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BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 50132-7:1996
Alarm systems CCTV surveillance systems for use in security
applications
Part 7: Application guidelines
The European Standard EN 50132-7:1996 has the status of a
British Standard
ICS 13.320
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BS EN 50132-7:1996
This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction
of the Consumer Products and Services Sector Board, was published
under the authority of the Standards Board and comes into effect on
15 September 1996
BSI 10-1998
The following BSI references relate to the work on this
standard: Committee reference GW/1 Draft for comment 95/520771
DC
ISBN 0 580 26319 3
Committees responsible for this British Standard
The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted to
Technical Committee GW/1, Electronic security systems, upon which
the following bodies were represented:
Association of British InsurersAssociation of Chief Police
Officers of England and WalesAssociation of Security
ConsultantsBritish Security Industry AssociationBritish
Telecommunications plcConsumer Policy Committee of BSIDepartment of
the Environment (Security Facilities Executive (SSG))Department of
the Environment (Building Research Establishment)Electrical
Contractors AssociationElectrical Installation Equipment
Manufacturers Association (BEAMA Ltd.)European Association of
Security Equipment ManufacturersFire Brigades UnionNational
Approval Council for Security SystemsSecurity Systems and Alarms
Inspection Board
The following bodies were also represented in the drafting of
the standard, through subcommittees and panels:
British Gas plcHome Office Crime Prevention CentreMetropolitan
PolicePost OfficeSecurity Industry Training Organization
Amendments issued since publication
Amd. No. Date Comments
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BS EN 50132-7:1996
BSI 10-1998 i
Contents
PageCommittees responsible Inside front coverNational foreword
ii
Foreword 2Text of EN 50132-7 3
List of references Inside back cover
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BS EN 50132-7:1996
ii BSI 10-1998
National foreword
This British Standard has been prepared by Technical Committee
GW/1 and is the English language version of EN 50132-7 Alarm
systems CCTV surveillance systems for use in security applications
Part 7: Application guidelines, published by the European Committee
for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC).A British Standard
does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their
correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer
immunity from legal obligations.
Summary of pagesThis document comprises a front cover, an inside
front cover, pages i and ii, the EN title page, pages 2 to 18, an
inside back cover and a back cover.This standard has been updated
(see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This
will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front
cover.
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EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPENNE
EUROPISCHE NORM
EN 50132-7
June 1996
ICS 13.320
Descriptors: Warning systems, security devices, inspection
devices, television systems, motion-pictures, cameras, definition,
performance evaluation, design, categories, installation,
maintenance
English version
Alarm systems CCTV surveillance systems for use in security
applications
Part 7: Application guidelines
Systmes dalarme Systmes de surveillance CCTV usage dans les
applications de scuritPartie 7: Directives dapplication
Alarmanlagen CCTV-berwachungsanlagen fr Sicherungsanwendungen
Teil 7: Anwendungsregeln
This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on
1995-11-28.CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC
InternalRegulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standardthe status of a national standard without any
alteration.Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to
the Central Secretariat or to anyCENELEC member.This European
Standard exists in three official versions (English,
French,German). A version in any other language made by translation
under theresponsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language
and notified to theCentral Secretariat has the same status as the
official versions.CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical
committees of Austria,Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany,
Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway,
Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland andUnited Kingdom.
CENELEC European Committee for Electrotechnical
Standardization
Comit Europen de Normalisation Electrotechnique Europisches
Komitee fr Elektrotechnische Normung
Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 35, B-1050 Brussels
1996 Copyright reserved to CENELEC members Ref. No. EN
50132-7:1996 E
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EN 50132-7:1996
BSI 10-19982
Foreword
This European Standard was prepared by the Technical Committee
CENELEC TC 79, Alarm systems.The text of the draft was submitted to
the Unique Acceptance Procedure and was approved by CENELEC as EN
50132-7 on 1995-11-28.The following dates were fixed:
EN 50132 will consist of the following Parts, under the general
title Alarm systems CCTV surveillance systems for use in security
applications.
Part 1: System requirements; Part 2-1: Black and white cameras;
Part 2-2: Colour cameras; Part 2-3: Lenses; Part 2-4: Ancillary
equipment; Part 3: Local and main control unit; Part 4-1: Black and
white monitors; Part 4-2: Colour monitors; Part 4-3: Recording
equipment; Part 4-4: Hard copy equipment; Part 4-5: Video motion
detection equipment; Part 5: Video transmission; Part 6: (free);
Part 7: Application guidelines.
NOTE Except for this Part 7, all Parts of the EN 50132 series
are still under consideration.
Contents
PageIntroduction 31 Scope 32 Normative references 33 Definitions
and abbreviations 33.1 Definitions 33.2 Abbreviations 54 General
considerations 5
Page5 Operational requirement 55.1 Purpose of the
operational
requirement 55.2 Contents of the operational
requirement 56 System operational criteria 66.1 Determining
operational procedures 66.2 Alarm response 66.3 System response
times 67 System design criteria 67.1 Surveillance zone
determination
criteria 77.2 Criteria for determining the number
of cameras and their location 77.3 Camera and lens selection
criteria 77.4 Camera selection 77.5 Lens selection 77.6 Recommended
object sizes 77.7 Ancillary equipment 87.8 Evaluation of scene and
illumination 87.9 Selection of the video transmission
system 97.10 Control centre configuration 97.11 System
specification 107.12 System test specification 108 Installation
118.1 Planning the installation 118.2 Cable installation 118.3
Hardware mounting 118.4 Documentation 119 Commissioning and
hand-over 1110 Maintenance 1210.1 Modifications 12Annex A
(informative) Rotakin test 13A.1 The Rotakin test target method
13A.2 Specification of the Rotakin test target 13A.3 Bibliography
14Annex B (informative) Glossary of terms 16Figure 1 8Figure A.1
the ROTAKIN test target 15Table A.1 Principle dimensions 13Table
A.2 14
latest date by which the EN has to be implemented at national
level by publication of an identical national standard or by
endorsement (dop) 1996-11-01
latest date by which the national standards conflicting with the
EN have to be withdrawn (dow) 1996-11-01
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EN 50132-7:1996
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IntroductionThe purpose of this standard is to provide guidance
to ensure that closed circuit television (CCTV) system functions
and their performance are fully met.This standard will prove useful
to those responsible for establishing operational requirements,
writing specifications, selecting, installing, commissioning, using
and maintaining a CCTV system.Closed circuit television, in its
simplest form, is a means of providing images from a television
camera for viewing on a monitor via a private transmission system.
