Alcohol and Its Abuse Drugs and Our Society Part 13.

Alcohol and Its AbuseAlcohol and Its Abuse

Drugs and Our SocietyDrugs and Our Society

Part 13Part 13

Effects of AlcoholEffects of Alcohol1.1. Impact on the United StatesImpact on the United States

-- and the worldand the world

a. Alcohol effects everyonea. Alcohol effects everyone

- by own use- by own use

- someone else’s use- someone else’s use

b. Attitudes: run the gamutb. Attitudes: run the gamut

- from reverence- from reverence

- to dismay- to dismay

Effects, cont.Effects, cont.2.2. Oldest known drugOldest known drug

- primitive societies: ritually / socially- primitive societies: ritually / socially

- anxiety / unstable environment- anxiety / unstable environment

a. Not always acknowledged as a druga. Not always acknowledged as a drug

- it is legal- it is legal

- harmful / government would control- harmful / government would control

- commercials: beautiful people - commercials: beautiful people drinkingdrinking

b. Parents / role models consume b. Parents / role models consume

Effects, contEffects, cont3.3. People drink for many reasonsPeople drink for many reasons

- relax- relax

- reduce inhibitions- reduce inhibitions

- pleasure- pleasure

- to forget- to forget

- intoxication- intoxication

a. Part of social fabric / American lifea. Part of social fabric / American life

- family dinners / festive occasions / - family dinners / festive occasions / supersuper bowl / weddings / celebrate bowl / weddings / celebrate holidays holidays

Effects, cont.Effects, cont.b. Difficult to think of drug:b. Difficult to think of drug:

- served many cultural - served many cultural purposespurposes

- cause so much havoc- cause so much havoc

4.4. History of alcoholHistory of alcohol use in US use in US

- beginning of colonial times- beginning of colonial times

- temperance movement / Prohibition / - temperance movement / Prohibition /

contemporary usecontemporary use

a. Colonial timesa. Colonial times

History of AlcoholHistory of Alcohol - 1620: Plymouth Rock- 1620: Plymouth Rock

- positive attitude towards alcohol- positive attitude towards alcohol

- drinking in moderation: acceptable- drinking in moderation: acceptable

- drunkenness was punished- drunkenness was punished

b. Importance of alcoholb. Importance of alcohol

- sanitation / nutrients- sanitation / nutrients

(1) Sanitary practices lacking(1) Sanitary practices lacking

- wells contaminated- wells contaminated

History, cont.History, cont. - was a preservative- was a preservative

(2) Important nutrients(2) Important nutrients

- vitamins / minerals / yeast- vitamins / minerals / yeast

- made from grains / vegetables- made from grains / vegetables

(3) 1640: first distillery (Staten Island)(3) 1640: first distillery (Staten Island)

- Dutch rum trade- Dutch rum trade

- New England’s largest business- New England’s largest business

- most profitable- most profitable

History, cont.History, cont.c. Consumption peaked: 1801 – c. Consumption peaked: 1801 –

18091809

- Jefferson’s presidency- Jefferson’s presidency

- farmer’s took alcohol into fields- farmer’s took alcohol into fields

- employers gave to employees on - employers gave to employees on jobjob

- politicians gave to voters at polls- politicians gave to voters at polls

d. Continental Armyd. Continental Army

- troops received daily rations- troops received daily rations

- either rum or whiskey- either rum or whiskey

History, cont.History, cont.e. 1850: first national censuse. 1850: first national census

- aged 15 or older- aged 15 or older

- over 6 gallons per person- over 6 gallons per person

- twice the levels of today- twice the levels of today

5.5. Temperance movement (early 1800s)Temperance movement (early 1800s)

- stop escalating use / abuse- stop escalating use / abuse

- few made connection between - few made connection between alcohol /alcohol /

social problemssocial problems

History, cont.History, cont.a. Did realize problem of uncontrolled usea. Did realize problem of uncontrolled use

