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1
Alcoa Foundations Conservation and sustainability Fellowship
Program
Best Practices and Innovation of Biodiversity Conservation as
Friendly
Ways of Adapting to Climate Change in Forest, Coastal, and
Agro
Ecosystem in Indonesia
By
Indah Budiani
2009
The Indonesian Biodiversity Foundation (Yayasan KEHATI)
Jl. Bangka VIII/3B Pela Mampang, Jakarta Selatan 12720,
INDONESIA.
Email: [email protected]. Telp. +62-21-7183185. F:
+62-21-7196131
mailto:[email protected]
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Final report KEHATI-Alcoa-IUCN, 11 November 2009
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Acknowledgments
I would like to express my gratitude to all those who gave me
the possibility to complete this
thesis. Financial support for this research project that was
provided by Alcoa Foundation
Conservation and Sustainability Fellowship Program, Institute
for International Education is
acknowledged and greatly appreciated. I am very grateful to Jeff
McNeely, Wendy Price,
Joshua Bishop, and Gonzalo Oviedo from the International Union
for Conservation of Nature
(IUCN), and Diana Simon, Illiana Kurtzig and Caitlin Burton from
Institute of International Education
(IIE), for all support, guidance, and advices during the
research.
Thanks to all my supervisors and colleagues in The Indonesian
Biodiversity Foundation (Yayasan
KEHATI) for providing much support throughout the research,
especially Damayanti Buchori whose
giving me support and encouragement for the fellowship.
Last, but not least I also want to thanks all the contributors;
KEHATIs grantees, partners, and all the
people who has helped me in completing this research.
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Table of Content
1. Introduction
............................................................................................................................
4
a. Research Background: Climate Change and the impact in
Indonesia ............................................ 4 b.
Expected result of the research
..............................................................................................................
5 c. Research Method
........................................................................................................................................
5
2. Best Practices of Biodiversity Conservation on Adapting to
Climate Change ......................... 6
a. Agro ecosystem
....................................................................................................................................
6 1. Biodiversity of Rice Paddy
................................................................................................................
6 2. Biodiversity for organic fertilizer and pesticide
............................................................................
7 3. Nitrogen fixator
..................................................................................................................................
8 4. Pioneer plants for Rehabilitation of Marginal Land
....................................................................
9 5. Crops Production in a Dry Land
Ecosystem.................................................................................
11
b. Marine, Coastal and Small Islands ecosystem
...................................................................................
13 1. Mangrove for coastal protection
....................................................................................................
13 2. Coastal Plants and Multi Purpose Tree Species as barrier and
for coastal rehabilitation . 15
c. Forest
..........................................................................................................................................................
16 1. Sago (Metroxylon sago)
...................................................................................................................
16 2. Trees Conservation
.............................................................................................................................
17 3. Medicinal Plants
..................................................................................................................................
19 4. Cultivication of Medicinal Plant on Marginal Land, for
Socio-Economic Improvement ......... 21
3. Innovation of Biodiversity Conservation on Adapting to
Climate Change ........................... 22
a. Agro ecosystem
........................................................................................................................................
22 1. Rice Paddy Varieties in Saline Land
..............................................................................................
22 2. Rooftop garden and vertical planting
...........................................................................................
22
b. Marine, Coastal, and Small Islands ecosystem
..................................................................................
23 1. Green Belt
...........................................................................................................................................
23
2. Regional Marine Conservation Area
..............................................................................................
23 c. Forest ecosystem
.......................................................................................................................................
23
City Forest as replication of lembo
.....................................................................................................
23 4. Role of Cultural Values and Traditional Knowledge on
Biodiversity Conservation on
Adapting to Climate Change
....................................................................................................
25
Sasi System
....................................................................................................................................................
25 Biodiversity Conservation as part of Balinese culture
..........................................................................
26
Lembo
...........................................................................................................................................................
26 5. Resume and Recomendation
............................................................................................
28
References
................................................................................................................................
29
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1. Introduction
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1. Introduction
a. Research Background: Climate Change and the impact in
Indonesia
Nowadays, people often talk about climate change. The phenomena
where the temperature of the
earth is increasing caused by the increasing greenhouse gasses,
have been creating a lot of
damage and severe on earth. Some mechanisms have been developed
as a way to adapting to
climate change such as REDD, CDM, and others. The world now
really focuses on climate change.
Climate change could a major impact and particularly on the
poorest people in Indonesia. Many
climate-related hazards, including floods, droughts, storms,
landslides and wild land fires occurred
more often than before and will continue to be more frequent or
more severe.1
1. Between 1844 and 1960, droughts happened on average every
four years, but between 1961 and 2006, they occurred in every 3
years.
2. Floods are also appearing more frequently. In the period
2001-2004, about 530 floods were reported; occurring in almost all
provinces (Figure 3). The scale of damage is also increasing.
The El Nio event of 1997-1998 was the most severe for 50 years;
indeed, 1998 was the
hottest year in the twentieth century.
3. These more frequent El Nios are occurring at a time of global
warming. Data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration indicate that ten of the strongest El-Nio
events occurred after the 1970s as global warming started to
accelerate. Whether changes
we are now experiencing are coming from El Nio or from the
greenhouse effect or a
combination of the two, it seems clear that Indonesia is already
experiencing climate change
and that the consequences could be felt for many generations to
come.
Among the consequences we can expect are changes in seasons and
rainfall, more extreme
weather events, rises in sea levels, warmer oceans, and higher
air temperatures.
1 The other half of Climate Change; Why Indonesia must adapt to
protect its poorest people. UNDP, 2007.
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1. Introduction
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b. Expected result of the research
Even though the world has been focusing much to develop some
mechanism such as (Reducing
Emission from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) and Clean
Development Mechanism (CDM)
as part of mitigation, the adaptation to climate change itself
has to be highlighted and
developed, especially those based on local community. It is
important since the local community is
the most vulnerable among other, and because they have their own
knowledge that made them
adaptable to climate change.
The research will study and disseminate traditional knowledge
and best practices related to
climate change adaptation in forest, coastal and small islands,
and agro ecosystems. The goal is to
improve community preparedness and resilience to cope with the
unpredictable impact of climate
change.
