Al Khwarizmi

Al-KhwarizmiThe Father of Algebra

Al-KhwarizmiA Portrait of Al-Khwarizmi

Portrait of Al-KhwarizmiThis is taken from a stamp from the former USSR

MUHAMMAD BIN MUSA AL-KHWARIZMI (Algorizm) (770 - 840 C.E.)Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi was born at Khwarizm (Kheva), a town south of the river Oxus in present day Uzbekistan.

Abu Jafar Muhammad Ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi

21st Century is the age of Information Technology (IT)Modern Computers are indispensable in everyday life.Al-Khwarizmi is the grandfather of Computer Science.He is the Father of Algebra.

TEXTBOOK OF ALGEBRAA Page from al-Khwarizmi's Kitab al-Jabr wal-Muqabala, the oldest Arabic work on algebra produced in the 9th century

BAYT AL-HIKMA-Center for Study and Research Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi lived in Baghdad(Gift of God) in the early ninth century. Baghdad at that time was at cultural crossroads, and, under the patronage of the Abbasid caliphs, the so-called House of Wisdom at Baghdad, produced a Golden Age of Arabic science and mathematics. In Baghdad, scholars encountered and built upon the ideas of ancient Greek and Indian mathematicians

BAYT AL-HIKMAThere, al-Khwarizmi encountered the Indian numeral system (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9), and he wrote a treatise on what we call Arabic numerals. It was translated into Latin in the twelfth century as Algoritmi de numero Indorum (that is, Al-Khwarizmi on the Hindu Art of Reckoning) and was crucial in the introduction of Arabic numerals to medieval Europe. It may well represent the first use of zero as a positional place holder. From that title, we have the word "algorithm."

Al-Khwarizmi's most important work: al-Kitab al-mukhtasar fi hisab al-jabr w'al-muqabala or The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion [or Restoring] and Balancing. This book is an explanation of the solution to quadratic and linear equations of six varieties. Al-jabr refers to theprocess of moving a subtracted quantity to the other side of an equation; al-muqabala involves subtracting equal quantities from both sides of an equation.

Textbook of AlgebraHisab al-jabr w'al-muqabala was translated into Latin(Robert Chestetr) in 1145 as Liber algebrae et almucabala, from which we have the word "algebra" for the whole process.But don't expect al-Khwarizmi's al-jabr to look anything like our algebra. Al-Kwharizmi's book is written entirely in prose, with none of the symbols we use today.

Al-Khwarizmi's concept of algebra cannow be grasped with greater precision: it concerns the theory of linear and quadratic equations with a single unknown and the elementary arithmetic of relative binomials and trinomials. ... The solution had to be general and calculable at the same time and in a mathematical fashion, that is, geometrically founded. ... The restriction of degree, as well as that of the number of unsophisticated terms, is instantly explained. From its true emergence, algebra can be seen as a theory of equations solved by means of radicals, and of algebraic calculations on related expressions...

GEORGE SARTON(1884-1956) Author of Introduction to History of Science (3 Volumes)Former Prof. At Harvard Univ. Wrote on Al-Khwarizmi as... the greatest mathematician of the time, and if one takes all the circumstances into account, one of the greatest of all time....

Al-Khwarizmi wrote onAlgoritmi de numero Indorum (Al-Khwarizmi on the Hindu Art of Reckoning) gave ALGORITHM deriving from his name in the title of the book.

He explained the use of ZERO

He developed the decimal system

Developed several arithmetical procedures including operations on fractions.

He developed in detail Trigonometric tables containing Sine functions and tangent functions

Developed calculus of two errors, which led him to the concept of differentiation

Al-Kwarizmi's BooksKitab al-Jama wal-Tafreeq bil Hisab al-Hindi and

Kitab al-Jabr wa al-Muqabala

Were translated into Latin and were used for several hundred years in Europe

Al-Khwarizmi's works influenced Leonardo of PisaFibonacci was the "greatest European Mathematician of the middle ages", his full name was Leonardo of Pisa.Discovered the enormous practical advantages of Zero and the Decimal System compared to the Roman numerals, which were still current in Western Europe.