There is no theoretical limit to the number of cameras and monitors
which may be used in a CCTV surveillance installation but in
practice this will be limited by the efficient combination of
control and display equipment and the operators ability to manage
the system.The successful operation of a CCTV system requires the
active co-operation of the user in carrying out the recommended
procedures.
1 ScopeThis standard gives recommendations for the selection,
planning and installation of closed circuit television systems
comprising of camera(s) with monitor(s) and/or video recorder(s),
switching, control and ancillary equipment for use in security
applications.The objectives of this standard are:
a) to provide a framework to assist customers, installers and
users in establishing their requirements;b) to assist specifiers
and users in determining the appropriate equipment required for a
given application;c) to provide means of evaluating objectively the
performance of an installed system.
2 Normative referencesRelated standards for systems and
equipment using CCTV in security applications are:CCIR report
624-4, Characteristics of television systems.CCIR recommendation
567-3, Transmission performance of television circuits.
3 Definitions and abbreviations3.1 Definitions
For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions
apply:
3.1.1 CCTV system; CCTV surveillance system
a system consisting of camera equipment, monitoring and
associated equipment for transmission and controlling purposes,
which may be necessary for the surveillance of a defined security
zone
3.1.2 CCTV surveillance installation
an installation consisting of the hardware and software
components of a CCTV system, fully installed and operational for
monitoring a defined security zone
3.1.3 CCTV camera
a unit containing an imaging device producing a video signal
from an optical image
3.1.4 CCTV camera equipment
a unit containing a CCTV camera plus appropriate lens and
necessary ancillary equipment
3.1.5 camera housing
an enclosure to provide physical and/or environmental protection
of the camera, lens and ancillary equipment
3.1.6 composite video signal (CVS)
the video output signal of a black and white (b/w) camera
comprising the picture component (video), black reference
(blanking) and the synchronisation components (synchronisation)
3.1.7 composite colour video signal (CCVS)
the video output signal of a colour camera comprising the burst
and colour information (colour) the picture luminance component
(video), black reference (blanking) and the synchronisation
components (synchronisation)
3.1.8 external synchronisation
a method of feeding reference timing signals to all connected
devices to ensure that their video output signals are
synchronous
3.1.9 camera sensitivity
imaging device illumination necessary to produce a defined
composite (colour) video signal amplitude with a defined signal to
noise ratio
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3.1.10 imaging device illumination
the level of illumination (illuminance) at the photosensitive
surface of the imaging device
3.1.11 imaging device
a device that converts an optical image into an electrical
signal
3.1.12 image sensor size
the size of the light sensitive surface of the imaging
deviceNOTE The value is expressed in inches and refers to the
diameter of the glass tube from which the camera tubes are
constructed.Some examples of sizes are:
1-inch for 12,8 9,6 mm (16 mm diagonal) 2/3-inch for 8,8 6,6 mm
(11 mm diagonal) 1/2-inch for 6,4 4,8 mm (8 mm diagonal) 1/3-inch
for 4,8 3,6 mm (6 mm diagonal)
3.1.13 scene illumination
the level of illumination (illuminance) on the area to be kept
under surveillance
3.1.14 scene reflectance
the proportion of the scene illumination reflected by that
scene
3.1.15 electronic shutter
an arrangement in the camera changing its sensitivity by
electronically controlling its exposure time
3.1.16 electronic iris
an automatic electronic shutter which varies the camera
sensitivity in relation to the varying light conditions in order to
maintain the video output signal within defined limits
3.1.17 lens
an optical device for projecting an image of a desired scene
onto the photo sensitive surface of the imaging device
3.1.18 focal length (f)
a property of a lens, expressed in mm, giving the angle of view
for a given sensor size
3.1.19 zoom lens
a lens with adjustable focal length, in which the image of the
scene remains in focus as the focal length is changed
3.1.20 aperture number of the Lens (F)
the index of the theoretical light gathering power of the lens,
expressed as the ratio of the effective diameter of the lens
(entrance pupil) to the focal length
3.1.21 transmission number of lens (T)
the index of the actual light gathering power of the lens
3.1.22 ramping
a characteristic of some zoom lenses whereby the effective
aperture of the lens decreases as the focal length is increased
3.1.23 iris
a variable aperture mechanism which regulates the amount of
light passing through the lens onto the imaging device of the CCTV
camera
3.1.24 CCTV control unit
equipment for controlling and monitoring the required
operational functions of the CCTV system
3.1.25 video matrix
a unit for connecting several input video signals to several
outputs
3.1.26 video switcher
a unit for switching a number of video input signals to one or
more outputs manually or automatically or on receipt of an external
signal
3.1.27 pan and tilt unit
a motorised unit permitting the vertical and horizontal
positioning of the camera equipment
3.1.28 preset shot
a function in pan and tilt units and/or zoom lenses, which
allows automatic return to one or more predetermined positions
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3.1.29 character generator
a device for generating alpha numeric characters and/or symbols
and adding them into the image
3.1.30 time/date generator
a device for generating time and date and adding them into the
image
3.1.31 video equalising amplifier
equipment for correcting gain and frequency related distortions
in the video signal
3.1.32 slow scan transmission
the transmission of a series of non-real time images or part
images, by means of analogue or digital signals over limited
bandwidth transmission media
3.1.33 (video) monitor
a device for converting video signals into pictures on a display
screen
3.1.34 picture storage
the storing of video images
3.1.35 time lapse recording
the periodical recording of video signals at pre-defined
intervals
3.1.36 event recording
the event controlled recording or storing of image signals for a
pre-determined time
3.1.37 time multiplex recording
a method of recording several video signals on one video channel
by time multiplexing the frames of these video signals
3.1.38 video printer
equipment for converting a video signal into an image on
paper
3.2 Abbreviations
3.2.1 CCIR
comit Consultatif International des Radiocommunication
(International Radio Consultative Committee)
3.2.2 CCTV
closed circuit television
3.2.3 EMC
electro-magnetic compatibility
4 General considerationsA CCTV system is the combination of
camera equipment, lighting, signal transmission, monitors, etc.