Biodiversity has the ability to reduce risks and
vulnerabilities, as well as protect lives, livelihoods,
wealth, and well-being from climactic disasters. The research
will identify the best practices of
local people in biodiversity use, conservation, and biodiversity
restoration and management. In
addition, it will also examine how scientific innovation can
improve the ability of biodiversity
services to adapt to climate change.
c. Research Method
The method used for the research is an empirical study based on
qualitative research;
surveys/field study, interview, and literatures study.
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2. Best Practices
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Beras Bulu
2. Best Practices of Biodiversity Conservation on Adapting to
Climate Change
a. Agro ecosystem
Agroecosystem produces many crops which become main food
resources. Due to climate change,
where drought and flood often occure unpredictably causing
decreasing of agricultural land, those
crops productions are inevitably affected. Therefore, crops that
able to grow in such extreme
conditions and several types of land, and also biodiversity that
are still able to support crops
production such as fertilizer or pesricide, will be the
solution.
1. Biodiversity of Rice Paddy Rice is the main food resources
for people in Indonesia. Almost of all the people in Indonesia
eat
rice twice or trice a day as they really depend on rice
resource. Although they have eaten bread
or noodle, without rice it will be just a snack and they will
still look for rice to eat.
Paddy for inundated land
There are places in Pangandaran, West Java, where during wet
season, some parts of agriculture land are covered by water
either
caused by rainfall or water from mountain which at locally
called
Megu. In adapting to this phenomenon, the local people use
variety
of paddy which able to grow under a deep water.
This variety has a long high stick thus the paddy will not get
drowned.
This could be an answer for the impacted agriculture land
of climate changes which causing flood in a long period.
Paddy for dry land
In Sumba, an island with a dry land ecosystem, there are some
local paddy varieties
that able to grow in such condition i.e Beras Kalalo and Beras
Bulu. Besides for
primary food source, the rice can also used for cake (Kue
Cucur).
Tidal rice Approximately, there are 1 million hectares of tidal
rice, mainly in Kalimantan, but the
potential is close to 10 million hectares, where around 60% of
this area is influenced
Megu
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2. Best Practices
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by tides. Inundation is caused when the incoming tide forms a
barrier to rivers flowing into the sea,
which then flood areas with fresh, but somewhat brackish
water.
Paraquat - a herbicide - is a key component of the developing
tidal rice growing system because
it is the only herbicide that can provide fast weed control,
even when the land is flooded twice a
day.
2. Biodiversity for organic fertilizer and pesticide
Nowadays farmers find the best way to increase the yield by
using organic fertilizer rather than
chemical fertilizer. Based on the observation in some areas such
as Pangandaran and
Semau Island - as dry land - are; fertilizer from organic
material is more benefiting
the farmer. It is a low cost fertilizer and deliver higher
result than chemical fertilizer.
As mitigation to climate change, such biodiversity resources
become very important since
few reports describe how chemical-intensive farming has led to
increased levels of
greenhouse gas emissions, primarily as a result of the overuse
of fertilizers and soil
degradation. The report has shown that farm chemicals work
against nature and create
more problems than solutions.2
Believing natural pesticide and fertilizer, people in Kulon
Progo and Semau Island use
these plants for pesticide and fertilizer:
- Jengkol (Pithecellobium jiringa) - Asian palmyra palm / lontar
(Borasus flaberlifer) - Widuri (Calotropis gigantean R.Br), usually
found in abandoned
farmland.
- Damar merah (S. parvifolia Dyer) - Begonia (Begoniaceae), as
liquid fertilizer - Air nira (sweet palm sap or juice) - Lengkuas
(Alpinia galanga)
- Kunyit (Curcuma domestica) - Daun sirih (Piper Betle Linn) -
Pepper (Piper nigrum Linn) - Garlic (Allium sativum)
2 Bellarby, Foereid, Hastings and Smith. Cool farming: Climate
impacts of agriculture and mitigation potential. January, 2008.
Damar
Lengkuas
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Most of these plants are easily found in a dry land ecosystem
and are proven have ability in
stimulating crops yield. These plants could be utilized as part
of adaptation to climate change
efforts since people have been using them for stimulating crops
production in a very dry land, a
situation that may occure as impact of climate change.
3. Nitrogen fixator
Freshly-dug peanuts (Arachis hypogea
Farmers in Semau Island a dry land ecosystem - plant freshly-dug
peanuts (Arachus hypogaea)
as one of their best crops. Although they do not tend to
fertilize the soil by
planting peanuts, in fact it reduces fertilizer costs for
farmers since it fixes
atmospheric nitrogen which makes this species well known as the
good crop
for restoration of degraded land.
)
Besides for fixaxing nitrogen, it produces high protein. The
peanuts give
valuable income for local people of the island where it is
famous for it. The
farmers also use particular part of it as serasah / mulsa
(covering the land
surface) for reducing land transpiration and keep the water
longer since the land is very dry,
while the unused part of peanut can be used as energy resource.
This species might be usefull to
fertilize a dry soil impacted by climate change and also
reducing the transpiration.
Alfalfa (medicago sativa) from family leguminoceae, is a cool
season
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa)
perennial legume living from
3 to 12 years, depending on variety and climate. It has a high
resilient to drought.
Like other legumes its root nodules contain bacteria,
Sinorhizobium meliloti, with the ability to fix
nitrogen, producing a high-protein feed regardless of available
nitrogen in the soil. Its nitrogen-
fixing abilities (which increase soil nitrogen) and its use as
an animal feed greatly improved
agricultural efficiency.
Alfalfa has the highest feeding value of all common hay crops,
being used less frequently as
pasture. When grown on soils where it is well-adapted, alfalfa
is the highest yielding forage
plant. It used in agriculture, has a wide range of adaptation
and can be grown from very cold
northern plains to high mountain valleys; from rich
Freshly dug peanuts
Daun sirih
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legumehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinorhizobium_melilotihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_fixationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_fixationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasture
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2. Best Practices
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temperate agricultural regions to Mediterranean climates and
searing hot deserts.[3] Perennial
plants often have deep, extensive root systems which can hold
soil to prevent erosion, capture
dissolved nitrogen before it contaminate ground and surface
water, outcompete weeds (reducing
the need for pesticides), and help to mitigate global warming by
carbon sequestration.
As part of adaptation effort to climate change, people can use
alfalfa for nutrition enrichment of
soil before planting other crops when drought occures.
4. Pioneer plants for Rehabilitation of Marginal Land In
adapting to climate change in unplanted land where soil is dry and
degraded, people can
plant pioneer plants to stimulate the soil production.