ASTRONOMYAl-Khwarizmi wrote on

CalendarsTrue positions of the sun, moon, and planetsSpherical astronomyParallax and eclipse calculationsVisibility of the moon (21ST CENTURY Muslims are confused on the sighting of the moon)Wrote a book on Astronomical Tables-A SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTION TO THE SCIENCE OF ASTRONOMY

GEOGRAPHYKitab surat al-ard (book of the form of the earth)Gave latitudes and longitudes for 2,402 cities and landmarks, forming the basis for a world map.Corrected in detail Ptolemy's views on Geography

GEOGRAPHYSupervised 70 geographers to create a map of the then known world which shows the pacific coast of South America about 700 years before Columbus discovered America.Measured volume and circumference of the earth.Wrote Kitab al-Tarikh and Kitab al-Rukhmat (on sundials)

Al-Khwarizmi's World MapAl-Khwarizmi's Map actually includes the whole coast of Peru and part of the coast of Chile. We find rivers and capes, in particular two especially characteristic capes lying on the Peru-Ecuador coast; the Satyrorum Promontorium or the Cape of Satyrs, which is Punta Aguja, and the Notium Promontorium or Southern Cape which is Punta Paria,

Turkish Admiral Piri Reis's World Map-1513 CE is on the left side(Antarctica discovered in 1820).On the Right Side is Muhammad Al-Idris's map of 1154 CE

Satellite Photo Vs Piri Map

IMPACT ON EUROPEAdelard of Bath (England) was born in 1075. He studied and taught in France and visited Syria, Sicily and Spain He died in 1160. He translated several works on Mathematics and Astronomy. Among the most important works he translated was the Astronomical tables Al-Majriti (1126). He translated Al-Khwarizmi's tables and other works on the abacus and astrolabe. His 'Quaestiones naturales' consists of 76 scientific discussions derived from Muslim sciences.

IMPACT ON EUROPEGerard born in 1114 in Cremona (Italy). In Toledo, Spain he learnt Arabic so he could translate available Arabic works into Latin. He died in 1187 in Toledo, Spain (Andalusia). Among his translations were the surgical part of Al-Tasrif of Al-Zahravi (Albucasis), the Kitab al-Mansuri of AL-Razi (Rhazes) and the Qanun of Ibn Sina (Avicenna), Banu Musa's works, Al-Biruni's commentry on Al-Khawarizmi (after whom concept "Algorithm" is named), the tables of Jabir b. Aflah and Zarqali.

Al-Khwarizmi's books translated into LatinKitab al-Jam'a wal-Tafreeq bil Hisab al-Hindi (on Arithmetic)Al-Maqala fi Hisab al-Jabr wa-al-Muqabilah ( on Algebra) by Englishman, Robert of Chester (1145 CE)Arabic numerals and number system assisted progress in science, accounting and bookkeeping.

NUMBER ZEROMuslim mathematical study concentrated in three areas: ongoing progress in algebra, the development of arithmetic algorithms, and the increasing complexity in geometry.The number zero and decimal system in Europe was the basis for the Scientific revolution.Problems that took days (using Roman Numerals) to solve could now be solved in minutes (using Arabic numerals).

FAMOUS WORKSAl-Jabr wa-al-Muqabilah from whose title came the name "Algebra" Kitab al-Jam'a wal-Tafreeq bil Hisab al-Hindi (on Arithmetic, which survived in a Latin translation but was lost in the original Arabic) Kitab Surat-al-Ard (on geography) Istikhraj Tarikh al-Yahud (about the Jewish calendar) Kitab al-Tarikh Kitab al-Rukhmat (about sun-dials)

Breaking the BoundariesThe Renaissance, the Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution were great achievements. These developments drew on the experience of the Muslim world, India and China.Today a mathematician in Boston invokes algorithm to solve a difficult computational problem, then he/she is commemorating Al-Khwarizmi

The square root of math itselfAl-Khwarizmi is one of many whose works influenced the European Renaissance, the Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution.Modern prosperity is due to science and technology, which have delivered better lives for people, longer lives, and for larger populations.

CONCLUSIONAlgebra and algorithms are enabling the building of computers, and the creation of encryption. The modern technology industry would not exist without the contributions of Muslim mathematicians like Al-Khwarizmi.

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