- began in 1826- began in 1826

- declined during Civil War (1861 – 1865)- declined during Civil War (1861 – 1865)

- reasserted late 1860s- reasserted late 1860s

b. Before Civil War: 6 gallons per adultb. Before Civil War: 6 gallons per adult

- before Prohibition: 2 gallons- before Prohibition: 2 gallons

c. Three most influential in alcohol reformc. Three most influential in alcohol reform

- Women’s Christian Temperance Union- Women’s Christian Temperance Union

History, cont.History, cont. - Anti-Saloon League- Anti-Saloon League

- National Prohibition Party- National Prohibition Party

d. Grew into powerful political forced. Grew into powerful political force

- 1880 to 1889: 7 states prohibition law- 1880 to 1889: 7 states prohibition law

- 1907/1919: 34 states passed- 1907/1919: 34 states passed

- 2 states repealed laws banning - 2 states repealed laws banning alcoholalcohol

6.6. ProhibitionProhibition

- movement gathered strength in early 1900s- movement gathered strength in early 1900s

History, cont.History, cont.- movement to ban gathered strength- movement to ban gathered strength

a. Amendment to bana. Amendment to ban

- ‘- ‘Volstead ActVolstead Act’ (Andrew ’ (Andrew Volstead)Volstead)

- adopted by US Senate (1917)- adopted by US Senate (1917)

- House (1918)- House (1918)

- 35 states must ratify- 35 states must ratify

- all but 2 (Rhode Isl / Connecticut) - all but 2 (Rhode Isl / Connecticut)

- 18- 18thth Amendment (January 16, Amendment (January 16, 1920)1920)

History, cont.History, cont.b. b. Negative effectsNegative effects

- illegal trade in alcohol- illegal trade in alcohol

- using adulterants- using adulterants

- lack of enforcing the law- lack of enforcing the law

- home brewing (not illegal)- home brewing (not illegal)

c. Law repealed (1933): 21c. Law repealed (1933): 21stst AmendmentAmendment

- disregard for law- disregard for law

- loss of jobs- loss of jobs

- loss of revenue- loss of revenue

Current Alcohol UseCurrent Alcohol Use1.1. Most people = Most people = social drinkerssocial drinkers

- drinking patterns: no health/social - drinking patterns: no health/social problemsproblems

- experience immediate risks (accidents)- experience immediate risks (accidents)

- able to abstain at will- able to abstain at will

a. Cannot abstain (medical/social difficulties)a. Cannot abstain (medical/social difficulties)

- - problem drinkersproblem drinkers / / alcoholicsalcoholics

b. Label: depends on criteria usedb. Label: depends on criteria used

- can abuse / not be alcoholic- can abuse / not be alcoholic

Current Use, cont.Current Use, cont. - problem drinkers: not drink daily- problem drinkers: not drink daily

b. Not easily categorizedb. Not easily categorized

- do they: drink alone or with friends- do they: drink alone or with friends

- do they: drink and drive / or take - do they: drink and drive / or take taxitaxi

c. One factor observed:c. One factor observed:

- costs rise / consumption drops- costs rise / consumption drops

- among social drinkers- among social drinkers

- not heavy drinkers - not heavy drinkers

Current Use, cont.Current Use, cont.d. State cracking down (alcohol level) d. State cracking down (alcohol level) - DUI: .08%- DUI: .08% - 26 states: drive-thru alcohol sales- 26 states: drive-thru alcohol sales - Washington state: Sunday sales- Washington state: Sunday sales

2.2. Drinking patternsDrinking patterns- vary among different groups- vary among different groups

a. College studentsa. College students - fraternity/sorority: higher consumption- fraternity/sorority: higher consumption than students not affiliatedthan students not affiliated

Current Use, cont.Current Use, cont.b. Gay / lesbian / bisexual college b. Gay / lesbian / bisexual college

studentsstudents

- more than heterosexual - more than heterosexual

c. Heavy drinkingc. Heavy drinking

- highly correlated with bar patronage- highly correlated with bar patronage

- singles / males- singles / males

d. Alcohol-related problemsd. Alcohol-related problems

- greater: more access to places to - greater: more access to places to drinkdrink

or buyor buy

Current Use, cont.Current Use, cont.e. Per capita consumptione. Per capita consumption