One of the importances of pioneer plant - which tolerant with
the toxic of A1- is the ability to
absorp A1 in the soil and save it inside its body, thus the
toxicious A2 in the soil can be reduced
and give an opportunity for other plants to grow with less
resistance to the toxic of A1.
Sub species of pioneering plants are:
- Creeping daisy / Tusuk Konde (Wedelia trilobata)
- Blue Tongue / seduduk (Melastoma malabathriu)
- Cagoon Grass / alang-alang (Imperata cylindrica)
- Wildsugarcane / seriti (Saccharum spontaneum)
- Mexican sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia)
- Starchytapheta indica (pecut kuda)
- Austroepotarium odoratum (putihan, patong, or lonte sore)
These species could be usefull in adapting to climate change in
utilizing underutilized land
to produce crops.
Cogon grass (Imperata cylindrical) and wildsugarcane (Saccharum
spontaneum) 3
In land restoration, the knowledge and information about plants
varieties which are
3 Tumbuhan perintis pemulih lahan kritis; kiat petani membangun
kesuburan tanah (Pioneer plant for critical land rehabilitation; a
farmers guidelines to stimulate soil fertility). Fakultas
Pertanian
Universitas Bengkulu-KEHATI.
Mexican sunflower
Wildsugarcane
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial#cite_note-2#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_sequestration
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2. Best Practices
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adaptive to the dry condition becomes important. Pioneer species
could be the answer for poor
quality soils with few nutrients and lack of water. They are
typically very hearty plants with
adaptations such as long roots, root nodes containing
nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and leaves that
employ transpiration. This can be useful for rehabililtate a dry
and degraded land as impact of
climate change.
The pioneer plants such as alang-alang (Imperata cylindrica),
wildsugarcane well known as seriti
at locally, seduduk, and tusuk konde (Wedelia tribaata) have a
different adaptibility to drought.
Cogon grass (Imperata) and seriti (Saccharum spontaneum) have
the highest adaptibility and
toleranty to the dry condition with their shorter roots compare
with the other three varieties.
Instead of increasing the soil fertility, they make the soil
more barren. But wildsugarcane is good
for conservation because of its strong root able to prevent
erosion or water movement on soil
surface.
Creeping daisy (Wedelia trilobata), the water saver pioneer
plant
Creeping daisy well known as Tusuk konde at locally - is the
water saver plant, while alang-
alang (imperata) and wildsugarcane is the water greedy plant. It
is a creeping evergreen
perennial that roots at the leaf nodes. It grows well under
trees and in full sun to part shade.
Blue Tongue (Melastoma malabathrium) for acid soil
It is well known as Seduduk at locally. For acid soil with A1,
it has the
best tolerant. The benefit is shown from the roots. The deeper
the root
and its branches, the better is its survival ability mechanism
on the
pressured environment.
Bushes and Imperata for land rehabilitation
During 2003 2007 periods, more than 40 species were planted
on
different land cover in Siali-ali South Tapanuli.4
4 Aswandi and Rusli MS Harahap, Bushes and Imperata land:
Rehabilitation of Critical Land
Endemic and exotic-
past-growing species were planted on imperata grassland, under
canopy of past-growing
plantation and enrichment planting on bushes and young secondary
forest. The planting showed
different result for each species influenced by the land cover
types.
. Sialiali, South
Tapanuli North Sumatra. Forest Research Institute of Aek Nauli
in North Sumatra.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diazotrophhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpirationhttp://restoreourforest.blogspot.com/2008/09/rehabilitation-of-critical-land.htmlhttp://restoreourforest.blogspot.com/2008/09/rehabilitation-of-critical-land.html
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The species are Acacia crassicarpa, A. Cunn. ex Benth and
Eucalyptus urophylla ST. Blake, Shorea
platyclados V.Sl, and S. ovalis Bl, Dryobalanops aromatica
Geart, Shorea pinanga Scheff, Acacia
crassicarpa , Anisoptera costata Roxb. and Shorea ovata Dyer ,
S. Ovata, A. costata.
5. Crops Production in a Dry Land Ecosystem
Since global warming gives serious impact to the fertility of
land such as
dryness, some food resources are needed with its ability to grow
in a dry
land.
These species below have ability to grow in a dry land ecosystem
which
some of them have been used as food resources even when famine
hit up in
the year of 1960.
Maize / corn (Zae mays)
It is a member of grass family Poaceae. People in Gorontalo
plant corn as an
alternative food resource. Corn is chosen as an entry point in
agropolitan since its been
few years ago people in Gorontalo plant it with increasing
demand from time to time.
Corn is one of best alternative food resources for a dry land
ecosystem.
People in Pulau Semau plant corn as one of their food resources.
In fact, it was the main
food resources of people on the island before rice was
introduced as part of green
revolution. Nowadays people still plant the corn in wet season,
harvest and keep it on
the ceiling, and eat it during dry season. Besides as food
sources, crops can also be
processed as fuel.
Meanwhile in Lampung a very southern part of Sumatra - one of
variety of corns,
jagung pipilan, a local name, is the reliable crop for people in
the region, considering
few supporting factors in planting it. People in Kecamatan Metro
Kibang - the area
lying along the river basin of Way Sekampung5
- approximately plant the corn (jagung
pipilan) in the dry season due to the suitable soil
condition.
Sweet potatoes; Ubi Hutan (Ipomoea fistulosa)
5 Interview with a farmer, Triman (45), in Desa Gendang Sari,
Kecamatan Metro Kibang, Lampung Timur, Kamis. Panen Jagung Pipilan
di Lampung Timur Melimpah. www.formatnews.com, Kamis, 16 July
2009.
Ubi Mae
http://www.formatnews.com/
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2. Best Practices
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chinese kol
When famine disaster occurred in this area in the year of 1960,
the people went to the forest and
ate sweet potatoes growing in a forest which they know as
gadung.
The reason why only few people cultivate this plant is because
of the belief that the disaster will
happen again if the people start to plant it. Moreover, the
introduction of rice as wealth indicator
of people started in 1960 change part of some culture where
people then prefer to eat rice
instead of their own local food resources where sweet potatoes
is part of it. There is also another
species of sweet potatoes, called ubi Mae. Like sweet potatoes
growing in the forest, there is only
small number of people cultivating this plant.
