The Treatment of Alcohol Withdrawal and Alcoholic Hepatitis Dr R J Warner SpR to Dr Summerton
The Treatment of Alcohol Withdrawal and Alcoholic
Hepatitis
Dr R J Warner
SpR to Dr Summerton
The extent of the problem 1
• >300,000 people in the UK have ETOH related problems
• 5% of males vs. 2% of females report ETOH related problems
• mortality/morbidity is 2-3X general population
The extent of the problem 2
• 30-40% of A&E attendees have ETOH concentrations >legal driving limit
• 20% of male medical admissions are alcohol related
• 1 in 5 “healthy males” attending well-man clinics have biochemical evidence of abuse
• average consumption has increased from 5.2litres in 1950 to 8.5litres in 1991
The extent of the problem 3
The average GP with 2000 patients will have
• 100 heavy drinkers
• 40 problem drinkers
• 10 physically dependant
Percentage of adults with excess alcohol consumption
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
18-24 25-44 45-64 65+ total
malefemale
Symptoms of withdrawal within 12 hours
• agitation
• nausea
• sweating
• misperception
• tremor
Symptoms of withdrawal within 48 hours
Alcoholic fits ( also known as “rum fits”)
• common in alcoholics
• occasionally in single binge drinkers
• subsequent EEG in normal
Alcohol withdrawal after 24 hours- Delirium Tremens
Symptoms• disorientation• agitation• tremor• visual hallucinations
Signs• sweating• tachycardia• tachypnoea• pyrexia• dehydration
Differential Diagnosis for the Alcoholic Patient
• trauma
• metabolic
• toxicology
• infection
• psychiatric
Management of alcohol withdrawal
• General alcohol withdrawal
• Alcoholic seizures
• DTs
• Alcoholic hepatitis
General alcohol withdrawal
• vitamins
• chlordiazepoxide
• fluid balance
• antibiotics if appropriate
• nutrition
• education
Alcoholic Seizures
• ABCDEFG
• iv diazemuls
• consider phenytoin
• oral benzodiazepines
• exclude other causes of seizures
• without an epileptogenic focus there is no role for long term anticonvulsants
DTs
• as for general alcohol withdrawal but more aggressive, especially electrolyte imbalance
• consider iv lorazepam
• avoid haloperidol
• avoid heminevrin
• involve family
Alcoholic Hepatitis• Withdrawal of ETOH often appears to exacerbate
the LFTs• several mechanisms involved, but attention is now
focused on the immune system levels of IgA, ANA, anti ds DNA IL-1, IL-6, IL-8• B & T lymphocytes found in portal/periportal
areas• TNF can induce apoptosis of hepatocytes
Mortality for alcoholic hepatitis
• Overall 30 day mortality ~ 15%
• if severe ~ 50%
• if mild ~ < 5%
• 1 year mortality ~ 40%
Treatment of alcoholic hepatitis 1
Standard treatment
• stop alcohol!
• Vitamins - pabrinex & thiamine
• ? Vitamin K
Treatment of alcoholic hepatitis 2
Treat complications
• fits
• withdrawal
• DTs
• GI bleeding
• encephalopathy
Treatment of alcoholic hepatitis 3
Failed treatments• anabolic steroids (Mendenhall 1993)
oxandrolone had no benefit• propylthiouracil basal metabolic rate of
liver - no benefit in 2 large randomised studies
• parvolex/vitamin E/amlodipine all tried with no benefit
Treatment of alcoholic hepatitis 4
Successful treatments
• transplant
• insulin/glucagon
• nutrition
• corticosteroids
• infliximab
The debate about corticosteroids 1
• >50 studies published over 30 years
• no benefit for mild alcoholic hepatitis
• suppress inflammatory & immune mediated hepatic destruction
• anti-anabolic effects suppress regeneration & may slow healing
risk of complications
The debate about corticosteroids 2
• 3 large meta-analyses favour steroids
• 1 large meta-analysis does not
• overall benefit is for severe disease +/- encephalopathy
• severe alcoholic hepatitis defined by Maddrey’s discriminate factor (DF) >32 (Maddrey et al 1978)
Maddrey’s formula
4.6 x (prothrombin time - control in seconds)
+bilirubin (micromols/litre) /17
The debate about corticosteroids 3
• Ramond et al 1992
• 61 patients with severe disease
• 32 had 40mg prednisolone for 28/7
• 29 had placebo
• 16/29 died by 2 months
• 4/32 died by 2 months
Use of steroids with infliximab 1
• Spahr et al J Hep 2002• first human study (pilot) • 20 patients with severe AH• 11 received prednisolone 40mg &
infliximab 5mg/kg iv• 9 received prednisolone 40mg & placebo• histology, IL-6 & IL-8 were measured @
days 0 & 10
Maddrey’s score
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
day 0 day 10 day 28
placeboinfliximab
Serum bilirubin
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
day 0 day 10 day 28
placeboinfliximab
Interleukins
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
IL-6 day 0 IL-6 day 10 IL-8 day 0 IL-8 day10
placeboinfliximab
Conclusions from the study
• Infliximab was well tolerated
• significant improvement in Maddrey’s score
• favourable changes in IL levels
• hopefully larger studies will now take place
The last slide!
• Without treatment prognosis for AH is poor
• Many treatment strategies have been tried
• Prednisolone & nutrition are indicated
• Infliximab may have a role