ry, artin *eide++er  ro!+ht rene$ed attention to the concept

of aletheia, y relatin+ it to the notion of diclo!re, or the $ay in $hich thin+ appear a

entitie in the $orld" While he initially referred to aletheia a tr!th, pecifically a form that

i pre67ocratic in ori+in, *eide++er e%ent!ally corrected thi interpretation, $ritin+:

-o raie the 8!etion of aletheia, of diclo!re a !ch, i not the ame a raiin+ the

8!etion of tr!th" For thi reaon, it $a inade8!ate and mileadin+ to call aletheia, in the

ene of openin+, tr!th" 0&2

*eide++er +a%e an etymolo+ical analyi of aletheia, and dre$ o!t an !ndertandin+ of the

term a 4!nconcealedne4"092-h!, aletheia i ditinct from conception of tr!th !ndertood

a tatement $hich acc!rately decrie a tate of affair (correpondence), or tatement

$hich fit properly into a ytem taken a a $hole (coherence)" #ntead, *eide++er foc!ed

on the el!cidation of ho$ an ontolo+ical $orld i dicloed, or opened !p, in $hich thin+

are made intelli+ile for h!man ein+ in the firt place, a part of a holitically tr!ct!red

ack+ro!nd of meanin+"

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*eide++er alo $rote that  Aletheia, diclo!re tho!+ht of a the openin+ of preence, i

not yet tr!th" # aletheia then le than tr!th 5r i it more eca!e it firt +rant tr!th

a adequatio and certitudo, eca!e there can e no preence and preentin+ o!tide of

the realm of the openin+0;2

*eide++er e+an hi dico!re on the reappropriation of aletheia in hi ma+n!m

op!, Being and Time (1<&=),0>2 and e?panded on the concept in hi Introduction to

etaph!sics" For more on hi !ndertandin+ of aletheia, ee "oetr!, #anguage, and

Thought , in partic!lar the eay entitled -he 5ri+in of the Work of Art, $hich decrie the

%al!e of the $ork of art a a mean to open a clearin+ for the appearance of thin+ in the

$orld, or to dicloe their meanin+ for h!man ein+" 0@2 *eide++er re%ied hi %ie$

on aletheia a tr!th, after nearly forty year, in the eay -he nd of Bhiloophy and the

-ak of -hinkin+, in $n Time and Being "

References[edit]

1" Jump up ̂   λήθειαἀ " Ciddell, *enry Geor+e/ 7cott, Doert/ A %ree&'nglish#eicon at the Bere! BroEect"

&" Jump up ̂  artin *eide++er, $n Time and Being  (e$ ork: *arper and Do$,1<=&), p" =', tranlation amended" -he ori+inal in *ur +ache des en&ens (-Hin+en: a?iemayer, 1<@<), p" I@" Jited in ikola Kompridi, -ritique and isclosure: -ritical Theor!beteen "ast and Future, (Loton: #- Bre, &''@), p" 1II"

9" Jump up ̂  *eide++er, " Barmenide" -ranlated y Andre 7ch!$er and Dichard

DoEce$icM, Lloomin+ton and #ndianapoli, #ndiana Nni%erity Bre, 1<<&"

;" Jump up ̂  artin *eide++er, $n Time and Being  (e$ ork: *arper and Do$,1<=&), p" @<, tranlation amended" Jited in ikola Kompridi, -ritique and isclosure:-ritical Theor! beteen "ast and Future, (Loton: #- Bre, &''@), p" 1I<"

>" Jump up ̂  *eide++er, " Being and Time" tranlated y Ooan 7tama!+h, Alany,7tate Nni%erity of e$ ork Bre, 1<<@"

@" Jump up ̂   Accordin+ to *eide++er, art +i%e thin+ their look, and h!man ein+their o!tlook" From -he 5ri+in of the Work of Art"

Further reading[edit]

• Laette " Laich, PFrom 3an Go+hQ !e!m to the -emple at Laae:

*eide++erQ -r!th of Art and 7chapiroQ Art *itory"R J!lt!re, -heory S Jriti8!e" ;;T&