Gebang palm (Corypha utan)
As part of ecosystem in Semau Island, Gebang palm which at
locally called
Gewang - grows wildly in the island since it grows in the
lowland of a very dried
climate and savannah. Gebang palm is an alternative food
resource for people in
the island by extracting its starch.
Chilli (Capsicum annum)
As their agriculture product, people in Semau with dry land
ecosystem also cultivate chilli and red union. Even though
chilli is not a
local Semau Island species, but it is able to growth in that
dry
condition, it even becomes more famous that those grow in its
place
of origin.
Papaya (Carica papya L.) and banana (Musa acuminate)
Papaya and banana are fruits that still able to grow in Semau
Island, a dry land ecosystem.
Unfortunately people in the island do not take advantage of
these fruits.
Kol / Chinese kol (Brasica oliracea) and kangkong (Ipomoea
aquatica Forsk)
In Kulon Progo - a very dry land in coastal area - the soil
contain iron which makes
the sand even warmer, but people still can plant certain crops
such as Chinese Kol
and kangkong for vegetables.
Chilli
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2. Best Practices
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red onion
Red Onion (Allium cepa L)
In Semau, a dryland ecosystem, red onion is still able to grow.
People use it as
seasoning and herbal medicine.
b. Marine, Coastal and Small Islands ecosystem
Marine, coastal, and small islands are places which are very
vulnerable to the impact of climate
change since they are directly depend on the ocean changes
caused by melted ice in Artic and
Antartica.
In certain areas, people has been doing some effort to stay
survive in these places. Some efforts
can be indicated as best practices in adapting to climate
change..
1. Mangrove for coastal protection6
Mangrove ecosystem is a transition between land and aquatic
ecosystem, found in a tropical or sub tropical area along
the
protected coast and river delta as a coastal plants
community
dominated by few mangrove trees.
These types of plants are able to grow in a tidal area according
to
its tolerancy to salinity, duration of inundation, substrate,
and
coastal morphology.
Mangrove ecosystem is found along the river outfall or the
area
influenced by fluviomarine factor (river flow) and area
dominated
by marinofluvial factor (sea factor).
The vegetation of mangrove ecosystem are few plants like api-api
(Acivennia spp.) akar cakar
ayam/pensil, bakau (Rhizopora spp) akar tongkat, cengal (Ceriops
spp) akar papan, tancang
(Bruguira spp) akar lutut, and pedada (Sonneratia spp).
6 Pedoman pengelolaan Ekosistem Mangrove, direktorat bina
pesisir dirjen Kelautan, Pesisir, dan Pulau-pulau Kecil, DKP.
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2. Best Practices
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Function and benefits of mangrove:
1. Coastl protection and buffering zone for the ecosystem 2.
Biodiversity conservation 3. Fisheries: catched and cultured
fisheries
Mangroves have tremendous social and ecologidal calue. Mangrove
ecosystem provides income
from the collection of mollusks, crustaceans, and fishes.
Mangrove, coral reef, and sea grass are three important
ecosystems in coastal area. The three of
them are interacted with one another and create an ecosystem.
The interaction can be physical,
biological, or chemical. Physically, the three ecosystems are
interacted in tide energy saving to the
coast. Structure of mangrove community and the seagrass will
reproduce if there is coral reef as a
dike as tide barrier in the front.
Interaction of mangrove ecosystem to other coastal
ecosystems
Meanwhile the ability of mangrove and seagrass as sediment trap
and to maintain sediment
stability give benefit to coral reef, since the sediment on
coral surface will interupt photosyntesa
process.
Mangrove rehabilitation should involve local community. Based on
the data, there are about
20.000 ha destructed mangrove forests in Nothern part of Java
has successfully rehabilitated
using Rhizopora spp and Avicennia spp with presentage of success
about 60%-70%
(Soemodihardjo and Soerianegara, 1989 in Bengen, 1999).
In Tanjung Bungin - South Sumatera - mangrove zonation from the
sea to the coast in a row are
Avicennia alba, Rhizopora apiculata, Bruguiera parviflora,
Bruguiera gymnorhiza, Nypa fructicans,
Xylocarpus granatum, Excoecaria agallocha, Pandanus ferentus,
Bruguiea cylindrical. While in
Brebes - Central Java- Rhyzhopora sp are used for mangrove
rehabilitation.
In Derawan, people use Avecenia sp since it suits ecologically
with the sandy coast and direct to
the water. The mangrove in this area is planted for conservation
and improves its coverage as
part of awareness program.
In Aceh, KEHATI worked on mangrove as a coastal restoration
program using Soneratia sp,
Bruguiera sp dan Rhizopora sp. with a rapid adaptability and
ability to grow in different saline
conditions.
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2. Best Practices
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Planting mangrove is indicated as best practices of local people
in coastal area in
protecting their land and income through conservation of coastal
ecosystem
including seagrass and coral reef as part of their income. While
the seawater
surface increases and gets warmer as impact of climate change,
mangrove
conservation gives survival possibility to people, especially
fisherman and farmer to
continue planting coastal crops and fishing.
2. Coastal Plants and Multi Purpose Tree Species as barrier and
for coastal
rehabilitation
Coastal plants are also important in preventing coastal erosion.
They are also the
barrier or the life fences to protect coastal agriculture from
wind coming from the
sea.
Some coastal plants are Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum),
Cemara Laut
(Causarina equisetifolia), Ketapang (Terminalia cattapa), Waru
Laut (Hibiscus
tillaceus), Putat Laut (Barringtonia asiatica), Bintaro (Cerbera
manghas).
The people in Kulon Progro, the place in Southern Coast of
Jogjakarta, plant
gumuk as the barrier for the ocean wind that comes to the land.
Gumuk consists of
cemara udang (Casuarina equesetifolia), Coconut tree (Cocos
nucifera), bidadara (a local name), pandan (Pandanus) , and widura
(a local name). It helps to absorp
the water when the sea water intrudes to the coast as the sea
water rises as impact
of climate change and reduce coastal erosion. The coastal area
with Gumuk will dry
faster than those without Gumuk.
Multi Purpose Tree Species (MPTS) and other plants for coastal
rehabilitation are
- Gamal (Glirichida sepium), the leaves is used for compost and
cattle fodder. The
wood is used for firewood.
- Kemiri (Aleurites mouluccana), the leaves is used for
cosmetic, shampoo, and
seasoning.
