Alemu Diribssa.doc

8/18/2019 Alemu Diribssa.doc

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ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES

DEPARTMENT OF EARTH SCIENCES

GROUNDWATER–SURFACE WATER INTERACTION AND ANALYSIS OF RECENT

CHANGES IN HYDROLOGIC ENVIRONMENT OF LAKE ZIWAY CATCHMENT

A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES OF ADDIS ABABA

UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE

DEGREE OF MASTERS IN HYDROGEOLOGY

BY: ALEMU DRIBSSA

JUNE 2006


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am ve! "#$e%&e$ &' m! e(ea)* a$v"(' D+ Te#a,em A!e#e-. -*'(e /#e(eve$ a#$

)'#&"#/e$ /"$a#)e ma$e &*e )'m1",a&"'# ' &*e (&/$! 1'(("%,e+ Ha$#3& %ee# *"( a(("(&a#)e "#

1'v"$"# *"( e&",e "$ea(. eee#)e ma&e"a,( a#$ 1"va&e "e,$ e4/"1me#&. &*"( -'5 -'/,$

*ave #'& %ee# a)*"eve$+

M! ("#)ee &*a#5( ' &' ma#aeme#& a#$ (&a ' O'm"a a&e '5( C'#(&/)&"'#

E#&e1"(e+ T*e a(("(&a#)e &*e! ave me 'm (&a&"'#e! (ev")e &' 1'v"("'# ' )a '

"e,$-'5 -",, a,-a!( %e emem%ee$+ Ma#! &*a#5( &' A&' Ta"5/ Neea. Ge#ea, Ma#ae '

&*e E#&e1"(e -*' a,,'-e$ me &' ',,'- &*e 1'(&a$/a&e 1'am %e("$e( &*e e#)'/aeme#&

*e *a( %ee# 'e"# me $/"# &*e (&/$!+

I -'/,$ ,"5e &' &*a#5 I#(&"&/&"'#( *e,1e$ me %! /#"(*"# (e)'#$a! $a&a ' &*e 1e1aa&"'# '

&*"( -'5+ M"#"(&! ' a&e Re('/)e(. Na&"'#a, Me&e'','")a, Sev")e Ae#)!. M"#"(&! '

M"#e( a#$ E#e! ' &*e" 5"#$ 1'v"("'# ' e4/e(&e$ ma&e"a,( a#$ "$ea(. (*'/,$ %e

a11e)"a&e$+

I '-a$ m! e(1e)& a#$ $ee1e(& 1a"(e &' m! am",! ' &*e" 1e("(&e#& ,'ve. 1a&"e#)e. (/11'&

a#$ e#)'/aeme#& &*a& &*e! ave me &*'/*'/& &*e (&/$! 1e"'$+ Hea&e,& a11e)"a&"'# 'e(

&' m! -"e. '+ Ye#e#e(* De%e%e. -*' &''5 &*e e(1'#("%","&! &' ,''5 a&e '/ )*",$e#7

%e("$e( *e e/,a (&/$"e( a& a#'&*e U#"ve("&!+

F"#a,,!. m! e#$,e(( &*a#5( ' &' m! 1ae#&(. %'&*e( a#$ ("(&e( ' &*e" e#)'/aeme#& a#$

$eam &' (ee me (/))e((/, "# eve! a(1e)& 'm )*",$*''$ /1 /#&", &*"( ,eve,+

TABLE OF CONTENTS


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AC8NOLEDGMENT 99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999"

LIST OF TABLES 99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999v

LIST OF FIGURES 99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999v""

LIST OF ANNEES 999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999v"""

ABSTRACT 99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 ";

1. INTRODUCTION 999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999<

e)&"ve( 999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999=


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=+= S&/)&/e 999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999


5/104

$"()*ae mea(/eme#&( a#$ (1"# (/ve! 99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999?

6+6 C*a##e, -a&e %a,a#)e a#$ e(&"ma&"'# ' "#$"e)& '/#$-a&e e)*ae '#

(e,e)&e$ "ve (&e&)*e( 999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999@0

6+6+< L'((e( '# Me5" R"ve %e&-ee# D/$a a#$ Me5" T'-# a/"# (&a&"'#( 9999999@0

6+6+2 L'((e( '# 8a&a R"ve %e&-ee# A%/a a#$ F"&e a/"# (&a&"'#( 99999999999999999@<

6+ H!$'a1* a#a,!("( 999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999@2

6++< H!$'a1* (*a1e 999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999@=

6++2 M'#&*,! ,'-( ' "ve( a( 1e)e#&ae ' &*e" e(1e)&"ve &'&a, a##/a, $"()*ae9@?

6++= H!$'a1* (e1aa&"'# 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999@6

6+ Ba(e,'- a#$ a"#a,, e,a&"'#(*"1 999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999@

LAKE WATER BALANCE 999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 60

+< T*e -a&e %a,a#)e e4/a&"'# 99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999960

+2 E(&"ma&"'# ' -a&e %a,a#)e va"a%,e( 99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 60

+= La5e -a&e %a,a#)e e(&"ma&"'# 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999996<

+? D"()/(("'# 999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999996=

ASSESSMENT OF RECENT CHANGES IN HYDROLOGIC ENVIRONMENT

OF THE CATCHMENT 999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999996?

+< I#&'$/)&"'# 999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 6?

+2 T*e e(1'#(e ' -a&e %a,a#)e )'m1'#e#&( &' e)e#& ),"ma&") )*a#e 999999999999999996?

+2+< Pe)"1"&a&"'# 999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999996?

+2+2 Eva1'a&"'# 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999996

+= C*a#e( "# -a&e /(e9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999996

+=+< La5e -a&e a%(&a)&"'# 999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999996

+=+2 A%(&a)&"'# 'm 8a&a R"ve 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999996

+=+= A%(&a)&"'# 'm Me5" R"ve 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999996

+? C*a#e( "# -a&e %a,a#)e )'m1'#e#&( $/e &' )'m%"#e$ ee)&( ),"ma&e a#$ */ma#

"#&eee#)e 999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999990


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+?+< R"ve( "#,'- &' &*e ,a5e 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999990

+?+2 La5e (&'ae a#$ '/&,'- 999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999992

+?+= G'/#$-a&e e)*ae 999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999@

+@ a&e %a,a#)e a#a,!("( ' &*e ee)& ' )*a#e( "# *!$','") )'m1'#e#&( 99999999

+ Concl!"on #n$ R%co&&%n$#'"on 999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999

+


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Me5" R"ve( a& &*e" e(1e)&"ve a/"# (&a&"'#(999999999999999999999999999999999999 ?0


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Ta%,e 6+


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F"/e ?+: S)a&&e 1,'& %e&-ee# "-a! La5e ,eve, a#$ (/m ' Me5" a#$ 8a&a

F"/e ?+: S)a&&e 1,'& %e&-ee# "-a! La5e ,eve, a#$ B/,%/,a R"ve999999999999999999999999=

F"/e @+' "ve( "# &*e )a&)*me#& 9999999999999999999999999@

F"/e 6+: Ba(e,'- e)e(("'# )/ve( ' ma>' "ve( 99999999999999999999999999999999999999999@

F"/e +< M'#&*,! $"(&"%/&"'# ' '/#$-a&e ,/;999999999999999999999999999999999999999999996=

F"/e +"a (&a&"'# a#$ -e"*&e$ )a&)*me#& 1e)"1"&a&"'# 9999999999999999999999999999<

F"/e + Re)e#& )*a#e( "# )'#("(&e#)e %e&-ee# &*e e;aea&e$ Me5" R"ve

$"()*ae a#$ B/&a>"a 1e)"1"&a&"'# 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999<

F"/e +: T*e e,a&"'#(*"1( am'# 8a&a R"ve "ve &"me( e;aea&e$ a##/a, ,'-7

A(e,a (&a&"'# a#$ -e"*&e$ )a&)*me#& 1e)"1"&a&"'# 99999999999999999999999999999999<

F"/e +


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F"/e +


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ABSTRACT

T*e (&/$! aea "( #'&*e# 1a& ' &*e Ce#&a, Ma"# E&*"'1"a# "& va,,e! %'/#$e$ "# -e(& a#$

#'&* %! A-a(* %a("#7 a#$ "# ea(& %! a%" (*e%e,e )a&)*me#&+ Me5" a#$ 8a&a ae &*e ma"#

"ve( $a"#"# -e(&e# a#$ ea(&e# 1a& ' &*e )a&)*me#& e(1e)&"ve,! a#$ %'&* ee$ La5e

"-a! %e'e '/&,'- &' B/,%/,a R"ve "# ('/&* -e(&+ T*e aea *a( mea# a##/a, 1e)"1"&a&"'#.

1'&e#&"a, eva1'&a#(1"a&"'# a#$ a)&/a, eva1'&a#(1"a&"'# ' mm.