(&''9): 1>161@<

Martin Heidegger on Aletheia (Truth) asUnconcealment

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PRELIMINARY NOTE

In its initial orm this section !ill oer i"e #ages on Martin Heidegger(the irst t!o are contri$utions to the Histor% o Truth)&

') Heideggers contri$utions to the inter#retation o the ree* !ord orTruth ( Aletheia) as Unconcealment and to the histor% o his translationin Latin as Veritas+

,) An annotated $i$liogra#h% o Heideggers te-ts on  Aletheia and aselection o critical studies+

.) Heideggers contri$utions to the inter#retation o the Histor% oMeta#h%sics as Ontotheolog% +

/) An annotated $i$liogra#h% o Heideggers te-ts on the Histor% oMeta#h%sics as Ontotheolog%  and a selection o critical studies+

0) A com#lete list o Heideggers erman !or*s #u$lished inthe Gesamtausgabe (1ollected 2or*s Edition)3

INTRO4U1TION

52e come no! to a decisi"e #oint in Heideggers de"elo#ment3 The

eort to ground meta#h%sics (undamental ontolog%) $egan as a searchto illuminate the intrinsic correlation $et!een the 6eing7#rocess assuch and the initude o the $eing that com#rehends it8 sc3 There7$eing3The irst ste# ( Sein und Zeit ) !as to anal%se There7$eing#henomenologicall% in order to ind in the #re7ontic com#rehension o6eing some means o discerning the sense o 6eing3 9u$se:uentl% theauthor has $ecome more and more #reoccu#ied !ith 6eing itsel8 $utchiel% in terms o the #ro$lem o truth8 since the sense o 6eing is itstruth3 The gro!ing im#ortance o the #ro$lematic o truth isdiscerni$le in all o the !or*s that ollo!ed SZ  and culminates no! in

the essa% 5On the Essence o Truth85 !here Heidegger themati;es the#ro$lem8 retaining as intrinsic to it the #ro$lem o initude8 sc3 thenegati"it% o truth !hich he calls 5un7truth35

 Although #u$lished late ('</.)8 the te-t dates initiall% rom '<.=3 Theauthor admits to se"eral su$se:uent re"isions8 !hich8 ho!e"er8 let the#oint o de#arture8 undamental #osition and $asic structure o theoriginal !or* unchanged3 Ta*ing him at his !ord8 !e assume that thete-t re#resents his thought as o '<.=8 and8 although the matter !ould

 $e "er% illuminating8 must lea"e to historians the tas* o disengaging

 !hat alterations !ere made !hen3

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 2e are relati"el% !ell #re#ared or the stud% !e are a$out to underta*eand do not a##roach it in a "acuum3 2e *no!& that the truth oconormit% ($et!een >udgement and >udged) su##oses a still moreundamental truth that resides in the $eing to7$e7>udged and ena$lesus to discern !hether or not the >udgement is conormed to it+ that thistruth o the $eing7to7$e >udged is $asicall% an un7hidden7ness8 or o#en7ness8 o that $eing to the *no!er+ that $eings $ecome un7hidden to ainite *no!er $ecause this *no!er has a com#rehension o their 6eing7structure antecedent to his encounter !ith them+ that this antecedentcom#rehension ma% $e concei"ed as an o#en hori;on8 or domain oencounter8 or the 2orld (or8 or that matter8 Non7 $eing)8 !ithin !hich

 $eings and There7$eing meet+ that this s#here o o#en7ness isinstituted $% the transcendence o the inite There7$eing+ that thetranscendence o inite There7$eing is ontological truth8 !hich8 since it

renders #ossi$le the encounter that occurs in There7$eingscom#ortment !ith other $eings8 ena$les the $eings7to7$e7>udged to $ecome maniest (ontic truth)+ that this transcendence li$erates the $eings !hich it encounters rom the o$scurit% that initiall% enshroudsthem $% letting them $e (maniest)8 hence must $e called reedom+ thatthis transcendence (reedom) is the #rimar% sense o truth+ that thistranscendence is #rooundl% inite8 thereore negati"ed8 so that truthcom#orts non7truth+ that one conse:uence o the negati"it% o There7