- Asam jawa (Tamarindus indica), its fruit is used for bubble
gum and seasoning,
while the wood is used for building construction, furniture, and
perkakas.
- Kelapa (Cocos nucifera), its fruit is used for nata de coco
and kopra, its leaf is used for
handycraft and jewelry, and its wood is used for building
construction and handycraft
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2. Best Practices
16
sago
- Pinang (Areca catechu), its fruit is used as seasoning and
food, and the tree itself is used for
fence
- Pandan (Pandanus tectorius), its leaf is used for handicraft,
and its flower is used for aromatical
essense
- Jarak pagar (Jatropha curcas), its fruit can be used as
biofuel
- Juwet (Zyzygium cumini), its fruit is used for food, and its
wood is used for building construction
- Kuda-kuda (Lannea spp.),
- Mindi (Melia azadiractha), its leaf and skin wood is used as
the cure for malaria, and its wood is
used for building construction
- Mahoni (Swietenia mahagoni). Its seed is used as the cure for
malaria, and its wood is used for
construction, furniture.
Most of the people in the coastal area of Aceh, Simeulue, and
Nias have been cultivating those
plants.
c. Forest
Forest plays important role in climate change. Although
basically it is not really
influenced by climate change, but best practices on how people
can survive
from a forest and what kind of resources are provided by forest
that may be
important in adaptation effort to climate change is worth to
share.
1. Sago (Metroxylon sago)
Metroxylon species can grow on a wide variety of soils.7
The palm will grow in soil that is periodically inundated by
salt water as long
as fresh water flow is more prevalent. All of the species seem
to tolerate
salinity for short period without apparent damage, with some
populations
growing in regular salt spray, periodic tidal flux and the edges
of brackish mangrove swamps.
Salinity should not exceed 10s/m (equivalent to 1/8 the salt
concentration of sea water). (Flach
1997)
They can persist on
well drained, poor quality materials including sand, clay, or a
lava.
As long as sufficient water is present, there does not seem to
be an upper temperature limit for
growth of sago. The plant does not tolerate drought unless there
is ample groundwater.
7 Specific profile for pacific island agroforestry.
www.traditionaltree.org, accessed on March 2009.
http://www.traditionaltree.org/
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2. Best Practices
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In Salawati Island, West Irian, an average wild sago palm trunk
weighing 1000 kg (2200 lb)
yields 150 kg (330 lb) of dry starch (Flach, 1997). Sarawah
smallholders produce about 5,000 mt
(55,000 t) of air-dried sago flour per year for export
(Singapore Zoological Gardens Docents
2000). Often palms harvested for thatch have impended growth and
the appearance of stress. As
an indication of this stress, Haska (1995) notes that for M.Sagu
in West Java, average starch
production is only 55 kg/trunk from palms grown for leaves while
it is 175 kg/trunk for the same
variety grown for starch only.
Since it is possible to grow in the soil that is periodically
inundated by salt water, the people may
cultivate sago for food resources if they able to serve water
for sago to grow.
Interview with Nicolas Maniagasi Farmer, Chief of Yayasan Sagu
Swaka Alam Conservationist of Sago and Pandan in Papua Sago and
Pandan are main food resources for people in Serui, Yapen Waropen
and other part of Papua. They are used as ingredients for many kind
of foods. Sago ecosystem creates mix heterorgen forest as a huge
ecosystem is a heritage for mankind. Sago will create a forest rich
with its biodiversity; produces carbohydrate, hosting sago worm,
bats, pigs, fishes, and for water catchment. Nowadays people think
Sago is not important and prefer to eat rice. Sago is a food
alternative due to climate change. An expert said that if there is
food shortage in 21 century, Sago can be a solution of the
situation. Indonesia is rich of food sources, and the diversity for
supporting food secutiry should be promoted, thus the food shortage
in Papua might had been prevented. The decreasing number of Sago
eater As an impact of promoting rice in few years ago as part of
green revolution, now people prefer to eat rice than sago, where
the existences of Sago is kept diminishing. Campaigning Sago
Campaining Sago is important because urban people start to forget
the importance of Sago. If we look at the road to airport in
Jakarta, there are only few palm trees remain compare to few years
before. If we can develop and use Sago sustainably, there are many
benefits derived from it, such as for fuel.
2. Trees Conservation
There are some types of tree used for land rehabilitation in
Hutan Adat Desa Mandalamekar - a
community based forest in Tasikmalaya such as Picung (Pangium
edule Reinw. ex Blume),
Beringin (Ficus benjamina), and Bamboo; Bambu tali, bamboo temen
(edible bamboo). The
replantation of these trees revitalizes land production.
For adaptation effort to climate change, these types of tree can
be used to revitalize the function
of forest ecosystem in influencing surrounding climate.
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2. Best Practices
18
Trees for Watershed Management8
Certain trees that are integrated into agricultural system can
increase the efficiency of water use,
while plantations of fast growing trees can exacerbate water
shortages.
Water consumption of a tree can be minimized to decrease demand
in dry season and minimize
below-ground competition with other crops and the diversion of
water from other uses by:
- preferentially planting decidous tree species (indigenous, as
well as well matched exotic that produce particularly high quality
product)
In integrated tree-crop systems, the main competition effects
between trees and crops are below-
ground for water and nutrients, rather than above-ground for
sunlight. Although trees compete for
water, they are also able to increase water productivity.
Trees that can mitigate dry season water shortages:
- Cordia aAfricana Indigenous to East Africa. Bimodal shedding.
Produces high value timber for
furniture construction. Time to harvest for timber: 10 years.
Flowering good for honey production.
- Paulownia fortunei Indigeous to tropical China. Unimodal
shedding. Produces high-value timber
often used in veneers. Time to harvest for timber: 10 years.
- Melia volkensii Indigenous to East Africa. Bimodal shedding.
Termitte resistant. Time to harvest
for timber: 10 years.
- Croton macrostachys Indigenous to East Africa. Bimoda
shedding. Good for honey production.
During periods of leaf shedding, the tree uses less water, a
physiological adaptation in tune with
the long-term rainfall patterns where these species
originate.
Teak (Tectona grandis, sp) Teak or at locally known as Jati -
grows in decidous forest, which loses their leaves in dry season.