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CHA)TER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 B#c*+,on$

O a,, &*e (/%(&a#)e( &*a& ae #e)e((a! &' ,"e '# &*e ea&*. -a&e "( %! a &*e m'(&

"m1'&a#& &' (/(&a"# ,"e+ a&e "( a%/#$a#&. !e& e4/e#&,! ()a)e a#$ )*aa)&e"e$ %!

/#eve# (1a&"a, a#$ &em1'a, $"(&"%/&"'#+

a&e "( "#"&e e('/)e a#$ m/(& %e ma#ae$ "# (/(&a"#a%,e -a! &' mee& */ma# a( -e,, a(

e#v"'#me#&a, #ee$(+ T*e (/(&a"#a%,e /(e ' -a&e "( %e)'m"# "#)ea("#,! "m1'&a#& "#

,e"(,a&"ve ae#$a ' &*e )'/#&!+ T*e 'vea,, 'a, ' &*e Na&"'#a, a&e Re('/)e P',")!

"( &' e#*a#)e a#$ 1'm'&e a,, #a&"'#a, e'&( &'-a$ &*e e")"e#&. e4/"&a%,e a#$ '1&"m/m

/&","a&"'# ' &*e ava",a%,e -a&e e('/)e( ' &*e )'/#&! ' ("#"")a#& (')"'9e)'#'m")

$eve,'1me#& '# (/(&a"#a%,e %a("(+

R"& va,,e! a#$ "&( e#v"'#me#& ae "m1'&a#& aea "# &*e )'/#&! "# )'##e)&"'# -"&* &*e"

-a&e e('/)e(+ I& "( -*ee ,a5e( /(e/, ' a")/,&/a, 1'$/)&"'#. "#$/(&"a, a#$

e)ea&"'# ae 1e(e#&+ H"*,a#$( a$>a)e#& &' &*e ,a5e ae "m1'&a#& a")/,&/a, aea(

/("# %'&* a"#9e$ a#$ ""a&"'# 'm ),'(e,! (1a)e$ "ve( a#$ &"%/&a"e( $a"#"# *"*

a,&"&/$e aea( &*a& e& ,ae a##/a, 1e)"1"&a&"'#+

Re)e#&,!. &*e )/m/,a&"ve ee)& ' "#)ea(e "# 1'1/,a&"'# a#$ ),"ma&e )*a#e &*a& e#*a#)e

've a%(&a)&"'# ' -a&e &' mee& a(& '-"# $ema#$ ae &*ea&e#"# &*e aea+ T*e

"m1a)& "( m'e 1'#'/#)e$ "# &*e $'-# (&eam aea( -*ee &*ee "( 1'' '/#$-a&e

$eve,'1me#& a#$ &*e 1e'1,e *ave %ee# /("# (/a)e -a&e ' *'me )'#(/m1&"'# a#$

&*e" ,"ve(&')5+

I# '$e &' ma#ae e4/"&a%,e $"(&"%/&"'# ' -a&e "# &*e aea. $e&em"#a&"'# ' &'&a,

ava",a%,e e('/)e( "( )"&")a,,! "m1'&a#&+ I#'ma&"'# a%'/& &*e &em1'a, a#$ (1a&"a,

$"(&"%/&"'#. a( -e,, a( $!#am")( ' &*e e('/)e. "( "m1'&a#& &' 1,a# ' aea( ' m'e


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ea("%,e $eve,'1me#&7 a#$ &*e a,&e#a&"ve /(e( ' &*e ava",a%,e e('/)e(+ I$e#&"")a&"'# '

a)&'( a))'/#&a%,e ' $e1,e&"'# ' -a&e e('/)e( "( /(e/, ' 1',")! ma5e( &' ma#ae

&*e 1'%,em -"&* e(1e)& &' &*e "("# $ema#$+

T*e e(ea)* "( &*ee'e. a# "m1'&a#& "#1/& ' -a&e e('/)e ma#aeme#& ' &*e aea &'

1'v"$e (/(&a"#a%,e a#$ e4/"&a%,e (/11,"e( ' )'mm/#"&"e( "# a#$ a'/#$ &*e )a&)*me#&+

1. ),%"o! Wo,*

A #/m%e ' (&/$"e( *ave %ee# )a"e$ '/& "# Ce#&a, E&*"'1"a# R"& Va,,e! &*a& "#),/$e( &*e

(&/$! aea+ T*e(e (&/$"e( *ave %ee# ')/("# '# e','!. v',)a#'9&e)&'#")(. *!$'e','!.

*!$','! a#$ -a&e e('/)e 1'&e#&"a, a((e((me#& -*")* $"e)&,! ' "#$"e)&,! e,a&e$ &' &*e

)/e#& (&/$!+ S'me ' &*e -'5( ae %"e,! $e()"%e$ a( ',,'-(:

D" P',a


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Ha",e Ga(*e-e)& (&/$! ' Me5" ""a&"'# a#$ /a, $eve,'1me#&. &*e

1"ma! em1*a("( -a( "ve# &' &*e a((e((me#& ' -a&e e('/)e 1'&e#&"a, "# Me5"A%">a&a

%a("#+ A))'$"#,!. *!$','")a, a#a,!("( a#$ ,a5e -a&e %a,a#)e -ee 1a& ' &*e (&/$!+

Da"#e,," e& a, 200


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T*e (1e)"") '%>e)&"ve( ae &*e ',,'-"#:


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CHA)TER TWO

GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY AREA

.1 Loc#'"on #n$ Acc%!!""l"'4

T*e (&/$! aea "( &*e #'&*e# 1a& ' Ce#&a, E&*"'1"a# R"& Va,,e! )a&)*me#&7 ,')a&e$

1a&,! "# O'm"a a#$ 1a&,! "# S'/&*e# Na&"'#( a#$ Na&"'#a,"&! (&a&e(+ I& e;&e#$( 'm

G/ae M'/#&a"# "# &*e -e(& v"a ma"# E&*"'1"a# "& va,,e! &' M'/#& C*",a,'. Ga,ema a#$

8a55a ' A(" "# "&( ea(&e# ("$e+ T*e aea "( a%'/& ?


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I# &*"( -'5. a,, ma1( ae eee#)e$ %! '#e =. UTM a#$ A$"#$a#+

T*e )a&)*me#& "( a))e((e$ %! A$$"( A%a%a9M'>'9"-a!. A$$"( A%a%a9A,em Ge#a9

B/&a>"a ' A$$"( A%a%a9A(e,a a(1*a,& 'a$+ I#&a )a&)*me#& aea( ae a))e((e$ %!

#/me'/( ave, a#$ $! -ea&*e 'a$+

. )o5l#'"on

..1 Hn

T*e &'&a, 1'1/,a&"'# "# &*e (&/$! aea -a( e(&"ma&e$ %a(e$ '# &*e S&a&"(&")a, A%(&a)&.

200@. 1e1ae$ %! Ce#&a, S&a&"(&")a, Ae#)!+ A))'$"#,!. &*e 1'1/,a&"'# ("e ' &*e

)a&)*me#& aea "( a%'/&


18/104

.3 To5o+,#504 #n$ $,#"n#+%

T*e (&/$! aea "( %'/#$e$ "# &*e ea(& %! C*",a,' ?0@6m a+(+,. Ga,ama?


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.6 So"l7 l#n$ !% #n$ l#n$ co%,

.6.1 So"l

S'", "# &*e (&/$! aea "( ),'(e,! e,a&e$ &' 1ae#& ma&e"a, a#$ $eee ' -ea&*e"# Ma5"#

e& a,


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F"/e 2+= Ge#ea,"e$ ('", ma1 ' La5e "-a! )a&)*me#& 'm Ma5"# e& a,. 6

.6. L#n$ !% #n$ l#n$ co%,

T*e $"ee#& &'1'a1*"). ),"ma&"). a#$ e$a1*") )'#$"&"'#( $e&em"#e &*e '/#$

e)','")a, '/1( "# &*e )a&)*me#&. ea)* ' -*")* "( )*aa)&e"e$ %! 1a&")/,a

a((')"a&"'#( ' vee&a&"'# Da#a)*e- Lee((e. 2002+

La#$ /(e,a#$ )'ve ma1 ' &*e aea *a( %ee# 1e1ae$ %a(e$ '# 1ev"'/( e1'&( -"&*

('me a$>/(&me#&( %e"# ma$e ' e)e#& )*a#e(+ T*e $e&a", ,a#$ )'ve )'m1"(e( '

#/me'/( '/1(+ H'-eve. ' "&( e,eva#)e &' &*e '%>e)&"ve ' (&/$!. ,"5e e(&"ma&"'# '

a)&/a, eva1'&a#(1"a&"'# a#$ $"e)& '/#$-a&e e)*ae. &*e ("m1,""e$ ,a#$ /(e a#$

,a#$ )'ve ' &*e aea "( $e()"%e$ a( "# &*e ',,'-"# &a%,e:


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Ta%,e 2+< A"a, $"(&"%/&"'#( ' ,a#$ )'ve /#"&(

C,a(( C've &!1e Aea Aea5m2

< Pema#e#& -a&e %'$! 6+2 ?6=

2 Ma(*! a#$ (-am1! aea( =+< 2=


22/104

GEOLOGY

/.1 In',o$c'"on

T*e e','") a#$ e'm'1*") ea&/e( '%(eve$ "# &*e e"'# ae &*e e(/,&( ' Ce#''")

v',)a#'9&e)&'#") a#$ (e$"me#&a! 1')e((e( Te#a,em A!e#e-.