 $eing as transcendence (reedom8 truth) is that it is #rone to $ecomea$sor$ed in its #reoccu#ation !ith the $eings that measure the truth o 

its >udgements8 and orget its true sel+ that it re7collects its sel in re7sol"e8 !hich thus $ecomes the eminent mode o truth35

?rom& 2illiam @3 Richardson 7 Heidegger. Through phenomenology tothought  7 The Hague8 Martinus Ni>ho8 '</ ##3 ,''7,',3 (notesomitted)

HEI4EER9 REA4IN O? PLATO

5?or Heidegger8 the de7"olution o 2estern thought $egan !ith Plato8

or it !as !ith him that UVεU ceased to ha"e the sense o containing thead"ance o o"er7#o!ering XYZι[ and $egan to assume the s#ecialrelation to \]α8 !hich e"ol"ed into !hat the tradition !ould call5reason5 (Vernunft )3 2e discern the transition $est8 ho!e"er8 $%e-amining not Platos use o UVεU $ut rather the im#lications o \]α8or it !as thus that he understood the 6eing !hich his #redecessorshad understood as XYZι[3 It !as Platos conce#tion o 6eing rather thano thought !hich !as decisi"e in the $irth o meta#h%sics3 I !e recallthatXYZι[ (emergent7a$iding7Po!er) !as or the #re79ocratics the

#rocess o truth8 then the transormation o XYZι[into \]α ma% $ediscerned $% e-amining !hat Plato understood $% truth3 This the

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analog%3 He notes that the dee#l% "isual character o the analog%8 thenotion o mo"ing rom shado!s to seeing the ire to mo"ing outside theca"e to see the things that are 5more unhidden85 ma*es sense onl%

 !ithin a rame!or* o truth as unhiddenness3 As he #uts it8 5Onl% theessence o truth understood in the original ree* sense o aletheia77theunhiddenness that is related to the hidden (to something dissem$ledand disguised)77has an essential relation to this image o anunderground ca"e3 2here"er truth has another essence8 !here"er it isnot unhiddenness or at least is not co7determined $% unhiddenness8there an allegor% o the ca"e has no $asis as an illustration5 (',)3 9otruth as unhiddenness is still #resent in the ca"e analog%3

6ut no longer #urel%3 Heidegger no! announces that truth asunhiddenness is alread% inected8 as it !ere8 $% another8 dierent and

more #ro$lematic conce#tion o truth that is also at !or* here3 5And %et8 e"en though aletheia is #ro#erl% e-#erienced in the allegor% o theca"e and is mentioned in it at im#ortant #oints8 nonetheless in #lace o unhiddenness another essence o truth #ushes to the ore3 Ho!e"er8this also im#lies that unhiddenness still maintains a certain #riorit%5(',)3 This ateul other essence o truth is truth as 5correctness o

 "ision535 ##3 070C

(D) Heidegger adds in a reerence note that the 5train o thought goes $ac* to the ?rei$urg lecture course o !inter semester '<.=7.'8 5On the

Essence o Truth53

?rom& 4re! A3 H%land 7 !uestioning Platonism. "ontinentalinterpretations of Plato 7 Al$an%8 9tate Uni"ersit% o Ne! Yor* Press8,==/3

5Heideggers anal%sis o Plato attem#ts to sho! that atransormation occurs in the nature o truth in Platos #hiloso#h%8as a conse:uence o !hich 6eing is su$ordinated to the correct#erce#tion o $eings3 This su$ordination8 Heidegger maintains8

characteri;es the histor% o 2estern n #hiloso#h% as meta#h%sics3

 Platons #ehre $on der %ahrheit  is an inter#retation o PlatosRe#u$lic8 0'/A 77 0'A+ an inter#retation o the allegor% o the ca"e3 Itis a relection u#on the relationshi# $et!een education ( paideia)8 truth(al&theia) and the good (agathon)8 !ith the transormationo al&theia as the #rinci#al concern3