- higher in New England states- higher in New England states

- lowest in Mid-Atlantic states- lowest in Mid-Atlantic states

f. f. Men vs. WomenMen vs. Women

- men more likely to drink- men more likely to drink

- consumption levels: greater- consumption levels: greater

- heavy drinking by younger - heavy drinking by younger women women increasing increasing

- single older women- single older women

Current Use, cont.Current Use, cont.3.3. Drinking patterns of womenDrinking patterns of women

- more seeking treatment- more seeking treatment

a. Demographic subgroupsa. Demographic subgroups - unemployed- unemployed - looking for work- looking for work - employed part-time- employed part-time

b. Patterns more prevalent among:b. Patterns more prevalent among: - divorced / separated- divorced / separated - unmarried / living with a partner- unmarried / living with a partner

Current Use, cont.Current Use, cont.c. Age 20 to early 30sc. Age 20 to early 30s

- husband / partner drinks heavily- husband / partner drinks heavily

- greater risk for problem drinker- greater risk for problem drinker

d. 21 – 34 with childrend. 21 – 34 with children

- less likely to report drinking - less likely to report drinking problemsproblems

4.4. College campus arrests (alcohol / drugs)College campus arrests (alcohol / drugs)

- increased dramatically- increased dramatically

- may reflect stricter enforcement- may reflect stricter enforcement

Campus Arrests, cont.Campus Arrests, cont.a. a. AlcoholAlcohol - Michigan State University - 856- Michigan State University - 856 - University of Maine -- University of Maine - 673673 - Western Michigan University -- Western Michigan University - 563563 - University of CA, Berkeley -- University of CA, Berkeley -546546

b. b. DrugsDrugs - University of CA, Berkeley -- University of CA, Berkeley -265265 - University of Maine -- University of Maine - 143143 - Michigan State University -- Michigan State University - 133133 - University of Washington -- University of Washington - 127127

Binge DrinkingBinge Drinking1.1. Among young people:Among young people:

- 5 or more drinks (men)- 5 or more drinks (men)

- 4 drinks (women)- 4 drinks (women)

- in short period of time- in short period of time

a. Starts around age 13a. Starts around age 13

- increases during adolescence- increases during adolescence

b. 14% (13 – 17) met criteria / heavy b. 14% (13 – 17) met criteria / heavy drinkingdrinking

- only 16%: admitted drinking problem- only 16%: admitted drinking problem

Binge Drinking, cont.Binge Drinking, cont.2.2. Parties very / somewhat importantParties very / somewhat important

- more likely to binge- more likely to binge

a. High school athletesa. High school athletes

- more likely than non-athletes- more likely than non-athletes

b. More than 2/3s high school studentsb. More than 2/3s high school students

- obtain alcohol from 21 or older- obtain alcohol from 21 or older

c. 14%: 18 to 20 years – commercial c. 14%: 18 to 20 years – commercial outletoutlet

Older AmericansOlder Americans1.1. 60 years and older60 years and older

- lower levels of use / abuse- lower levels of use / abuse

- alcoholism: increasing- alcoholism: increasing

a. Vulnerabilitya. Vulnerability

- loneliness / isolation- loneliness / isolation

- 10% of all elderly- 10% of all elderly

b. b. Older menOlder men

- twice as likely as older women- twice as likely as older women

Older Americans, cont.Older Americans, cont. - alcohol related problems- alcohol related problems

- late-life onset of alcoholism- late-life onset of alcoholism

c. Primary reason problem drinking so lowc. Primary reason problem drinking so low