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/..1 N#8,%'0 G,o5 #n$ D"no Fo,'"on Un$"99%,%n'"#'%$

T*e(e '/1( ae 1a& ' &*e &a1 (e"e( /#)'#'ma%,! 've,!"# Pe)am%"a# a#$

Me(''") ')5(+

T*e Nae&* G'/1 "#),/$e( a,5a,"#e a#$ a,5a,"#e (&a&'"$. (",")")(. "#"m%"&e(. /#-e,$e$

&/(. a(*. *!',"&e(. &a)*!&e(+ T*e ')5( ae "#&/$e$ %! $','"&e (",,(. a)"$") $!5e( a#$

a%%'9 $"a%a(e(+ I#$"v"$/a, %a(a,& ,'-( va! "# &*")5#e(( 'm '#e ' &-' me&e /1 &'

&e#( ' me&e(+ T*"( '/1 a#e "# ae 'm &'


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)'m1"(e( ' '#>" a#$ S",&e v',)a#")(+ T*e '#>" ,ava "e,$ "( ,')a&e$ ),'(e &' &*e ea(&e#

e()a1me#&. >/(& ea(& ' La5e "-a! a#$ ea)*e( a &*")5#e(( ' a%'/& /(& a,'# &*e ma"# a/,& -*")* ,"m"&(

&*e "& "# &*e B/&a>a S",&e aea+

/..3 T0% C%n',#l R"9' olc#n"c co&5l%;%!

T*e (&/$! aea 1'&"'# ' &*e ma"# E&*"'1"a# "& va,,e! )'#("(&( ' (evea, "#$"v"$/a,

v',)a#e'/( a#$ v',)a#") )'m1,e;e(+ T*e '/1( ae )*aa)&e"e$ %! *!',!&") ,ava ,'-(

a#$ $'me( a((')"a&e$ -"&* &*e "& ,'' "#"m%"&e(+ T*e "#"m%"&e( a#$ 1/m")e ae &*e

e(/,& ' a( ")* (",")")( mama+ T*e a,5a,"#e a#$ 1ea,5a,"#e (",")")( ae &*e ,a(& v',)a#")

1'$/)&( a#$ ae ,')a&e$ "# &*e (,'1e( ' Be")*'. B'a. A,/&'. Ga$am'&&a a#$ C*'%%"

V',)a#'e(+ T*e 1!'),a(&")( ae /#-e,$e$ 1/m")e a#$ &/. '%("$"a#. 1"&)*(&'#e a#$

*!',"&") ,ava ,'-(+

T*e '/1 "( $"v"$e$ "# &' &*ee /#"&( -"&* e(1e)& &' &*e (&/$! aea a#$ $e()"%e$ a(

',,'-(:

i. Aluto volcanics: T*e(e v',)a#")( ae ' ,a&e P,e"(&')e#e9H',')e#e ae. a#$

e1e(e#&e$ %! m/,&"1,e ,'-(+ T*e ')5 'm( ae (",")") 1!'),a(&")( (/)* a( 1/m")e

a,,( a#$ a(*e( -"&* (/%'$"#a&e ,ava ,'-(. m'(&,! '%("$"a#+ T*e ,ava ,'-(

$e()e#$e$ &*e (,'1e ' &*e v',)a#' "# eve! $"e)&"'# e4/e#&,! (*'- a ,'-ae

',$"#+ B'&* ',$ a#$ ve! e)e#& '%("$"a#( ae 1'1*!"&"). ('me&"me( ve! ")* "#

)!(&a,(+

ii. Bora-Bericho: T*e v',)a#")( ae 'me$ "# ,a&e P,e"(&')e#e 9 H',')e#e a#$ )'#("(&

' &-' ,ae v',)a#") )e#&e( B'a a#$ Be")*' a((')"a&e$ -"&* a ea& #/m%e '

(ma,,e v',)a#") ')" a#$ -"&* (/% *"(&'")a, ,"m"&e$ "((/e e/1&"'#(+ M'(& ' &*e

1'$/)&( '/#$ "# &*"( aea ae (",")") 1!'),a(&")(+ B'a v',)a#' "( ,')a&e$ '# &*e

#'&*ea(& ' &*e (&/$! aea a#$ "& )'#("(&( ' a,&e#a#)e( ' 1/m")e a#$ a(* ,a!e(

iii. 1'',! -e,$e$ ' )'m1,e&e,! /#-e,$e$+ Ba")*' v',)a#")( "( ,')a&e$ >/(& #'&*ea(& '

B'a a#$ )'m1"(e( )'m1,e&e,! ' /#-e,$e$ 1/m")e ,'-(+


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iv. Gadamotta rhyolite: T*"( *!',"&") ,ava "( ' ea,! P,e"(&')e#e a,5a,"#e a#$

1ea,5a,"#e ,ava a#$ %e$e$ &/ )'ve"# (ma,, aea "# ('/&*-e(& ' &*e (&/$! aea+

/..6 Volc#no-!%$"&%n'#,4 ,oc*! #n$ l#c!',"n% !%$"&%n'!

T*e(e (e$"me#&( 1e$'m"#a#&,! )'m1"(e v',)a#'),a(&") (e$"me#&(. &/ a#$ a((')"a&e$

,a)/(&"#e (e$"me#&(+

T*e ,a)/(&"#e (e$"me#&( "#),/$e (",&(. ),a!(. $"a&'m"&e a#$ ma&e"a,( ' a(* a#$ &/

a((')"a&e$ -"&* ')5 ame#&( $e"ve$ 'm -"$e va"&! ' v',)a#") ')5(+

T*e (e$"me#&( m/(& *ave %ee# $e1'("&e$ $/"# a -"$e &"me "#&eva, 'm &*e e#$ '

P,"')e#e /#&", e)e#& -*")* "( (/e(&e$ %! &*e" )'#("$ea%,e &*")5#e(( a#$ %! &*e a)&

&*a& "# ma#! 1,a)e( &*e! /#$e,"e !'/# v',)a#") 1'$/)&( a#$ ae '&e# a&*e $ee1,!

ae)&e$ %! e"'#a, a/,&(+ Be("$e( v',)a#'9(e$"me#&a! a#$ ,a)/(&"#e $e1'("&( a,,/v"/m

"( -"$e,! '%(eve$ "# va,,e!(+

E"*& ,"&*'(&a&"a1*") /#"&( -ee "$e#&""e$ "# &*e (&/$! aea:

"+ Pelite dominated lacustrine deposits: $e1'("&( ' 1e,"&e a#$ 1ea& 200 BP9Pe(e#&""+ Colluvium: ave,(. (a#$(. (",&( a#$ v',)a#") 1!'),a(&")( m"$ P,e"(&')e#e9Re)e#&

"""+ Alluvial deposit : ma"#,! &ea)e ave,. (a#$ a#$ (",& a((')"a&e$ ,')a,,! -"&* ),a!

H',')e#e 9 Pe(e#&+

"v+ Deltaic and fluvio-deltaic deposits: $e1'("&( ' (a#$. (",&. a#$ ),a! H',')e#e+

v+ Meki and ater deltaic deposits: (a#$. (",& a#$ ),a! H',')e#e+

v"+ Tufa fluvo-lacustrine deposits: ma"#,! ave,. (a#$. 1e,"&e. a#$ 1ea& H',')e#e+

v""+ !i"ay terrace and volcano-lacustrine deposits: 1!'),a(&")( $e"ve$ 'm a(* a#$ &/+

A,(' "#),/$e$ ae 1e,"&e. $"a&'m"&e. (",&. a#$ ),a! -"&* '))a("'#a, (*'e (a#$ a#$ (*e,,

%e$( H',')e#e+

vii. Bul#ula deposits: v',)a#'9,a)/(&"#e $e1'("&(. ma"#,! 1!'),a(&")( $e"ve$ 'm a(*

a#$ &/. a#$ (/%'$"#a&e (*e,, %e$( a#$ (a#$+


26/104

/./ S',c',%

T*e E&*"'1"a# "& va,,e! "( a a%e# -"&* aveae -"$&* ' 05m "# &*e (&/$! aea+

Te#("'#a, m'veme#&( ae e(1'#("%,e ' 'ma&"'# ' &*e "& -*")* 1'$/)e$ a #/m%e '

#'ma, a/,&( D" P',a.