The allegor% o the ca"e is8 or Heidegger8 an illustration o the natureand #rocess o paideia3 At each le"el o ascent 77 !ithin the ca"e to the

light8 and out o the ca"e to the sun 77 the indi"idual e-#eriences a#ainul $linding3 Each stage re:uires an ad>ustment and

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transormation in "ision3 This transormation in "ision e-#resses theturning o the soul rom !hat is disclosed in one region to !hat isdisclosed !ithin another3 This is paideia8 according to Heidegger3 Therelationshi# o paideia8 in this ne! sense8 to al&theia is not a##arent

 $ecause8 as Heidegger sees it8 !e ha"e not onl% misunderstood thenature o education $ut8 more im#ortantl%8 ha"e misconcei"ed thenature o al&theia $% concei"ing it as 5truth35 I paideia is a transitionrom one a$ode to another8 aected $% the souls rece#ti"it% to !hat isdisclosed !ithin each region8 then al&theia is disclosure itsel& 5At irsttruth meant !hat !as !rested rom a concealment3 Truth8 then8 is >ustsuch a #er#etual !resting7a!a% in this manner o unco"ering35 (i$id3 #3.,)

Unli*e the case o the t!o distinct senses in !hich Heidegger em#lo%s

the term 5meta#h%sics85 the t!o senses in !hich he em#lo%s the term5truth5 are made "er% e-#licit3 Truth8 concei"ed as al&theia8 is the#lenar% mode+ truth concei"ed as a corres#ondence $et!een an ideaand the thing it re#resents is a deri"ati"e mode3 6ecause Heideggerin"aria$l% assigns the corres#ondence conce#t o truth to5meta#h%sics85 understood in the restricted sense in !hich itdesignates the histor% o 2estern #hiloso#h%8 !e ha"e called it the5e#istemological5 conce#t o truth3 5Ontological5 truth8 on the otherhand8 designates disclosure itsel 77 s#eciicall%8 Heideggers attem#teddisclosure o 6eing3

Heideggers earliest s%stematic anal%sis o the e#istemological conce#to truth8 as !ell as re>ection o it8 occurs in eing and Time3

Three theses characteri;e the !a% in !hich the essence o truth has$een traditionall% concei"ed and the !a% it is su##osed to ha"e $eenirst deined& (') that the 5locus5 o truth is assertion (>udgment)+ (,)that the essence o truth lies in the 5agreement5 o the >udgment !ithits o$>ect+ (.) that Aristotle8 the ather o logic8 not onl% assigned truthto the >udgment as its #rimordial locus8 $ut has set going the deinition

o 5truth5 as 5agreement35 (Sein und Zeit 8 Aul38 T$ingen8 '<0.8 #3,'/)

In *ee#ing !ith the original em#hasis in eing and Time8 Heideggerasserts the #resence o this conce#tion o truth in Aristotle8 A:uinasand Fant8 (rather than Plato and Niet;sche)8 $eore continuing !ith hise-#licit anal%sis o the 5e#istemological5 conce#t o truth3 In the courseo his anal%sis se"eral im#ortant #oints are raised3 The #ro$lemunderl%ing !hat !e ha"e called the 5e#istemological5 conce#t o truth8Heidegger #oints out8 is the nature o the agreement 77 adeuatio)correspondentia) con$enientia 77 $et!een a >udgment and its o$>ect&

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5E"er% agreement8 and thereore truth as !ell8 is a relation3 6ut note"er% relation is an agreement35 (#3 ,'0) Heidegger goes on to raise andans!er in the negati"e the :uestion !hether the 5agreement5 can $econcei"ed as a relation o e:ualit%3 6ut 5I it is im#ossi$leor intellectus and res to $e e:ual $ecause the% are not o the sames#ecies8 are the% then #erha#s similarG5(#3 ,') 2ith reerence tosimilarit% as a #ossi$le $asis or the relation called 5agreement85Heidegger #oints out that !ithin the >udgment itsel !e mustdistinguish $et!een the #s%chical #rocess and the ideal content o

 >udgment3 An% 5similarit%5 relation o a >udgment to its o$>ect (truth)must reer to the ideal content8 rather than the #s%chical #rocesses o