- heavy drinkers dying - heavy drinkers dying

2.2. Race and alcohol useRace and alcohol use

- 29% African-American men: abstain- 29% African-American men: abstain

- 23% Caucasian men: abstain- 23% Caucasian men: abstain

-- 46%: black women / 34%: white 46%: black women / 34%: white women women

Race, cont.Race, cont.a. Heavy drinkinga. Heavy drinking

- more prevalent in 18 – 29 age - more prevalent in 18 – 29 age groupgroup

- both white men and women- both white men and women

b. This age group for black b. This age group for black men/womenmen/women

- more likely to abstain- more likely to abstain

1.1. Alcoholic beveragesAlcoholic beverages

- central nervous system depressant- central nervous system depressant

- “ethyl alcohol” / not “methyl alcohol” - “ethyl alcohol” / not “methyl alcohol”

Beverages, cont.Beverages, cont.a. a. FermentationFermentation

- certain yeasts with carbon / hydrogen /- certain yeasts with carbon / hydrogen /

oxygen of sugar and wateroxygen of sugar and water

- transform: ethyl alcohol/carbon dioxide- transform: ethyl alcohol/carbon dioxide

- yields beverage 14% alcohol- yields beverage 14% alcohol

b. Distillation: percentage increasedb. Distillation: percentage increased

- lower boiling point than other liquids- lower boiling point than other liquids

- steam rises / cooled / back to liquid- steam rises / cooled / back to liquid

- distilled liquid: higher alcohol content- distilled liquid: higher alcohol content

Process, cont.Process, cont.2.2. BeerBeer

- sprouted barley added to cereal grains- sprouted barley added to cereal grains

- changes carbohydrates to sugar- changes carbohydrates to sugar

- yeast: changes sugar into 5% alcohol- yeast: changes sugar into 5% alcohol

Pharmacology of AlcoholPharmacology of Alcohol

1.1. Transformed in the liver: Transformed in the liver: acetaldehydeacetaldehyde

- then into: acetate / water / carbon - then into: acetate / water / carbon dioxidedioxide

(acetate acid = vinegar)(acetate acid = vinegar)

Process, cont.Process, cont.a. Most toxic poison createda. Most toxic poison created

- alcohol metabolism- alcohol metabolism

b. Found in: cigarette smoke / car b. Found in: cigarette smoke / car exhaustexhaust

/ embalming fluid (“getting bombed”)/ embalming fluid (“getting bombed”)

c. Causes: hangovers / liver disease / c. Causes: hangovers / liver disease /

cancer / alcoholismcancer / alcoholism

- interferes with neurotransmitter - interferes with neurotransmitter activityactivity

- you drink = you ingest poison- you drink = you ingest poison

Pharmacology, cont.Pharmacology, cont.2.2. Rate of eliminationRate of elimination

- excreted in urine / breath / sweat- excreted in urine / breath / sweat

a. Leaves body: 3/4a. Leaves body: 3/4thth ounce per hour ounce per hour

- shot spirits / bottle beer / glass - shot spirits / bottle beer / glass winewine

- about the same amount of alcohol- about the same amount of alcohol

- produce same intoxicating effect- produce same intoxicating effect

b. Primary site of absorption b. Primary site of absorption

- small intestine- small intestine

Pharmacology, cont.Pharmacology, cont.2.2. Factors effecting absorption rateFactors effecting absorption rate

a. Food in stomacha. Food in stomach - absorbed more slowly- absorbed more slowly - wine/beer less quickly = distilled spirits- wine/beer less quickly = distilled spirits - champagne: exception (carbon dioxide)- champagne: exception (carbon dioxide) - liquor + carbonated beverage (quickly)- liquor + carbonated beverage (quickly)

b. Males / females: absorb at different ratesb. Males / females: absorb at different rates - male: larger / more water- male: larger / more water - less likely to feel effects same amount- less likely to feel effects same amount

Pharmacology, cont.Pharmacology, cont.c. Premenstrual phasec. Premenstrual phase

- absorb more quickly- absorb more quickly

- birth control pills: more quickly- birth control pills: more quickly

3.3. Concentration in bloodConcentration in blood

- blood alcohol concentration (BAC)- blood alcohol concentration (BAC)

