Al-Tuwairqi Group of Companies Steel Contribution in Urbanization By: Eng. Faisal Haddawi.

Al-Tuwairqi Group of Companies

Steel Contribution in Urbanization

By:

Eng. Faisal Haddawi

Steel Contribution in Urbanization

From the compilation of Al Tuwairqi Group Humans first began coming together in cities about 10,000 years ago around the eastern Mediterranean and the Nile. Settlements often represented social structures in space, for example, with the more desirable housing towards the centre where most trade and commerce was conducted. The center also usually contained any social construction for religion, education centers and government buildings that later on appeared as cities that grew larger and more complex. During the rapid growth, urbanism steel was the primary backbone of all structures, commodities and most of all human necessities. As the land area near to center of trade and commerce decrease the main focus of expanding for human habitat is vertical in form with the use of steel to give the structure more strength and capable of accommodating more people not compromising the safety and aesthetic design, that is why high rise buildings are flocking today in most cities.

Urbanism demands better way of human life including accessibility from place to place, individual comfort, tools, personal entertainment, availability of food, etc. All of these were made possible with the use of steel. Basically urbanism is not possible with out the contribution of steel in all aspects that suits human wants

The evolution of human shelters against Earth temperature

EARLY HUMAN SHELTERS

The structure and construction of early human shelters were dictated by the environment (temperature) and the available materials to construct. Before human being learned how to construct their shelters they sought protection from the elements and predators in natural shelters such as caves and rocks overhang. Gradually, they learned to improve their caves with inlaid stone floors, walls at the entrances and fireplaces. Later on they learned to construct their independent shelters by using mud, animal hide, bones, shrubs, trunks, logs and woods

Evidence of a wooden hut found at Terra Amata, near Nice in France, was dated to the Mindel Glaciation, or between 450,000 and 380,000 BCE. The hut included a hearth, or fireplace and was made by bracing branches with a circle of large and small stones. Similar stone circles are found throughout the upper and lower paleolithic. The basic design of such habitats may have remained unchanged for a million years.

An Acheulean hut found in the Grotte du Lazaret near Nice, in France. This tent-like structure was built inside a cave and was made of animal hides draped over a wooden framework and held down by stones. It dates to perhaps 500,000 to 400,000 BCE. The interior measures 11 meters by 3.5 meters, and it was subdivided into two rooms, the larger of which had a fireplace. Animal furs, grasses, and seaweed were used as carpeting and bedding. The inhabitants, apparently Neanderthals, selectively used pine for heating in preference to more available types of wood.

Evidence of a wooden hut found at Terra Amata, near Nice in France, was dated to the Circular base of mammoth bones found at Mezin, near Tchernogov, that provided a supporting structure for a Paleolithic hut of a typical mammoth hunting society. The tent was made of mammoth hides and was probably carpeted with mammoth hides, although fur hides, like fox, wolf, and bearskins, were often used for bedding.

Sample of Early Human Habitats

THE HISTORY OF STEEL

The exact date at which people discovered the technique of smelting iron ore to produce usable metal is not known. The earliest iron implements discovered by archaeologists in Egypt date from about 3000 BC, and iron ornaments were used even earlier; the comparatively advanced technique of hardening iron weapons by heat treatment was known to the Greeks about 1000 BC.

The alloys produced by early iron workers, and, indeed, all the iron alloys made until about the 14th century ad, would be classified today as wrought iron. They were made by heating a mass of iron ore and charcoal in a forge or furnace having a forced draft. Under this treatment the ore was reduced to the sponge of metallic iron filled with a slag composed of metallic impurities and charcoal ash. This sponge of iron was removed from the furnace while still incandescent and beaten with heavy sledges to drive out the slag and to weld and consolidate the iron.

The iron produced under these conditions usually contained about 3 percent of slag particles and 0.1 percent of other impurities. Occasionally this technique of iron making produced, by accident, a true steel rather than wrought iron. Ironworkers learned to make steel by heating wrought iron and charcoal in clay boxes for a period of several days. By this process the iron absorbed enough carbon to become a true steel.After the 14th century the

furnaces used in smelting were increased in size, and increased draft was used to force the combustion gases through the “charge,” the mixture of raw materials. In these larger furnaces, the iron ore in the upper part of the furnace was first reduced to metallic iron and then took on more carbon as a result of the gases forced through it by the blast.

The product of these furnaces was pig iron, an alloy that melts at a lower temperature than steel or wrought iron. Pig iron (so called because it was usually cast in stubby, round ingots known as pigs) was then further refined to make steel.