27/104

CHA)TER FOUR

Naae&* '/

D"#' 'ma&"'#

F"/e =+< Ge','") Ma1 &a5e# 'm Te#a,em A!e#e-.


28/104

HYDROMETEOROLOGY

3.1. In',o$c'"on

H!$'me&e'','! "( )'#)e#e$ -"&* &*e (&/$! ' &*e a&m'(1*e") a#$ ,a#$ 1*a(e( ' &*e

H!$','") )!),e -"&* em1*a("( '# &*e "#&ee,a&"'#( "#v',ve$ MO.


29/104

Pe)"1"&a&"'# "# &*e )a&)*me#& va"e( -"&* a,&"&/$e+ H"* a,&"&/$e aea( ,"5e C*",a,'. Ga,ama.

a#$ G/a*e m'/#&a"#( e)e"ve mea# a##/a, a"#a,, ' 've


30/104

N'

S&a&"'#

Re)'$"#

1e"'$

L')a&"'#

A,&"&/$e

m+a+(+,+

Mea# m'#&*,! 1e)"1"&a&"'# mm

UTM YUTM Ja# Fe% Ma A1 Ma! J/# J/, A/ Se1 O)& N'v De

)

A##/a,

< A%/a


31/104

T*e I('*!e&a, me&*'$ ma5e( /(e ' >'"#"# 1'"#&( ' e4/a, a"#a,, va,/e( a#$ &*e#

mea(/e( &*e" "#&e "('*!e&a, aea+ T*e mea# a##/a, 1e)"1"&a&"'# ' &*e )a&)*me#& /("#

&*"( me&*'$ "( 6mm+

Ta%,e ?+2 A"a, mea# $e1&* ' 1e)"1"&a&"'# /("# T*e"((e# 1',!'#

S&a&"'# Aea e#),'(e$ e"*&e$ Mea# a##/a, e"*&e$

N' %! 1',!'# Aea Pe)"1"&a&"'# mm

A##/a, 1e)"1"&a&"'#

mm

< A%/a ?


32/104

F"/e ?+2 I('*!e&a, ma1 mea# a##/a, 1e)"1"&a&"'# "('*!e&(. mm

Ta%,e ?+= A"a, mea# $e1&* ' 1e)"1"&a&"'# /("# I('*!e&a, me&*'$

P'("&"'# ' I('*!&a, Aea %e&-ee# e"*&e$ Aveae va,/e e"*&e$

I('*!e& a#e I('*!e&( 5m2 aea ' "('*!e&( 1e)"1"&a&"'#mm

@0900 =@@ ?+ @ =

009@0 2


33/104

Ta%,e ?+? Mea# m'#&*,! 1e)"1"&a&"'# "# "ve )a&)*me#&( /("# $a&a ' T*"e((e# 1',!'#mm

Ca&)*me#&Aea

5m2

A##9

/a,

Ja# Fe% Ma A1 Ma! J/# J/, A/ Se1 O)& N'vDe)

Me5" 22@6 2 @=


34/104

3./ E#5o',#n!5",#'"on

Eva1'&a#(1"a&"'# "( &*e ,'(( ' -a&e &' &*e a&m'(1*ee &*'/* eva1'a&"'# 'm a,,

(/a)e(7 "#),/$"# eva1'a&"'# 'm ee -a&e (/a)e(. ('",. a#$ ma#ma$e (/a)e( a#$

&a#(1"a&"'# 'm 1,a#&( H'/*&'#.


35/104

T*e e,a&"ve */m"$"&! ' a# a" ma(( "( &*e 1e)e#& a&"' ' &*e am( ' -a&e 1e )/%") me&e

' a" &' &*e )a1a)"&! ' a" &' *',$ ma;"m/m am'/#& ' a". ' &*e &em1ea&/e ' a" ma((

Fe&&e.


36/104

N'S&a&"'#

Re)'$"#

1e"'$ Ja# Fe% Ma A1 Ma! J/# J/, A/ Se1 O)& N'v De)

< B/" /(&me#& %e"# ma$e ' &*e ,a&"&/$e.

,')a&"'# a#$ #/m%e ' $a!,"*& *'/( D/##e a#$ Le'1',$.


37/104

T*e m'#&*,! 1'&e#&"a, eva1'&a#(1"a&"'# ' a#! m'#&* "# )mm'#&* "( &*e# )a,)/,a&e$

'm &*e e4/a&"'#:

PET


38/104

Ea : e#e! ' eva1'a&"'# mm$a!

∆ : (,'1e ' &*e )/ve ' (a&/a&e$ va1e 1e((/e 1,'&&e$ aa"#(& &em1a&/e a#$

γ : *!'me&") )'#(&a#& &a5e# a( 0+2 mmH' F+

T*e e4/a&"'# "( $e"ve$ 'm a ("m1,""e$ e#e! %a,a#)e 'm/,a:

- +o , += ?+

*ee7

, : ava",a%,e *ea&+

+o : a&e ' ' eva1'a&"'#

- : e#e! ' *ea&"# a"+

T*e va,/e ' 0 + a#$- )a# %e $e"#e$ %! ae'$!#am") e4/a&"'# a(

( )( )d so eeu f + −= ?+

a#$:

- ( )( )TaT u f s −


39/104

( ) .or .I , −−= < ?+


40/104

Ta%,e ?+ Mea# m'#&*,! La5e -a&e eva1'a&"'# /("# Pa# a#$ Pe#ma# me&*'$( mm

Me&*'$ Ja# Fe% Ma A1 Ma! J/# J/, A/ Se1 O)& N'vDe

)A##/a,

Pe#ma#


41/104

T a .o ?σ = ( ( ) / nea B=+0"a ' e()a1me#&(7 a#$ "-a! (&a&"'# ' "& ,''+

A))'$"#,!. 1'&e#&"a, eva1'&a#(1"a&"'# PET )'m1/&e$ /("# &*e a%'ve e4/a&"'#( '

$"ee#& 1*!("'a1*") aea( a#$ "ve )a&)*me#&( ae 1e(e#&e$ "# &a%,e ?+


42/104

A)&/a, eva1'&a#(1"a&"'# "( &*e am'/#& ' eva1'a&"'# &*a& '))/( /#$e a "ve# ),"ma&")

a#$ ('", m'"(&/e )'#$"&"'#(+ T*ee'e. "& "( a,-a!( ,e(( &*a# ' e4/a, &' 1'&e#&"a,

eva1'&a#(1"a&"'# PET+

*e# &*ee "( a%/#$a#& m'"(&/e "# &*e ('",. &*e a)&/a, eva1'&a#(1"a&"'# a&e "( e4/a, &'

1'&e#&"a, eva1'&a#(1"a&"'#+ O# &*e '&*e *a#$. " &*ee "( #' a"# &' e1,e#"(* &*e -a&e

(/11,!. &*e ('", m'"(&/e a$/a,,! %e)'me( $e1,e&e$ %! &*e $ema#$ ' vee&a&"'# a#$

1'$/)e( ('", m'"(&/e $e")"&+ T*ee'e. &*e a1 %e&-ee# 1'&e#&"a, a#$ a)&/a,

eva1'&a#(1"a&"'# "( e,e)&e$ %! &*e am'/#& ' $e")"&+

T*e va,/e( ' ('", m'"(&/e $e")"& a#$ a)&/a, eva1'&a#(1"a&"'# va! -"&* ('", &!1e a#$

vee&a&"'# S*a-.


43/104

Lam: A))/m/,a&e$ 1'&e#&"a, -a&e ,'(( a& m'#&* M mm+

: Ava",a%,e -a&e )a1a)"&! ' &*e ''& '#e mm

T*e ('", m'"(&/e ' ea)* -e& m'#&* "( '%&a"#e$ %! a$$"# &*e e;)e(( ' a"# ' &*e )/e#&

m'#&* &' &*e ('", m'"(&/e ' &*e m'#&* %e'e+ H'-eve. &*"( (/m ma! #'& e;)ee$ &*e -a&e

)a1a)"&! a#$ e;)e(( "( %''5e$ a( m'"(&/e (/1,/(+

T*e m'#&*,! a)&/a, eva1'&a#(1"a&"'#. AETm. "( &*e# '/#$ a(:

P+T A+T = " mm P+T P >

?+2?