 >udgment3 6ut such a distinction merel% raises an additional #ro$lem&5 Ho* is the relation bet*een ideal being and real being to be graspedontologically+ 5 (ibid 3)

To this :uestion8 Heidegger maintains8 the #hiloso#hic tradition has nomeaningul ans!er& 5Is it accidental that no head!a% has $een made

 !ith this #ro$lem in o"er t!o thousand %earsG5 (##3 ,'7,') In act8Heidegger goes e"en urther in the sentence !hich immediatel% ollo!sthe #receding one8 $% suggesting that this entire #rocedure 77 tr%ing todiscern the nature o the adeuatio !hich characteri;es a truthrelationshi# $et!een rei et intellectus 77 ma% $e ruitless& 54oes the#er"ersion o the #ro$lem alread% lie in the a##roach8 in theontologicall% unclariied se#aration o Real and IdealG5 .C It is o some

im#ortance to em#hasi;e that Heidegger not onl% discussed andre>ected the 5e#istemological5 conce#t o truth8 as earl% as 6eing andTime ('<,)8 $ut that he regarded it the sustaining one to $e ound in

 2estern ontolog%3 And8 o course he suggested an alternati"e as !ell3The alternati"e8 !hich I ha"e called 5ontological5 truth8 remains in itsessential eatures the $asis or his later criti:ue o Plato and the histor% o meta#h%sics3

Heidegger indicates that !hat 5truth5 means is not so much acorres#ondence as it is a disclosure3

(333)

It ma% $e instructi"e to remem$er once again that the dualit% o truth8e#istemological and ontological8 occu#ied Heideggers thought almostrom the #eriod immediatel% ater the #u$lication o 6eing and Time8'<,8 until '</& 5The #u$lication on Niet;scheJ !hen relected u#onas a !hole8 ought to oer an insight into the #ath o thought !hich Iha"e tra"elled rom '<.= to the Letter on Humanism ('</)3 ?or thet!o small lectures8 Platos Theor% o Truth ('</,) and On the Essenceo Truth ('</.)8 !hich !ere #u$lished during the aoresaid #eriod8

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 !ere alread% concei"ed during the %ears '<.=77.'35 /, Heideggersearl% concern !ith 5truth5 a##arentl% led to a ste# $ac*!ard in thehistor% o meta#h%sics8 rom Aristotle to Plato8 in locating the5decisi"e5 stages in mans orgetulness o 6eing8 through thetransormation o ontological into e#istemological truth3

?rom& 6ern Magnus 7 Heidegger's metahistory of philosophy, Amor fati) eing and truth 7 The Hague8 Martinus Ni>ho8 '<= ##3 <7.(notes omitted)3

HEI4EER ON TRUH

5Heideggers !a% o understanding the originar% #henomenon o truthis to 5ma*e clear the mode o $eing o the cognition itsel35 His starting

#oint is a #ro#osition that is not $ased on intuition3 9omeone sa%s !ithhis or her $ac* to the !all& this #icture hangs as*e!3 The #ro#ositionem$odies the claim to ha"e disco"ered the #icture (as a $eing) in the5ho!5 (the mode) o its $eing3 The #ro#osition dis#la%s this 5ho!5 o

 $eing in language3 In the attem#t to "eri% the #ro#osition $% sensuouse-#erience8 the recognition8 according to Heidegger8 is directed onl% tothe intended $eing (the #icture) and not to the #ro#osition3 It isdirected to the $eing itsel (!hich is to $e "eriied $% #erce#tion) in itsmode o unco"eredness ( -ntdect/heir)8 i3e38 in its sho!ing7itsel31onirmation ( e*0hrung) means this sho!ing7itsel o the $eing in

the same !a% in !hich it is intended in the #ro#osition3

 A true #ro#osition sho!s the $eing in its mode o unco"eredness3 The#henomenon o 5originar% truth5 does not ha"e the character ocorres#ondence3 It is the ground o the conce#t o truth in the sense ocorres#ondence and #ro#ositional truth3 6% unolding the meaningo al&theia Heidegger sho!s us a more originar% sense o truth asunconcealment (Un"er$orgenheit)3 He !ants to sho! that this conce#tcoincides !ith the irst and originar% conce#t o truth in ree*thin*ing3 In this #rimar% sense onl% the disco"ering human 4asein can