selected and installed to meet the customers security surveillance
requirements.The recommended procedure for designing the CCTV
system is as follows:
a) develop the operational requirement.b) design the system.c)
agree on the specification.d) install and commission the system.e)
hand over the system to the customer.f) maintenance.
5 Operational requirementPersons without appropriate knowledge
and expertise may have to become involved in the interpretation of
specifications for CCTV surveillance systems and one approach to
this is to write an operational requirement for subsequent
development into a full technical specification by a suitably
qualified person.
5.1 Purpose of the operational requirement
The operational requirement is a key document for system
designers. It states clearly what the customer expects the
functions of the system to do. The development process encourages
clear thinking about what, where, when and by whom and in
particular the why of the system. It is produced by managers,
operators and in particular those who use information from pictures
gathered by the system. The later stages of development should
involve those with the necessary skills to convert statements into
a technical specification and test procedures. At appropriate
stages checks need to be made to ensure that the proposed
implementation will meet the operational requirement. Without an
operational requirement and a matching test procedure there is no
guarantee that the system will meet its required purpose.
5.2 Contents of the operational requirement
The operational requirement should:a) define the level of
security required (threat assessment);
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b) define the area/volume to be covered by the system
(coverage);c) explain the purpose of covering each area/volume
(function);d) decide the method for obtaining information from
pictures (manual or automatic);e) define the tasks to be performed
as a result of seeing each picture (outputs);f) define the response
time expected from each part of the system (response time);g)
decide the range of conditions under which the system and its
components are expected to function (environment);h) decide where
and when the tasks will be performed and by whom (control);i)
decide on the worst case number of simultaneous events to which the
system needs to respond (workload);j) decide on the training
requirements (training);k) list any other special factors not
covered by the above.
NOTE It may be that the operational requirement cannot be met
with current technology. In this case the operational requirement
should be amended to allow for this and the customer asked to agree
that coverage/facilities might be restricted in areas of
contention.
6 System operational criteriaThe system operational criteria
involve determination of:
a) the operational procedures.b) the alarm response.c) the
system response times.
6.1 Determining operational procedures
The principal task of the operator is to analyse the content of
the displayed pictures and take any necessary actions.Maximum use
should be made of automatic functions in order to free the operator
for essential tasks.
6.1.1 Automation of the following functions should be
considered:
a) video switching,b) selection of camera preposition,c)
monitoring equipment;d) lighting control;e) picture storage;
6.1.2 Some of the above functions might be controlled from:
a) alarm conditions;b) external trigger;
c) timed events;d) manual intervention.
6.2 Alarm response
The signalling of an alarm condition to the CCTV system normally
has priority over other inputs. However, irrespective of the degree
of automation, the operator should be able to take manual control
of the system after alarm.Automation of picture selection should
take the following into consideration:
a) specifying those view(s) to be selected in each area where an
alarm condition occurs;b) allocation of the monitors that display
the pictures from those cameras. On screen display of the camera
identification from a character generator and/or a mimic diagram of
the installation can be useful;c) presentation of alarm pictures on
designated monitors;d) handling of simultaneous alarm conditions;e)
what pictures are to be stored.
6.3 System response times
The following response times should be kept to a minimum:
a) the time elapsing from the generation of an alarm signal and
its signalling to the CCTV system;b) control centre switching on
receipt of alarm;c) camera positioning if pre-set functions on the
zoom lens and pan and tilt unit are used.d) monitoring equipment
start up time or change from time lapse mode to normal mode if a
time lapse recorder is used.e) operators response time if
intervention is required.
To minimise response times, cameras, monitors, video recorders,
etc. should be continuously on, and the system should not generate
more information than the operators can effectively manage.
7 System design criteriaWhen designing a CCTV surveillance
installation the following criteria should be taken into account
bearing in mind the need to meet the operational requirement.
a) determination of the zones or objects requiring
surveillance.b) determination of the number of cameras, and their
locations, required to monitor the agreed zones or objects.c)
evaluation of existing lighting and consideration of new or
additional illumination.
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d) selection of cameras and equipment depending on the operating
environmental conditions.e) control centre configuration.f) power
supplies.g) determination of functional and operating procedures.h)
maintenance.