O&*e-"(e.

mmmm 9 9 P A+T −+= −< ?+2@

*ee. A+T "( a)&/a, eva1'&a#(1"a&"'#. P+T . P'&e#&"a, eva1'&a#(1"a&"'#. P "( ae"a,

1e)"1"&a&"'#. Sm9< a#$ Sm ae ('", m'"(&/e $/"# &*e m'#&* m9< a#$ m e(1e)&"ve,!+

A))'$"#,!. &*e m'#&*,! a#$ a##/a, a)&/a, eva1'&a#(1"a&"'# 'm &*e &*ee 1*!("'a1*")

aea( a( -e,, a( "ve )a&)*me#&( /("# "#1/&( ' %'&* Pe#ma# a#$ T*'#-a"&e 1'&e#&"a,

eva1'&a#(1"a&"'# e(/,&( ae "ve# "# &*e ',,'-"# &a%,e:

Ta%,e ?+


44/104

Me&*'$ Ca&)*me#& Ja# Fe% Ma A1 Ma! J/# J/, A/ Se1 O)& N'v

De

) A##/a,

8a&a = @= @ 6 = 0 6= = 6

Pe#ma# Me5" =< ?6 = @ 2 = 2 < ? 2


45/104

"-a! La5e ,eve, "( e(&"ma&e$ %! a (&a a/e ,')a&e$ a& B')*e(a a'/#$ &*e '/&,'- ' &*e

,a5e &' B/,%/,a R"ve+ Ba(e$ '# &*"&! !ea(


46/104

F"/e ?+6 Mea# m'#&*,! ,/)&/a&"'# ' La5e "-a! ,eve,

F'm &*e a%'ve a1*( -e )a# /#$e(&a#$ &*a& 1ea5( ' ,a5e ,eve, a#$ B/,%/,a R"ve ,'-

$' #'& )'"#)"$e -"&* 1ea5 $"()*ae( ' "ve( "#,'- Me5" a#$ 8a&a &' &*e ,a5e+ T*ee "(

a%'/& ?@$a!( '#e m'#&* a#$ *a, ,a &"me %e&-ee# 1ea5 ' "#,'- a#$ &*a& ' ,a5e ,eve,7

a#$ "# &/# a%'/&


47/104

CC: C'e,a&"'# )'e")"e#&F"/e ?+ S)a&&e 1,'& %e&-ee# "-a! La5e ,eve, a#$ B/,%/,a R"ve $"()*ae

F'm &*e e4/a&"'# ' &*e a%'ve a1*. -e )a# /#$e(&a#$ &*a& #' ,'- ' B/,%/,a R"ve

-",, %e 'me$ " ,a5e ,eve, $'1( %e,'- 0+m ' &*e )/e#& (&a a/e+


48/104

CHA)TER FIVE

ESTIMATION OF DIRECT GROUNDWATER RECHARGE

G'/#$-a&e e)*ae "( a /#)&"'# ' &*e v',/me ' e("$/a, a"#a,,. (/a)e "#",&a&"'#.

a#$ e','")a, 1e)',a&"'# a&e( Ma,"#.


49/104

' a)&/a, eva1'&a#(1"a&"'# "# )*a1&e '/ "( /&*e /(e$ &' eva,/a&e &*e e("$/a, m'"(&/e

a&e eva1'a&"'# ,'((+ T*e (/1,/( am'/#& $e&em"#e$ "# &*"( 1')e(( a&e $e$/)&"'# '

(/a)e /#' e1e(e#&( $"e)& '/#$-a&e e)*ae ' a "ve# ('", a#$ vee&a&"'#

)'#$"&"'#+

U("# *!$'a1* (e1aa&"'# ' $"ee#& "ve( ,"5e A(e%e5a. Tema,a. U11e 8a&a. L'-e

8a&a a#$ Me5" "# &' &*e" e(1e)&"ve (/a)e /#' a#$ %a(e,'- )'m1'#e#&(. &*e (/a)e

/#' ' *"*,a#$ "ve( "( a%'/& ?2 ' &'&a, ,'-. -*",e a& e()a1me#&( "& "( a%'/& =@

)*a1&e (";+ A))'$"#,!. &*e -e"*&e$ a##/a, e)*ae ' &*e aea /("# ('", m'"(&/e

%/$e&"# me&*'$ "( @mm+

6. G,on$:#'%, #l#nc% &%'0o$

G'/#$-a&e e)*ae )a# %e e(&"ma&e$ %! -a&e %a,a#)e a( ',,'-(:

G DAEL> ΔS @+2

*ee. G : G'/#$-a&e e)*ae

D : G'/#$-a&e $"()*ae Ba(e ,'- a#$ (1"# $"()*ae

A : G'/#$-a&e a%(&a)&"'#

E : Eva1'a&"'#

L : C*a##e, ,'((e( "#,/e#& (ee1ae

ΔS: C*a#e "# '/#$-a&e (&'ae

*e# -e )'#("$e '# a##/a, %a("(. &*e )*a#e "# (&'ae "( a((/me$ &' %e e'7 a#$ "

eva1'a&"'# a#$ '/#$-a&e a%(&a)&"'# ae /&*e a((/me$ &' %e #e,""%,e. &*e

ema"#"# e4/a&"'# -",, %e)'me:

G DL @+=

T*e $"()*ae D "# &*"( e4/a&"'# "( e1e(e#&e$ %! %a(e,'- -*",e "#,/e#& (ee1ae L "(

&*e -a&e -*")* "( 1a& ' %a(e,'- )'#&"%/&e$ &' '/#$-a&e 'm "ve( a#$ $'e( #'&

a11ea a& &*e a/"# (&a&"'#+


50/104

T*e /#)e&a"#&! "# e(&"ma&"# a)&/a, am'/#& ' /1(&eam a%(&a)&"'# ')e$ &' /(e &*e "ve

$"()*ae $a&a %e'e )'mme#)eme#& ' ("#"")a#& ""a&"'# 1'>e)&(+

I# '$e &' $e&em"#e e)*ae ' La5e "-a! )a&)*me#& /("# &*"( me&*'$. mea# $a",!

$"()*ae e)'$( ' 8a&a R"ve a/e$ '# A%/a 'm


51/104

Ta%,e @+< M'#&*,! %a(e,'-. (/a)e /#' a#$ &'&a, ,'- ' 8a&a a#$ Me5" R"ve( a&

e(1e)&"ve a/"# (&a&"'#( ' &*e )'#("$ee$ 1e"'$

Ca&)*9

me#&

Ga/"#(&a&"'#

Aea

8m2Ja# Fe% Ma A1 Ma! J/# J/, A/ Se1 O)& N'v

De

)

T

a

Me5"Me5"

&'-#22@6

BF


52/104

*e# -e )'m1ae &*e a%'ve me&*'$(. &*e ('",9-a&e %a,a#)e me&*'$ (/e( 'm "&( ,e((

va,"$"&! "# a"$ a#$ (em" a"$ '#e(. a( "& -a( $eve,'1e$ ' */m"$ ),"ma&e Le#e e& a,.


53/104

CHA)TER SI(

GROUNDWATER AND SURFACE WATER INTERACTION

?.1 In',o$c'"on

G'/#$-a&e a#$ (/a)e -a&e "#&ea)&"'# "( a #a&/a, 1*e#'me#'# $")&a&e$ %! &*e a)&

&*a& &*e &-' -a&e me$"a ae )"&")a, )'m1'#e#&( ' '#e (!(&em "#&"ma&e,! ,"#5e$ %!

*!$','") )!),e "#&e. ' "ve( -"&* e(1e)& &' e','!. '/#$-a&e e,eva&"'# )'#&'/(. (,'1e( a#$

),"ma&e+

?. T0% 04$,olo+"c c0#,#c'%,"!'"c! o9 ,"%,! "n '0% c#'c0&%n'

I# &*e (&/$! aea. &*e "ve( ae a/e$ a& ("; (&a&"'#(+ Ea)* )a&)*me#& (*'-( "&( $"(&"#)&

*!$'e','")a, )*aa)&e"(&")( %e"# )'#&',,e$ %! e','!. (,'1e. ('", a#$ ),"ma&e+

Ta%,e 6+< H!$','")a, )*aa)&e"(&")( ' a/e$ "ve( "# &*e )a&)*me#&

N' Ca&)*m#&

#ame

Ca&)*me#&

aea5m2

Ga/"#

(&a&"'#

Mea# a##/a,

Pe)"1"&a&"'#mm

S,'1e

Mea# a##/a,

$"()*ae mm

< U11e Me5" 20=0 D/$a @ =+6


54/104

F"/e 6+< L')a&"'# ' "ve a/"# (&a&"'#(

?./ )%,&%#"l"'4 $"!',"'"on "n '0% c#'c0&%n'

T*e ')5( "# &*e (&/$! aea 1'((e(( $"ee#& 1emea%","&"e( $/e &' va"a&"'# "# ,"&*','!.