- blood alcohol level (BAL)- blood alcohol level (BAL)

a. Effect of alcohol on individuala. Effect of alcohol on individual

- correlates to % of alcohol in - correlates to % of alcohol in bloodstream bloodstream

Pharmacology, cont.Pharmacology, cont.b. Consumed at rate exceeding b. Consumed at rate exceeding

metabolismmetabolism

- leaving the body- leaving the body

- BAC rises- BAC rises

c. As BAC risesc. As BAC rises

- behavioral / subjective efforts- behavioral / subjective efforts

- become more pronounced- become more pronounced

- speech / movement / thinking / vision- speech / movement / thinking / vision

d. Drinking too much / short time / fatald. Drinking too much / short time / fatal

Health EffectsHealth Effects1.1. Accounts for 10% of all deaths in USAccounts for 10% of all deaths in US

- alcoholic life expectancy: reduced 15 - alcoholic life expectancy: reduced 15 yearsyears

a. Effects every bodily organa. Effects every bodily organ

- depend on frequency / quantity- depend on frequency / quantity

- type of alcohol does not matter- type of alcohol does not matter

b. Study of adolescentsb. Study of adolescents

- beer / wine / distilled spirits- beer / wine / distilled spirits

- equally damaging physical impairment- equally damaging physical impairment

Effects on BrainEffects on Brain2.2. Alcohol and the brainAlcohol and the brain

- highly sensitive- highly sensitive

a. 5 to 6 drinks dailya. 5 to 6 drinks daily

- adversely affect: cognitive functioning- adversely affect: cognitive functioning

- increase impairment: higher - increase impairment: higher consumptionconsumption

- 15 to 30% nursing home patients- 15 to 30% nursing home patients

b. Acts on b. Acts on cerebrumcerebrum

- affects judgment / reasoning / inhibitions- affects judgment / reasoning / inhibitions

Effects on Brain, cont.Effects on Brain, cont. - stimulates release of - stimulates release of serotoninserotonin

- accounts for disinhibiting effects- accounts for disinhibiting effects

c. Acts on c. Acts on cerebral cortexcerebral cortex

- effects motor activity- effects motor activity

- moods change quickly- moods change quickly

- stimulates release of - stimulates release of dopaminedopamine

- feelings of pleasure / euphoria- feelings of pleasure / euphoria

d. Acts on d. Acts on cerebellumcerebellum

Effects on Brain, cont.Effects on Brain, cont. - senses are impaired- senses are impaired

- experience memory loss- experience memory loss

e. Acts on e. Acts on medullamedulla (increased (increased amounts)amounts)

- sedated to point respiration could - sedated to point respiration could stopstop

3.3. Autopsy studiesAutopsy studies: alcohol shrinks the brain: alcohol shrinks the brain

- especially in women- especially in women

a. Drinking small amounts dailya. Drinking small amounts daily

Effects on Brain, cont.Effects on Brain, cont. - does not affect memory adversely- does not affect memory adversely

- large amounts: harm the memory- large amounts: harm the memory

- - alcohol-induced amnesiaalcohol-induced amnesia last short last short timetime

b. b. Conditioned alcoholicConditioned alcoholic

- appear conscious - appear conscious

- even function when drinking- even function when drinking

- have no memory of what transpired- have no memory of what transpired

- condition referred to as: - condition referred to as:

alcohol-induced blackoutalcohol-induced blackout

Alcohol and the LiverAlcohol and the Liver1.1. Liver: main site of metabolismLiver: main site of metabolism

- heavy use: devastating on liver- heavy use: devastating on liver

a. Three main conditions:a. Three main conditions: - fatty liver- fatty liver - alcohol hepatitis- alcohol hepatitis - cirrhosis- cirrhosis

b. Fatty liverb. Fatty liver - not a serious problem- not a serious problem - may progress into cirrhosis - may progress into cirrhosis