USES OF STEEL AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO URBANISM

The use of steel was mainly enhanced by urbanism and vice versa. Steel contributed in urbanism in most areas to satisfy the human wants. There will be no urbanism if buildings, roads and bridges are not constructed. Human beings will not be comfortable in living without the modern creations, such as air conditioning unit, refrigerators, household appliances, utensils, canned food, car etc. which are mainly made from steel materials.

PRESENT DAY URBANISMThe back bone and the realization of the Urbanism was made possible by

the use of steel directly and indirectly

Cape Town, South Africa

The skyscrapers and highways of Cape Town, South Africa, begin to glow under the evening sky.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN HUMAN HABITAT LEADING TO URBANISM

As the trade and commerce between places was developed people flocked in one place to do the multi task and activities. Urbanism started mainly in places of power, resources, and religion.

Riyadh which is center of Saudi Arabia was in the process of rapid Urbanization because the center of Government was located. Modern hotels, buildings, services establishments and highways rapidly emerge in Makkah, the Muslim capital of the world to cater pilgrims. Dammam and Jubail are in rapid construction growth expanding in all directions due to oil and industrialization which employs millions of people.

View over Ḩā’il

Though agriculture and livestock raising were historically Saudi Arabia's main economic activities, by the early 1990s, the nation was nearly 80 percent urban. The lucrative petroleum industry led to the diversification of the industrial base and improvements in the nation's infrastructure. The city of Ḩā’il originally grew as an administrative center through contact with the Ottoman government and by controlling the eastern pilgrimage route from Iraq to Mecca (Makkah). Ḩā’il once rivaled Riyadh in importance, but it collapsed under attack in 1921. Today, the city survives as a regional market and oasis.

Fast-growing Riyadh

Riyadh, the capital of Saudi Arabia, is a large city of broad avenues, open spaces, and modern high-rise buildings. Situated along Saudi Arabia's dry, rocky Najd, also called the Central Plateau, Riyadh lies among fertile oases. It is surrounded by lush date groves, orchards, and fields of grain. As the main headquarters of Saudi Arabia's oil industry, Riyadh is a major business center and one of the world's fastest-growing cities. Many of its residents work for the government or in the busy construction industry

Jeddah

Saudi Arabia’s chief seaport, Jiddah is also a business and industrial center. Thousands of Muslims pass through the city every year on religious pilgrimages to the nearby holy city of Mecca.

The iron produced under these conditions usually contained about 3 percent of slag particles and 0.1 percent of other impurities. Occasionally this technique of iron making produced, by accident, a true steel rather than wrought iron. Ironworkers learned to make steel by heating wrought iron and charcoal in clay boxes for a period of several days. By this process the iron absorbed enough carbon to become a true steel. The establishment of King Abdullah Economic City at an investment of SR 100 billion ($26.7 billion) is considered to be one of the largest private sector investment in Saudi Arabia.

This city is being developed off the Red Sea in north of Jeddah and will open up new channels of wealth distribution and job creation. The project will be concentrated on 55 million square meters of green land and 35 km shoreline close to industrial city of Rabigh. On completion, the project will integrate with the Kingdoms ongoing drive for economic diversification and creation of around 500,000 new jobs for Saudi growing population.

The city will have six blocks which include a class seaport comprising of 2.6 million square meters, industrial zone will have 8 million square meters, financial island, education zone, resorts and residential areas. Emaar properties, the world’s largest real estate company will develop the city under SAGIA. The city will have residential accommodations facilities for nearly 75,000 people. The city will function as a catalyst to attract foreign investment, facilitate global trade and commerce industrial activities.

Saudi Developments, Saudi Urbanism

YearSteel Consumption,

T/yrPer Capita Steel

Consumption, Kg

1980 3.754.000 282

1985 4.756.000 272

1990 3.561.000 169

1995 6.741.000 282

1996 7.160.000 291

2000 8.728.000 315

2005 (Expected) 10.910.000 340

STEEL CONSUMPTION IN GCC COUNTRIES

**KSA 50%

COUNTRY MILL CAPACITY KSA UAE KW BAH QATAR OMAN TOTAL

KSA HADEED 2,500,000 2,445,684 65,000 50,000 60,000 13,000 12,000 2,645,684

ITTEFAQ 800,000 600,000 120,000 60,000 20,000 0 0 800,000

CAPITAL 500,000 470,000 15,000 15,000 0 0 0 500,000

WAFOOR 120,000 120,000 0 0 0 0 0 120,000

AZIZIAH 95,000 95,000 0 0 0 0 0 95,000

YAMMAMAH 500,000 0 0 0 0 0 0Under Const.