 $e 5true5 !hile it is 6eing7disco"ering ( -ntdecend/Sein)3 On the otherhand8 $eings ( Seiendes) that !e can ind in the !orld can onl% 5$e5 in asecondar% mode8 i3e38 as $eing7disco"ered (-ntdectsein)3 The% canonl% ma*e a claim to unco"eredness3 Their undament is the 6eing7disco"ering o the human 4asein3 The $eing7true o a disco"ered $eingis onl% #ossi$le as $eing disco"ered $% human 4asein as $eing7in7the7

 !orld3

The authentic 6eing o 4asein8 the $eing7in7the truth8 #resu##osesdisclosedness ( -rschlossenheit ) o the !orld in states7o7mind( efindlicheiten)8 understanding8 and discourse8 i3e38 the constitution

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o the $eing (Seins$erfassung) o human 4asein as thro!nness(Ge*orfenheit ) and #ro>ect ( -nt*urf )3 The mode o $eing o 4asein ischaracteri;ed e:ui#rimordiall% (gleichurspr1nglich) $% the #ossi$ilit%o $oth authenticit% ($eing7in7the7truth) and the deicient mode(Berallsorm) o inauthenticit%3 In the mode o the 5the%5 (das Man)8o o$struction (Verstelltheit )8 o gossi# (Gerede)8 4asein is in untruth3Thus the $eing7in7the7!orld o human 4asein is determined at thesame time $% truth and untruth3 2e must al!a%s ight ane! or thetruth o 4asein (6eing7disco"ering)3 ?ollo!ing Heidegger8 the negati"ee-#ression 5a7lKtheia5 e-#resses the act that hiding itsel is a maincharacteristic o 6eing3 In the hiding7itsel o 6eing8 human 4asein ishidden or itsel in the mode o untruth3

Heidegger !ants to ma*e e"ident ho! the transition rom the originar% 

conce#t o truth as al&theia to 5corres#ondence5 came a$out3 He !antsto ma*e clear that corres#ondence is onl% a deri"ed orm o truth& in a#ro#osition 6eing should $e dis#la%ed in the mode o itsunco"eredness3 In the inauthentic orms o mere re#roducing andhearsa%8 the #ro#osition $ecomes itsel something read%7to7hand( Zuhandenes)3 Thus !e ha"e to engage in the demonstration o theunco"eredness that is #reser"ed in the #ro#osition3 In this !a% therelation $et!een #ro#osition and disco"ered $eing then itsel $ecomessomething #resent7at7hand (Vorhandenes) and can $e understood as acorres#ondence o #ro#osition and $eing (intellectus and res)3 The act

that !e are used to disregarding the originar% dimension o truth is anas#ect o our orgetulness o 6eing ( Seins$ergessenheit )3

The originar% dimension o truth in human 4asein 5is gi"en5 (gibt es)onl% as long as there is 4asein3 All truth is relati"e to the $eing o4asein3 Thus the claim that there could $e 5eternal truth5 seems toHeidegger to $e 5antastic35 Against the $ac*ground o this relati"it% otruth to the $eing o 4asein8 Heidegger as*s ane!& !h% must !e#resu##ose that truth 5is gi"en5G His ans!er is that the #ossi$ilit% otruth (authenticit%) and untruth (inauthenticit%) $elongs to the acticit% 

o human 4asein3 ?rom the #oint o "ie! o e-istential ontolog%8 the $eing o human 4asein (its disclosedness) and truth are s%nonims3

?rom& 4ieter Lohmar 7 Truth 7 in& Lester Em$ree et alii (eds3)7 -ncyclopedia of phenomenology 7 4ordrecht8 Flu!er8 '<<8 ##3 ''7',3

HEI4EER ON A#-TH-2A

5alKtheia and truth& AlKtheia is ree* or truth+ truthulness8ran*ness8 sincerit%3 AlKthKs is true+ sincere8 ran*+ real8 actual3 There