Liver, cont.Liver, cont.c. c. Alcohol hepatitisAlcohol hepatitis

- inflammation of liver- inflammation of liver

d. d. CirrhosisCirrhosis

- injury and scarring- injury and scarring

- destruction of normal liver tissue- destruction of normal liver tissue

- results: 25,000 deaths annually- results: 25,000 deaths annually

2.2. Alcohol liver diseaseAlcohol liver disease

- more common in women- more common in women

Liver, cont.Liver, cont.a. Womena. Women

- drink over a period of years- drink over a period of years

- 6 oz. wine / 13 oz. beer / 2 oz. - 6 oz. wine / 13 oz. beer / 2 oz. whiskeywhiskey

b. Menb. Men

- drink over a period of years- drink over a period of years

- 20 oz. wine / 40 oz. beer / 6 oz. - 20 oz. wine / 40 oz. beer / 6 oz. whiskey whiskey

3.3. Alcohol / Intestinal TractAlcohol / Intestinal Tract

Intestinal TractIntestinal Tract - small amounts help digestion- small amounts help digestion

- can irritate stomach- can irritate stomach

- large amounts can cause - large amounts can cause bleedingbleeding

4.4. Alcohol / cardiovascular systemAlcohol / cardiovascular system

-- small amount: help reduce coronary small amount: help reduce coronary diseasedisease

- reduce risk by 40%- reduce risk by 40%

- but only in older adults- but only in older adults

-- for wine / not hard liquorfor wine / not hard liquor

Cardiovascular, cont.Cardiovascular, cont.a. Heavy use:a. Heavy use:

- degeneration of heart muscle- degeneration of heart muscle

- Alcoholic Heart Muscle Disease - Alcoholic Heart Muscle Disease (AHMD)(AHMD)

- - cardiomyopathycardiomyopathy: becomes : becomes inflamedinflamed

b. High blood pressureb. High blood pressure

- deficient circulation of blood- deficient circulation of blood

- abnormal cardiac rhythm- abnormal cardiac rhythm

5.5. Other problems:Other problems:

Other Problems, cont.Other Problems, cont. - impacts immune system / white blood - impacts immune system / white blood

cells cells

a. Research: links alcohol use and cancera. Research: links alcohol use and cancer

- esophageal cancer- esophageal cancer

- 10 times greater: consume 21 drinks or - 10 times greater: consume 21 drinks or

more per weekmore per week

b. b. Fetal Alcohol SyndromeFetal Alcohol Syndrome

- 3- 3rdrd most common cause of birth most common cause of birth defects defects

Problems, cont.Problems, cont.6.6. Underage drinkingUnderage drinking

- 10% of all alcohol consumed- 10% of all alcohol consumed- 1/3- 1/3rdrd consume at least once per month consume at least once per month- underage males: more than adult males- underage males: more than adult males- underage females: slightly less- underage females: slightly less

a. Problems generated:a. Problems generated: - automobile accidents: death / injuries- automobile accidents: death / injuries - alcohol induced violence- alcohol induced violence - unplanned / unprotected sex- unplanned / unprotected sex

Problems, cont.Problems, cont. - poor academic performance- poor academic performance

- school dropout rate- school dropout rate

- delinquent (illegal) behavior- delinquent (illegal) behavior

b. Early 1970s: states lowered drinking b. Early 1970s: states lowered drinking ageage

- if you can go to war / you can drink- if you can go to war / you can drink

- accidents / injuries / deaths - accidents / injuries / deaths increasedincreased

- 1984: feds set drinking age at 21- 1984: feds set drinking age at 21

- highway funds to control states- highway funds to control states

AlcoholismAlcoholism1.1. Alcoholism has many definitionsAlcoholism has many definitions

- none universally accepted- none universally accepted

a. Many consider it a diseasea. Many consider it a disease

- identified as having a personal defect- identified as having a personal defect

- used term alcoholic for decades- used term alcoholic for decades

b. Today: alcohol abuse / dependence b. Today: alcohol abuse / dependence usedused