YANBUE 500,000 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTAL 5,015,000 3,730,684 200,000 125,000 80,000 13,000 12,000 4,160,684

QATAR QASCO 750,000 120,000 260,000 12,000 40,000 306,000 12,000 750,000

UAE

EISF 450,000 0 450,000 0 0 0 0 450,000

OTHERS 320,000 30,000 260,000 0 5,000 20,000 10,000 325,000

TOTAL 770,000 30,000 710,000 0 5,000 20,000 10,000 775,000

KUWAIT UNITED STEEL

450,000 0 0 450,000 0 0 0 450,000

OMAN

SOHAR 220,000 0 110,000 0 0 0 110,000 220,000

MAJAN 18,000 0 0 0 0 0 18,000

TOTAL 238,000 0 110,000 0 0 0 128,000 220,000

BAHRAINUNIROL 100,000 0 0 0 0 0 0

GULF STEEL

40,000 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTAL 140,000 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTAL 7,363,000 7,450,00

Demand/Distribution

Tons of Steel Long Products Capacities and Consumptions

in GCC Countries (2004)

Expected Growth of Steel Consumption in Middle East 2004-2015

Potential low production costs as well as excellent growth perspectives

From its humble beginnings, Al-Tuwairqi Group of Companies was established with strategic directions and tactical business plans. Founded in 1976 as a trading and contracting enterprise at the horizon of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, a vision of the group in promulgating its contributions to urbanization.

The group has grown by leaps and bounds. During the last two decades, Al-Tuwairqi Group has become a well- known name in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia due to its diversified activities. It has made a phenomenal growth in the last two decades and in the year 1999, made its entry into the top hundred companies in Saudi Arabia on turnover basis and became one of the top fifty Saudi companies in terms of the profitability index reaching the rank 26th in 2005.

The company's growth has gone from Eastern Province where three steel plant facilities were subsequently established one after the other (Al-Ittefaq Steel Products Factory (ISPF), Al-Faisal Steel Products Factory (FSPF) for downstream products simultaneously built with melting shop National Iron & Steel Factory (NASCO); to Central Region where our Regional Office is situated and the Western part of the kingdom where Al-Ittefaq Steel Products Factory II (ISPF-II) was recently born. Apart from ISPF II, a bigger facility will be built by the end of this year – a unique one million ton rolling mill along with a steel plant. ATG have reached beyond the boundaries of Saudi Arabia encompassing other areas like United Kingdom (Thamesteel Limited - another melting shop and rolling mill), soon in Pakistan, UAE, Egypt and Bahrain all

with integrated steel complex

Al-Tuwairqi Group of Companies Contributions to Urbanization

The group engaged in the manufacturing of hot rolled steel products, steel billets, wire rods, cut & bend to space frame roofing systems and electrical equipment. Al-Tuwairqi also distributes building materials such as white cement, industrial, medical supplies and information technology systems to various clients within the kingdom.

Backed by deep market penetration and meeting the customer’s expectations, the group’s network of stockist and distributors are increasing as it taps more and more remote areas in the Kingdom and most importantly exporting re-bars to Kuwait, Bahrain, UAE, Yemen and to reach other Arabian and GCC countries.

The Groups corporate philosophy is based on proactive relationship in marketing. Throughout its years in the market, the group has come out with various divisions in order to respond to market needs, thus providing prompt service and solutions to a large customer base including consultants, contractors and individual clients. The company’s success story resulted from the efforts of its proactive management team equipped with a unique blend of vision, dynamism and intelligent implementation of policies.

Al-Tuwairqi Group of Companies . . .

Conclusions

The shift towards industrialization and centralization usually brings about a marked move towards urban living. Patrick Geddes, a pioneer of town-planning theory of the early twentieth century, pointed out that the industrial revolution began with inventions of the eighteenth century that created heavy industries dependent on coal, steel and benefiting from being situated close together. After 1900 inventions from the previous 50 years (such as the telephone, power station, internal combustion engine, radio) became more common in general use. Geddes, along with others such as Lewis Mumford and Jean-François Gravier, thought that the industries created by these new inventions could be more free; they no longer relied on centralization of activity, and in fact allowed greater freedom which could lead to complete decentralization.

Electric trams and rail allowed workers to live further away from the centre, with trains and underground rail networks later increasing the commuting range, later on these distance were urbanized as the population grows. Workers who could afford to often began living further away from the crowded city centers. Cars and buses again furthered this trend of suburbanization, allowing gaps to be filled in between the main fixed commuter lines. Governments later began constructing motorway networks to cope with this increased personal traffic which, along with better cars, again increased the distances people were willing to travel to work.

All these requirements and developments related to urbanism were made possible with the supply Oil and electricity to generate power in order to continue the cycle of life 24 hours a day. Above all, these basic utilities will not be extracted, processed and delivered to end users and consumed without the use of steel.

Steel industry is the most lucrative business at present time. Steel is the most abundant metal known to man, cheap and yet it has the most contribution on almost everything that support human living.