More detail on some of these topics is covered in the following
clauses.
7.1 Surveillance zone determination criteria
A CCTV surveillance installation is designed to monitor events
of fundamental importance. These events might be hold up/theft,
sabotage/vandalism, hazard, evacuation, etc.Typical examples of
monitoring applications are:
a) perimeter surveillance.b) access control.c) safety.d)
property protection.
7.2 Criteria for determining the number of cameras and their
location
Once zones and objects requiring surveillance have been
identified the number of cameras required can be determined by the
fields of view of the cameras equipment and system resolution and
the nature of the zones to be surveyed. Picture detail should be
consistent and adequate for the required level of service.The
operational requirement of the system and its use, as well as site
constraints and service access, may restrict the camera location
and increase the possibility of further cameras being required.
7.3 Camera and lens selection criteria
The selection criteria should take into account the
following:
a) for camera sensitivity and aperture number of the lens, the
prevailing and intended worst case light levels and types of light
including IR, etc;b) the focal length of the lens in relation to
the size of the image sensor in the camera to give the required
fields of view;c) the resolution of the camera and lens to
reproduce the detail to give the necessary information in the
fields of view;d) the camera lens combination should be capable of
operating in the expected maximum and minimum light levels;e) the
lens image area should be equal to or greater than the effective
diagonal of the imaging device in the camera.
7.4 Camera selection
7.4.1 The selection criteria should take into account the
following:
a) the camera equipment should satisfy the operational
requirement under all specified environmental conditions;b) safety
regulations relating to the site.
7.4.2 Points to take into consideration:
a) white balance of colour cameras;b) electronic iris in
relation to picture degrading for highlights;c) long exposure times
in relation to movement blur;d) spectral sensitivity in relation to
the type of illumination;e) external synchronisation;f) back-up
power supply.
7.5 Lens selection
Selection of the correct lens type is as important as the camera
selection. A poor lens performance can significantly detract from
the overall performance of the system. When selecting the lens the
following should be taken into account:
a) The lens field of view (indicated in the manufacturers
nominal figure tables) may be reduced by any overscan in the
display device;b) the illumination of the sensor in the camera is
defined by the aperture number of the lens and its transmission
number, which is dependent on the design of the lens;c) internal
lens reflections and ghosting can significantly impair the image;d)
some zoom lenses are subject to ramping whereby the effective
aperture number of the lens increases as the focal length is
increased.e) accuracy of the preset shots if fitted.
NOTE Having selected the camera-lens combination, it is
recommended that, for difficult scenes, a camera of the type
selected should be evaluated in conditions similar to those to be
encountered at the installation.
7.6 Recommended object sizes
The size of an object (target) on the monitor screen should have
a relation to the operator task, e.g. identification, recognition,
detection or monitoring. If the target is a person and the CCTV
system has an installed limiting resolution of better than 400 tv
lines, the recommended minimum sizes of this target are:
a) for identification the target should represent not less than
120% of screen height.b) for recognition the target should
represent not less than 50% of picture height.
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c) for detection of an intruder the target should represent not
less than 10% of picture height.d) for crowd control (monitoring)
the target should represent not less than 5% of picture height.
Figure 1 gives an indication of the relative sizes of a person
(target) on screen.
7.7 Ancillary equipment
It is important to select and install the correct ancillary
equipment for mounting the cameras. In addition to the
environmental conditions listed in the operational requirements,
the following should be taken into account:
7.7.1 Camera housings
a) vandal resistance.b) internal temperature rise as a function
of equipment heat dissipation.c) camera and lens mounting
arrangement should allow for the separation of video signal earth
and housing and local safety earth.d) access to the camera and
lens, etc. for maintenance.
7.7.2 Pan and tilt units
a) platform loading.b) torque figures in relation to unbalanced
platform loading and wind load.c) pan and tilt unit backlash on
both axes.d) speed and range of movement of pan and tilt.e)
accuracy of the preset shots, if fitted.
7.7.3 Towers and brackets:
a) fixing positions should allow for mechanical stability,
future access and safe working. Planning considerations and
architectural requirements should be taken into account.b) brackets
and towers should be selected to support the maximum weight of the
equipment and to provide sufficient rigidity for the camera
equipment and other devices. As a general rule, the narrower the
angle of view, the more rigid are the mounting requirements.The
rigidity of camera equipment fixings and the possibility of shock
and vibration should also be taken into account.c) camera towers
should preferably be of the winch down or pivot type and be
positioned to provide safe access for service.d) no equipment
should be mounted near overhead high voltage cables.e) anti tamper
devices should be employed where it is required.f) mounting
equipment siting should not compromise the overall security of the
site.g) moving cameras should have sufficient clearance from
adjacent objects.
7.8 Evaluation of scene and illumination
The existing lighting should be evaluated for the level,
direction and spectral content. Optimal light sources are those
which have a spectrum that best matches the camera imaging device
response. If additional lighting is required, the number, type,
siting and power of the light sources should be determined taking
the following parameters into consideration:
a) light efficiency and photometric performance of the light
source.b) area to be surveyed by cameras.c) sensitivity and
spectral response of the cameras, particularly colour cameras.d)
reflectance of the materials making up the majority of the surveyed
area.e) time delay to reach the specified light output of the lamp
after application of power.