1"ma! a#$ (e)'#$a! (&/)&/e. ame#& ("e ' 1!'),a(&") (e$"me#&(. a#$ -ea&*e"#

a$e(+ A))'$"#,!. &*e )a&)*me#& "( ),a((""e$ "# &' "ve a#e( ' 1emea%","&! F"/e 6+2+

?./.1 H"+0 'o %,4 0"+0 5%,&%#"l"'4 8on%


55/104

&*e )*aa)&e"(&")( ' "#"m%"&e. a)&/"# a#$ -ea&*e"# a$e. &*e /#"&( 1'((e(( me$"/m

&' *"* 1emea%","&!+

?././ M%$"& 5%,&%#"l"'4 8on%


56/104

&*"( '#e ae *"*,! -e,$e$ "#"m%"&e(. &/. *!',"&e a#$ &a)*!&e -"&*'/& v"("%,e ,ae a/,&(+

T*e /11e -ea&*ee$ ')5 a#$ ('",( ae 1emea%,e7 *'-eve. &*e /#$e,!"# v',)a#")

(e4/e#)e( ae ma(("ve+

?./.6 V%,4 lo: 5%,&%#"l"'4 Zon%


57/104

F"/e 6+= T*e e,a&"'#(*"1 %e&-ee# '/#$-a&e &a%,e e,eva&"'# )'#&'/ a#$ "ve(

Ta%,e 6+2 T*e e,a&"'#(*"1 %e&-ee# "ve %e$ e,eva&"'# &a5e# 'm DEM a#$ '/#$-a&e

&a%,e e,eva&"'# a& &*a& 1'"#&

La%e, UTMm YUTMm

G'/#$-a&e

e,eva&"'# m+a+(+,

R"veS&eam %e$

E,eva&"'# m+a+(+,+

C*aa)&e(&")(

' "ve(&eam

CR< ?==0 ==0


58/104

?.6 A!!%!!&%n' o9 +,on$:#'%, #n$ !,9#c% :#'%, "n'%,#c'"on !"n+ 9"%l$ #!%

,"%, $"!c0#,+% &%#!,%&%n'! #n$ !5,"n+ !,%4

I# '$e &' a#a,!e &*e *!$'e','")a, $!#am")( "# &*e )a&)*me#&. "ve $"()*ae

mea(/eme#&( -ee ma$e a& $"ee#& ea)*e( "# &*e aea+ T*e mea(/eme#&( -ee

)'#$/)&e$ "# &*e m'#&*( ' N'vem%e. De)em%e a#$ Fe%/a! $/"# -*")* &*e "ve ,'-

-a( e#&"e,! &*e '/#$-a&e )'m1'#e#& Ta%,e 6+=+

F"/e 6+? L')a&"'# Ma1 ' "e,$ %a(e "ve $"()*ae mea(/eme#&(+

N'&e &*a& '#,! e1e(e#&a&"ve mea(/eme#& ("&e( ae "#$")a&e$ '# &*e ma1 ' ),a"&!7 a#$

a$$"&"'#a, $a&a ae ava",a%,e "# &*e ',,'-"# &a%,e:


59/104

Ta%,e 6+= L')a&"'# a#$ am'/#& ' $"()*ae /("# "e,$ %a(e mea(/eme#&(

N' Da&e La%e,

UTM

ea(&"#

YUTM

N'&*"# Q,S S"&e #ame

< 2


60/104

C*a##e, ,'(( '# Me5" R"ve -a( '%(eve$ "# "& ,'' (e$"me#& %e&-ee# D/$a a#$ me5"

&'-#(+ De),"#e "# %a(e,'- %e&-ee# mea(/"# 1'"#&( ' R06. R0 a#$ R0 "# &*e a%'ve

"/e "( (/e(&"ve ' ,'((e( "# &*e (e$"me#&+ He#)e. $"()*ae9aea )'e,a&"'# )'e")"e#&

a,(' e$/)e( &' 0+6


61/104

)*a##e, -a&e %/$e&"# m'$e, -a( )'#$/)&e$ /("# $a&a ' a/"# (&a&"'#( "# e(1e)&"ve

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62/104

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64/104

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va"a&"'#+

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65/104

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a"#a,, a( )'m1ae$ &' &*e '&*e "ve )a&)*me#&(+

?.. Mon'0l4 9lo:! o9 ,"%,! #! 5%,c%n'#+% o9 '0%", ,%!5%c'"% 'o'#l #nn#l $"!c0#,+%

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a#$ e','")a, )*aa)&e"(&")( ' &*e )a&)*me#&+ T*e ea&e &*e "#",&a&"'# "# &*e (&'ae

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66/104

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'/#$-a&e+

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a#$ )*a##e, ,'((+

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a#$ %a(e ,'-+

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*ave %ee# /(e$ &' )'#(&/)& *!$'a1*( %e'e (e1aa&"# %a(e,'-+

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Q& Q' e9α &9&' 6+2

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)a&)*me#&+ H'-eve. %a(e,'-( ' L'-e 8a&a a#$ Me5" R"ve( ae 1a& ' &*e &'&a,

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70/104

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CHA)TER SEVEN

LAKE WATER BALANCE

.1 T0% :#'%, #l#nc% %#'"on

a&e %a,a#)e "( &*e a11,")a&"'# ' &*e 1"#)"1,e ' )'#(eva&"'# ' ma(( "# *!$','!

UNESCO.


71/104

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)'m%"#e$ me&*'$ /("# "-a! (&a&"'# ),"ma&") $a&a '


72/104

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Ta%,e +< M'#&*,! -a&e %a,a#)e ' &*e ,a5e

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73/104

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m'e '/#$-a&e '/&,'- &*a# "#,'- a#$ v")e ve(a+

.3 D"!c!!"on

F'm &a%,e +< a#$ "/e +< -e )a# '%(eve &*a& m'e '/#$-a&e '/&,'- &*a# "#,'-

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a&&a"# "&( ma;"m/m "# m"$ O)&'%e "+e+ e- m'#&*( a&e 1e)"1"&a&"'# )ea(e(+

I -e '%(eve "/e +


74/104

F"/e +< M'#&*,! $"(&"%/&"'# ' '/#$-a&e ,/; G "#,'- G '/&,'-

T*e '))/e#)e ' m'e '/#$-a&e '/&,'- 've "#,'- "# A1", "( e(/,&e$ 'm &*e (1"#

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5ee1 &*e (!(&em a& e4/","%"/m+

CHA)TER EIGHT

ASSESSMENT OF RECENT CHANGES IN HYDROLOGIC ENVIRONMENT OF

THE CATCHMENT

.1 In',o$c'"on

I& "( %e,"eve$ &*a& &*e "#)ea(e "# a&m'(1*e") )'#)e#&a&"'# ' ee#*'/(e a(e( $/e &' */ma#

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ea&* a#$ "m1a)& &*e e"'#a, *!$','") )!),e -"&* (/%(e4/e#& ee)& '# 4/a#&"&! a#$ 4/a,"&!

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75/104

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ea&,! "#,/e#)e &*e *!$','") e#v"'#me#&+ T*"( "m1a)& )a# %e "# &*e 'm ' ,a#$

"m1'veme#&( &*a& ae)& &*e %a,a#)e %e&-ee# eva1'&a#(1"a&"'#. (/a)e /#' a#$

'/#$-a&e e)*ae7 a#$ a%(&a)&"'# ' -a&e e(/,&"# "# e$/)&"'# ' '/&,'- a#$ (&'ae

)'m1'#e#&( ' -a&e %a,a#)e+

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*!$'e','! ' &*e (&/$! aea+

. T0% ,%!5on!% o9 :#'%, #l#nc% co&5on%n'! 'o ,%c%n' cl"'"c c0#n+%

. .1. ),%c"5"'#'"on

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76/104

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.. E#5o,#'"on

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' e#e! ava",a%,e. &*e m'"(&/e )'#&e#& ' a". a#$ &*e a&e ' m'veme#& ' a" a)'(( &*e

(/a)e+ A))'$"#,!. )*a#e "# ),"ma&e ' a "ve# aea -",, ea&,! ae)& &*e a&e '

eva1'a&"'# 'm &*e (/a)e a#$ "# &/# %"#( *!$','")a, "#%a,a#)e+

C*a#e "# eva1'a&"'# ' &*e (&/$! aea -a( a((e((e$ /("# 1a# eva1'a&"'# e(&a%,"(*e$ a& B/".