The appropriate climate is the dry climate, but only in short time,
with the rainfall between 1200-3000 mm in a year with high daylight
intensity along the year. The optimum height is between 0 700 m
dpl; although teakwood can grow until 1300 m dpl, and is mostly
seen as homogen forest. This happens in a region with a very dry
muson climate, where land burned easily happens and most of the
tress will die. Not for Teak. Teak is part of pioneer species that
resistant to fire because it has thick skin. Moreover, its fruit
has thick skin and hard shell. To some limits, if it gets burned,
the seeds will not break. The breaking of its shell even makes its
sprout easier to come out in rain season. Fall of big leaves and
its branch which cover the soil obsolete slowly, thus make it
difficult for other plants to grow. The fall of leaves can also
generate fire, which can be endured by Jati but not by other type
of plants. That is how a small forest fire can cause homogeneity of
a forest.
8 The right tree for a dry place. ICRAF, 2007.
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2. Best Practices
19
In Indonesia Teak is developed in Java (Rembang, Blora,
Grobogan, Pati, Cepu), Muna Island, Bali, Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi,
Sumbawa Island, and Lampung. Non economic function of Jati Forest
in Java Considering its use of wide land to grow, it has important
non economical function, such as: Ecosystem buffer.The trees in
teak forest will absorp and decomposite_menguraikan pollutants and
over exposure sunlight. The forest will create photosynthesis
process which absorp carbon diokside from air and release back the
oxygen and uap air to the air. All the process maintains stability
of climate inside and around the forest. Jati forest will also
maintain fertility of the soil.
Biological function.Teak forest develops together with other
variety of plants. In Teak forest, we can find bungur
(Lagerstroemia speciosa), dlingsem (Homalium tomentosum), dluwak
(Grewia paniculata), katamaka (Kleinhovia hospita), kemloko
(Phyllanthus emblica), kepuh (Sterculia foetida), kesambi
(Schleichera oleosa), laban (Vitex pubscens), ploso (Butea
monosperma), serut (Streblus asper), trengguli (Cassia fistula),
winong (Tetrameles nudflora), etc. Lamtoro (Leucenia leucocephalla)
and akasia (Acacia villosa) are planted as tanaman sela to prevent
soil erosion and improve soil fertility.
In Gunung Kidul region, Yogyakarta, which was barren and heavily
damaged before 1978, can be survived with planting method of jati
mix forest. For almost 30 years, more than 60% damaged land change
to productive lands. The local people prefer to plant Teak because
they see its value and benefit, easy to plant, and its high sale
value. They mix Teak in their land mahoni (Swietenia mahogany),
akasia (Acacia villosa), and sonokeling (Dalbergia latifolia). Now
the area is a green area with colder temperature and high
biodiversity. The change invites more fauna to come, especially
birds, as the indicator of healthiness of an environment. Social
function.Many land of Teak forests in Java, either as productive or
non productive forest, give service as education or research area,
nature monitoring, recreation and tourism, and also culture
development.
Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus) It is cultured widely in tropical
region. Wide distributions of trees are found in primary forest and
other secondary forest in low land, especially along the tidal
river basin and rocky coastal area. It is a pioneer type that grows
better in an open area. It grows in any kind of soil type, from the
fertile soil to rocky soil. Normally found until height of 600 m
dpl, but can still alive to 1.300 m dpl. It is often used as
ornamental tree along the road. Its population decreasing by over
exploitation, where illegal logging lead to the habitat loss. In
Vietnam, the population has vanished for 300 years. Ekstensive
survey in Sri Lanka fail to find this type and in India, Indonesia,
and Philipina, this species is shown threatened.
3. Medicinal Plants
Climate change also gives impact to viruses and bacterias,
either
they will die or adapting to climate change. As part of the
impact, demand on some medicines, including medicinal plants
increases.
Some of local people have been using medicinal plants as the
cure.
Principle in using medicinal plants is the balance; the balance
between climate and
people.9
9 Adaptation to Climate Change of Local People in Medicinal
Plants Utilization. Sukarsono, 2009.
The principle is believed as the basic ground for human body in
interacting with
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2. Best Practices
20
nature. In the world of medincinal plants there is a balance
between YIN dan YANG. Illness means there is inbalancy between YIN
dan YANG.
In hot seasom (YANG), the used compound is from the YIN plants.
Characteristics of these plants
are bitter taste, sour, salty, and cold i.e. sambiloto
(Andrograpis paniculata), meniran
(Phyllanthusurinaria Linn.), kunyit ((Curcuma domestica)
etc.
The easiest visible sign is that the hot season will be followed
by seasonal
fruit plants which is YIN (cold) i.e : watermelon (Citrullus
lanatus (Thunb.)
Matsum & Nakai), melon (Cucumis melo L.), cucumber (Cucumis
sativus L.),
blewah (Cucumis melo L. convar. Cantalupensis), etc. Meanwhile
medicinal
plants that are YIN are Daun wungu (Graptophyllum pictum), buni
(Antidesma
bunius), zigzag (Pedilanthus titymaloides), awar-awar (Ficus
septica), nangka
(Artocarpus sp), bakung (Crinum asiaticum), Jarak pagar
(Jatropha curcas),
belimbing wuluh, patah tulang (Euphorbia hirta), Lantanan
(Lantana camara),
Soka (Ixora javanica), etc.
In cold season (YIN), the used compound is from the YANG plants.
This type of plants has hot taste,
warm, and sweet i.e. ginger (Zingiber officinale), jintan hitam
(Nigella sativa Linn.), kapulaga (Amomum cardamomum), kencur
(Kaempferia galanga L.), lempuyang (Zingiber zerumbet), etc. There
are also hot fruits i.e kelengkeng, rambutan,
mangga, dll (normally harvested in December February). Some
medicinal
plants with hot characteristic are Rambusa (Passiflora foetida),
blustru (Lutfa
aegyptica), ginje (Thevetia peruviana), ubi jalar (Ipomoea
batatas), dll.
Since1999, in Malang10
, revitalization of traditional medicinal plant has been
developed. As well as it is in Guluk-guluk, Kabupaten Sumenep,
Madura. The
initative comes to an idea rehabilitating degraded land in
Kabupaten
Malang, through ecosystem management concept to give opportunity
for community participation,
giving incentive from the use of non extractive natural
resources, considering ecosystem services
within.
10 Kabupaten Malang is located in East Java Province. Most of
the area is a dryland (1.242,81 km2) and forest (1.119,59 km2).