- US Dept. Health and Human Services- US Dept. Health and Human Services

definition:definition:

Alcoholism, cont.Alcoholism, cont. ““A disease that is characterized by A disease that is characterized by

abnormal alcohol-seeking behavior abnormal alcohol-seeking behavior thatthat

leads to impaired control over leads to impaired control over drinking.”drinking.”

b. WithdrawalWithdrawal

- alcohol can create dependency- alcohol can create dependency

- drinking stops: withdrawal symptoms- drinking stops: withdrawal symptoms

c. First 5 days: most severec. First 5 days: most severe

- symptoms can last for weeks- symptoms can last for weeks

Alcoholism, cont.Alcoholism, cont. - craving for alcohol obvious symptom- craving for alcohol obvious symptom

2.2. Physical symptomsPhysical symptoms::

-- headaches / sweating / nausea / headaches / sweating / nausea / insomniainsomnia

- loss of appetite / paleness / rapid heart rate- loss of appetite / paleness / rapid heart rate

- clammy skin / abnormal movements- clammy skin / abnormal movements

- hand tremors / stomach cramps- hand tremors / stomach cramps

a. Severe symptoms:a. Severe symptoms:

- confusion/hallucination (delirium tremor)- confusion/hallucination (delirium tremor)

Alcoholism, cont.Alcoholism, cont.3.3. Causes for:Causes for:

-- 1800s: common view = personal 1800s: common view = personal choicechoice

- heredity / socio-cultural / biochemistry / - heredity / socio-cultural / biochemistry /

personality / interpersonal factorspersonality / interpersonal factors

a. a. GeneticsGenetics

- research on twins- research on twins

- 31% for identical / 24% fraternal- 31% for identical / 24% fraternal

b. b. Psychosocial factorsPsychosocial factors

Alcoholism, cont.Alcoholism, cont. - look at why we start drinking- look at why we start drinking

- why we continue- why we continue

- factors that influence- factors that influence

c. c. CultureCulture

- attitude of culture / subculture / - attitude of culture / subculture / groupgroup

- used in religion / families / - used in religion / families / neighborsneighbors

- less likely abused- less likely abused

4.4. Alcohol and societyAlcohol and society

Alcohol and SocietyAlcohol and Society- can devastate friends / family / others- can devastate friends / family / others

a. a. StatisticsStatistics - 6 to 11% of elderly admitted to - 6 to 11% of elderly admitted to hospitalshospitals - 20% in psychiatric wards- 20% in psychiatric wards - 14% in emergency rooms (alcoholism)- 14% in emergency rooms (alcoholism) - 25% all emergency room admissions- 25% all emergency room admissions

b. b. Automobile accidentsAutomobile accidents - leading cause of death (5 to 34 years - leading cause of death (5 to 34 years old)old) - 2/3s involve alcohol - 2/3s involve alcohol

Alcohol and Society, cont.Alcohol and Society, cont.c. How alcohol affects the driverc. How alcohol affects the driver

- process information more slowly- process information more slowly

- look at center of visual field / do not - look at center of visual field / do not

use peripheral visionuse peripheral vision

- unable to deal with multiple sources - unable to deal with multiple sources ofof

informationinformation

- even moderate drinkers (.05 BAC) - even moderate drinkers (.05 BAC)

underestimate hazards when drivingunderestimate hazards when driving

d. Accidentsd. Accidents

Alcohol and Society, cont.Alcohol and Society, cont. - more likely injury accidents / fatal - more likely injury accidents / fatal

fallsfalls - .10 BAC = 10% more likely to fall- .10 BAC = 10% more likely to fall

e. e. SuicideSuicide - 20 to 36% after consuming alcohol- 20 to 36% after consuming alcohol - related primarily to distilled spirits- related primarily to distilled spirits

f. f. Family violenceFamily violence - 57% men under influence- 57% men under influence - 27% women- 27% women - alcohol use escalates / so does - alcohol use escalates / so does

violenceviolence