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is also a "er$8 alKtheuein8 to s#ea* trul%8 etc (c3 A I8 ,'3)3 The !ords are related to lanthanein8 !ith an older orm lKthein8 to esca#enotice8 $e unseen8 unnoticed8 and lithe8 orgetting8 orgetulness3 Aninitial a7 in ree* is oten #ri"ati"e8 li*e the Latin in7 or the ermanicun73 (The #ri"ati"e al#ha occurs in man% ree*7deri"ed !ords&anon%mous8 atheism8 etc3) AlKthKs8 alKtheia are generall% acce#ted to

 $e a7lKthes8 a7lKtheia8 that !hich is not hidden or orgotten8 or he !hodoes not hide or orget3

 2e reach the essence o truth8 the o#enness o the o#en8 rom t!odirections& rom relection on the ground o the #ossi$ilit% ocorrectness (adae:uatio) and rom recollection o the $eginning(alKtheia) (LB8 ..C)3 The irst #rocedure is characteristic o eingand Time and earl% lectures8 the second o later !or*s3 6ut earl% on

Heidegger sa%s that alKtheuein is to ta*e out o hiddennessBer$orgenheitJ8 to unco"er entdec*enJ (II8 ,03 13 I8 '.'+ 6eingand Time8 ..8 ,'<)+ alKtheia is unco"ering (I8 ',)+ and alKthes isunhidden Un"er$orgen(es)J (6T8 ..8 ,'<)3 This has threeim#lications& '3 Truth is not conined to e-#licit assertions and discretemental8 #rimaril% theoretical8 attitudes such as >udgements8 $elies andre#resentations3 The !orld as a !hole8 not >ust entities !ithin it8 isunhidden 7 unhidden as much $% moods as $% understanding3 ,3 Truthis #rimaril% a eature o realit% 7 $eings8 $eing and !orld 7 not othoughts and utterances3 6eings8 etc3 are8 o course8 unhidden to us8

and !e disclose them3 Heidegger later coins ent$ergen+ Ent$ergung+Ent$orgenheit8 to unconceal+ 7ing+ 7ment8 since unli*e un"er$orgen8the% can ha"e an acti"e sense& alKthes means& '3 unconcealedent$orgenJ8 said o $eings8 ,3 gras#ing the unconcealed as such8 i3e3

 $eing unconcealing (I8 <')3 6ut $eings8 etc3 are genuinel%unconcealed+ the% do not >ust agree !ith an assertion orre#resentation3 .3 Truth e-#licitl% #resu##oses concealment orhiddenness3 4A9EIN is in untruth Un!ahrheitJ as !ell as truth3 In6T (,,,8 ,03) this means that alling 4asein misinter#rets things3

Untruth is not #lain alsit%8 nor is it hiddenness& it is disguisednessBerstelltheitJ o the truth (I8 <')3 Later8 untruth is still notalsit%8 $ut hiding8 concealing Ber$ergungJ (LB8 .,)3 2hatconceals is no longer man8 $ut $eing3 There are t!o t%#es ounconcealing& (a) o the o#en8 the !orld or $eings as a !hole+ ($) o#articular $eings !ithin this o#en s#ace3 The irst t%#e (a) in"ol"esconcealment& e"er%thing !as hidden $eore the o#en !as esta$lished8and concealment #ersists in that the o#en re"eals onl% certain as#ectso realit%8 not its !hole nature3 The second t%#e ($) in"ol"es a

concealment that !e o"ercome #artiall% and case $% case (LB8 ..C3)3Plato errs in assimilating truth to light3 2e lose the idea o hiddenness

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translation o aletheia as $eritas is related to the #olitical7moraleconom% o ancient Rome8 and there!ith8 Heidegger ma*es clear8 tothe maniold successors to Rome& medie"al 1hristianit%8 modernit%8Niet;sche8 and77I agree !ith 2illiam B3 9#anos on this #oint77National9ocialism (07,)3