Until now about 12.000 hektar of forests in Kabupaten Malang have
been converted to agriculture. Unplanted hills created erosion and
landslides. The water catchment area which was the biggest water
resources has been much degraded. Wana Wisata Husada/Wisata
Wanahusada, Malang (Healing Forest for Tourism), Batu Barat,
Kabupaten Malang, East Java, 2006.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Peter_Thunberg
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2. Best Practices
21
Gunung Panderman lies in western region of Kota Batu. It becomes
freshwater catchment area for
people in western region of Batu and some hotels in some regions
in Malang. Bukit Seruk is one of
hills in Gunung Panderman that is recommended for a place of
medicinal plants (1.965 dpl).
People call it as Gunung Obat (Medicinal Mountain).
Durable Medicinal Plant to Climate and Seasonal Change
Plants that are not easily influenced by the changing climate
are plants having neutral
characteristic. These plants are able to used either in cold or
hot climate such as:
- Pegagan (Centella asiatica); for neural deseases, grows all
the year.
- Pule (tree), for cleaning blooddetoxifikasi, and
dizziness.
- Kayu manis (Cinnamomum verum); for rheumatic and
aromateraphy.
- Pohon Secang (Caesalpia sappan L.), for breathing illness,
including TBC. - Sligi (Phylanthus foxifolius) for rheumatic
- Asam Trengguli (Casia javanica); for constipascy and
ambeien.
- Bungur (Lagerstroemia), contains Pletizole as subtitue of
insulin to cure diabetes
- Bamboo; for flecks, etc.
- Kembang sepatu (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.) for asthma.
4. Cultivication of Medicinal Plant on Marginal Land, for
Socio-Economic Improvement
The people in Lereng Merapi plant some medicinal plants in
marginal land,
where other plants can not survive because it is on a slope and
covered with
other high plants like bamboo which causes minimum sun light.
The medicinal
plants are ginger (Zingiber officinale), kunyit ((Curcuma
domestica), kunyit
mangga, kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.), etc.
While as food sources, they conserve ganyong (Canna discolor L.
syn.
C. edulis) and talas (Colocasia esculenta L).
Eventhough the temperature has been changing moderately in
this
area, these plants are still able to grow.
kunyit
ginger marginal land
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3. Innovation
22
3. Innovation of Biodiversity Conservation on Adapting to
Climate Change
a. Agro ecosystem
Based on best practices, people tried to make innovaton to find
suitable food
resources in a changed land. These are some rice paddy, trees,
and crops
that are part of innovation on biodiversity conservation to
adapt in climate
change.
1. Rice Paddy Varieties in Saline Land
Paddy Variety for Saline Land (Pangandaran, Brebes)
Through their knowledge, farmers have been trying to find new
varieties
which able to grow in a saline land.
In some coastal areas in Brebes, Central Java, as impact of
climate change
and human disturbance, the seawater intrude to agriculture land
and damage
the rice field.
As part of adaptation, the farmers plant some rice paddy
varieties with
endurance to the saline land. They name it as INTRANS variety,
planted by
local people with particular technique as rehabilitation effort
of the
agriculture land.
2. Rooftop garden and vertical planting Due to the limited land
for gardening or even farming, now people start to
use rooftop for planting, because basically any roof surface can
be greened.
The problem of decreasing land for agriculture as impact of
climate change
seemingly has found a good small solution.
The rooftop garden and vertical planting can support production
of urban food, improve air
quality and reduce CO2 emissions.
3. Agriculture technique in dry ecosystem In Semau, a small
island in East Nusa Tenggara, people start to plant chilli using
water drops
system to prevent the plant from dryness.
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3. Innovation
23
b. Marine, Coastal, and Small Islands ecosystem
1. Green Belts and bufferzones
Based on best practices in coastal protection through mangrove
conservation and life fences, now
people at globally initiating few programs for establishment of
green belts - includes mangroves,
other coastal forest, live fences and trees in home gardens for
sustainable livelihoods and as
protective belts in coastal villages.
Mangrove greenbelts can provide significant coastal protection
from erosion and should be
established along erosion-prone coastlines and riverbanks and in
areas which experience
significant damage from typhoons, tidal surges, cyclones, and
geomorphic erosion (Macintosh and
Ashton 2004).
2. Regional Marine Conservation Area (Kawasan Konservasi Laut
Daerah)
As part of integrated coastal area management, government
together with NGOs and local
community has been developing the concept of regional marine
conservation area, where turtle
and coral reef conservation are part of the objectives. Although
the policy is hardly included as
innovation in adapting to climate change, however the
conservation practices in these areas will
maintain the sustainable use of marine resources in supporting
life including in changing climate.
c. Forest ecosystem
City Forest as replication of lembo
In Indonesia, city forest ecosystem has been stated in
Government Regulation as
part of artificial ecosystem. Some roles of city forest are to
modify micro
climate, reduce speed of wind, increase long wave radiaton, save
the drops of
rainwater, as air cooler through evapotransporation, and
increase air humidity.
Other function of city forest are to prevent grains of dust,
polutant gas, as a city ventilator, sun
light controller, city lungs, noice prevention, waste
controller, erosion controller, stress reducer,
genetic conservation, seawater intrusion, and for beautiness of
the city.
Suitable trees for city forest are Bintaro (Cerbera manghas),
Jengkoll (Pithecellobium jiringa),
Gaharu (Aquilaria malaccensis), Aren (Arenga pinnata), Asam
(Tamarindus
indica), Damar (Agathis dammara (Lamb.) Rich), Duku (Lansium
domesticum
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3. Innovation
24
Corr), Durian (Durio zibethinus), Kapuk (Ceiba pentandra),
Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.), Matoa
(Pometia pinnata), Nangka (Artocarpus heterophyluss), Petai
(Parkia speciosa), Pinus, Sukun
(Artocarpus atillis), Candle nut or Kemiri (Aleurites
moluccana), etc.
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4. Cultural Values and Traditonal Knowledge
25
4. Role of Cultural Values and Traditional Knowledge on
Biodiversity Conservation on Adapting to Climate
Change
Traditional knowledge play important role in adapting to climate
change. It generally refers to
the matured long-standing traditions and practices of certain
regional, indigenous, or local
communities which become their wisdom for survival. This is
particularly true of traditional
environmental knowledge, which refers to a "particular form of
place-based knowledge of the
diversity and interactions among plant and animal species,
landforms, watercourses, and other
qualities of the biophysical environment in a given place".