Figure 1
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f) the loss of light output of the lamp due to ageing and lamp
failure.g) the new or additional light source selected should give
acceptable pictures under all likely working conditions.h)
illumination over the scene being surveyed should be as even as
possible avoiding any area of very low light illumination. The
ratio of maximum to minimum illumination within the covered area of
any scene should ideally be 4 : 1 or better.i) where possible
lights should be mounted so that they do not impair the camera
picture quality. The preferred position for the light is above the
camera. The camera should not view the scene through intense beams
of light.j) there should be safe access to the lamps for bulb
changing.k) particular attention should be paid to the direction of
illumination. The aim is to produce a maximum of contrast for
intruder detection. An object can only be detected if its
brightness is different to that of its background.l) for
identification and recognition purposes, illumination should enable
detailed features of the object as stated in the operational
requirement to be observed.m) constant illumination or quickly
changing lighting conditions.n) static or transient highlights in a
uniform picture.o) environmental influences on visibility like
rain, fog, etc.
7.9 Selection of the video transmission system
There are many methods of video transmission and the suitability
of a particular method for a given application should be carefully
evaluated.Video transmission may be as simple as a single coaxial
cable or as complex as a microwave link or a mix of different
transmission means.Consideration should be given to prevailing and
potential environmental conditions in those areas where the
equipment and/or cables are to be installed.
7.9.1 Main video transmission systems are:
The main video transmission systems are:a) coaxial cable: The
type of cable chosen should have a characteristic impedance of 75
Ohms. For long cable runs amplifying or amplifying plus video
equalising equipment may be required to meet the above
performance.
b) twisted pair transmission: The system uses standard twisted
pair cable, typically 120-150 ohm balanced pairs, which requires
specialised transmission and receiving equipment.c) Micro wave and
radio frequency transmission: Correct alignment of transmitting and
receiving equipment is essential. Systems normally need regulatory
authority approval.d) infra red and laser transmission: This is a
line of sight system applicable only to unobstructed signal
paths.The output of some transmitting devices can cause eye damage
therefore warning labels must be fitted according to the
appropriate safety standards. Alignment and rigidity of
transmitting and receiving equipment is important. The transmission
may be affected by fog, rain, snow etc. and the range can be
reduced by such phenomena and this should be taken into account.e)
fibre optic transmission: Commonly available types, together with
the appropriate fibre optic connectors should be used. The
transmission system should have sufficient dynamic range to
overcome all likely system losses and a minimum of 3 cable
repairs.f) slow scan transmission: A system suitable for both
public and private telephone and data networks. Many systems are
available with widely varying connection and transmission speeds
and resolution. System selection should be carefully evaluated
against the operational requirement.
7.9.2 Selection criteria for video transmission
Considerations for the selection of a transmission means or a
combination of different means are:
a) bandwidth of the transmission path.b) signal to noise
ratio.c) signal distortion.d) distance to be covered.e)
interference immunity.f) security of communication.g) constraints
in physical installation.
NOTE Signal to noise ratio and signal distortion are cumulative
and can cause picture degradation.
7.10 Control centre configuration
The operational requirement and personnel available are the
factors determining the number of control locations and equipment
configuration of the control centre.
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These parameters may be totally different at each site. In
general, surveillance activities should be concentrated at a centre
sited in protected premises. The control centre configuration
criteria may be divided into:
a) system parameters.b) site constraints.c) number of monitors
and their screen size.d) use of picture storage.e) video
switcher.f) camera control panel.g) equipment siting.h) equipment
power dissipation and the possible need for air conditioning.
7.10.1 System parameters
The system parameters are used to determine the number of
monitors, possible requirement for and types of picture storage
equipment (e.g. video tape recorders), and other equipment such as
video printers, etc.
7.10.2 Site constraints
The site constraints determine the location and physical lay-out
of the (central) CCTV control unit.
7.10.3 Number of monitors and their screen size
The number of monitors should be determined on the basis of:
a) the number of cameras installed.b) functional
considerations.c) the number of operators on duty at one time.
The camera to monitor ratio should normally not exceed 10 :
1.The number of monitors should be sufficient to display the
maximum number of simultaneous alarms as stated in the operational
requirement.The monitor screen size should be selected in relation
to the viewing distance. The recommended viewing distance is
approx. 5 times the displayed picture diagonal.
7.10.4 Use of picture storage devices
The use of at least one picture storage device, e.g. video
recorder, fitted with a time/date generator, is recommended at each
site.NOTE Picture storage equipment may lead to loss of picture
quality.
The following factors should be considered when determining the
number of picture storage devices required.
a) event driven real time recording (event recording).b) system
parameters defined in the operational requirement.
c) possible use of time multiplex recording.d) whether loss of
recording during media changes or play-back is acceptable.
7.10.5 Video switcher and video matrix
The design of the video switcher or matrix is directly related
to:
a) the number of cameras.b) the number of outputs for monitors
etc.c) grouping criteria, camera/monitor/control configuration.d)
manual, automatic or sequential switching.e) alarm handling.
7.10.6 Equipment siting
The following criteria should be used for control equipment
siting:
a) the control desk should be ergonomically designed with
particular attention being paid to monitor siting in order to avoid
reflections from extraneous light sources from the monitor
screens.b) video storage equipment and storage media should be
installed in protected areas, preferably inaccessible to
unauthorised persons.c) control equipment should be suitably
protected.
7.11 System specification
The system design criteria lead to the specification of the
system. The specification shows the location of the equipment, the
surveyed zones and the technical specification of the equipment in
the system.
7.12 System test specification
Once a satisfactory specification has been produced a system
test specification can be drawn up. The system test specification
should cover tests which will be used for acceptance testing the
system and tests to be carried out in a periodic test scheme. Care
should be taken that such tests are selected to ensure that the
system will fully meet its operational requirement. Points to be
covered should be agreed between the customer and the supplier.The
level of visual performance testing may include:
a) visual examination of displayed picture quality and coverage
of the surveyed areas.b) as a) above, accompanied by a walk test.c)
as a) above, accompanied by a standardised test target (see annex
A).