"-a!. 8/,/m(a a#$ Mea' (&a&"'#(+ T*e $"(&"%/&"'# ' &*e (&a&"'# )a# e1e(e#& a,, &*e &*ee

1*!("'a1*") aea( ' &*e )a&)*me#& "+e *"*,a#$. e()a1me#& a#$ "& ,''+ T*e a((e((me#&

-a( $'#e %! )'#("$e"# "-a! a#$ Mea' (&a&"'#( $a&a a( -e,, a( %! -e"*"# a,, (&a&"'#(

$a&a 1*!("'a1*") aea -"(e a&e a1 ",,"# /("# ee(("'# a#$ )'e,a&"'# a#a,!("(+


77/104

F"/e += Pa# Eva1'a&"'# ' "-a!. Mea' (&a&"'#( a#$ -e"*&e$ )a&)*me#& aea

F"/e +? Te#$( "# -e"*&e$ 1a# eva1'a&"'# ' &*e )a&)*me#&

I# a$$"&"'#. &e#$ "# eva1'a&"'# ' &*e ,a5e (/a)e -a( a#a,!e$ /("# Pe#ma#

)'m1/&a&"'#a, me&*'$ ' -a&e %'$! eva1'a&"'# C*a1&e &*ee+


78/104

F"/e +@ Te#$( "# ,a5e (/a)e eva1'a&"'#

A( )a# %e (ee# 'm F"/e +=. +? a#$ +@ a%'ve. &*ee "( ("#"")a#& "#)ea(e "#

eva1'&e#(1"a&"'# 've &*e aea+

./ C0#n+%! "n :#'%, !%

I# ,"#e -"&* G've#me#&3( P've&! A,,ev"a&"'# P'am. &*ee ae #/me'/( ""a&"'#

$eve,'1me#& a)&"v"&"e( /("# a%(&a)&"'# ' -a&e 'm &*e La5e a#$ "ve( "# &*e )a&)*me#&+

./.1 L#*% :#'%, #!',#c'"on

D/e &' "&( a))e(("%","&!. av'a%,e ,')a&"'# "# e,a&"'# &' A$$"( A%a%a a#$ e(* -a&e 4/a,"&!.

La5e "-a! *a( %ee# )'#("$ee$ &*e m'(& "m1'&a#& -a&e e;1,'"&a&"'# aea "# &*e "& va,,e!

HALCRO.


79/104

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' vee&a%,e( '-#

&-")e a !ea "# &*e aea+ U("# ("m",a )'m1/&a&"'#a, me&*'$( a( a%'ve a#$ a##e; ? ' )'19

-a&e e4/"eme#&. &*e &'&a, a##/a, a%(&a)&"'# 'm &*e "ve a#$ "&( &"%/&a"e( "( 6m)m+


80/104

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Yea

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81/104

Me5" "ve $"()*ae "( *"*,! (e#("&"ve &' B/&a>"a a"#a,, &*a# -e"*&e$ )a&)*me#&

1e)"1"&a&"'#+ A( )a# %e (ee# 'm &*e ',,'-"# "/e. &*e &e#$ ,"#e( ' &*e "ve $"()*ae

a#$ B/&a>"a 1e)"1"&a&"'# ae 1aa,,e, $/"# &*e )'#("$ee$ 1e"'$+

Q a#$ P (&a#$ ' "ve $"()*ae a#$ 1e)"1"&a&"'# e(1e)&"ve,!F"/e + Re,a&"'#(*"1( am'# Me5" R"ve "ve &"me( e;aea&e$ a##/a, ,'-7 B/&a>"a a#$

-e"*&e$ )a&)*me#& 1e)"1"&a&"'#+

I# &*"( a#a,!("(. "ve &"me( e;aea&"'# ' "ve $"()*ae ee( &' &*e a)&/a, "ve $"()*ae

m/,&"1,"e$ %! "ve &' ),ea,! (*'- "&( e,a&"'#(*"1 -"&* 1e)"1"&a&"'#+

F"/e + (*'-( &*a& $/"# &*e 1a(& e"*& !ea( &*ee "( "#)'#("(&e#)e %e&-ee# "ve $"()*ae

a#$ e(1e)&"ve a##/a, B/&a>"a 1e)"1"&a&"'# e,e)&"# &*e a11eaa#)e ' a#&*'1'e#") ee)&(

a#$ )*a#e( "# eva1'&a#(1"a&"'# "# e)e#& !ea(+

F"/e + Re)e#& )*a#e( "# )'#("(&e#)e %e&-ee# &*e e;aea&e$ Me5" R"ve $"()*ae a#$

B/&a>"a 1e)"1"&a&"'#


82/104

*e# -e )'#("$e ,'# &em $"()*ae ' 8a&a R"ve. &*e $e),"#e "# &e#$ "( e,a&e$ &' ),"ma&")

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*/ma# a)&"v"&"e( ae "m1'&a#& a)&'( "# )'#&',,"# &*e &e#$+

Q a#$ P (&a#$ ' "ve $"()*ae a#$ 1e)"1"&a&"'# e(1e)&"ve,!

F"/e + T*e e,a&"'#(*"1( am'# 8a&a R"ve "ve &"me( e;aea&e$ a##/a, ,'-7 A(e,a a#$

-e"*&e$ )a&)*me#& 1e)"1"&a&"'#+

Q a#$ P (&a#$ ' "ve $"()*ae a#$ 1e)"1"&a&"'# e(1e)&"ve,!

F"/e +


83/104

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"# &*e ,a5e (/a)e+ T*e ma&"; a,(' (*'-( &*a& 8a&a a#$ Me5" R"ve( ae 1'',! )'e,a&e$ &'

,a5e ,eve, &*a# &*e! ae ' ea)* '&*e7 "#$")a&"# &*e "m1'&a#)e ' '&*e a)&'( ae)&"# &*e

,a5e (&'ae+

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R"ve Q

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E

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$e),"#"# &e#$ $/"# &*e 1a(& "&ee# !ea( a( $e1")&e$ "# &*e ',,'-"# "/e+

F"/e +


85/104

F"/e +


86/104

T*e ee)& ' ,a#$ $ea$a&"'# "# *!$','! "( ma#"e(&e$ %! "#)ea("# &*e a&e ' (/a)e

/#' a#$ eva1'a&"'#7 a#$ e$/)"# "#",&a&"'# a#$ 1e)',a&"'# &' &*e (/%(/a)e (!(&em+ T*e

ee)& ' ,a#$ $ea$a&"'# '# e)*ae -a( a#a,!e$ %! &*e )*a#e "# (/(&a"#a%","&! ' %a(e,'-

$/"# $! (ea('#( "# &*e )a&)*me#&+ F"/e +


87/104

T*e $e),"#"# &e#$ ' '/#$-a&e e)*ae "# e)e#& !ea( "( a&&"%/&e$ %'&* &' ),"ma&e

)*a#e a#$ e;)e(("ve */ma# "#&eee#)e( "# *!$','") )!),e+ T*e a&e ' $e),"#e "# Me5"

)a&)*me#& "( *"*e &*a# "# &*e 8a&a )a&)*me#&+

. 6 W#'%, #l#nc% #n#l4!"! 9o, '0% %99%c' o9 c0#n+%! "n 04$,olo+"c co&5on%n'!

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I#,'- O/&,'- C*a#e "# (&'ae

T*e e4/a&"'# ' La5e "-a! -",, %e:

8 " M" P, G" E, B' A G' ΔV +


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F"/e +


89/104

CHA)TER NINE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

.1 Concl!"on

T*e (&/$! aea "( ,')a&e$ "# )e#&a, E&*"'1"a e#),'(e$ %e&-ee# ,a&"&/$e ' 0203@?K &' 02@3@6K

a#$ ,'#"&/$e ' =0


90/104

Ta%,e +< S/mma! ' 1'&e#&"a, eva1'&a#(1"a&"'# mm

Me&*'$ P*!("'a1*") aea( Ca&)*me#&(

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(/a)e

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U#a/e$

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Pe#ma#


91/104

'm 1e)"1"&a&"'# $"e)& '/#$-a&e e)*ae -a( e(&"ma&e$ /("# ('", m'"(&/e %/$e&"#

a#$ '/#$-a&e %a,a#)e me&*'$(+

T*e ('",9-a&e %a,a#)e me&*'$ e,"m"#a&e( '/#$-a&e e)*ae a& "& ,'' -*",e "& "ve( ve!