11
While Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) acknowledges its
importance in article 8(j):
Subject to its national legislation, respect, preserve and
maintain knowledge, innovations and practices
of indigenous and local communities embodying traditional
lifestyles relevant for the conservation and
sustainable use of biological diversity and promote their wider
application with the approval and
involvement of the holders of such knowledge, innovations and
practices and encourage the equitable
sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of such
knowledge, innovations and practices.
The knowledge comes from observation on how the nature works on
earth. The farmers, people in
forest, or fishermen generally have that kind of knowledge. When
global warming occurs and
nature does not work as it used to, then it is time for us to
look back and find out what nature have
showed us to adapt on the changing climate.
Sasi System
Sasi is a harvesting rule arranged by traditional institution
and important for fisheries resources
management. The rule, supervised by the institution, embodies
the main principle of law of certain
societies like one in Pulau Kei, Maluku. Basically it is a
prohibition in harvesting natural resources
from sea, river, and forest, to protect the quality and
population of certain resources. Sasi system
maintains the sustainability of natural resources.
In adapting to climate change where natural resources may be
decreasing, this system will help in
reducing the loss possibility of the natural resources.
11 Pea, Devon G.,Mexican Americans and the Environment, The
University of Arizona Press, 2005. p 198.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peopleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community
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4. Cultural Values and Traditonal Knowledge
26
Biodiversity Conservation as part of Balinese culture
He is called as Sang Penyelamat Pisang Bali (the savior of Balis
Banana) who also has
conserved Bali culture. Result of his research is biopesticide
for banana desease thus the local
people able to continuously practice its local tradition,
creating banten.
Fruits are very important to Balinese people because it is an
offered component to God in Hindu
religion. The offered component with different kind of fruits
mixed with meat, flowers, and tuber
roots is called banten. There are four types of fruits as the
dominant fruits for Hindu ceremonies
which are local banana, imported apple, imported mandarin, and
local mandarin.12
Since they need these fruits as part of their religion, some
people have been trying to conserve
it.
Banana, the
most dominant fruits for banten, is at the second position as
the highest production number in Bali.
13
Not only fruits, animals also important as part of their
sacrifice to the God. Aware to need of
plants and animals, Balinese people preserve them for the sake
of the religious ritual and
ceremonies. They show their gratitude to nature in their
indigenous way, again through offering
and ceremony that of course also create the need for
environmental conservation by Balinese
people. As example of environmental conservation, a biopesticide
has been found as cure of
illness of banana tree.
Through environmental conservation by Balinese people, the
impact of climate change can be
easily overcomed since they are used to respond quickly to the
changing environment in
overcoming the phenomena to keep up the availability of
banten.
Lembo
Lembo is a traditional land use system in East Kalimantan
(Sardjono, MA, 1988). It is a traditional
lifestyle of a tribe in Kalimantan; the Tunjung and Benuaq
Dayak, which has developed since
generations. Lembo is not only a miniature scale forest in the
rural agro ecosystems, but also has
integrated multiple functions in the rural and social life, as
part of farming land or settlements.
Lembo can be identified as tree covered areas on farmland and/or
around the houses of their
owners with high species diversity which needs a good knowledge
of species combination.14
12 Nyoman Parining, I Ketut Widya Bhaskara, Buah-buahan yang
digunakan secara dominant dalam Banten di Kelurahan Pemecutan,
Kecamatan Denpasar Barat, Kota Denpasar. Agriculture Faculty of
Universitas Udayana. 2000.
13 Interview with Prof. Dr. Ir. Dewa Ngurah Suprapta, M.Sc.
Lecturer at Udayana University, Bali. 2004. 14 M.A. Sardjono,
Agroforestry. Universitas Mulawarman & GTZ, East Kalimantan.
Forestry seminar, 1988.
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4. Cultural Values and Traditonal Knowledge
27
Lembo plays an important role in their culture.15
Some of its products meet their own needs
(susbsistence) or can be traded and play an important role in
maintaining the local ecological
equilibrium. Lembo also has a wide range of functions, from its
products, their use, and their
economic and socioculture roles.
Based on ecological and socioeconomic criteria, the lembo system
is undoubtedly suitable
(Sardjono MA, 1996). The advantage of the lembo system is it has
less dependent on external
inputs and capital (and not at all dependent on markets), poses
fewer and lower risks, and has
been a part of the villagers tradition.
Related to adaptation to climate change, lembo plays important
role to maintain the surrounding
climate, while it also delivers varieties of foods to the local
community.
15 M.A Sardjono, Dipterocarp Forest Ecoystems: Towards
Sustainable Development. Editors: Andreas Schulte, Dieter Schne.
Singapore, New Jersey, London, Hong KongWorld Scientific, 1996.
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5. Resume and Conclussion
28
5. Resume and Recomendation
As the world has been created and nature is part of it, every
single creature must have their own
role. Due to climate change, biodiversity has ability to support
the livelihood as well as the
traditional knowledge and culture to conserve biodiversity.
In agro ecosystem - which plays the most important role for
human livelihood - some plants have
endurance to grow in such extreme condition such as a dry land,
saline land, or even a flooded
land.
In forest ecosystem, some medicinal plants are able to grow in
marginal land. Sago which is also
edible - even can create its own forest ecosystem consisting of
particular biodiversity. The forest
will maintain its surrounding climate thus the impact of climate
change can be reduced.
In addition, in coastal ecosystem and small islands - with the
increasing of seawater level and a
dry and hot land surface during the day - the biodiversity can
help to reduce the seawater
intrusion and increase the possibility of certain crops to grow
in a changing climate.
Some traditional knowledge and cultures particularly help people
in valuing the nature and
biodiversity. Some are still exist and even promoted in modern
society, but many of them are
vanished and forgotten.
The research is completed to increase awareness of people on how
important biodiversity is in
every aspect of our life as well as in adapting to climate
change. It also fulfills our needs on
water, energy, health, and agriculture (WEHA) as they are the
focus on sustainable development.
As conclusion, starting with our hand to conserve biodiversity,
like those that have been done by
people or local community, may be the easiest and the friendly
way in adapting to climate
change compare to the use of modern technology and a high cost
adaptation method. Therefore,
community based biodiversity conservation efforts should be
appreciated and promoted.
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