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8 Installation8.1 Planning the installation
Prior to commencing work all relevant Safety Requirements should
be considered. These will vary with the nature of the premises and
may involve special installation equipment when working in
hazardous areas.Electric installation methods should comply with
current national and site regulations and the installation should
be carried out by technicians who are qualified to the appropriate
level.
8.2 Cable installation
a) Cable routes should be planned to provide the shortest
practical distance between the equipment locations. Consideration
should be given to the possibilities of future expansion of the
system and any likely changes to the site.b) When selecting cables
consideration should be given to possible voltage drop and signal
loss. Environmental, safety and security aspects should be taken
into consideration and cables should be marked with the appropriate
ratings.c) When fibre optic cables are used, loss figures should
allow for a minimum of three cable repairs during the life of the
system. Bending radius should be within the manufacturers
specification.d) Overhead cable runs should be avoided wherever
possible. If this is not possible, the clearance height should
allow for stretching of the support wire and fixings should comply
to the current standard.e) Where cables are installed in
underground ducts, a draw wire should be left in the duct for
maintenance purposes.f) Protection should be provided for cables
which are subject to mechanical damage or deliberate
interference.g) Cable wiring to camera equipment with pan and tilt
units should remain sufficiently flexible over the full
environmental temperature range.h) Precautions should be taken
during cable installation to ensure that moisture cannot penetrate;
this is especially important, when using air spaced coax
cables.
8.3 Hardware mounting
a) Fixings should be in accordance with the manufacturers
instructions. Environmental conditions may influence the choice of
fixings.b) Earthing should take into consideration the possibility
of lightning strikes and electrical interference. On winch down and
pivot types of masts, earth continuity must allow for the
mechanical joints.
8.4 Documentation
Sufficient documentation should be created to allow for the
identification of all cables, their routing, type and purpose. The
level of documentation will depend on the complexity of the
individual system, however, it should be sufficient for correct
operation, safe maintenance and future expansion of the system.
9 Commissioning and hand-overPrior to handing over the system to
the customer, a qualified person should perform an inspection and
test comprising of:
a) the visual and functional check of all parts of the CCTV
surveillance installation. The basis for the functional check
should be the test specification for the system developed from the
operational requirement and system specification.
the visual test covers the standard of workmanship of the
installation, the functional quality of the equipment and their
compliance with the system specification. the functional test
includes checking the functional compatibility of the components of
the installation. inspection tests may be carried out on parts of
the installation as they are completed.
b) confirmation that the operator manual and documentation for
the system is complete.c) the performance specification and results
from performance testing together with a signed inspection
report.d) recommended maintenance schedule for the system if no
maintenance contract has been agreed.e) if the operational
requirement states that training is to be provided then the
supplier should provide sufficient training to ensure correct
operation of the system.
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10 MaintenanceSystems must be maintained periodically in
accordance with the schedule supplied by the system designer or
supplier. Where special test instruments and tools are required for
maintenance, this should be stated in the maintenance plan. Prior
to the maintenance the test instruments should be checked for
correct calibration. When periodic tests are to be carried out
during maintenance this should be stated in the schedule.
Sufficient spare parts should be available to carry out any
necessary repairs. The results of the periodic tests should be
recorded and compared with previous tests.Maintenance and testing
should only be carried out by qualified personnel.
10.1 Modifications
If modifications are made to the CCTV surveillance installation
or to its configuration, the documentation should be updated and an
inspection test carried out on the relevant parts of the
system.
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Annex A (informative) Rotakin test
A.1 The Rotakin test target method
The Rotakin test method uses a standardised test target known as
the Rotakin. It is used to evaluate the performance of a closed
circuit television security system.The Rotakin test target is a
panel simulating a silhouette of a person and is illustrated in
Figure A.1. The target panel bears high contrast resolution bars
and a wedge chart. These markings are incidental to the basic test
procedure but are provided as a means of evaluating the resolution
of the system.
A.1.1 Test methodology
The Rotakin can be used to test coverage, determining acceptable
image height, resolution and contrast of the image of the
target.The Rotakin can be clad in camouflage or other suitable
material as appropriate to the site but a camouflage with standard
reflection characteristics is recommended.The Rotakin can be
mounted on a stand fitted with a small motor to allow it to rotate
to simulate a moving target.
A.1.2 Coverage
The Rotakin is placed at strategic positions within the area of
coverage as defined by the operational requirements or system
specification, and detectability at each location is confirmed.
This test should be carried out over the total light range over
which the system is intended to operate.
A.1.3 Image height
The Rotakin should be place at strategic points within the
coverage as indicated above and the images of the Rotakin as
presented on the monitor screen measured. The image heights, as a
percentage of the displayed screen height, should be recorded. It
should be confirmed that these figures comply with the operational
requirement or system specification.
A.1.4 Contrast
The Rotakin is placed at various strategic positions within the
defined coverage. An image of the view containing the Rotakin is
presented to the operator and the image contrast is evaluated. This
test should be repeated for the various positions and the results
recorded. Note should be made of the appearance of the target on
the monitor. It should be described in term of: very clear, clear,
indistinct or not discernible or score it as 3, 2, 1 or 0.
A.1.5 Resolution
The Rotakin should be used to check the resolution of the
system. The results should be recorded for all cameras.