The Latin falsum has the sense o 5$ringing to a all5 or 5do!nall85 !hich is 5onl% a su$se:uent eect %esensfolgeJ !ithin the essentialdomain %esensbereichesJ o dissem$ling and concealing !hich ma*esu# the essence o #suedos5 (0C)3 5Im#erium5 and the 5im#erial5constitute the 5essential domain5 decisi"e or the 5e-#eriential domain5( -rfahrungsbereich) in8 rom8 and or !hich 5$ringing to a all5ac:uires its status as the designation or the counter7essence o 5!hatthe ree*s e-#erience as alethes8 the unconcealing and the

unconcealed3 5 The e-#erience o imperium is that o 5command85 othe ta*ing o"er o a territor%8 !hich is ruled $% commandment351ommand85 then8 is the 5essential ground o so"ereignt%5(%esensgrund der Herrschaft ) and8 moreo"er8 descri$es thecharacteristic actions o the god o the Old Testament and the gods oRome8 $ut not those o reece (0<)3 In a urther s#eciication85command5 determines Roman la! andright8 ius andiustum+ iustitia 5has a !holl% other gan3 anderenJessential ground than that o die8 !hich arises rom aletheia.5 56eingsu#erior5 (4bensein) $elongs to 5command5 and is the 5constant

surmounting 5berh6hungJ o others8 !ho are there$% the ineriors7nterenJ35 9urmounting re:uires the #o!er to 5o"ersee5 (1bersehen)8

 !hich means8 thereore8 to 5dominate5 (beherrschen) (0<7=)3 The5o"erseeing5 o imperium re:uires constant 5action85 $% !hich enemiesor ri"als !ill $e $rought to all through 5 direct attac*5 ( Ansturm) or5su$teruge5 ( Hintergehen) or 5tric*85 !hich8 5not accidentall%85 is an5English5 !ord (=)3 Those !ho all are not destro%ed $ut rather5raised u#5 (aufgerichtet ) !ithin the $oundaries esta$lished $% those

 !ho rule+ this 5i-ing5 ( Abstecen) is Roman #eace3 Indeed8 thegreatness o the im#erial8 Heidegger !rites8 lies in the su$teruge $%

 !hich it secures its dominion3 The e-#ansion o earl% Rome throughtreaties and treacher% sho!s this (=7')3

The 5Romani;ing5 o the ree*s conditions not onl% all su$se:uentunderstanding o them in the histor% o the 2est $ut also the historicaland meta#h%sical Auseinanderset3ung o the modern !orld andanti:uit%3 E"en Niet;sches meta#h%sics8 as a modern attem#t toreco"er anti:uit%8 is conditioned $% Rome and thus is ultimatel%5unree*35 The Roman e-#erience o $eings8 encountered under the

5Roman stam#5 (der omisch Pr0gung)8 reaches into 1hristianit% andhence to the medie"al and modern ages (/7,+ c3 The -nd of

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 Philosophy '.)3 5Romani;ation in the essential sense o the reco7Roman historical domain85 Heidegger !rites8 must $e understood as a5change in the essence o truth and 6eing5+ it is an 5authentic e"ent -reignisJ in histor%5 (.)3 The transormationso aletheia and pseudos as correlates !ith the im#erial e-#eriencemar* an e#ochal $oundar%3 5The im#erial as a mode o 6eing ohistorical collecti"ities MenschentumsJ85 Heidegger e-#lains8 is notthe ground or the essential change o aletheia into truth as correctness

 $ut is rather a ollo!ing o the enolding o truth into the meaning ocorrectness (,7.)3 Heidegger ma*es clear that there is something5ma*e7shit5 ( 8otbehelf ) in the #hrase 5change in the essence o truth85

 !hich does not s#ea* clearl% enough o the !a% 5in !hich it unoldsitsel and histor% is (!ie sie sel$st !est and die eschichte istJ5 (.)3This #rocess e-hi$its the inner connection o the coherent modes o

action !hich ground 2estern histor%8 and is not to $e understoodcausall%35

?rom& @ames ?3 2ard 7 Heideggers #olitical thin*ing 7 Amherst 7Uni"ersit% o Massachusetts Press8 '<<08 ##3 'C=7'C'3

https://www.ontology.co/heidegger-aletheia.htm