(ma,, am'/#& +mm a& a/,& e()a1me#&(+ T*e me&*'$ a,(' "ve( 6mm a& *"*,a#$ aea(

a#$ -e"*&e$ e)*ae ' @mm ' &*e -*',e )a&)*me#&+ H'-eve. &*e me&*'$ *a( ,"m"&a&"'#

"# "&( a11,")a%","&! &' a"$ a#$ (em" a"$ ),"ma&") '#e a( -e,, a( ' *"*,! a)&/e$ aea(

-*ee &*ee "( ,e(( ('", $eve,'1me#&+ T*e '/#$-a&e %a,a#)e me&*'$ a&e $e&em"#a&"'# '

)'#("$ea%,e ,'((e( &*a& $' #'& a11ea "# a/"# (&a&"'#( e(/,&e$ "# =mm ' a##/a, e)*ae+

D/e &' "&( ,e(( ,"m"&a&"'# "# a11,")a%","&!. "& "( a" &' &a5e &*e e(/,& ' '/#$-a&e %a,a#)e

me&*'$ =mm a( a##/a, $"e)& '/#$-a&e e)*ae ' &*e )a&)*me#&+

C*aa)&e"a&"'# ' )a&)*me#& *!$'e','! /("# "ve( $"()*ae. (*'- &*a& &*e $"(&"%/&"'#

' e','")a, /#"&(. e','")a, (&/)&/e(. &'1'a1*! a#$ 1e)"1"&a&"'# )'#&', &*e "#&ea)&"'#

' '/#$-a&e a#$ (/a)e -a&e "# &*e aea+

G'/#$-a&e &a%,e )'#&'/ *a( %ee# )'#(&/)&e$ &' $e&em"#e &*e 1'("&"'# ' "ve%e$ "#

e,a&"'# &' &*e e,eva&"'# )'#&'/+ I# &*e *"*,a#$ aea( ' &*e )a&)*me#&. &*e e,eva&"'# ' &*e

-a&e &a%,e )'#&'/( ,"e a%'ve &*e "ve( %e$ "#$")a&"# e,/e#& )*aa)&e(&")( ' &*e "ve(+ T*e

e,eva&"'# ' Me5" R"ve "# v',)a#'9,a)/(&"#e (e$"me#& ' "& ,'' a#$ &*a& ' 8a&a a& &*e

)e#&a, a#$ /11e 1a& ' '#>" Fa/,& Be,& ,"e a%'ve &*e e,eva&"'# ' &*e )'#&'/ (*'-"#

,''("# %e*av"' ' &*e "ve(+

Ba(e,'- mea(/eme#&( *ave %ee# $'#e &' "$e#&"! &*e aea( ' e,/e#& a#$ "#,/e#& a,'# &*e

"ve( ea)* $/"# ea('#a%,! /#"#&e/1&e$ &"me "+e+ (*'& &"me a1 %e&-ee# $"()*ae

mea(/eme#&( a,'# "ve ea)*e( "# '$e &' )*aa)&e"e &*e *!$'e','") $!#am")( ' &*e

aea+ C'm1a"('# %! (ee1ae /# ' %a(e,'- mea(/eme#&(. (*'- &*a& &*e /1(&eam

$"()*ae( ' L'-e Me5" "# &*e v',)a#'9,a)/(&"#e (e$"me#& a#$ 8a&a "# &*e /11e 1a& ' &*e

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92/104

8a&a R"ve "# &*e a/,& %e,& $/"# &*e (/ve!+ H'-eve. a%'ve &*'(e aea( a( -e,, a( "# L'-e

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%a,a#)e a11'a)*. -*")* "( '#e ' &*e eva,/a&"'# &e)*#"4/e( ' &*e "#&ea)&"'#+ A))'$"#,!.

Me5" R"ve *a( ,'((e( ' a%'/& ?=m)m %e&-ee# D/$a a#$ Me5" &'-# (&a&"'#( "# &*e (&e&)* '

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(&a&"'#( "# =6+25m "ve (&e&)*+

I# &*e *!$'a1* a#a,!("(. &*e (*a1e. 1e)e#& m'#&*,! ,'- 1a&&e# a#$ %a(e,'- (e1aa&"'# '

'/ "ve( "# &*e )a&)*me#& -ee )'m1ae$ &' )*aa)&e"e &*e *!$'e','! ' ea)*

)a&)*me#&+ 8a&a R"ve a& F"&e a/"# (&a&"'# (*'-( a(& e(1'#(e &' $a",! 1e)"1"&a&"'#. m'e

,'- $/"# &*e a"#! ea('# a( )'m1ae$ &' '&*e "ve )a&)*me#&(. a#$ ,'-e 1e)e#&ae '

%a(e,'- &' &'&a, a##/a, /#'+ T*e *!$'a1* ' Me5" R"ve *a( ,'-e "e/,a"&"e(. ea,!

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8a&a R"ve a& A%/a "( (m''&*. (*'-"# ,e(( e(1'#(e &' $a",! 1e)"1"&a&"'#. *"*e /#'

a&e "mme$"a&e e#$ ' -e& (ea('# %/& $e),"#"# a& a(&e a&e+ C*/a R"ve *a( (m''&*

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a#$ ,a& e)e(("'# )/ve+ T*e(e %e*av"'( ' &*e *!$'a1*( (*'- &*a& "ve )a&)*me#&( ' &*e

aea *ave $"ee#& *!$'e','")a, )*aa)&e"(&")(+

A#a,!("( ' &*e e,a&"'#(*"1 %e&-ee# 1e)"1"&a&"'# a#$ %a(e,'- ' ma>' "ve( (*'-( &*a&

Me5". L'-e 8a&a. U11e 8a&a a#$ Me5" *ave +. +


93/104

/,&"ma&e ,'- &' &*e ,a5e+ I# &*e m'#&* ' N'vem%e '/#$-a&e "#,'- 've '/&,'- e&(

1ea5 1'"#&+ H'-eve. $e")"& $/"# A//(& ma5e( *"*e '/& ,'- &*a# "#,'- "# &*e a##/a,

%a("(+

Ta%,e += S/mma! ' a##/a, La5e "-a! -a&e %a,a#)e

I#,'- m)m O/&,'- m)m C*a#e

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=2? 2@ ?0 == 0


94/104

&*e e;)e(( -a&e ,'(& $/e &' eva1'a&"'#+ S/)* &e)*#"4/e )a# *e,1 &' $eve,'1 m'e aea

/("# &*e (ame am'/#& ' -a&e+

• a&e *ave(&"# *a( &' %e 1a)&")e$ e(1e)"a,,! "# &*e ,'-,a#$ aea( -*ee &*ee "( *"*

eva1'a&"'# &*a& $e1,e&e( ava",a%,e m'"(&/e "# &*e aea( (' a( &' e$/)e a%(&a)&"'#

'm '&*e ('/)e(

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,a5e -*' ae a)"# -a&e (/11,! 1'%,em -*e# &*e ,'- ' B/,%/,a R"ve $"m"#"(*e(+

• E")"e#& ""a&"'# /("# '/#$-a&e "( "m1'&a#& e(1e)"a,,! a& *"* e('/)e aea( ,"5e

ea(&e# a/,& e()a1me#& -*ee 8a&a R"ve ,'((e( &' (/11,eme#& e;"(&"# ()*eme( a#$

e$/)e $"e)& a%(&a)&"'# 'm (/a)e e('/)e(+

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a,,'-"#. a#$ )'#&'/ am"# &' "#)ea(e '/#$-a&e e)*ae a#$ e$/)e ,a#$

$ea$a&"'# -*")* )a# 1'&e#&"a,,! %"# ,'((e( ' ava",a%,e m'"(&/e7 "#),/$"# ,a5e+

• I# '$e &' av'"$ 've a%(&a)&"'# 'm &*e ,a5e e(1e)"a,,! $/"# &*e !ea( ' ,e((

1e)"1"&a&"'# "# &*e )a&)*me#&. &*e ,a5e ,eve, (*'/,$ %e m'#"&'e$ %e'e ""a&"'#

a)&"v"&"e( "# &*e aea+

• C'mm/#"&! a-ae#e(( a#$ &a"#"# a%'/& &*e ee)& ' &*e" a)&"v"&"e( '# &*e *!$','")

e#v"'#me#& a( -e,, a( e")"e#& a#$ (/(&a"#a%,e /(e ' &*e" -a&e e('/)e(+

• F')/("# '# *"* va,/e )'1(. /("# ,"m"&e$ aea a#$ -a&e. )a# e$/)e &*e am'/#& '

a%(&a)&e$ -a&e. "#)ea(e 1'$/)&"v"&! a#$ *e#)e &*e a)*"eveme#& ' e4/"&a%,e -a&e

e('/)e $"(&"%/&"'#+


95/104

REFERENCE@

C',e%a#$e. J+H+.


96/104

' ,ae ,a5e( a#$ e(ev'"(+ V',+


97/104

@=11+

S',5','v. A+A C*a1ma#. T+G+e$. e a5'. 200?+ A((e((me#& e1'& '# "-a!

A%"!a&a ,a5e (!(&em+ U#1/%","(*e$ &e)*#")a, e1'&.


98/104

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Vee&a&"'# '/1 S'", &e;&/e

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Sea('#a, ET )'1 mm Sea('#a, ET )'1 mm

A,a,a

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N'L ')a&"'#

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102/104

Yea A%/a F"&e D/$a

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Catchent

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,!e&a%"taira

Pan$apora-tion

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1970 886 1207 ?? 1420 1484

1971 860 1026 @2 1283 1044

1972 918 1200

Alemu Diribssa.doc

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