A.2 Specification of the Rotakin test target
A.2.1 Dimensions and shape
The principal dimensions of the target panel are given in Table
A.1; refer to Figure A.1 for illustration:
Table A.1 Principle dimensions
NOTE The shape of the neck joining to the torso is arbitrary but
must not exceed the maximum head width. The torso corners are
rounded for the safety of users.
A.2.2 Markings and colour
The target body panel bears a number of standard size markings
as an aid to the assessment of image quality.The markings must be
high contrast over the spectral response range of the imaging
system to be tested.The body panel is low reflectance throughout
the visible spectrum extending to at least 950 nm. For detection
tests or to influence its visibility the target may be clothed in
any appropriate material or colour.Table A.2 gives the dimensions
of the scale markings identified A to M on the target and their
relationship to the measurement of tv lines (per picture height)
for a CCIR 625 line system.On the wedge of alternating white and
black bars, A to H, are locations where the width of a black and a
white cycle is given in the table. The ratio of height to width of
each of the individual bars in markings identified as J to M should
not be less than 3 : 1.The axis of symmetry of a pair of parallel
lines passes through the axis of rotation of the target allowing
the effect of exposure time on moving image quality to be
investigated. The lines are 20 mm wide and 20 mm apart
(corresponding to the line pair width of K in Table A.2), broken
every 70 mm along their length; the sections are numbered 1 to
6.
Dimensionsmm
Tolerancemm
overall height 1600 0/-50
overall width 400 0/-25
body height 1000 0/-25
head height 300 0/-25
head width 200 0/-25
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Table A.2
The target has stylised facial features, black on white at one
end, white on black at the other.
A.2.3 Rotation
The target may be mounted on a stand to rotate about the
intersection of its principle major axes. This mounting point would
normally be located one metre above ground level. The rotation
speed should normally be 25 revolutions/minute.Normally the
orientation of the target would be with the body panel vertical,
facing the camera under test.Rotation of the target allows
evaluation of the effect of exposure time on moving image quality.
This is carried out by determining in which section (between 1 and
6) the individual lines of the pair of parallel lines are just
distinguishable.
A.3 Bibliography
Performance testing CCTV perimeter surveillance systems (A
handbook for use of the Rotakin standard test target).Version 1.0,
by J. Aldridge and C. Gilbert.P.S.D.B. publication No. 14/95, ISBN
1 85 893536 9Supplier of the Rotakin test target:Beard & Fitch
Ltd.,Unit 1, Crammond Park,Lovet Road,Harlow, Essex, CM19
5TF,United Kingdom
Marking reference
Width of line pair
Tv lines per picture height (625 line system) when the target
occupies given percentage screen height
(mm/cycle) 100% 50% 20% 10% 5%
A 6,4 500 1000 2500 5000 10000
B 7,1 450 900 2250 4500 9000
C 8,0 400 800 2000 4000 8000
D 9,1 350 700 1750 3500 7000
E 10,07 300 600 1500 3000 6000
F 12,8 250 500 1250 2500 5000
G 16,0 200 400 1000 2000 4000
H 21,3 150 300 750 1500 3000
J 32,0 100 200 500 1000 2000
K 40,0 80 160 400 800 1600
L 80,0 40 80 200 400 800
M 160,0 20 40 100 200 400
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Figure A.1 the ROTAKIN test target
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16 BSI 10-1998
Annex B (informative)Glossary of termsThe terminology used in
the domain of CCTV surveillance systems for use in security
applications should be interpreted as defined in this annex.
B.1 aperture number of the Lens (F): The index of the
theoretical light gathering power of the lens, expressed as the
ratio of the effective diameter of the lens (entrance pupil) to the
focal length.
B.2 automatic iris: A mechanism for controlling the iris of the
lens in relation to the scene illumination depending on the video
signal.
B.3 auto pan function: A function that allows automatic panning
between adjustable limits.
B.4 back focus: The distance between the external surface of the
lens which is closest to the imaging device (last lens vertex), and
the focal point.
B.5 camera housing: An enclosure to provide physical and/or
environmental protection of the camera, lens and ancillary
equipment.
B.6 camera sensitivity: Imaging device illumination necessary to
produce a defined composite (colour) video signal amplitude with a
defined signal to noise ratio.
B.7 CCTV camera: A unit containing an imaging device producing a
video signal from an optical image.
B.8 CCTV camera equipment: A unit containing a CCTV camera plus
appropriate lens and necessary ancillary equipment.
B.9 CCTV control unit: Equipment for controlling and monitoring
the required operational functions of the CCTV system.
B.10 CCTV surveillance installation: An installation consisting
of the hardware and software components of a CCTV system, fully
installed and operational for monitoring a defined security
zone.
B.11 CCTV system: A system consisting of camera equipment,
monitoring and associated equipment for transmission and
controlling purposes, which may be necessary for the surveillance
of a defined security zone.
B.12 central CCTV control unit: A unit for monitoring and
controlling a number of local CCTV control units.
B.13 character generator: A device for generating alpha numeric
characters and/or symbols and adding them into the image.
B.14 composite colour video signal (CCVS): The video output
signal of a colour camera comprising the burst and colour
information (colour) the picture luminance component (video), black
reference (blanking) and the synchronisation components
(synchronisation).
B.15 composite video signal (CVS): The video output signal of a
black and white (b/w) camera comprising the picture component
(video), black reference (blanking) and the synchronisation
components (synchronisation).
B.16 depth of focus: The range of distances from the lens over
which the image appears acceptably sharp.
B.17 electronic iris: An automatic electronic shutter which
varies the camera sensitivity in relation to the varying light
conditions in order to maintain the video output signal within
defined limits.
B.18 electronic shutter: An arrangement in the camera changing
its sensitivity by electronically controlling its exposure
time.
B.19 event recording: The event controlled recording or storing
of image signals for a pre-determined time.
B.20 external synchronisation: A method of feeding reference
timing signals to all connected devices to ensure that their video
output signals are synchronous.
B.21 fixed focal length lens: A lens with one defined focal
length.
B.22 filter mount: The attachment point on a lens for mounting
an optical filter.
B.23 flange back distance: The distance between the surface of
the lens mount flange to the focal point.
B.24 focal length (f): A property of a lens, expressed in mm,
giving the angle of view for a given sensor size.
B.25 focusing mechanism of the lens: A mechanism on the lens
enabling correct focus of objects at various distances from the
lens.
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B.26 imaging device: A device that converts an optical image
into an electrical signal.
B.27 imaging device illumination: The level of illumination
(illuminance) at the photosensitive surface of the imaging
device.
B.28 image sensor size: The size of the light sensitive surface
of the imaging device. The value is expressed in inches and refers
to the diameter of the glass tube from which the camera tubes are
constructed.
NOTE Some examples of sizes are: 1-inch for 12,8 9,6 mm (16 mm
diagonal)
2/3-inch for 8,8 6,6 mm (11 mm diagonal)1/2-inch for 6,4 4,8 mm
(8 mm diagonal)
1/3-inch for 4,8 3,6 mm (6 mm diagonal)
B.29 iris: A variable aperture mechanism which regulates the
amount of light passing through the lens onto the imaging device of
the CCTV camera.
B.30 lens: An optical device for projecting an image of a
desired scene onto the photo sensitive surface of the imaging
device.
B.31 lens mount: The mechanical interface between the lens and
the camera.
B.32 local CCTV control unit: A unit for controlling and/or
monitoring part of the overall CCTV system.
B.33 manual iris: A mechanism for manually adjusting the iris of
the lens.
B.34 (video) monitor: A device for converting video signals into
pictures on a display screen.
B.35 motorised iris: A motor driven mechanism on the lens for
adjusting the iris.
B.36 nd-filter iris: An iris whose segments include neutral
density filters with graded density for further reducing the
optical transmission of the lens beyond that achievable by normal
closing of the iris.
B.37 optical filter: A device that modifies specific optical
properties of the light passing through it (e.g. spectral
properties, image quality properties).
B.38 optical focus: The position of the focusing mechanism of a
lens that gives the sharpest image of the desired object.
B.39 pan and tilt unit: A motorised unit permitting the vertical
and horizontal positioning of the camera equipment.
B.40 pan unit: A motorised unit permitting horizontal
positioning of the camera equipment.
B.41 picture storage: The storing of video images.
B.42 pinhole lens: A specialised lens with a small entrance
pupil for surveillance through a very small orifice.
B.43 pixel: An acronym for picture element, which is the
smallest sample of an image.
NOTE The sample of an image may be a discrete sample produced by
a solid state imaging device or by a digitised sample.
B.44 preset shot: A function in pan and tilt units and/or zoom
lenses, which allows automatic return to one or more predetermined
positions.
B.45 ramping: A characteristic of some zoom lenses whereby the
effective aperture of the lens decreases as the focal length is
increased.
B.46 remote controlled camera equipment: Devices for controlling
the functions of camera and ancillary equipment via remote control
signals.
B.47 scene brightness: The observed brightness of an object in
the scene, dependent on the scene illumination and scene
reflectance.
B.48 scene illumination: The level of illumination (illuminance)
on the area to be kept under surveillance.
B.49 scene reflectance: The proportion of the scene illumination
reflected by that scene.
B.50 slow scan transmission: The transmission of a series of
non-real time images or part images, by means of analogue or
digital signals over limited bandwidth transmission media.
B.51 split screen unit: Equipment which simultaneously displays
parts of more than one image on a single monitor.
B.52 spot-filter lens: A lens with a graded internal neutral
density filter mechanism for further reducing the optical
transmission of the lens beyond that achievable by the iris
alone.
B.53 time/date generator: A device for generating time and date
and adding them into the image.
B.54 time lapse recording: The periodical recording of video
signals at pre-defined intervals.
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B.55 time multiplex recording: A method of recording several
video signals on one video channel by time multiplexing the frames
of these video signals.
B.56 time multiplex transmission: A method of transmitting
several video signals on one video channel by time multiplexing the
frames of these video signals.
B.57 transmission number of lens (T): The index of the actual
light gathering power of the lens.
B.58 variable focal length lens: A lens with adjustable focal
length, in which the image of the scene does not remain in focus as
the focal length is changed.
B.59 vertical interval switching: Controlled switching between
video inputs during the vertical retrace time.
B.60 video amplifier: A device for amplifying the video signal
level.
B.61 video distribution amplifier: A device which provides
multiple video outputs from one video input.
B.62 video equalising amplifier: Equipment for correcting gain
and frequency related distortions in the video signal.
B.63 video matrix: A unit for connecting several input video
signals to several outputs.
B.64 video motion detector: Equipment for generating an alarm
condition in response to a change of the contents of a given
image.
B.65 video memory: Equipment for electronic storage of one or
more video images.
B.66 video multiple image unit: Equipment for combining and
displaying several complete pictures simultaneously on a single
monitor.
B.67 video printer: Equipment for converting a video signal into
an image on paper.
B.68 video switcher: A unit for switching a number of video
input signals to one or more outputs manually or automatically or
on receipt of an external signal.
B.69 zoom lens: A lens with adjustable focal length, in which
the image of the scene remains in focus as the focal length is
changed.
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BSI 10-1998
List of references
See national foreword.
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